QUEEN AND GRANDMOTHER The 1980s opened brightly with the marriage of the Prince of Wales as the press declared open season on the privacy of the Royal Family. to Lady Diana Spencer, followed by the birth of their sons, William At a time of economic recession, the royal finances came under fire, and Harry. By the end of the decade, the Queen had six grandchildren, leading to the Queen’s offer to pay income tax. Diana’s tragic death but the divorces of three of her children and the bitter quarrel was met with an outpouring of public grief. Toward the end of the between the Prince and Princess of Wales were highly damaging, 1990s, the conflict in Northern Ireland finally came to an end. 1992 1993 1997 FEBRUARY 7, 1992 NOVEMBER 26, 1992 MAY 2, 1997 APRIL 10, 1998 Britons become citizens Parliament is informed that Tony Blair becomes Prime Good Friday Agreement of the European Union the Queen will pay income Minister after Labour Party brings peace to Northern (EU) with the signing of tax from April 1993. wins a landslide victory. Ireland after 30 years the Maastricht Treaty. of conflict. MARCH 19, 1992 The Green Room at JUNE 30, 1997 The Duke and Duchess Buckingham Palace Prince Charles represents Commemorative mug of York separate. DECEMBER 9, 1992 the Queen at the return issued at Diana’s death The Prince and Princess of British-ruled Hong APRIL 23, 1992 of Wales separate. Kong to China. JUNE 15, 1999 Princess Anne and Captain DECEMBER 12, 1992 Prince Edward marries Mark Phillips divorce. Princess Anne marries AUGUST 31, 1997 Sophie Rhys-Jones. JUNE 7, 1992 Commander Timothy Diana is killed in a car JULY 1, 1999 Andrew Morton’s Laurence, former accident in Paris. The Queen opens the controversial biography equerry to the Queen. Scottish Parliament in Diana: Her True Story AUGUST 1993 MARCH 19–25, 1995 Edinburgh. The parliament is published. Fire ravages Buckingham Palace opens The Queen visits South would look after devolved Windsor Castle its doors to the public for Africa after a gap of domestic matters of Scotland, NOVEMBER 20, 1992 the first time. 48 years. such as education, health, Windsor Castle is badly DECEMBER 23, 1992 agriculture, and justice. damaged by fire. The Sun publishes the DECEMBER 3, 1993 NOVEMBER 16, 1995 SEPTEMBER 6, NOVEMBER 6, 1999 NOVEMBER 24, 1992 text of the Queen’s Diana announces The Queen Mother has a 1997 In a referendum, The Queen gives her Christmas Day her withdrawal from hip replacement operation Funeral of Diana Australians vote to annus horribilis speech speech two days public life. at the age of 95. takes place in retain the Queen at London’s Guildhall. before the event. Westminster as monarch. MARCH 12, 1994 NOVEMBER 20, 1995 Abbey after a The Church of The Princess of Wales gives week of mourning. 199 England ordains its a revealing interview to first women priests. Martin Bashir on BBC TV. NOVEMBER 20, 1997 The Queen and Prince MAY 6, 1994 Diana tells all in Philip celebrate their The Queen and a BBC interview Golden Wedding President Mitterrand anniversary. of France formally open the Channel Tunnel. DECEMBER 20, 1995 DECEMBER 11, 1997 The Queen writes to the The Royal Yacht Britannia JUNE 1, 1994 Prince and Princess of Wales is decommissioned after South Africa rejoins urging them to divorce. 44 years in service. the Commonwealth following the end MAY 30, 1996 of apartheid. The Duke and Duchess of York divorce. JUNE 5–6, 1994 The Queen leads the AUGUST 28, 1996 national commemorations The Prince and Princess of the 50th anniversary of of Wales divorce. the D-Day landings.
1980–2000 BEFORE Charles and Diana had been seeing each other for about six months before he proposed on 6 February 1981. The engagement was announced on 24 February. Charles was 33 and Diana was 19. A SUITABLE MATCH Prince Charles’s name was linked with several possible brides during the 1970s, including Lady Sarah Spencer, Diana’s elder sister. He met Diana at a country weekend in 1980. With her connections to the monarchy—her sister was married to the Queen’s assistant secretary, and Diana had spent her early childhood on the Sandringham Estate 206–207 ❯❯—Diana seemed a suitable wife for the future king. ENGAGEMENT RING Diana chose her engagement ring from a selection at Garrards, the royal jewellers. Her engagement ring was made of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding an oval sapphire and was said to be worth £30,000. THE ENGAGED COUPLE “ It was Fairy-tale wedding an easy The radiant bride is seen here leaving St Paul’s decision. Cathedral on her husband’s arm. Millions around I am looking the world watched the splendid ceremony unfold. forward to The day was declared a national holiday in Britain. being a good wife.” LADY DIANA SPENCER, INTERVIEWED BEFORE HER WEDDING, JULY 1981 200
THE MARRIAGE OF CHARLES AND DIANA The Marriage of Charles and Diana The marriage of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 held the promise of a bright new future for the Royal Family. For the British public, it offered a welcome distraction from a gloomy summer of strikes, social discontent, and riots. The question of a future wife for day” of her life and that she felt “like to thee my country”, would be sung Prince Charles had long been a subject of speculation, but few had predicted a lamb to the slaughter” as she saw again in the less happy circumstances that his choice would fall on a young English aristocrat, the daughter of a the crowds camped in the Mall. of Diana’s funeral in 1997. duke, rather than a suitable European princess. Press and public quickly fell Diana made the journey from Clarence in love with Lady Diana Spencer, 13 years the Prince’s junior and the House in the Glass Coach (from the The kiss and the honeymoon Commemorative stamp first Englishwoman and commoner Postage stamps featuring Charles and Diana were to marry the heir to the throne since collection at the Royal Mews) with her Smiling and waving at the cheering released a week before the wedding. The stamps 1660. With her ready smile and were designed by Jeffrey Matthews, and the fleeting downward glance, she was father, the 8th Earl Spencer. The coach crowds, the newly married couple photograph was taken by Lord Snowdon. thought to bring something completely new and fresh to the Royal Family. proved too small to accommodate them returned to Buckingham Palace in AFTER As preparations for the “wedding of the century” got underway, Diana both, and the train of her wedding dress, an open carriage. Later they appeared Although the stresses in Charles went to live with the Queen Mother and Diana’s relationship did not in Clarence House, supposedly to which was 8 m (25 ft) long, emerged on the balcony and, egged on by the become obvious until the late 1980s, gain an insight into royal life. it is clear the marriage came under rather crumpled at St Paul’s. It took crowd, exchanged a kiss. The balcony strain as Diana struggled with the The choice of venue was a pressures of royal life. departure for a royal wedding. her two senior kiss has now become St Paul’s Cathedral, Sir Christopher COLLAPSE OF A MARRIAGE Wren’s masterpiece at the heart bridesmaids—Lady 10,000 The number an established part In November 1981 it was announced that Diana of London’s commercial centre, Sarah Armstrong was expecting a baby, and Buckingham Palace is the site for important national of pearl sequins of the ritual of royal asked the press to allow her greater privacy. We commemorations. It had never now know she was suffering from depression before held a royal wedding, but its Jones (daughter of sewn on to Diana’s dress. weddings, but this and bulimia. Charles and Diana maintained long nave and magnificent dome a united front while their sons William (born provided a theatrical setting for the Princess Margaret) was the first. After 1982) and Harry (born 1984) were young, ceremony. The cathedral can house but Charles appears to have resumed his 3,500 guests, and was large enough and India Hicks (granddaughter of the a wedding breakfast with 120 family relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles by for the wedding of a Prince of Wales, 1985. That was followed by Diana’s affair with a major event attended by heads late Lord Mountbatten)—some time to guests, the couple were driven in a James Hewitt. By 1992 the marriage was to all of state, Commonwealth leaders, intents and purposes over. They were divorced politicians, and diplomats, as well disentangle and arrange the train before landau sporting a “Just Married” sign in 1996 230–31 ❯❯. as foreign royalty. An estimated 650,000 people lined the long route the bride mounted the red-carpeted to Waterloo Station to travel by train to from the Mall to St Paul’s, and some 750 million people worldwide watched steps of the cathedral on her father’s Broadlands, the Mountbatten family the ceremony on television. arm. A stroke had left the Earl unsteady home in Hampshire, where the Queen on his feet but he was determined to and Prince Philip had also spent the lead his daughter down the aisle. first part of their honeymoon. Diana’s nerves showed during the ceremony, which was conducted by Mismatched couple the Archbishop of Canterbury, when At the time, and for a while afterwards, she muddled up the Prince’s names, Charles and Diana’s marriage was seen calling him “Philip Charles Arthur as a true love match and a fairy-tale George” rather than “Charles Philip romance. However, the gulf between Arthur George”. Three of the Prince’s their ages and their separate interests— favourite orchestras—the Philharmonia, Charles liked classical music, Diana the English Chamber, and the Royal liked Duran Duran; Charles loved the Opera—played during the wedding, country, Diana preferred city life; and the world-renowned New Zealand- Charles liked formality, Diana rebelled born soprano Kiri Te Kanawa sang a against it—made them a highly Handel aria. One of the hymns, “I vow mismatched couple. Nervous bride When shortly before the wedding Diana confessed to her sisters that she was having cold feet, they are said to have replied, “Too late, your face is already on the tea-towels”. She later described her wedding day as “the most emotionally confusing The balcony appearance The Royal Couple exchanges a public kiss. Giving them company on the balcony are, left to right, Prince Philip, the Queen Mother, the page boys, the bridesmaids, the Queen, Prince Edward, and Prince Andrew. 201
DECISIVE MOMENT October 17, 1980 Visiting the Vatican Following several previous visits by British royals to the Vatican, including her own as princess and as queen, Elizabeth went to Rome in 1980 for the first ever state visit by a British monarch—a trip she hoped would “support the growing movement of unity between the Christian Churches throughout the world.” One of the key moments in the history of British royalty was the break with Rome in the 16th century (see pp.28–29). For centuries the monarchs were at loggerheads—and sometimes at war—with the Papacy. Only in 1914 were diplomatic relationships reestablished, and since then the Windsor dynasty has made great efforts to improve relations with the Vatican, and the Queen's 1980 state visit to the Vatican must be seen in this context. The Queen's first meeting with the Pope as head of her own state came in May 1961. She and Prince Philip had flown to Sardinia, cruised across the Mediterranean, and visited the island of Vulcano. There they strolled incognito among the fishermen and dined on grilled shrimp, veal, and strawberries. Traveling by train to Rome, she was met by crowds cheering “Bella! Viva la regina!,” while 20,000 people chanted outside the Quirinale Palace for an hour, as Elizabeth and Philip attended a state banquet and a glittering reception for 3,000 members of Italian high society. The next day the Derby Italiano horse race was run, the date having been deliberately set to coincide with her visit. After meeting with Pope John XXIII, and enjoying a rendition of “God save the Queen!“ by 1,000 nuns and priests, the royal couple went on to Venice, where Elizabeth won the hearts of gondoliers by declaring “I would love to ride in a gondola.” The Queen's 1980 trip to meet Pope John Paul II was marked by an exchange of gifts. The Pope presented her with a copy of Dante's Divine Comedy with its illustration of the Order of the Garter in the time of Edward IV. The Queen responded with a book about Windsor Castle by St. John Hope and two signed photographs. “ Meetings between popes and British sovereigns… serve to push back… political and bilateral obstacles…” MARK PELLEW, FORMER UK AMBASSADOR TO THE HOLY SEE Heads of state and church The Queen, dressed in black according to Vatican protocol, chats with Pope John Paul II. At this meeting she invited him to the UK to visit “the Roman Catholic community in Great Britain where some four million of my people are members of the Roman Catholic Church.” 203
1980–2000 Commemorative Stamps Although some commemorative stamps were produced in Britain’s overseas territories in the 1800s, they were not issued in Britain until 1924. The first royal event marked in a British stamp was George V’s Silver Jubilee in 1935. 1 Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee Canada was one of eight was also produced in red. 8 The life of Diana Issued a 6 ELIZABETH II’S Commonwealth territories to issue commemorative stamps year after Diana’s death, these British stamps belong to SILVER JUBILEE, 1977 to mark the Diamond Jubilee. 2 George V’s Silver Jubilee a set of five, each with a different portrait. 9 The life Stamps featuring a portrait of the King against Windsor of the Queen Mother The stamps in this set show the Castle were issued throughout the empire. 3 George VI’s Queen Mother’s transition from young girl to royal coronation A total of 57 Commonwealth countries brought matriarch. 10 William’s 21st birthday Prince William out these coronation stamps. 4 Silver wedding of George was the first royal to have his 21st birthday marked VI and Elizabeth Initial designs for this British stamp included with stamps and coins in Britain. 11 Marriage of famous landmarks, but George VI preferred this simple Charles and Camilla The issuing of these stamps was portrait style. 5 Elizabeth II’s coronation Stamps were widely seen as a sign of the Queen’s support for the issued in 68 countries to mark the occasion. The New marriage. 12 Elizabeth II’s 80th birthday This stamp Zealand set featured Westminster Abbey, the Royal Crown is from a series of eight stamps featuring cheerful, and Scepter, Buckingham Palace, the Gold State Coach, informal photographs of the Queen. 13 Engagement and a portrait of the Queen. 6 Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee and wedding of William and Catherine The royal This set was designed by British designer Richard Guyatt. wedding was featured in stamps across the Commonwealth. 7 Marriage of Charles and Diana Various territories issued 14 Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee These British stamps show stamps to celebrate the royal wedding. This one from Australia the Queen carrying out various royal duties during her reign. 7 MARRIAGE OF CHARLES AND DIANA, 1981 1 VICTORIA’S 3 GEORGE VI’S CORONATION, 1937 DIAMOND JUBILEE, 1897 4 SILVER WEDDING OF GEORGE VI 8 THE LIFE OF AND ELIZABETH, 1948 DIANA, 1998 2 GEORGE V’S SILVER JUBILEE, 1935 5 ELIZABETH II’S CORONATION, 1953 204
COMMEMORATIVE STAMPS 10 WILLIAM’S 21ST BIRTHDAY, GREAT BRITAIN, 2003 9 THE LIFE OF THE QUEEN MOTHER, 2002 12 ELIZABETH II’S 80TH BIRTHDAY, 2006 11 MARRIAGE 10 WILLIAM’S 21ST BIRTHDAY, BRITISH OF CHARLES AND INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY, 2003 CAMILLA, 2005 13 ENGAGEMENT AND 14 ELIZABETH II’S DIAMOND JUBILEE, 2012 WEDDING OF WILLIAM AND CATHERINE, PITCAIRN ISLANDS, 2011 13 WEDDING OF WILLIAM AND CATHERINE, AUSTRALIA, 2011 205
1980–2000 Born 1961 Died 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales “ Hugs can do great amounts of good, especially for children.” DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES Diana Spencer was the fourth Honourable Diana Spencer). In 1976, Diana’s flat, she got an early taste of Royal bride-to-be child and the youngest daughter her father married Raine, Countess the relentless paparazzi attention she The shy, naïve nursery assistant was about to become of Viscount and Viscountess of Dartmouth, daughter of the would have to live with for the rest engaged to the heir to the throne when this famous Althorp. Her father, Edward John best-selling romantic novelist, of her life. photo was taken. Diana was always warm and Spencer, was a former Equerry—officer Barbara Cartland. spontaneous with children. attendant—to King George VI and Prince Charles proposed on 6 February Queen Elizabeth II; her mother, Frances Diana was first educated at 1981, and the engagement was officially Soon after the wedding, Diana became Roche, was the daughter of Baroness Riddlesworth Hall near Diss, Norfolk, announced on 24 February. When involved in her official duties as a Fermoy, Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen and later at West Heath Girls’ School asked by a reporter on the day of the member of the Royal Family. Mother. Diana grew up at Park House, in Kent, but she left school without engagement if they were in love, Diana on the Queen’s Sandringham estate passing her O-level exams. At school, replied in tones of mock rebuke, “of On 5 November 1981, Diana’s first in Norfolk. Diana’s parents divorced she showed a particular talent for music course”, and Prince Charles added, pregnancy was announced, and the when she was 8 years old. and dance – she was an accomplished “whatever ‘in love’ means”. couple’s eldest son, William, was pianist and was very keen on ballet. born just 11 months after the wedding. In 1975, after the death of her After a brief spell at finishing school She flouted tradition by deciding that grandfather, Diana’s father became at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in 9-month-old Prince William should the 8th Earl Spencer, and the family Rougemont, Switzerland, Diana moved accompany her and Prince Charles to moved into the family seat of Althorp to London, where she shared a flat Australia and New Zealand rather than in Northamptonshire. As the daughter with three other girls and held a be left in the care of nannies. of an earl, Diana became Lady Diana variety of jobs including that of a Spencer (she was previously the nursery (pre-school) assistant. Their second son, Harry, followed two years later in 1984. Diana was a English schoolgirl Engagement devoted and protective mother who Diana enjoyed sport as a girl, especially swimming, declared, “I live for my sons. I would and she dreamed of becoming a ballet dancer until Diana first met Prince Charles, who be lost without them.” she grew too tall for it. This photo was taken the was older than her by 13 years, in year after her parents divorced. 1977, when he was going out with her Divorce and death elder sister Sarah. They met again in 1980, when Diana was 19, and the The marriage, under strain from very affair between Charles and Sarah had early on, fell apart in the early 1990s been over for more than two years. (see pp.230–31). Diana continued to Their relationship developed over the “… the unique, the complex, the extraordinary Diana.” CHARLES, EARL SPENCER, WHEN GIVING DIANA’S FUNERAL EULOGY, 1997 summer of 1980, and that same Marriage and children year the Queen invited Diana to Balmoral Castle, the Queen’s private Charles and Diana’s wedding (see holiday home in Scotland. The Royal pp.200–01) attracted a great deal of Family, too, approved of Diana. As public interest. The couple made their the press got wind of the affair and homes at Kensington Palace and at photographers set up camp outside Highgrove House, the Gloucestershire estate Prince Charles acquired in 1980. 206
live in Kensington Palace after her Sparkling princess DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES separation and divorce, and gave Princess Diana is seen here much of her time to her charities wearing a beautiful tiara TIMELINE (see pp.208–09). In the last year featuring 19 fabulous of her life she used her status as pearls hanging from ■ 1 July 1961 Born Diana Frances Spencer an international figure to call for diamond-encrusted in Norfolk, England, to Viscount and a ban on the manufacture and use lover’s knots. Part of Viscountess Althorp. of landmines, a move that was the Royal Collection, seen by some as being out of step it was lent to her ■ 1969 Her parents divorce; her father gains with government policy. Her tragic by the Queen. custody of the children. death in a car crash at the age of 36 (see pp.242–43) shocked and ■ 1970 Goes to her first boarding school – stunned the world. Riddlesworth Hall in Norfolk. “I’d like to be a queen ■ 1974 Goes to West Heath Girls’ School, Kent. of people’s hearts, ■ 1975 Her father succeeds as 8th Earl Spencer. in people’s hearts, but ■ 1977 Leaves West Heath and goes to finishing I don’t see myself being Queen of school in Switzerland for a few months. this country.” ■ Summer 1977 Meets Prince Charles at a DIANA, IN BBC1 PANORAMA INTERVIEW country weekend. WITH MARTIN BASHIR, 1995 ■ 24 February 1981 Official announcement THE 9TH EARL SPENCER of engagement to Prince Charles. ■ 29 July 1981 Marries Prince Charles at CHARLES SPENCER St Paul’s Cathedral, London. Born in May 1964, Charles was the ■ 21 June 1982 Birth of Prince William. youngest of Diana’s siblings – she ■ September 1982 Represents the Queen at the had two older sisters, Sarah and Jane. Charles became the 9th Earl Spencer State funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco on on the death of his father in 1992. her first official visit overseas on her own. As Diana’s closest male relative, Charles ■ March–April 1983 Charles and Diana take gave the eulogy at her funeral in William with them on a 6-week visit to Westminster Abbey. He described Australia and New Zealand. her as “the very essence of compassion, ■ February 1984 Attends a performance of of duty, of style, of beauty”, and Carmen by the London City Ballet in Norway, recalled how she had mothered him during her first solo overseas tour. when, as young children, they were ■ 15 September 1984 Birth of Prince Harry. shunted back and forth between ■ 9 November 1989 Dances with John Travolta their parents’ homes. at the White House (see pp.240–41). ■ 19 April 1987 Shakes hands with an AIDS patient on a visit to Middlesex Hospital, London, in an effort to rid the disease of social stigma. ■ June 1992 Andrew Morton publishes her biography, Diana: Her True Story. ■ 9 December 1992 Charles and Diana agree to separate. ■ December 1993 Announces that she will be reducing the extent of her public life. ■ 20 November 1995 Appears in an interview by Martin Bashir on BBC television. ■ 28 August 1996 Divorce of Charles and Diana. ■ January 1997 Backs international anti-landmine campaign on a visit to Angola. ■ 25 June 1997 Auction of her dresses at Christies’ New York raises money for cancer and AIDS charities. ■ 21 July 1997 Visits the children’s accident and emergency unit in Northwick Park Hospital, London, on her last official engagement. ■ 31 August 1997 Dies of injuries sustained in a car accident in Paris, France. ■ 6 September 1997 Funeral in Westminster Abbey, followed by burial at Althorp. DIANA’S SIGNATURE 207
1980–2000 BEFORE The Caring Princess Royal patronage goes back a long The Princess of Wales threw herself into charity work in a very personal way. She is best way. Queen Victoria was the patron remembered for her natural warmth and compassion, and for the time and energy she spent of many hospitals, including supporting humanitarian causes around the world. Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital in London. QUEEN ALEXANDRA ROSE DAY Queen Alexandra launched the Alexandra Rose Day Appeal on June 26, 1912, to mark the 50th year of her arrival in Britain to marry the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII ❮❮ 72–73. The goal was to raise money for POSTCARD FROM ROSE DAY, JULY 11, 1914 hospitals through the sale of silk roses. The first appeal raised £32,000 and was such a success that it became an annual event. By 1920, Rose Days had raised more than £775,000 ($2.9 million) for London hospitals. Rose Days still take place every year. Princess Alexandra, great-granddaughter of Queen Alexandra, is the present royal patron. Traditionally, the prime minister buys the first rose. “ Anywhere I see suffering, that is where I want to be, doing what I can.” DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES, 1997 Caring for sick children This picture from the 1996 National Heart Week shows Diana posing with young patients at a children’s hospital ward in London. The Princess was known to take time to sit by patients’ beds, hold their hands, and listen to their individual stories and problems. 208
THE CARING PRINCESS O n marrying the heir to the throne, Diana was expected to give her patronage to charities and philanthropic organizations. Visiting hospitals, opening buildings, and hosting receptions had long been seen, particularly since World War I, as a key function of the monarchy, and a means of bringing it into contact with ordinary people. Much of this work was high profile—Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was president of the World Wildlife Fund; Charles founded the Prince’s Trust and functioned as its president since 1976; and Princess Anne worked extensively for Save the Children. But, for the most part, royal charity work meant acting as a figurehead for fund-raising. To the public, it seemed that the royals’ work mostly involved shaking hands, making speeches, receiving bouquets, and cutting ribbons. Personal touch to three times a week, befriending Chosen charities Landmine victims some of the sickest patients. She Diana is photographed with young landmine That, however, was not Diana’s style. painted the fingernails of one little girl As a working royal, Diana was patron victims during a visit to Angola in January 1997. Her natural empathy with sick people on a dialysis machine a different color of more than 100 charities. After her She visited war-torn Bosnia just two weeks before broke the mold of royal hospital every week. Discovering that another separation from Charles, she gave her death, calling for a ban on these weapons. visits. She had a special way of was fascinated by ballet, she had a nearly all of them up, retaining only connecting with vulnerable young birthday cake made for her in the six. These were: the Centrepoint AFTER people, stemming from her own shape of pink ballet shoes. charity for homeless young people, unhappiness during and after her English National Ballet, Great Ormond Diana’s humanitarian work parents’ divorce and from her battles Diana used her relationship with the Street Hospital for Children, Royal continued to be remembered after with bulimia and depression. press to help change public attitudes. Marsden Hospital for cancer, National her death. A fund was set up in In April 1987, she opened Britain’s first AIDS Trust, and the Leprosy Mission. response to donations that poured It is sometimes suggested that, after ward for HIV (human immuno- in spontaneously from the public. the breakdown of her marriage, Diana deficiency virus) infection and AIDS Diana had become patron of the used her charity work to promote (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Leprosy Mission, the only international The goal of the Diana, Princess of Wales her own image at the expense of her patients at London’s Middlesex Hospital, charity on the list, after visiting a Memorial Fund was to create a lasting husband’s. There may be some truth in and was photographed shaking hands leprosy hospital in Indonesia in 1989. memorial to Diana’s humanitarian this, just as there is in the charge that with someone suffering from the disease. Leprosy is easily treatable if caught work by supporting charities for disadvantaged she colluded with the press to give early enough, but sufferers are often people. A sum of £38 million ($65 million) was them the best photo opportunities. At that time, AIDS was regarded with revulsion because of the raised from CD sales of the version of Candle in However, the individual stories that still greatly feared and disfiguring effects. Officials advised the Wind that singer Elton John performed at emerged after her death bear moving misunderstood, and Diana not to make the visit but she Diana’s funeral. The general public gave £34 testimony to her ability to reach out to her gesture helped to chose to ignore them. Instead, she was million ($58 million), and the princess’s brother, people in pain. She privately visited the break down the prejudice filmed holding hands with leprosy Charles Spencer, donated proceeds from the Royal Brompton Hospital in London up surrounding the disease. patients and touching their bandaged Diana: A Celebration exhibition, which wounds, actions that were highly showcased 150 objects, including dresses and Role model influential in tackling the age-old mementoes. By the time the Fund closed in taboos. On later tours, she went out of 2012, it had awarded 727 grants to 471 Diana is regarded by many as her way to visit the Leprosy Mission’s organizations and spent over £112 million a role model for the way she projects in India, Nepal, and Zimbabwe. ($180 million) on charitable causes. spoke publicly about her unhappy marriage and about International star CONCERT FOR DIANA having sought psychiatric Hosted by William and Harry, the Concert for help for her depression and Diana used her fame to support Diana was held at London’s Wembley Stadium eating disorders, thereby humanitarian causes all over the world. in July 2007. The concert raised money for enabling other women to talk She was photographed holding a baby Diana’s charities and for those of her sons. openly about these problems. with AIDS at a paediatric unit in Harlem, New York. In June 1997, she Meeting Mother Teresa auctioned a large number of her dresses Diana meets Mother Teresa at the at Christie’s in New York in aid of AIDS Missionaries of Charity in the South and cancer charities. In the last year of Bronx, New York, in 1997. The Princess’s her life, she campaigned extensively to visit to Mother Teresa’s hospice for the ban landmines. It was on a visit to New sick and dying in Kolkata, India, in 1992 York to promote this cause that Diana left a lasting impression on her. met Mother Teresa for the second time. 209
Treading carefully In the last year of her life, Diana, Princess of Wales, campaigned actively for an international ban on landmines. This famous picture of her walking through a minefield in Huambo, Angola, was taken in January 1997.
1980–2000 ROYAL RESIDENCE Kensington Palace Originally a modest Jacobean mansion in a rural village, Kensington Palace became the Royal Family’s favorite London residence for almost 70 years. It was acquired by William and Mary, who wished to escape chilly Whitehall Palace and the fogs and floods of the Thames Rivers. I n 1688 when William III and Mary II her bedside. Eight years later, in 1702, designer, William Kent, who undercut assumed the throne, the King was in William also died at Kensington Palace the expected choice—the established frail health, and his asthma was after falling from his horse and then painter Sir James Thornhill—on price. exacerbated by the cold, humid rooms contracting pneumonia as he of Whitehall Palace. Their search for a recuperated in the King’s Gallery. George II and his consort Queen suitable alternative ended in 1689 with Caroline presided over a glittering time the purchase of Nottingham House—a William’s successor, Anne, continued for the palace. They loved to entertain, two-story mansion in the village of to improve the palace, commissioning and the court attracted a fashionable Kensington—for £20,000. Christopher a staircase from Wren to link her set of intellectuals, politicians, writers, Wren, Surveyor of the King’s Works, apartments with the gardens. However, philosophers, and poets. Outside, the was hired to transform it into a palace. it was in the grounds that Anne made old-fashioned parterres were replaced her mark: she redesigned the garden with gardens designed in a romantic The royal couple was anxious to as a baroque parterre with elaborate “natural” style by the royal gardener move in, so speed was of the essence. topiary and erected a magnificent Charles Bridgeman. He created many Using bricks rather than stone to keep Orangery to protect her orange trees features still seen in Kensington costs down, Wren’s first step was to over winter. Designed by Nicholas Gardens today, such as the Serpentine, build a three-story pavilion at each Hawksmoor and John Vanbrugh, the Round Pond, and the Broad Walk. corner of the mansion to accommodate with carvings in pear- and pinewood The gardens were opened on Saturdays the monarchs and their retinue, with by Grinling Gibbons, the Orangery when the Royal Family decamped to a series of grand rooms—the State served an additional purpose as an Richmond; they soon became a center Apartments—for audiences and state enchanting venue for royal receptions. of high society, as the great and good ceremonies. Wren reoriented the gathered to parade the latest fashions. house toward the west, and the Georgian heydey north and south wings were added to After Caroline’s death in 1737, the flank a courtyard accessed through an After Queen Anne died in 1714, the palace declined. George II died there in archway that pierced the clock tower. throne passed to her closest Protestant 1760; his successor, George III, elected The grounds were landscaped with relative, George, Elector of Hanover. A to live at Kew, Windsor, and newly lawns and formal gardens laid out in survey discovered that the palace was purchased Buckingham House. ❯❯ the Dutch fashion with geometrical in need of repair, but the new King paths and flower beds. “lik’d it very much” and proceeded to Palatial heights spend vast amounts on Kensington. The palace complex sits at the edge of Kensington By Christmas 1689—just six months Three additional state rooms—the Gardens. A statue of Queen Victoria by her daughter, after work began—the royal court was Cupola Room, the Privy Chamber, Princess Louise for the 1887 Golden Jubilee celebration able to move in, although building and the Withdrawing Room—were marks the main public entrance, while the bronze work continued. In 1694, tragedy created in the process. The existing figure of William of Orange guards the south front. struck the palace when Mary died of State Apartments were given a smallpox, with a devastated William at makeover by the unknown artist and WILLIAM OF ORANGE AT THE SOUTH FRONT KENSINGTON PALACE FROM THE SOUTH 212
The Sunken Garden The 17th-century Dutch style garden is a relatively modern development. It was created by Ernest Law in 1909 at the behest of Edward VII, to replace an unsightly cluster of greenhouses and potting sheds.
1980–2000 THE KING’S GALLERY THE KING’S STAIRCASE ❯❯ Kensington thenceforth became a the palace in which she was born The King’s State Apartments home for minor royals and monarchs- should not be destroyed.” Eventually Kensington was at the heart of Georgian society: well- in-waiting. One of the more colorful Parliament agreed to fund the palace’s dressed courtiers were immortalized by Kent on the denizens was George III’s sixth son, restoration. Subsequently the state staircase leading to the sumptuous rooms. William III’s Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of rooms opened to the public on the wind dial, connected to a weather vane on the roof, Sussex, whose menagerie of songbirds Queen’s birthday in 1899, launching was retained when Kent redesigned the King’s Gallery. flew freely around his apartments. His the palace’s dual role as a private home brother, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent to royalty and public museum. “normal” childhood, with visits to the and Strathearn, also had rooms in the local barbers, Kensington Odeon, and palace; Edward’s daughter, Alexandrina Kensington Palace was hit by a bomb McDonalds on Kensington High Street. Victoria, was born at Kensington nine in 1940, which severely damaged Kensington Palace remained the months before his death, on May 24, many of the surrounding buildings, official residence of Diana, Princess 1819. Her childhood was lonely: including the Queen’s Apartments. of Wales until her untimely death on educated under the “Kensington The garden was full of antiaircraft August 31, 1997, when the Golden System” she was confined to the Palace guns, sandbags, and trenches. After Gates at the south entrance became with every move monitored by her the war, the palace entered another the focus of public mourning. Over mother and her equerry, Sir John period of neglect, but in the 1960s one million bouquets, reaching 5ft Conroy, who strove to keep the its fortunes revived when Princess (1.5m) deep in places, were left in Margaret and Antony Armstrong- tribute. The Princess’s coffin spent its last night in London at Kensington “ I have gone through painful and Palace, departing on the morning of disagreeable scenes here, ‘tis September 6, 1997, on a gun carriage, true, but still I am fond of the to Westminster Abbey. poor old Palace.” In 2011, it was announced that the QUEEN VICTORIA, 1837 Duke and Duchess of Cambridge would move from Nottingham Cottage, Princess under their control. Victoria’s Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon moved in the grounds of Kensington Palace, first request, when she became 18, in. They lived in Apartment 10—“the into the former residence of Princess was that she be allowed an hour by doll’s house” as Margaret described it, Margaret. The following year Prince herself each day, and one of her first while they renovated and redecorated Harry also moved back into the palace: acts upon her accession to the throne Apartment 1A in Margaret’s favorite the long-established tradition of was to banish Conroy forever from pink and kingfisher blue with the combining private royal residences at the royal apartments, and to evict her help of theater designer Carl Toms, the palace with a public space looked mother from the palace. adding a photographic darkroom set to continue for years to come. for Lord Snowdon. A palace for everyone Meanwhile, the State Rooms have In 1981, the newly married Prince also seen a major renovation. They By the end of the 19th century, the of Wales and his wife, Diana, moved were reopened in 2012, in time for State Rooms were severely neglected. into a part of the palace that George I Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee, as a With the brickwork decaying, and the had created for his mistress. Princes museum with digital presentations, woodwork infested with dry rot and William and Harry were raised there, interactive experiences, and audio rising damp, calls came for the palace attending local preschool and pre- sequences bringing to life the State to be demolished. However, Queen preparatory schools in Notting Hill. Apartments and the people who lived Victoria declared that “while she lived, They were given occasional tastes of there, and making the rich collections of royal fashion, antique furniture, and other memorabilia accessible to visitors from around the world. 214
The Cupola Room Queen Victoria was christened in the magnificent Cupola Room, William Kent’s first commission for George I. The King liked his work so much, he was commissioned to redecorate other State Rooms.
INSIGHT April—June 1982 Prince Andrew in the Falklands On April 2, 1982, Argentina invaded the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands, a remote, windswept archipelago in the South Atlantic. Prince Andrew, a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy, was serving on board the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible as Britain set about assembling a task force to retake the islands. The hastily assembled fleet of 127 ships that set sail in mid-April included two aircraft carriers, one of them being the HMS Invincible. Prince Andrew was a Sea King helicopter pilot, trained for operational flying. He was also second in line to the throne. It was widely assumed that he would be kept out of harm’s way and given a safe desk job, as several members of the Cabinet urged, but Andrew, backed up by the Queen, insisted on being allowed to remain with his ship. The battle to regain the islands began on May 1. As a Sea King copilot, Prince Andrew flew on missions that included antisubmarine and anti-surface warfare. One task of the Sea King helicopters was to act as decoys against the deadly Exocet missiles launched by Argentinian jets against British warships. By hovering near the rear of the carrier, the helicopter created a large radar target that diverted the missile away from the ship. Prince Andrew copiloted a Sea King that helped save seamen from the requisitioned merchant navy ship SS Atlantic Conveyor after it had been hit by two Exocets. He later described the experience as “probably the most frightening moment of my war.\" He also revealed that his biggest worry was being hit by friendly fire from the Royal Navy’s Sea Wolf defense missiles: “It is not much fun having one of those fellows pick you out as a target.” Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands, was retaken on June 14. When HMS Invincible returned to Portsmouth on September 17, the Queen and Prince Philip joined other families of the crew in welcoming the ship carrying their son home. “ It’s not particularly nice being shot at and I can attest to that. You look at life in a different way.” PRINCE ANDREW, ON THE FALKLANDS WAR, AUGUST 2014 Action man Prince Andrew, seen here with the Sea King helicopter in the background, returns to Portsmouth on board HMS Invincible after the cessation of the Falklands War. The first royal to see frontline action in modern times, he served 22 years in the Royal Navy. 217
1980–2000 Born 1960 The Duke of York “I’m not even going to say that was a piece of cake. I will never do it again.” PRINCE ANDREW, AFTER ABSEILING DOWN THE SHARD, SEPTEMBER 2012 Naval officer P rince Andrew is the second In his 22-year-long naval son and third child of Queen career, Prince Andrew Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. participated in the Born on February 19, 1960, in Falklands War and Buckingham Palace, he was the first commanded HMS child to be born to a reigning monarch Cottesmore. He since the birth of Queen Victoria’s retired from active youngest child, Princess Beatrice, in service in 2001. 1857. At the time of his birth, he was second in line of succession to the throne; he is now sixth. He was christened Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Andrew being the name of his paternal grandfather, Prince Andrew of Greece, who died in 1944. Prince Andrew was educated at Heatherdown Preparatory School, Ascot, in Berkshire, from the age of 8 to 13, before going on to Gordonstoun School in Scotland, where both his father and his elder brother, Charles, had been educated. After taking his O-levels, he spent two terms at Lakefield College School in Ontario, Canada, before returning to Gordonstoun to take his A-levels. Unlike his brothers, he did not go to university, but entered the Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth (BRNC, popularly known as Dartmouth), Devon, where he began training to become an officer in the Royal Navy. Naval career After graduating from Dartmouth, Andrew learned to fly Gazelle and Sea King helicopters and was appointed to 820 Naval Air Squadron, serving aboard the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible. Six months later, in April 1982, he sailed in HMS Invincible as
THE DUKE OF YORK TIMELINE Farewell to Hong Kong for the second son of the monarch—on the press began to publish pictures ■ February 19, 1960 Born at Buckingham Prince Andrew undertakes many military duties. He his marriage to Sarah on July 23, 1986 of her in the company of other men. Palace, the first child born to a reigning is seen here visiting a British army unit based on (see pp.222–23). The Queen built The couple separated in March 1992, monarch for 103 years. Christened Andrew Stonecutters Island in Hong Kong as preparations a 12-bedroom, ranchlike house for and divorced in May 1996, just three Albert Christian Edward. are made for the transfer of sovereignty from Britain them at Sunninghill Park, Berkshire. months before Charles and Diana. to China in 1997. Andrew and Sarah have two daughters, Like Diana, she was no longer styled ■ 1973 Attends Gordonstoun School in Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. Her Royal Highness. Morayshire, Scotland. part of the Task Force sent to the South Atlantic to regain the Falkland Islands Separation and divorce Andrew and Sarah agreed to have ■ 1979 Joins the Royal Navy on a short-term (see pp.216–17). On his return, he joint custody of their daughters and commission as a Seaman Officer with the converted to flying Lynx helicopters. As a serving naval officer, Andrew shared Sunninghill Park as their family goal of becoming a helicopter pilot. He was made a Commander in 1999, was frequently away, and during home until 2004, when Andrew moved and retired with the rank of honorary one of his absences Sarah took lessons into Royal Lodge, the Queen Mother’s ■ April 1981 Receives his flying brevet (wings) Captain. In 2010 he was promoted to in helicopter flying. This experience former home. Since 2008 Sarah has from the Duke of Edinburgh as well as winning Honorary Rear Admiral, and five years led her to write a series of children’s lived there as well. She spends much an award as best pilot. later to Vice Admiral. books about Budgie, a little helicopter, of her time in New York, where she which later became an animated pursues various commercial interests. ■ April 5, 1982 Sails on board HMS Invincible as Marriage and children television series. Sarah’s popularity In 2010 she was caught in a newspaper part of the Task Force to regain the Falkland started to fall about this time, when sting offering access to Andrew for Islands; flies several frontline missions. Andrew was known to have had many girlfriends, including American actress ■ May 1984 Promoted Lieutenant and serves as Koo Stark, before his engagement to Flight Pilot in the Type 22 Frigate HMS Brazen. Sarah Ferguson. The redhead was a great success with the press and was ■ 1984 The Queen appoints him her personal soon universally known as Fergie. aide-de-camp. Prince Andrew was created Duke of York, a dukedom traditionally reserved ■ July 23, 1986 Marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey and is created Duke of York. ■ August 8, 1988 Birth of first daughter, Beatrice. ■ March 23, 1990 Birth of second daughter, Eugenie. ■ March 1992 Duke and Duchess of York separate; divorce follows four years later. ■ November 20, 1992 Helps to rescue treasures from the Windsor Castle fire. ■ 1993 Appointed Commander to command the anti-mine vessel HMS Cottesmore. ■ 1999 Appointed Commander in the Diplomatic Directorate of the Naval Staff. ■ July 2001 Retires from active service with the Royal Navy. “ There is something about going to sea. A little bit of discipline and humility is required.” PRINCE ANDREW, IN AN INTERVIEW THE DUCHESS OF YORK £500,000 ($750,000) and was forced to apologize. She and Andrew remain SARAH FERGUSON on good terms and often speak affectionately of each other. Born in 1959, Sarah Ferguson is the daughter of the late Major Ronald Life after the navy PRINCE ANDREW AT CERN, GENEVA Ferguson, polo manager to the Duke of Edinburgh and later to the Prince of On leaving the navy, Prince Andrew ■ 2001–11 Serves as Special Representative for Wales, and his wife Susan. After Sarah’s was appointed Special Representative International Trade and Investment, promoting parents divorced in 1974, her mother for International Trade and British business interests abroad. His tours married an Argentinian polo player, Investment, promoting British business included a trip to the European Organization Hector Barrantes. Sarah and Andrew interests abroad. He resigned from this for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva. knew each other as children, but their role in 2011, following criticism about romance began after she was asked to his friendly relations with controversial ■ July 2005 Promoted to Captain. Appointed join the royal party at Windsor Castle figures, including one of Libyan Commodore in Chief of the Fleet Air Arm during Royal Ascot in 1985, reportedly leader Colonel Gaddaffi’s sons, and a the following year. at Princess of Wales’s suggestion. Sarah wealthy American financier convicted was working in publishing at the time of of sex offences. ■ February 2010 Promoted to Rear Admiral. their engagement. Andrew designed an engagement ring for her consisting of Prince Andrew supports many ■ September 3, 2012 Abseils down the Shard, ten diamonds surrounding a ruby, chosen charities, and is the chairman of the London’s tallest skyscraper, to raise money for to complement her fiery red hair. Outward Bound Trust, an educational the Outward Bound Trust. charity. He is colonel-in-chief of several regiments in the British Army, ■ February 2015 Promoted to Vice Admiral. and in Canada and New Zealand. 219
Queen visiting Canada The Queen inspects a guard of honor of the Governor General’s Foot Guards outside the Parliament Building in Ottawa while on a visit to Canada in 1984.
1980–2000 BEFORE The Marriage of Andrew and Sarah In 1923, an earlier Duke of York, the Queen’s father (later On July 23, 1986, Prince Charles’s younger brother, Prince Andrew, married Sarah Ferguson King George VI), was married in Westminster Abbey. On the morning of the wedding, the Queen created Prince Andrew in Westminster Abbey. Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killyleagh. BRIDAL BOUQUETS The bride on that day, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As a young bride in 1923, she had impulsively stopped on her way up the nave of the abbey, and in a simple gesture placed her bouquet on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, containing the body of an unknown soldier, killed on a European battlefield during World War I. She did this in memory of her beloved brother Fergus, who had died at the Battle of Loos in 1915. Recalling this act, Sarah, as the new Duchess of York, arranged to have her bouquet placed on the tomb after the official wedding photographs had been taken. This tradition was later followed by Catherine Middleton, at her wedding to Prince William in 2011. “It was the finest moment of my life... when I married him.” SARAH, DUCHESS OF YORK, IN AN INTERVIEW, 2015 Bridal procession The newly married Duke and Duchess of York leave the choir of Westminster Abbey through an arch of roses and lilies. Pageboy Prince William, in a sailor-boy hat, is immediately behind the couple. 222
THE MARRIAGE OF ANDREW AND SARAH T housands of people lined the to Buckingham Palace. A crowd earlier, or later. The press thought he Happy family route as Sarah Ferguson, soon to of about 100,000 had gathered in had found an ideal soulmate in Sarah Prince Andrew and Sarah have remained friends after be Her Royal Highness the front of the palace for the bridal Ferguson. More relaxed and down-to- their divorce and have brought up their daughters Duchess of York, traveled with her party’s balcony appearance. Smiling earth than the Princess of Wales, together. The Queen, reportedly, is still fond of Sarah father, Major Ronald Ferguson, in the broadly, Andrew and Sarah playfully Fergie—as she was now universally and thinks she is a good mother. gilded Glass Coach from Clarence House pretended not to understand the known—was always ready with a joke to Westminster Abbey. Some 2,000 crowd’s call for them to kiss. Their and a quip. She was also, at 26 years, AFTER people, including many of the crowned eventual embrace was greeted with older and considerably more heads of Europe and a number of enthusiastic applause. experienced than Diana had been at The press’s love affair with the celebrity guests, such as Nancy Reagan, the time of her marriage. It was widely Duke and Duchess of York began Elton John, and Michael Caine, were Later a party was held at the known that Sarah had moved into to die soon after their wedding. It present in the abbey to witness the Buckingham Palace. The Duke and Prince Andrew’s Buckingham Palace was Sarah who bore the brunt of traditional ceremony. Duchess left for their honeymoon apartment ahead of the wedding, in their criticisms. contrast to Diana’s seclusion in The wedding had a decided nautical 1.6 The height of the wedding Clarence House. It was also common FALL FROM GRACE theme, in keeping with the groom’s cake in meters (5 ft 6in) knowledge that Sarah had at least one occupation. The silver beadwork on made by chefs at the naval supply long-term boyfriend before Andrew. Sarah suffered the vicious press fallout Sarah’s ivory satin wedding dress, school HMS Raleigh in Cornwall. No one seemed to disapprove. designed by Lindka Cierach, had after the disastrous TV show The Grand motifs of anchors and waves, and in an open carriage adorned with a Breath of fresh air the train bore the couple’s intertwined papier-mâché satellite dish and a sign Knockout Tournament in 1987. Four initials “A” and “S.” The four young that read “Phone Home” (a reference Observers suggested that Sarah would pageboys, one of whom was four-year- to the movie E.T.), placed there by bring a welcome breath of fresh air to members of the Royal Family—Prince Edward, old Prince William, were dressed in Prince Edward. They shared the the stuffiness of royal life. She was said sailor suits and boaters. Peter Phillips, carriage with a king-sized teddy to be popular with the Queen, who Princess Anne, and the Duke and Duchess of son of Princess Anne, was also a bear, smuggled in by the Princess enjoyed her jokes. It was also believed pageboy, and his sister Zara Phillips, of Wales and Viscount Linley, the that Sarah would be a good and York—participated a bridesmaid. Prince Andrew, wearing son of Princess Margaret, Countess supportive friend to Diana, and the the dress uniform of a naval lieutenant, of Snowdon. On arriving at Heathrow two were close for a time. alongside celebrities had his younger brother, Prince Airport, they boarded a royal jet Edward, as his best man. emblazoned with “Just Married” The week before the wedding, in this charity event, on the rear flaps to fly to the Azores. the tabloid newspapers reported The Archbishop of Canterbury, Once there, they spent their five-day that Sarah and Princess of Wales, with which was not Dr. Robert Runcie, conducted the honeymoon on board the Royal Pamela Stephenson, the comedian and service, and Prince Charles read a Yacht Britannia. actress, disguised as policewomen, had received well. In the lesson. During the exchange of vows, tried to gate-crash Andrew’s stag the bride promised to obey her Popular couple (bachelor) party. They had later got a show, Sarah was husband (a clause that Diana had case of nerves and changed their plans, chosen to omit five years before)— Although some critics of royalty and instead spent their time sipping seen raucously and was roundly rebuked by feminists complained about the lavish champagne at Annabel’s, a West for doing so. arrangements for Prince Andrew End nightclub. urging her team on. and Sarah’s wedding, on the whole The balcony kiss it was a popular event, and shops and While this escapade was in keeping She was criticized for stores were full of wedding souvenirs. with Sarah’s uncomplicated sense of Laughing and waving, the couple Prince Andrew’s public image was still humor, the episode also pointed to being overweight, left the abbey in an open carriage positive after his experience of active something more—a growing intimacy for the procession along The Mall service in the Falklands War. He was between the Royal Family and the and the couple’s known to enjoy partying and had world of celebrity. This association Relaxed demeanour would ultimately work to destroy house at Sunninghill Sarah Ferguson was remarkably had many girlfriends, earning him the mystique of royalty and make at ease during her wedding the nickname “Randy its members increasingly vulnerable to Prince Andrew, sharing Andy.” In this to hostile press attack. frequent laughs with respect, he was her husband. She winked lucky in his to the child attendants as timing, escaping she walked down the the media censure aisle and gave a that might have thumbs-up sign to the befallen him a crowd gathered outside. few years Park was mocked and nicknamed as COMMEMORATIVE South York STAMP because of its supposed resemblance to South Fork ranch in the US soap opera Dallas. This relentless and often spiteful campaign contributed to the couple’s separation in 1992. Her refusal to stay out of the headlines afterward frequently embarrassed the Royal Family. The Queen’s former Principal Private Secretary, Sir Martin Charteris, caught off camera, later referred to her as “vulgar, vulgar, vulgar.” 223
1980–2000 BEFORE The Queen’s 60th Birthday Trooping the Color dates back to the 1700s when a battalion’s flag, The Queen celebrates two birthdays every year—her actual birthday on April 21, and the official or color, was carried slowly (trooped) one in early June, when she attends the Trooping the Color ceremony. Her 60th birthday in 1986 along the ranks of soldiers so it could was marked by special tributes at home and around the Commonwealth. be seen and recognized. BIRTHDAY PARADE T he two royal events that took in the wake of the miners’ strike concerns did not deter the crowds The Trooping the Color ceremony was first place in 1986—the marriage the year before, but this was instantly from turning out to celebrate the used to mark the sovereign’s birthday in 1748, of Prince Andrew and Sarah denied by the palace. The Royal Queen’s birthday. when George II was on the throne. Since Ferguson in July (see pp. 222–23) Family was frequently caricatured this time the Trooping the Color ceremony has and the Queen’s 60th birthday on the satirical TV puppet show Bagpipes and daffodils celebrated the sovereign’s official celebrations—were welcome interludes Spitting Image—something that would birthday on a Saturday in June in the in what was otherwise a challenging have been unthinkable a few years Queen Elizabeth’s 60th birthday on expectation of good weather. year for the monarchy. There was talk earlier. There were also worries over April 21, 1986, started with an early of differences between the Queen and security—in 1981, a pistol had been morning rendition of “Happy Birthday KING GEORGE V AT THE PARADE, 1925 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher fired from the crowd as the Queen to You,” played on the bagpipes by the over Britain’s stance with regard to rode down the Mall for the Trooping Queen’s Piper outside her apartment at the apartheid regime in South Africa. the Color, and the IRA (Irish In July, a newspaper report claimed Republican Army) terror campaign Say it with flowers that the Queen was dismayed with in mainland Britain was an ever- Radiant in springtime yellow, a smiling Queen the government’s harsh social policies present threat. However, these Elizabeth collects bunches of daffodils from a group of children in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace.
THE QUEEN’S 60TH BIRTHDAY AFTER Twenty years on, the Queen celebrated her 80th birthday with a royal tour in Windsor, where she was greeted by thousands of well-wishers. Birthday procession by Placido Domingo. It included a ballet carried the Queen, who always rode SAY IT WITH EMAILS The band and troops of the Household Division, headed portraying the Queen and Princess her side-saddle, at every Trooping the Buckingham Palace announced that the by five Drum Majors in ceremonial state dress, return Margaret as young girls. Color for 18 years. The Queen had been Queen had received 20,000 cards and along the Mall towards Buckingham Palace at the end mounted on Burmese in 1981 when 17,000 emails, sent via her 80th-birthday of the Trooping the Colour ceremony in June 2014. Last appearance for Burmese the horse reared after five blank shots website. Tributes included a visual greeting were fired from the crowd. The Queen from the 500 members of the crew of Windsor Castle. The Piper is a member The Trooping the Color parade held on quickly brought the mare under control, HMS Illustrious, on deployment in of the royal household. His principal June 14 was notable for being the last winning great praise for her presence of the Indian Ocean, who lined up to spell duty is to play under the Queen’s public appearance of Burmese, the mind. She later explained that Burmese out “Happy 80th.” The Cabinet presented window every morning at 9 a.m., a Queen’s favorite black parade horse. had not heard the shots above the noise the Queen with a Spode china tea set. tradition started by Queen Victoria. Burmese, a mare, had been presented of the crowd, but was reacting to the In the evening Prince Charles, who This was followed by a 21-gun salute to the Queen by the Royal Canadian had earlier broadcast a tribute to Mounted Police in 1969 and had 6,000 The number his mother on BBC Radio, hosted of children in the a family dinner for the Queen at Kew Mall who sang “Happy Birthday” Palace, before a fireworks and laser display as part of the Queen’s 60th over Kew Gardens in southwest London. On birthday celebrations. June 25, a party for 2,000 children, chosen through a national ballot, was held in the garden of Buckingham Palace. “ We saw your car, Hurrah! Hurrah! We saw you wave, the smile you gave, We movement of the Household Cavalry’s THE QUEEN’S 80TH BIRTHDAY, 2006 horses who had immediately turned to saw your horse, of course, protect the sovereign. “Burmese felt that Queen at different times of her life, the Household Cavalry was going to from the earliest portrait of her as a two of course.” attack me, so she attacked them first,” year old to the present time. Eleven she was reported as saying. The assailant Commonwealth countries also issued THE QUEEN’S BIRTHDAY SONG, BY CHRISTOPHER LOGUE, 1986 was a 17-year-old boy who did it, he commemorative stamps. However, said, because “I wanted to be famous. when the Queen opened the 13th in Windsor Great Park, a service I wanted to be somebody.” Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh of thanksgiving in St. George’s Chapel, on July 24, 32 of the 59 countries that Windsor, and a carriage procession Burmese was retired after the 1986 were eligible to compete stayed away in through the town. Trooping the Color and put out to protest against the British government’s pasture in Windsor Castle’s Home policy of maintaining sporting links That afternoon the Queen was Park. She died in 1990. The Queen with South Africa and its refusal to driven to Buckingham Palace, where decided not to replace her. In 1987, apply economic sanctions against the she was greeted by a parade of 6,000 the Queen was driven to the Trooping apartheid regime. The Queen rounded children from all over Britain and the Color in a phaeton (light carriage) off her 60th birthday year with a state the Commonwealth who processed the and took the salute from a dais, a visit to China in October. It was the first length of the Mall in the steady rain, procedure she has followed ever since. time a British monarch had ever visited each carrying a daffodil. Standing on China, ending years of enmity dating the balcony of the Palace, she listened Commemorative stamps back to the 19th century. to them sing a song specially composed for the occasion, “Happy Birthday The Queen’s 60th birthday was Ma’am, God Bless You,” before going celebrated at home and around the down into the palace forecourt to Commonwealth with the issue of collect bunches of daffodils from the commemorative stamps and coins. children. She was helped by Prince The British set of four stamps carried Andrew and Sarah Ferguson, who portraits, three on each stamp, of the were due to be married in three months’ time. In the evening the entire Inspecting the Terra-cotta Army Royal Family attended a gala at the Queen Elizabeth II visited the now world-famous Royal Opera House with a cast headed excavation site of the “terra-cotta warriors” at Xi’an in Shaanxi province in October 1986. She was the first British monarch to set foot in China. 225
Come reign, come shine Elizabeth rides through pouring rain on to Horse Guards Parade for the 1983 Trooping the Color. The ceremony is held each year on her official birthday in June.
1980–2000 Diana’s Dresses Diana was famous throughout the world for her glamorous dress-sense. Shortly before her death, she selected 10 dresses to be auctioned for charity. Her other dresses occasionally feature in royal exhibitions. 1 Victor Edelstein dress The Princess of Wales wore this stars and a dramatic fish-tail skirt of layered tulle—to a midnight blue velvet dress to a state dinner at the White dinner held at Claridge’s Hotel for the President of Greece House in 1985. At this event she danced with American in 1986. A stamp issued in Togo to commemorate her actor John Travolta to music from the movie Saturday Night charity work features the Princess of Wales wearing this Fever (see pp.240–41). It became known as the Travolta dress. 4 Catherine Walker evening gown This sea dress, and raised £240,000 ($360,000) at an auction in green sequined evening gown is by one of Diana’s favorite 2013. Diana also wore it in her last official portrait designers, Catherine Walker. It was worn by Diana on a photograph, taken by the Earl of Snowdon, former husband variety of occasions ranging from a state visit to Austria of Princess Margaret, in 1997. 2 Bruce Oldfield evening in 1989 to the premier of the film Biggles in 1993. dress This dress was worn by Diana while on royal tour of 5 Catherine Walker gown and jacket This opulent Saudi Arabia in 1986. This dress was included in the Mughal-inspired dress was made for Diana’s official visit “Fashion Rules” royal clothing exhibition held at Kensington to India in 1992. Made of pink slubbed silk, the bolero Palace, London, in 2013. 3 Murray Arbeid dress Diana jacket and bodice are encrusted with opulent embroidery. wore this dress—a midnight blue creation with diamanté The sleeveless dress is lined in ivory satin. 1 VICTOR Long bodice EDELSTEIN DRESS embroidered with beads 2 BRUCE OLDFIELD EVENING DRESS Blue tulle skirt lined with purple silk 3 MURRAY ARBEID DRESS 228
Gathers running D I A N A’ S D R E S S E S down the center seam at the front Bolero jacket with floral of the dress embroidery in corded silk, embellished with pink 4 CATHERINE WALKER sequins and colored beads EVENING GOWN Gold chain-stitched leaves on bodice 5 CATHERINE WALKER GOWN AND JACKET 229
1980–2000 Charles and Diana Divorce The marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales fell apart publicly in the early 1990s. Their mutual accusations—fanned by press speculation and rumor—scandalized, entertained, and divided the nation. The media came to call the divorce “the war of the Waleses.\" The cracks that appeared early in the on her own to the Taj Mahal, she was throwing herself down a staircase at precedent—but there was a new factor marriage of the Prince and Princess photographed sitting alone in front Sandringham. It also exposed Charles’s to be reckoned with: the media. Over of Wales did not become obvious to of the white marble mausoleum, built long-running affair with Camilla the coming months, it proved impossible the public for a few years. To the outside by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan Parker Bowles (see pp.264–65). Diana to keep the couple’s increasingly bitter world, they seemed like a united couple as a memorial to his wife and widely undoubtedly cooperated in the writing estrangement out of the headlines. and the caring parents of two young regarded as a monument to love. The of the biography and encouraged her sons. But they began to appear together pose was clearly intended to signal her friends to do so too. The book had a A series of leaked phone calls, first less frequently, and when they did, loneliness and isolation. devastating effect on public opinion between Diana and a close friend, Charles often seemed peevish and by portraying the Royal Family as James Gilbey, and then between unhappy that Diana was more popular Revelations cold and dysfunctional. Charles and Camilla, horrified and with the crowds than he was, whereas enthralled the nation. Meanwhile, in the early days of their marriage Three months later, English writer In the past, the Royal Family might rumors began to surface that he had been proud to show her off. Andrew Morton published Diana: Her have hoped to cover up Diana was having an affair with True Story. This book revealed the marital difficulties her children’s former horse riding Rumors about the failing marriage details of Diana’s bulimia of the heir to the instructor, James Hewitt. first broke when Charles and Diana and her attempted throne—a were on a official visit to India in suicide while pregnant situation that In December 1992, Prime Minister February 1992. When Diana went with William by was not without John Major announced to the House of Commons that Charles and Diana BEFORE Unhappy couple Charles and Diana attend the State Opening of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Parliament in October 1991. Increasingly, photographs Bowles, then Camilla Shand, got to of the couple showed them staring in different know each other in the early 1970s. directions, suggesting a rift in the relationship. They frequently met at polo matches and soon began dating. THE THIRD IN THE MARRIAGE Charles’s relationship with Camilla ended abruptly in 1973, and she married Andrew Parker Bowles, a cavalry officer with whom she had had an on-off relationship for some time. It is doubtful that Camilla would have been thought a suitable wife for Charles at this time, even if she had wished to marry him. CHARLES AND CAMILLA AT A POLO MATCH, 1975 The friendship between Charles and Camilla appears to have revived in the late 1970s or early 1980s, before his engagement to Diana Spencer, who became aware of it just before or soon after their marriage. Camilla and Andrew Parker Bowles had two children. They were divorced in 1995, a year after Charles admitted to his relationship with Camilla in his interview with Jonathan Dimbleby. 230
CHARLES AND DIANA DIVORCE “ Well, there were three AFTER of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded.” After the separation was announced, discussion centred on whether Diana DIANA, TO BRITISH JOURNALIST MARTIN BASHIR, ON BBC'S PANORAMA, NOVEMBER 20, 1995 would be allowed to retain the style of Her Royal Highness, reserved for members of the royal family. were to separate amicably but had continued to attend some Panorama interview LOSS OF TITLE no plans to divorce, adding that, functions together. Decisions Diana was able to make her controversial interview In July 1996, a joint statement issued by “there is no reason why the Princess had to be made about their on BBC’s Panorama by keeping the broadcast a Buckingham Palace and Diana’s lawyers of Wales should not be crowned sons, now at boarding school. secret from Buckingham Palace until just before announced that Diana would receive a Queen of England in due course.\" It was arranged that they the program was aired. lump-sum financial settlement. Just should spend part of each before the divorce was made absolute in Diana turned down an invitation to school vacation at Highgrove, a documentary on his life and work. August, letters patent were issued regulating spend that Christmas at Sandringham with their father, and part at In it he publicly admitted that he had royal titles after divorce. As she was no with the Royal family, but the couple Kensington Palace, with their mother. been unfaithful to Diana “once the longer married to the Prince of Wales, In December 1993, Diana announced Diana would in future be styled “Diana, her withdrawal from public life. 15 MILLION The number Princess of Wales,\" without the Her Royal of people who tuned Highness (HRH). She would continue to Swaying public opinion in to watch Diana's BBC interview. live at Kensington Palace and, as the mother of the second and third in line to A large proportion of the British marriage had irretrievably the throne, would be “regarded as a member public sided with the Princess—she broken down.\" His words of the Royal Family.\" Upset by the loss of his was young and attractive, and a caused an instant furore and mother’s HRH, Prince William is reported to devoted mother. They could not undid any chance the have said he would give it back to her when understand why Charles should prefer program might have had of he became king. an older woman, and questioned why restoring his reputation. In he always seemed so glum. In June November, the publication The Prince’s biography 1994, in an apparent attempt to make of Dimbleby’s authorized For the completion of the biography of the Prince biography, Dimbleby was himself seem more appealing, the of Wales confirmed given access to the Prince’s Prince gave a television he was having an affair own archives—more than interview to with Camilla. 10,000 letters, private journalist Jonathan journals, and diaries, none Dimbleby as part of A year later, Diana of which had ever been had her revenge by made public before. giving an hour-long interview on BBC's early divorce. Charles Panorama. Millions tuned in to issued a statement watch ashen-faced Diana, wearing saying he took the same minimal makeup except for kohl view, and declared he around her eyes, confess to her had no intention of adultery with James Hewitt, her remarrying. Diana took depression and bulimia, and her hurt longer to agree, but over Charles’s affair with Camilla. eventually announced that she Perhaps the most damaging exchanges had instructed her lawyers to begin came late in the interview when Diana negotiating a divorce settlement. said she did not think she would ever be queen, and that she doubted that £17 MILLION ($26 million) Charles would adapt to the demanding The amount of Diana's role of being king. She also said she financial settlement. had no wish for a divorce. The terms were agreed upon in July Damage limitation 1996, and the couple divorced on August 28 after 15 years of marriage. The Queen, however, thought otherwise. Too much harm was being Changing times done to the monarchy to allow this undignified warfare between her son Sixty years earlier, a constitutional and her daughter-in-law to continue. crisis had erupted over Edward VIII’s After consulting the prime minister decision to marry a twice-divorced and the Archbishop of Canterbury, woman (see pp.90–91). He chose to she wrote to both the Prince and the abdicate rather than give her up. Now, Princess, advising them to seek an when Charles eventually becomes king, he will do so as a divorced and remarried man—a sign of how much public opinion and the Royal Family have changed through the years. 231
Windsor Castle on fire Perched high above its towering walls, a firefighter tackles the flames that swept through Windsor Castle on November 20, 1992. The blaze was visible for miles around.
1980–2000 BEFORE The Annus HorribilisTheLatinphraseannushorribiliswas suggested to the Queen in a letter from Sir Edward Ford, a former Four days after Windsor Castle had been badly damaged by fire, the Queen referred to 1992 private secretary to George VI. ANNUS MIRABILIS as her annus horribilis (horrible year). The occasion was a speech given at a lunch in London’s The phrase was a rueful play on words, Guildhall to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession. reversing the more common Latin phrase T he Queen’s voice was noticeably Restoration in progress annus mirabilis (wonderful year). In British hoarse as she gave her speech A craftswoman works with skill and precision to history, annus mirabilis usually refers on November 24, 1992. She had repair a damaged stained glass window. The task to the year 1759, when the British won a series of decisive battles against the French in caught a cold on the night of the fire of restoring the castle was completed six months the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). The while watching the firefighters’ efforts ahead of schedule. greatest victory of all was the capture of to save Windsor Castle. This added to Quebec in Canada by General James the bleakness of her words, making to rescue the Castle’s valuable Wolfe, who sailed up the St. Lawrence River her appear more vulnerable than at collection of works of art and with a fleet of 50 ships and 5,000 men to lay any other time in her reign. furniture. In the fire, only siege to the heavily fortified city, and was The Queen had reason to sound one painting—an enormous killed on the field of battle. rueful—the year 1992 had been equestrian portrait of King George III, disastrous for the Royal Family. The too big to remove from its frame— THE DEATH OF separation of the Duke and Duchess of one large sideboard, some pieces of GENERAL WOLFE York in March had been followed by porcelain, and several chandeliers Princess Anne’s divorce from Mark were lost. The damage to the fabric Phillips in April, the publication of of Windsor Castle was much more Andrew Morton’s revelations about substantial: St. George’s Hall, the the marriage of the Prince and Princess announce their separation. The State Dining Room, and the Grand of Wales in May, and the release of publication of Andrew Morton’s book Reception Room were all severely scandalous photos of the Duchess of Diana, serialized in The Sunday Times, damaged, with their ceilings wholly York in August. The leaked tapes of the had exposed the Royal Family to public or partially collapsed. Princess of Wales’s intimate phone censure as never before and, for once, conversations, followed by those of not even the Queen escaped the Royal finances Prince Charles with Camilla Parker barrage of criticism. The fact that three In the immediate aftermath of the blaze, Bowles, kept the tabloids in a frenzy of her children’s marriages had failed the Heritage Secretary Peter Brooke throughout the fall. Before the year so publicly was said to reflect badly on suggested that, since the Castle was was out, Charles and Diana would her and Prince Philip’s parenting skills. uninsured, the government would meet “ 1992 is not a year on which I Windsor Castle fire the cost of repairs, estimated at between £20 and £40 million ($30 and $60 The fire that broke out in Windsor million. Although the Queen’s plight shall look back with undiluted Castle on the morning of November 20 had produced a wave of sympathy, it pleasure… it has turned out was a personal tragedy for the Queen, soon became clear that the public was to be an annus horribilis.” who regards the Castle as her real home. The fire started in the Private 15,000 The number Chapel in the northeast wing of the of fragments Castle and spread rapidly through of plaster salvaged from the fire. the State Apartments. More than 35 fire engines and 225 firefighters 100 The number of rooms damaged in the fire. were called in to deal with the flames, QUEEN ELIZABETH II, NOVEMBER 24, 1992 which were finally extinguished after not prepared for taxpayers’ money to 15 hours. As night fell, the flames and be used to subsidize repairs to what smoke engulfing the Castle could be was still largely a private palace, seen for many miles. although owned by the government. Prince Andrew, who was present In recent months, the question of in the Castle at the time, alerted the whether the Queen should lose her Queen, and she arrived on the scene exemption from paying tax on her at about 3 p.m. It was her 45th private income had been hotly debated wedding anniversary; Prince Philip, in the press, with opinion polls at a conference in Argentina, suggesting that 80 percent of the consoled her over the phone. Along population was in favor of such a with members of the Royal Household, move. The government quickly backed officers and soldiers of the Household down. In her Guildhall speech, the Cavalry, and policemen from the Queen remarked that “no institution— royalty protection squad, Prince City, Monarchy, whatever—should Andrew took part in the human chain expect to be free from the scrutiny of those who give it their support, not to Scene of desolation mention those that don’t” and that Charred roof timbers dating from the 15th century this sort of questioning should act litter the floor of St George’s Hall. The hall was as an “effective engine for change.” completely destroyed in the blaze, but has been Two days later, on November 26, magnificently rebuilt. Prime Minister John Major announced 234
THE ANNUS HORRIBILIS Diana’s biography four children and Princess Margaret) AFTER The controversial biography of Diana, Princess of herself. She offered to meet 70 percent Wales, took the Royal Family by surprise. The of the repair costs to Windsor Castle A Restoration Committee, headed details of her difficult marriage to Prince Charles herself, and planned to open by Prince Philip, the Duke of were made public. Buckingham Palace (see pp.236–37) Edinburgh, and Prince Charles, was to the public to help raise the money. set up to oversee the task of restoring reached earlier in the summer. Some Windsor Castle. elements of the press, however, were Christmas Day speech leaked clear that credit for the change should RESTORING THE CASTLE go to them. The Sun newspaper, which The Queen had to face one more One of the first tasks for the team of had been campaigning on the issue, blow before the end of her annus restoration workers was drying out the walls boasted, “The Queen Pays Tax and it’s horribilis. Two days before Christmas, and floors of the State Apartments, which had Victory for People Power.” The Sun published the text of the been soaked by the gallons of water pumped Queen’s Christmas Day speech across into them. The committee decided that some The full details of the plan were its center pages, breaking the normal rooms destroyed by the fire—the Grand released early in 1993. In addition embargo rules. The Queen was Reception Room, the State Dining Room, and to paying income tax, the Queen described as “very, very distressed” two drawing rooms—should be restored to agreed to restrict Civil List payments and sued The Sun for breach of their former state, but others should be copyright. In a rare climb-down, the redesigned. This included St. George’s Hall, £36.5 MILLION The cost newspaper agreed to pay legal costs which was reinterpreted in the Gothic style. of repairing the of £200,000 ($300,000) to a charity of The work was completed in time for the Queen fire damage to Windsor Castle. the Queen’s choosing. and Prince Philip to celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary in the restored in the House of Commons that the (money from the government) to Reflection on the difficult year state rooms, where they gave a reception for Queen and the Prince of Wales had herself, the Duke of Edinburgh, The Queen’s annus horribilis speech at Guildhall 1,500 contractors, workers, and firefighters. volunteered to pay income tax on and the Queen Mother. She would in London came just four days after the Windsor their private incomes. The initiative, fund the other members of the Royal Castle fire. She expressed her sadness at her children’s he said, had come from the Queen Family previously on the Civil List (her broken marriages and the destruction to the castle. herself, and the decision had been
DECISIVE MOMENT August 7, 1993 Buckingham Palace opens to the Public Buckingham Palace had never before been put on public show. The urgent need to raise funds to pay for the restoration of Windsor Castle after the fire prompted the Queen’s decision to open the State Rooms, with their priceless collections of paintings, furniture, and porcelain, for two months each summer while she was resident in Scotland. The decision to invite the public into the heart of Buckingham Palace came about after a period of intense soul-searching and debate within the royal household following the Windsor Castle fire (see pp.232–33) and other events that took place in the annus horribilis (see pp.234–35). Taken aback by the strength of opposition to the idea that the taxpayer should help fund the repairs, the Queen’s advisers hoped that this move would help bring the monarchy closer to the people and show its willingness to modernize. On the first day of the opening, 4,314 people paid £8 ($15) each to visit the palace’s State Rooms, including the 155-ft (47-m) long Picture Gallery, the State Dining Room, the Green Drawing Room, and the Throne Room. All group visits—booked in advance—had been sold for the next three years. The scheme, originally intended to last five years, proved a huge success, regularly drawing in around 400,000 visitors a year, and the palace continued to open its doors even after the Windsor Castle restorations had been paid for. In the early years, there was some criticism that the tour was dull and uninformative. Since then, more rooms have been opened up and visitors can now see part of the palace gardens, as well as an exhibition on a particular theme each year. Buckingham Palace, together with the Royal Mews and the Queen’s Gallery, which displays items from the Queen’s fabulous art collection, is now one of London’s top tourist attractions. The income it generates is plowed back through the Royal Collection Trust into the upkeep of the royal palaces and their contents. “ It is indeed not easy to conceive anything more splendid.” ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ART CRITIC, ON JOHN NASH’S DESIGNS FOR BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 1830 The Green Drawing Room Visitors are given an extensive tour of the State Rooms, designed by architect John Nash for King George IV. The people enter the Throne Room, used by the Queen for state and ceremonial entertaining, through the Green Drawing Room. 236
1980–2000 Wartime Anniversaries The Queen and the Royal Family led the entire nation in commemorating two significant 50th anniversaries: the D-Day landings of Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944, and the end of World War II in Europe on May 8, 1945. O n June 6, 1944, an Allied force members of the Royal Family, together the first time since the war, to Act of remembrance of almost 160,000 American, with heads of state from all the countries revisit the scenes of past exploits, The Queen walks among rows of headstones in British, and Canadian troops that had fought on the Allied side in meet up with old friends and, above the Bayeux War Cemetery—the largest World War II landed along an 50-mile (80-km) Normandy, including US President all, to remember with pride former cemetery in France—on June 6, 1994. stretch of coast in Normandy, France. Bill Clinton, French President François comrades who had fallen in the battle The operation, officially code-named Mitterrand, the kings of Norway and for Normandy. A large contingent we owe our celebrations today.” A Neptune but commonly known as Belgium, and the prime ministers of veterans marched past the Queen state banquet was held the next day D-Day, was the largest amphibious of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, on the beach at Arromanches. in London’s Guildhall, and on Sunday, assault in modern history. More than attended the service. President Lech May 7, the Queen and the Royal 5,000 ships and landing craft were Wałesa of Poland, President Michal Celebrating the end of the war Family led the nation in a service mobilized in great secrecy to carry Kovác of Slovakia, and President troops and supplies across the Channel Václav Havel of the Czech Republic The events that took place throughout from England. The landings marked were there to honor the sizeable Britain and the Commonwealth to the start of the invasion of Nazi- contingents of Polish and Czech soldiers mark the 50th anniversary of the occupied Europe, which ended in and airmen who had fought with the end of the war were more celebratory Germany’s defeat in May 1945. Allies in 1944. in nature. A three-day holiday over the weekend of May 6–8, 1995, Portsmouth remembers Later that afternoon the Queen and commemorated the end of the her guests went on board Royal Yacht war in Europe. The commemorations Fifty years later, in 1994, the D-Day Britannia to watch a flyby of military began solemnly enough on May 5, landings were remembered on both aircraft before reviewing two lines with a ceremony in Westminster Hall sides of the Channel. The main of vessels drawn up offshore. These at which the Queen addressed both commemorative events in England Houses of Parliament. Recalling the took place in Portsmouth Harbour, 54 The number of world memories of war, she urged her the major departure point for the leaders who attended listeners to remember those who invasion fleet in 1944. the service of thanksgiving did not come back: “It is to their in St. Paul’s Cathedral. courage and heroic sacrifice that They began with a drumhead service, which is usually held on or close to ranged from the huge aircraft carrier the field of battle, often with an altar USS George Washington, temporary home improvised from military drums. to President and Mrs Clinton, the On this occasion, the service was liner Queen Elizabeth II, and a wartime held on the waterfront and several Liberty ship that had been sailed upturned drums were used to form an from California for the occasion, altar. The combined flags of the Allied to hundreds of small landing craft nations were prominently displayed. and pleasure boats. After the review, The Queen, Prince Philip, and other Royal Yacht Britannia headed the flotilla of ships that carried dignitaries BEFORE and veterans across the Channel for the next day’s events in France. Large American and British cemeteries in Normandy tell of the heavy cost Events in Normandy of life borne during World War II. These became centers of memory for On the morning of June 6, the returning Allied veterans. Queen and Prince Philip attended a service of remembrance at the military D-DAY REMEMBERED cemetery in Bayeux, which contains The first official commemorations of D-Day the graves of more than 4,000 British were held on the 40th anniversary and Commonwealth servicemen in 1984, when US President Ronald who died in Normandy. With other Reagan honored the heroes at Pointe international leaders, the Queen was du Hoc, Normandy. The ceremony present at the international ceremony was also attended by on Omaha Beach, where 34,000 the Queen and other Allied leaders American troops landed on D-Day. She then made her way to the small COMMEMORATIVE town of Arromanches, in sight of D-DAY STAMP the remains of the floating Mulberry Harbor that served as the 238 disembarkation point for troops and supplies throughout the Normandy campaign. Thousands of British veterans had returned to Normandy, many of them for
WARTIME ANNIVERSARIES of thanksgiving, reconciliation, A festive mood prevailed for most of Flotilla of ships AFTER and hope in St. Paul’s Cathedral. the weekend in Britain, bringing back The Royal Yacht Britannia (center) is seen here Germany’s President Helmut Kohl memories of the victory celebrations surrounded by tiny boats in the Solent. The USS The Queen was not present for the was among the world leaders who 50 years before. Most newspapers George Washington is on the left and the Queen 65th anniversary commemorations attended the service. Similar printed facsimile front pages from Elizabeth II on the right. of the D-Day landings in 2009; French ceremonies were held over the 1945, with grainy black-and-white President Nicolas Sarkozy issued the weekend in Paris, Berlin, and Moscow photographs of Londoners reveling in large festival site in London’s Hyde official invitation to Prime Minister as world leaders came together to the fountains of Trafalgar Square and Park, along with displays of World Gordon Brown instead. demonstrate common purpose in shinning up lampposts in The Mall. War II military vehicles and aircraft. striving for peace. Concerts and picnics took place on a THE LAST OF THE VETERANS The highpoint of the celebrations The Queen returned to Normandy for the came on Monday May 8, exactly 70th anniversary in 2014. She was 50 years after Victory in Europe (VE) the only world leader in attendance to Day had united the country in an have actually witnessed the war. The 70th exuberant outburst of rejoicing after anniversary would be the last official five grim years of war. At street parties commemoration of D-Day, as there throughout Britain, people dressed were now so few surviving veterans. Despite themselves in 1940s’ style and even her years, the Queen carried out a full replicated wartime recipes. Huge program of events, from the service crowds gathered outside Buckingham of remembrance in Bayeux cemetery to the Palace and all the way down The Mall international ceremony on Omaha Beach. She for a concert on the forecourt of the then returned to Paris for an official state Palace, starring the much-loved banquet given in her honor by Sarkozy’s wartime singer Vera Lynn, “the forces’ successor, President François Hollande. sweetheart.” The Queen Mother, Queen Elizabeth II, and Princess Margaret emerged onto the balcony “ We remember the dark days of the Battle of Britain… We remember when we stood alone in Europe.” QUEEN ELIZABETH II, AT LAUNCH OF VE DAY COMMEMORATIONS, MAY 5, 1995 to join the crowd in Emotional tribute singing wartime Visibly moved by the applause of the crowd, the favourites, such as Queen Mother wipes a tear from her eye as she stands “We’ll meet again,” between her daughters on the balcony of Buckingham “There’ll be bluebirds Palace on the 50th anniversary of VE Day. over the white cliffs of Dover,” and “Roll out the barrel.” It was a reprise of days later, on August 15, Japan the Royal Family’s famous balcony surrendered unconditionally, bringing appearance of 50 years before, when World War II to an end. the three of them had stood beside the King and Winston Churchill to receive The Queen headed the national the rapturous applause of the crowd, commemorations held on August 19, and they were visibly moved. Later 1995, to mark the 50th anniversary that evening, a nationwide, two- of these events. A large crowd minute silence was observed to gathered outside Buckingham Palace remember the dead of World War II for a memorial ceremony attended before the Queen lit the first of a chain by 25,000 veterans of the campaign of beacons that spread across the fought against the Japanese in the length and breadth of the country. jungles of Burma, in which thousands of British and Commonwealth soldiers The war against Japan died. Thousands more had perished in Japan’s prison camps or as slave While the end of the war was being labour building railways. After the celebrated in Europe in 1945, the ceremony, the veterans marched Allies were still waging a bitter conflict past the Queen as a World War II against Japan in the Pacific. On Lancaster bomber flew low over the August 6, 1945, the US dropped the Palace to shower the veterans and first of two atomic bombs on Japan, crowds with thousands of red poppies with horrific consequences. Just nine symbolizing the sacrifice of all those who had died in the war. Commemorative march past Standard bearers of the Royal British Legion, the association for British veterans, march over the wet sands of Gold Beach, where British troops landed in Normandy in 1944. 239
INSIGHT November 9, 1985 Diana: A Star is Born It was at a gala dinner at the White House that Diana took to the dance floor with Hollywood actor John Travolta. Images of the princess in a figure-hugging, dark blue velvet gown being swung around the floor by the world’s most famed disco dancer announced Diana’s glittering arrival on the international scene. The dinner hosted by President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy came at the beginning of Charles and Diana’s first visit to the US after their marriage. There was a moment of embarrassment when the President welcomed her as “Princess David… er, Princess Diane,\" but this was soon forgotten because, in the days that followed, Diana took the US by storm. From the naive preschool assistant, who avoided looking directly at the camera, and the young bride and mother with an uncertain taste for frills and puffed sleeves, Diana had transformed herself into a beautiful and self-confident fashion icon, sure of her own taste. Her favorite designers were Bruce Oldfield, Catherine Walker, Victor Edelstein, and Versace. In the mid-1980s, she adopted the “Dynasty” style, named after the popular TV series, which called for wide shoulders and big hairstyles, but she later championed the slim sheath dress, stamping it with her individual style and elegance. Despite her fraught relationship with the paparazzi, no one understood the power of the image better than she did or could control the camera more effectively. Whether posing alone in front of the Taj Mahal, wearing a dazzling evening gown for a gala movie premiere or a demure white suit to meet Mother Teresa, or dressed in a crisp chambray shirt and chinos on a minefield in Angola, she filled the pages of the world press for more than a decade. “As [Diana] matured, she was less concerned about fashion and followed her own sense of style even more.” VICTOR EDELSTEIN, DRESS DESIGNER Iconic gown Diana included this Edwardian-inspired gown, by the British designer Victor Edelstein, in the collection of dresses she auctioned for charity in New York in June 1997. It was bought for £137,000 ($233,000). 240
1980–2000 The Death of Diana On Sunday, August 31, 1997, Britons awoke to the news that Diana, Princess of Wales had died in Paris from injuries sustained in a car crash. They reacted with shock and disbelief as they struggled to comprehend that the life of this vibrant, beautiful woman had ended so tragically. D iana was in Paris with Egyptian London and the Ritz hotel in Paris. Henri heir and film producer Dodi Al Paul, deputy head of security at the Ritz, Fayed, her boyfriend of only a was driving the couple in a Mercedes- few weeks. They had just returned from Benz from the hotel to Dodi Al Fayed’s vacationing on a luxury yacht belonging private apartment. They were being to Dodi’s father, Mohamed Al Fayed, pursued by photographers on owner of Harrods department store in motorcycles and in cars. At around 12:23 a.m., the car entered an underpass BEFORE at an estimated speed of 65mph (105kph). Paul lost control of the car Diana’s affair with Dodi Fayed is and it hit a pillar before spinning off to said to have started in July 1997, crash into the tunnel wall. Al Fayed and when the Princess and her sons the driver died at the scene of the vacationed on board Mohamed accident. Diana died in Paris’s Pitié- Al Fayed’s yacht. Salpêtrière Hospital a few hours later. DIANA ON BOARD AL FAYED’S YACHT JONIKAL The people’s princess tributes to Diana outside Kensington Coming home Palace (see pp.244–45). They began Draped in the Royal Standard, the coffin containing VACATION SNAPSHOT As news of the tragedy spread, one of to ask why the Royal Family was still Diana’s body arrives at Royal Air Force Northolt airfield, A photo of Diana and Dodi kissing the first to pay public tribute to Diana at Balmoral, their summer home, close to London. Prince Charles and Diana’s sisters were on board his father’s yacht Jonikal, taken was British Prime Minister Tony Blair. instead of returning to London, and in the plane that carried her back from France. in late August, made headline news Addressing the press before he entered why the Queen had made Princes around the world. It was the first that church for the Sunday morning service William and Harry attend church response did not satisfy the tabloids, most people knew of the affair. There are in his northern constituency, he said, which judged that the monarchy was suggestions that Diana herself may have “We are a nation in a state of shock… out of touch with the people. alerted the paparazzi to her presence she was the people’s princess.” His on the yacht. words struck an immediate chord with The Queen had never before thousands of grieving Britons, many come under such direct criticism. One of whom were already laying floral headline read, “Speak to us, ma’am, please speak,” while another demanded “There are lessons to be drawn “Show us you care.” On September 5, from her life and from the the Queen returned to Buckingham extraordinary and moving Palace, stopping to look at the floral reaction to her death.” tributes to Diana outside the gates. Once inside, she made a live broadcast ELIZABETH II, FROM A LIVE BROADCAST, SEPTEMBER 5, 1997 from the Chinese Drawing Room, in which she paid her own personal straight after learning of their mother’s tribute to Diana as “an exceptional and death (the fact is that they had asked gifted human being.” Her dignified to do so). Reflecting the people’s words were well received, suggesting mood, the press—a portion of which that the storm of hostility whipped up had been highly critical of Diana only by the press was beginning to abate. a short while before—joined in the attacks. These came to focus on why Diana’s funeral the Union Jack was not flying at half-mast over Buckingham Palace. Diana’s funeral took place on Saturday, According to royal protocol, the only September 6. Over a million people lined flag that ever flies over the palace is the 4 mile (6km) route along which the Royal Standard, and only when her coffin, draped with her personal the monarch is in residence. It is never standard, was carried on a gun carriage flown at half-mast. This official from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey. At St. James’s Palace, the Duke Flowers for Diana of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, his The Queen and Prince Philip examine the floral tributes two sons, and their uncle Charles outside the gates of Buckingham Palace. They were Spencer joined the procession to walk said to have been deeply moved by the expressions of behind the coffin the rest of the way. love for Diana following her death. At Buckingham Palace, the Union Jack was flying at half-mast on the Queen’s 242
United in grief Prince William and Prince Harry walk behind their mother’s coffin, flanked by their father, grandfather, and uncle. The princes were ages 15 and 12 when their mother died. orders. She was waiting at the gates was driving at excessive speed under the AFTER with other members of the Royal influence of both prescription drugs and Family and bowed her head as the alcohol. None of the photographers In the years that followed her death, an unofficial memorial when people began coffin passed by. arrested after the crash were charged several memorials were erected in leaving flowers and messages there soon with manslaughter. Mohamed Al Fayed different locations to commemorate after the Princess’s death. Some 31.5 million viewers watched was not satisfied with this verdict. He Diana’s life and work. the funeral in Britain, while an claimed that Diana and his son were Her memory is commemorated by a classical estimated 2.5 billion people viewed it REMEMBERING DIANA temple built close to the site of her island live worldwide. During the traditional £12.5 MILLION ($20 million) The Princess of Wales Memorial grave at Althorp. One of the most extraordinary Church of England funeral service, The cost of the Playground in Kensington Gardens, close memorials was the bronze statue of Elton John performed a version of his inquiry into Diana’s death. to her former home, celebrates Diana’s love of Diana and Dodi placed by Mohamed song Candle in the Wind dedicated to children. It encourages children to explore and Al Fayed at Harrods. Diana. In his eulogy, Charles Spencer 250 The number of witnesses follow their imagination, and has a wooden took the opportunity to criticize the that were interviewed pirate ship as its centerpiece. The playground DIANA MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN, HYDE PARK press and, indirectly, the Royal Family during the inquiry. also features toys and play sculptures. for their treatment of his sister. Many in the congregation applauded. about to announce their engagement, Nearby in Hyde Park, the Diana Memorial Afterward, the coffin was driven to the and that they had been killed by the Fountain is formed as a stone oval made Spencer family home of Althorp where, British secret service to prevent this from slabs of Cornish granite. It was opened in a private ceremony, Diana was laid to from happening. He even accused by the Queen in 2004. rest on an island in the middle of a lake. Prince Philip of masterminding the plot. In 2004, a British inquest was opened The Flame of Liberty, built in 1989 Cause of the accident into their deaths, but it did not begin in Paris, stands not far from the entrance hearing evidence until 2007. In April to the tunnel where Diana died. It became Immediately after the crash, the 2008 the jury delivered its verdict that paparazzi who had been pursuing Diana and Fayed had been killed by the the car were blamed for the accident. grossly negligent driving of Henri Paul However, the official French report and the vehicles in pursuit. concluded that the driver, Henri Paul, 243
DECISIVE MOMENT August 31—September 6, 1997 Farewell to Diana Diana’s death was met with an unprecedented wave of emotion from the public. Within hours of the news breaking, people of all ages began to leave bouquets of flowers and other mementos outside the gates of Kensington Palace. In places, the pile of flowers was 5 ft (1.5 m) high. The spontaneous outpouring of grief over Diana’s death was extraordinarily intense. Many people attached heartfelt messages to the bouquets explaining that, although they had never met her, it was as if they had lost a close family member. The waiting time to sign books of condolence at St. James’s Palace grew to five hours, then to 11, and the Salvation Army provided free cups of tea to the lengthening lines. The displays of emotion were not confined to London—floral tributes sprang up in cities throughout the country, and people lined up to sign books of condolence all around the world, from Sydney to New York. In Paris, messages and flowers were placed at the foot of the Flame of Liberty memorial at the Pont d’Alma, close to where Diana had died. On the day of her funeral, more than three million people waited silently on the streets to watch Diana’s coffin being taken to Westminster Abbey. In retrospect, the heightened emotions that accompanied Diana’s death seem inexplicable. Several commentators at the time put the reaction down to mass hysteria, but there was no doubt that Diana’s projected personality had struck a chord with the public, and many people experienced genuine feelings of loss. A large number of the personal notes written by the public contrasted her warmth and spontaneity with the supposed coldness of the Royal Family. The press picked up on this theme. They helped fuel accusations that the Royal Family was uncaring by questioning why the Union Jack was not flying at half-mast over Buckingham Palace. “ I can’t understand this feeling of pain for someone who never even knew my name.” ONE OF THE THOUSANDS OF HANDWRITTEN MESSAGES LEFT FOR DIANA Floral tributes Thousands of people left flowers outside Kensington Palace, Diana's home. It was later estimated that Londoners had spent £25 million ($42 million) on 1.3 million bouquets. The bottom layer had started to compost before they were cleared away. 245
1980–2000 ROYAL RESIDENCE Balmoral Castle Built of local granite and bristling with towers and turrets, Balmoral epitomizes the romantic vision of Scotland prevalent in Victorian England. The Aberdeenshire estate has been the private property of the Royal Family since 1852, when it was acquired by Prince Albert. Q ueen Victoria and Prince Albert ever more enamored of the property, bridge designed by Isambard Kingdom first visited Scotland in 1842, they began negotiations to buy out Brunel was erected over the Dee two years after their marriage. the landowner in 1849, with a view providing a direct link between Captivated by its beauty, which Albert to building a completely new house. Balmoral and the village of Crathie, felt was “very Germanic,” it was the Meanwhile, Albert came up with an home to many of the estate workers. first of several visits. Their enthusiasm interim solution to their space issue. undampened by their experience Inspired by a display at the Great Victoria and Albert’s fondness for all of the rainy weather, they set about Exhibition of 1851, he ordered a things Scottish had a powerful impact finding a highland retreat of their own. prefabricated iron building to serve as a on the castle interior. Tartan appeared temporary ballroom and dining room, everywhere: carpets were woven in A highland paradise which remained in use until 1856. red Royal Stewart and green Hunting Stewart; curtains and upholstery The search began in Deeside at the Albert and Victoria finally managed covers in Dress Stewart. They even suggestion of the royal physician, who to buy the Balmoral estate, and that designed their own tartans, the Queen recommended the area for its gentler of neighboring Birkhall, outright in creating Victoria tartan, and Albert, climate. Advised by Lord Aberdeen— 1852. On September 28, 1853, Victoria Balmoral; both are still used as royal who had inherited the lease on the laid the foundation stone of their new tartans today. The decor was not to estate from his brother—the royal house on a site just to the north of the everyone’s taste: visiting in 1855, the couple bought the lease on Balmoral existing building. It was designed by Duchess of Kent’s lady-in-waiting, blind. Both instantly loved the estate local Aberdeen architect William Smith Lady Augusta Bruce, admired many when they arrived there for the first with “amendments” by Prince Albert. of the ornaments, but felt “a certain time in September 1848. “All seemed The result was an extremely cleverly absence of harmony of the whole,” to breathe freedom and peace, and to planned country house formed of two adding that the tartans were all “highly make one forget the world and its sad quadrangular blocks, broadly arranged characteristic and appropriate, but not turmoils,” wrote Victoria in her diary. on a diagonal, each with its own all equally flatteux to the eye.” ❯❯ Albert, on the other hand, found that courtyard, and a passage linking them the landscape reminded him of his together. One block was devoted to Vacation home Thuringian roots, and prominent the kitchen, household offices, and the The Queen spends about 10 weeks at the castle every artists including Edwin and Charles ballroom (the only public room); the year, from August to October, relaxing on horseback Landseer were soon commissioned other provided the family and intimate in the seclusion of the estate. She occasionally appears to paint Balmoral landscapes. guests with the privacy they craved. at local events: here she is pictured in 1967 at the North of Scotland Gun Dog Association’s Open Stake The house was deemed pretty, but it The royal apartments were ready in Retriever Trials—held at Balmoral—with trial judge was far too small to meet the needs of time for the fall visit in 1855; the old Lord Porchester and head gamekeeper James Gillan. their growing family and a stream of house was used by the servants until official visitors. The initial plan to the construction finished the following extend the house was soon abandoned: year, then it was demolished. Finally, a THE QUEEN FOLLOWING GUN DOG TRIALS IN 1967 ELIZABETH II ON VACATION AT BALMORAL IN 1971 TURRETS AND CRENELLATIONS ARE TYPICAL OF SCOTTISH BARONIAL ARCHITECTURE 246
Balmoral south front The walled garden laid out by Queen Mary in the 1920s, complete with monogrammed gates, enhances the castle’s fairy-tale setting at the heart of the Cairngorm National Park.
1980–2000 ❯❯ Balmorality interest in country pursuits. According Today, the 50,000 acre (20,000 to Henry Campbell-Bannerman it was hectares) estate remains the private An advocate of the benefits of fresh air, just like a convent: “We meet at meals, property of the royal family, who Victoria reveled in the freedom of the breakfast at 9:45, lunch 2, dinner 9, continue to spend summer vacations secluded surroundings, often going for and when we have finished each is off there. It is a working estate, rich in long walks while Albert hunted deer to his cell.” Czar Nicholas II had hoped wildlife, with grouse moors, forest, and and game. The Queen observed a strict farmland, as well as managed herds of Highland cattle, ponies, and deer, but “The weather is awful, rain and wind the grounds, gardens, and ballroom are every day and, on top of it, no luck open to visitors at specified times of at all—I haven’t killed a stag yet.” year. With landscapes ranging from the Dee river valley to lochs and open NICHOLAS II, CZAR OF RUSSIA, IN A LETTER TO HIS MOTHER, 1896 mountains including seven Munros— hills over 3,000ft (910m)—it is one of the most beautiful parts of Scotland. daily routine of walking, answering to enjoy some family time with his Artists in residence State correspondence, and writing her new wife (Victoria’s granddaughter) James Giles and James Roberts were two of many diaries that continued after Albert’s and infant daughter when they visited artists commissioned by Victoria and Albert to capture death, when she spent increasingly Balmoral in 1896; instead he endured interiors and landscapes before and after the new long periods at Balmoral. Castle guests long days hunting with the Prince of castle was built. Old Balmoral was demolished in 1856; were expected to adhere to a similarly Wales followed by heavy discussions a stone in the lawn marks the position of its front door. rigid timetable—Victoria simply on European affairs with the Queen assumed her visitors shared the same and Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury. DINING ROOM, OLD BALMORAL (JAMES GILES,1855) BILLIARD ROOM AND LIBRARY, OLD BALMORAL (JAMES GILES,1855) PRINCE ALBERT’S SITTING ROOM, OLD BALMORAL (JAMES ROBERTS, C.1860) 248
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