Queen Elizabeth II and the Royal Family _ a glorious illustrated history

ELIZABETH II, THE LATER YEARS Act of remembrance TIMELINE The Queen pays tribute to all those who died ■ 1980 Makes a state visit to the Vatican. serving their country at the national Service ■ April 17, 1982 Signs the Canadian of Remembrance held at the Cenotaph in Whitehall in November every year. Constitution Act in Ottawa, surrendering the right of the British Parliament to make who is married to a Roman Catholic Family, that she did sometimes Her passion for horses is well known. laws affecting Canada. from standing in the line of succession begrudge some of the hours she has She still rides, though she now prefers ■ July 9, 1982 An intruder, Michael Fagan, to the throne. to do when she could be outdoors to be mounted on sturdy fell ponies enters the Queen’s bedroom in Buckingham instead. It was a refreshingly honest from the north of England—known Palace, raising questions about security. Personal style for their steady temperament and ■ 1985 The Queen and members of the Royal sure-footedness (she is patron Family are caricatured on the TV satirical The Queen has developed a personal of the Fell Pony Society). It is public puppet show Spitting Image. style of dress that has served her knowledge that the Queen never well over the years. A two-piece wears a hard riding hat, preferring a THE QUEEN’S suit, or dress and coat, for daytime silk headscarf. Her daughter Princess 60TH BIRTHDAY engagements, usually in a single color Anne, her grooms, and ROSPA (the COMMEMORATIVE STAMPS and ending just below the knees. A Royal Society for the Prevention of large hat with swept-back brim to Accidents) have all remonstrated with ■ October 1986 Visits China, becoming show her face, low-heeled shoes, and her about it, but she takes no notice. the first British monarch to do so. a handbag (no one knows what she keeps in it). She almost invariably The Queen loves horse racing, and ■ May 16, 1991 Becomes the first British wears a pearl necklace and has a has a deep knowledge of breeding and monarch to address a joint meeting of brooch pinned to her lapel. On formal bloodlines. She owns 25–30 racehorses the United States Congress. occasions, such as state banquets, she and tries to see them run as often as sparkles in beaded gowns, with a she can. She is at her most relaxed at Garter Sash worn from the left a race meeting and has won all the shoulder, and diamond jewelry. major Classic races, except for the Queen Elizabeth took to wearing “The true measure of all our eyeglasses in public in 1982, when she put them on to read a speech, actions is how long the good remarking at the time, “It’s extraordinary, my mother doesn’t in them last… everything ■ November 20, 1992 Windsor Castle need glasses at all and here I am—52, is damaged by fire at the end of the 56, well whatever age I am [she was Queen’s annus horribilis. 56]—and I can’t see a thing.” She has sometimes been accused of looking we do, we do for the young.” ■ 1993 Pays income tax for the first time. grumpy in public—she has said of ■ December 20, 1995 Advises Charles herself that she has the kind of face that, when not smiling, tends to look QUEEN ELIZABETH II, 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF D-DAY, JUNE 2014 and Diana that a divorce is desirable. cross. In recent years, however, she ■ September 1997 Is criticized for her apparent has been seen laughing and smiling more than she did formerly. She has admission—the Queen is at heart a Epsom Derby, as an owner. In 2011, lack of feeling on Diana’s death by media. sat for over 240 official portraits in the course of her reign. countrywoman, and likes nothing her horse Carlton House was favorite ■ December 1997 Attends the Countrywoman better than going for long country to win the Derby, but was beaten into decommissioning ceremony of walks with her dogs at Balmoral. She third place. The Queen’s excitement, the Royal Yacht Britannia. In 1986 the Queen told BBC producer Eddie Mirzoeff, who was making loves being surrounded by her and disappointment at the outcome, ■ February 6, 2002 The 50th anniversary of a documentary about the Royal grandchildren (see p.296). was plain to see. the Queen’s accession marks the start of her First past the post The Queen possesses a formidable knowledge of horse Golden Jubilee year. racing. She is seen here congratulating her filly Estimate, winner of the Gold Cup at Ascot in June 2013. ■ November 20, 2007 The Queen and Prince Philip celebrate their 60th wedding anniversary. ■ November 8, 2010 Joins Facebook with the launch of a British Monarchy page. ■ December 29, 2010 Birth of the Queen’s first great-grandchild, Savannah Phillips, daughter of Peter and Autumn Phillips. ■ May 2011 Visits the Republic of Ireland, a historic turning point in the troubled relations between Ireland and the UK. ■ October 2011 Carries out what is probably her last visit to Australia, the 16th of her reign. ■ June 2, 2012 Starts off the Diamond Jubilee celebrations by attending the Epsom Derby. ■ July 28, 2012 Opens the Summer Olympic Games in London. ■ June 2014 Makes a state visit to France on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the D-Day landings. ■ April 21, 2015 Celebrates her 89th birthday. 299

DECISIVE MOMENT September 10, 2014 The Invictus Games Prince Harry was the driving force behind the Invictus Games, a Paralympic-style championship for wounded servicemen and women. After attending the Warrior Games in the US in May 2013, where he witnessed the courage and determination of those taking part, he decided to bring a similar event to Britain. Modeled on the Warrior Games—an annual sports event for injured service members and veterans in the US—the Invictus Games were organized in only 10 months. Funding came equally from the Royal Foundation—established by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry—and from the Treasury. At the official launch in March 2014, Harry said, “I have witnessed firsthand how the power of sport can actively impact the lives of wounded, injured, and sick servicemen and women in their journey of recovery.” Six months later, Prince Charles, the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince William, and Prime Minister David Cameron were there to see Harry, as founder of the Games, welcome more than 400 competitors from 13 countries to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. The countries taking part included eight from Europe, one from Asia, two from North America, and two from Oceania. All had fought alongside Britain in recent military campaigns. Iraq was invited to send a team, but declined to do so. Invictus is Latin for “undefeated.” At the opening ceremony, actor Idris Elba read the short poem Invictus by the Victorian poet William Ernest Henley, with its inspiring lines: “My head is bloody, but unbowed… I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul.” Over the next four days, events were held at five different venues used during the 2012 London Olympics. Serving personnel as well as veterans injured in the line of duty competed in nine different adaptive sports: archery, indoor rowing, power lifting, road cycling, sitting volleyball, swimming, wheelchair basketball, and wheelchair rugby. Prince Harry attended every event. Planning is underway for a follow-up Invictus Games in 2016. “ I have no doubt that lives will be changed this weekend.” PRINCE HARRY, IN HIS OPENING SPEECH AT THE INVICTUS GAMES, SEPTEMBER 10, 2014 Star-studded event Harry and his cousin Zara Tindall, daughter of Princess Anne, compete in an exhibition game of wheelchair rugby. Other sports stars who took part in the Invictus Games included Zara’s husband, Mike Tindall, and British Olympic legends Dame Kelly Holmes and Denise Lewis. 300



2000–PRESENT The Queen as Patron Outside the pomp of a royal ceremony or state visit, the public is most familiar with the Queen in her role as patron, visiting a hospital, school, or organization, or hosting a reception in aid of one of her many charities. Garden party event Q ueen Elizabeth II is patron of profile and promote its work. The of 2,415 organizations in the UK, and The Queen greets Andy Reid, an injured Afghanistan more than 600 organizations officers of the organization may be almost 3,000 worldwide. Individual veteran, at a garden party held at Buckingham and charities. These range from invited from time to time to a meeting members of the Royal Family support Palace for the “Not Forgotten” Association— those charities that they consider to be a charity that helps ex-service personnel. large medical charities such as Cancer with the Queen or one of her private rewarding or important, and which fall within their own areas of interest and BEFORE Research and the British Red Cross secretaries to report on its affairs, or concern. Their endorsement of a charity helps to raise public awareness The annual distribution of Maundy to smaller organizations such as the she will send a representative to its of its work. The Duke of Edinburgh money by the Queen is a form of alone is patron of more than 700 royal charity that has its origins Friends of the Elderly and the Fire annual general meeting—or even organizations, including more than 250 in the Middle Ages. involved with sports and recreation ROYAL MAUNDY SERVICE Fighters Charity. Many scientific and attend herself, if there is an important initiatives, and 100 with the armed Every Maundy Thursday (the day in services. The Prince of Wales has an the church calendar before Good Friday) the professional institutions—such occasion such as a centenary to be interest in environmental causes and Queen visits a cathedral to present local the built environment, while the elderly people with two purses, one containing as the Royal Society, the Royal observed. She visits national and Duchess of Cornwall is concerned with modern coinage, and the other, specially programs to encourage literacy and minted coins (Maundy money). The ceremony Institute of British Architects, regional headquarters, meeting staff reading, such as Booktrust and First is based on Jesus Christ’s command (Mandatum) Story. She is President of the National to love one another when he washed his and the Royal Society for the and volunteers. Osteoporosis Society, which researches disciples’ feet at the Last Supper and dates back the brittle bone disease that affected to the 13th century when the sovereign would Protection of Birds—have The Queen also allows individual both her mother and grandmother. give money, food, clothing, and wash royal charters that ensure charities to hold a lunchtime or evening the recipient’s feet. that the reigning monarch is reception at Buckingham Palace, MAUNDY MONEY OF GEORGE VI always their patron, but the Windsor Castle, or Holyrood Palace 302 Queen also supports scores when she is in Scotland. It gives of small charities such as the wealthy supporters of a charity the Reedham Trust, a Surrey- chance to meet their patron, and based charity that cares for helps to attract donors and publicity. children who have suffered Sometimes the help the Queen gives a parental bereavement, the charity is of a strictly practical nature— Manchester Geographical for instance, the gift of a Land Rover to Society, which encourages aid the work of the Leonard Cheshire geographical research in the Trust, which is involved with people northwest of England, and with disabilities, in Zimbabwe. She the Society for Promoting invites representatives from the many Christian Knowledge, organizations she supports to the the Church of England’s garden parties she hosts each summer earliest missionary society, at Buckingham Palace as a way of established in 1698 to showing her appreciation for the work support Christian education. they do. She also gives generously as a Her Majesty is patron private individual to various charities. of the National Federation of Women’s Institutes, founded Raising awareness in 1915 to revitalize rural communities The Queen’s presence at an event and encourage women to play a part or organization attracts national in food production. She attends the attention. For example, she carried out New Year meeting of her local branch a joint engagement with the Duchess at West Newton, of Cornwall to Norfolk, while staying £1.4 BILLION ($2.1 billion) open the new at Sandringham for The amount Queen headquarters her winter break. The Elizabeth II has raised for the of Barnardo’s in Queen also supports a charities she supports. 2013. The Queen large number of animal has been patron welfare charities—from the Dog of the society, which supports 200,000 Trust and the Royal Society for the vulnerable children in the UK each Prevention of Cruelty to Animals year, since 1983 and the Duchess of (RSPCA) to the Fell Pony Society Cornwall is its president. Because their and the Labrador Retriever Club. visit took place just before Christmas, they were invited to take part in the Kinds of support society’s annual Giving Tree campaign The support the Queen gives to each by donating Christmas tree ornaments. of her charities varies according to its The event received newspaper type, setup, and the kind of and television coverage, creating work it does. As patron, favorable publicity for the charity. she allows her name to be placed at the head of the Sharing the work organization’s official Some 17 members of the Royal Family communications, thereby share the work of royal patronage helping to raise its public with the Queen, supporting a total

THE QUEEN AS PATRON Golden Jubilee Tour AFTER As patron of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) the Queen The number of charities supported names a new all-weather lifeboat, by the Queen and the other members RNLB Richard Cox Scott, in Falmouth of the Royal Family is increasing Harbour during her Golden Jubilee every year. visit to Cornwall in May 2002. REQUESTS FOR PATRONAGE Charities are aware that having a royal patron helps to attract much-needed publicity and funds, and gives it recognition and status. Buckingham Palace receives hundreds of requests for patronage each year. Individual members of the Royal Family can only take on a limited number of new requests, but the younger royals in particular are championing lesser-known causes, rather than the mainstream charities. One of the hardest working members Prince William and Prince Harry support those causes concerned with cofounded in Lesotho (see pp.288–89). of the Royal Family is Princess Anne, have both inherited Diana, Princess children. The Duchess of Cambridge’s This number is likely to grow as who is currently patron of more than of Wales’s compassionate concern. growing portfolio of charities includes Prince Harry finds more time for 300 organizations. As President of Prince William has taken over some Place2Be, which works in schools to involvement now that he has left Save the Children since 1970, she his mother’s favorite charities, provide early-intervention mental his life in the army. has helped to raise awareness of the including Centrepoint, which works health support, and the Art Room, an charity and its work, both at home and with homeless young people, and Oxford-based charity that offers art as Traditional charity overseas. She makes at least two field the Royal Marsden Hospital. He and therapy for children with behavioral The Queen distributed Maundy money at Blackburn trips a year to Africa to witness the Catherine chose to support charitable difficulties. Prince Harry is patron of a Cathedral in 2014. The number of recipients is work performed by the charity, often causes as part of their wedding smaller number of organizations, determined by her age – as she was 88 that year, venturing into remote terrain. celebrations as well. They particularly including Sentebale, the charity he she gave Maundy money to 88 men and 88 women. 303

The centenary of World War I Queen Elizabeth II visits the Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red display of 888,246 ceramic poppies at the Tower of London in 2014. Each poppy represented a British fallen soldier from World War I.



2000–PRESENT BEFORE The Royal Working Life The working life of the sovereign has The Queen attends more than 300 official engagements a year, including the changed over the centuries. Many lengthy, often exhausting ceremonial duties she performs as head of state. Even duties the Queen performs today in her 90th year, she still has a heavy and varied program of work. have evolved in the last 100 years. O n a normal day, the Queen approved and signed. She may hold or New Year’s Honors List with their ROYAL MEDDLER devotes the first part of her audiences (meetings) with overseas awards (around 2,600 are given out Queen Victoria ❮❮ 50–55 interfered in morning to her correspondence. diplomats, British ambassadors, senior a year). Sometimes Prince Charles, government in a way that would be impossible She receives some 200–300 letters a members of the armed forces, bishops, Prince William, or Princess Anne will now, peppering her ministers with letters of day. The Queen glances through this judges, and leading figures from the hold an investiture on her behalf. advice and admonition, especially over foreign mailbag, selecting some to read, and fields of science or literature. She sees affairs and public appointments. She did not tells her correspondence secretary or each visitor alone, and the meeting Public engagements like appearing in public and after the death ladies in waiting how she wishes them usually lasts 20 minutes. of Prince Albert in 1861, hardly ever did so, to be answered. Virtually every letter The Queen usually attends public attending only seven State Openings of receives a reply. Around 25 times a year, and lately engagements such as visits to schools, Parliament ❮❮ 134–35 after that. decreasing in number, the Queen holds hospitals, community centers, and The Queen then meets with her two an investiture at 11 a.m. in the places of work in the afternoon, though DUTIFUL MONARCH private secretaries and goes through ballroom at Buckingham Palace at sometimes she spends a whole day, in Although Edward VII ❮❮ 72–73 played a the official papers that are sent each which she invests a number of people which case the Duke of Edinburgh is more public role, opening hospitals and other day in a government red box bearing who have been named in the Birthday likely to accompany her. The Queen institutions, the modern concept of the the royal cypher. They include policy chooses which places to visit from the working monarch really developed in the reign papers, Cabinet documents, and letters 50,000 The number of many invitations she is sent each year, of George V ❮❮ 78–79. No great intellect, from government ministers and people who visit often by the Lord-Lieutenants—the he emphasized the idea of duty, believing Commonwealth officials. They all have Buckingham Palace each year as Queen’s personal representatives in that the primary role of the monarchy was to to be read and, where necessary, guests of the Queen. each county of the United Kingdom. maintain traditional values and customs. Royal pageantry on show The carriage procession for the state visit of Prathiba Patil, India’s first female president, climbs the steep incline to Windsor Castle. Mrs. Patil was the guest of the Queen in October 2009.

THE ROYAL WORKING LIFE AFTER The Queen has recently begun to hand over some of her public duties, particularly overseas travel, to other members of the royal family. When she is in London, the Queen’s is prepared in the Queen’s press office, Elizabeth II Visits The Highlanders SCALING DOWN weekly meeting with the Prime Minister and she always approves it before it is The Queen joins the Argyll and Sutherland That the Queen undertook no overseas visits takes place on Wednesdays at 6:30 p.m. sent to the newspapers. Highlanders at their barracks in Canterbury, Kent. in her Diamond Jubilee year ❮❮ 280–83 When Parliament is sitting she receives She was there as head of the army to witness the was a sign that she is reducing long-distance a report of the day’s proceedings written State visits battalion’s final parade. travel due to her age. Most significant was her by one of the government’s whips, decision not to attend the Commonwealth which she reads the same evening. Foreign heads of state are invited by the Heads of Government Meeting held in Later in the evening the Queen may, on Queen to make a formal visit to Britain Sri Lanka in 2013, the first time in 40 years she rare instances, attend a film première, on the advice of the Foreign and had not attended. Prince Charles went in concert, or reception on behalf of one of Commonwealth Office, with the aim of her place, amid calls to boycott the event due the many organizations of which she is strengthening ties and building to human rights violations in the host country. patron. She also hosts official receptions economic links. There are usually two The Queen’s overseas trips are now restricted at the Palace, such as those held such visits a year. The visit normally to Europe: she visited Italy in 2014 and France, annually for the diplomatic corps and begins with a ceremonial welcome by also in 2014, for the 70th anniversary of those for winners of the Queen’s Award the Queen or other senior royal. If in D-Day ❮❮ 239, and plans to make a state for Enterprise (formerly Industry), London, the visitor inspects a guard of visit to Germany in June 2015. which promotes business excellence. honor on Horse Guards Parade, then “ I… give my heart and devotion Duke of Normandy travels in a carriage The Queen is known as the Duke of Normandy in the procession to to these islands.” Channel Islands—self-governing territories with their Buckingham own legislative assemblies that have belonged to the Palace. In the QUEEN ELIZABETH II, CHRISTMAS BROADCAST, 1957 English crown since 1106. Here her head appears evening the on a Jersey pound note. Queen hosts a and air force establishments to meet organized by the Royal Horticultural state banquet in servicemen and servicewomen of all Society, it has become a regular fixture The Court Circular honor of the ranks, and holds audiences with the in the royal calendar. Every summer visitor. During the Chief of Defence Staff and other senior the Queen hosts at least three garden A list of the Queen’s engagements, and one-to-three-day military figures. She and members of parties at Buckingham Palace and one those of other members of her family, visit, he or she her family hold appointments and at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. is published the next day in the Court honorary ranks in the armed forces, About 8,000 people attend each one, Circular. This appears in The Times, the will meet the and she attends the Remembrance Day to enjoy tea and cakes and possibly to Daily Telegraph, and The Scotsman Prime Minister, service in Whitehall in November. meet the Queen. They are drawn from newspapers, and has been in existence and perhaps visit a all walks of life and have usually since 1803 when George III appointed school, museum, or business that has There are many other duties, such as contributed in some way to their a “court newsman.” His job was to links with their country. Recent visiting the State Opening of Parliament (see community or profession. provide the newspapers with accurate heads of state have included the pp.308–09), that the Queen carries information about the court in order to President of Ireland in 2014, and in out as head of state. Many are full of In these, and countless other ways, counter the many false rumors in the 2015, the President of Mexico. symbolism, such as the annual service the Queen fulfills her role as the head press at that time. The Court Circular for the Order of the Garter, which of the nation. And of course she is Head of the armed forces takes place at Windsor Castle in June. ready to perform occasional tasks such The Garter is Britain’s senior order of as opening the Olympic Games. She As sovereign the Queen is head of the chivalry, founded by Edward III in has a truly formidable workload for armed forces, a duty she takes very 1348, and the service is preceded by a anyone, let alone an octogenarian. seriously. Under the royal prerogative, procession of all the only the monarch, acting on the advice Knights of the Garter in of the Government, can declare war or their blue velvet mantles peace. The Queen has never done so as and plumed hats. there has been no formal declaration of war since 1939, though British One event the Queen troops have engaged in numerous always enjoys is the armed conflicts during her reign. Chelsea Flower Show. The Queen takes a keen interest Held in the grounds of in the armed forces of the UK and the the Royal Hospital, Commonwealth. She visits army, navy, Chelsea, since 1913, and The Order Of The Garter Four royal knights (Andrew, Edward, William, and Charles) attend the Order of the Garter service, Windsor Castle. The Queen is Sovereign of the Order, which has only 24 knights, plus the royal knights and ladies. 307



State Opening of Parliament In her formal role as head of state, Queen Elizabeth II reads the Speech from the Throne at the State Opening of Parliament, a duty she usually performs once a year.

2000–PRESENT BEFORE Elizabeth’s Long Reign When Queen Elizabeth II acceded to At the age of 89, Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-living monarch in British history. the throne in 1952, Britain was a very On September 9, 2015, she passed Queen Victoria’s record of 63 years and 216 days on the different place. throne to become Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. WARTIME RATIONS I n many respects the Queen’s life Sir Winston Churchill, was born in The Beatles at the palace Food rationing, introduced during World seems to have changed little over the 1874 in the age of Queen Victoria; the In 1965, the Queen invested each member of The War II was still in place. It ended with the years. She follows the same annual current, David Cameron, was born in Beatles with an MBE (Member of the Order of the withdrawal of the meat ration in May 1954. routine of events—from the State 1966. The Queen has undertaken British Empire). Many people were outraged that Opening of Parliament to the Christmas more than 260 official overseas visits, the mop-haired pop stars were given the award. SPEEDIER PHONE CALLS broadcast—as she did in 1953. Her including 82 state visits, to 116 Long-distance calls in the UK had to be placed summer vacations are usually spent countries. She was the first British a changing world. She has faced cuts in by a human switchboard operator. In 1958 the at Balmoral, Easter at Windsor, and monarch to visit China and Russia. the Civil List, allowed her income to be Queen publicized the new automatic Christmas at Sandringham. taxed, opened Buckingham Palace to telephone dialling system (STD) A changing world the public, given up the Royal Yacht, by calling the Lord Provost of Edinburgh The Queen represents stability and and even reduced the size of her direct from Bristol. continuity in a country that has According to insiders, the Queen household and travel costs. Some undergone tremendous change in the is naturally more conservative than observers are of the opinion that she DECIMAL CURRENCY 62 years since her coronation. In 1953 Prince Philip, who is thought to have is more open now to new ideas than Pounds were divided into 20 shillings and 240 Britain was a predominately white, been a modernizing influence within she was 20 or 30 years ago. Not many pence. On February 15, 1971, the UK switched Christian society; today it is multi-faith the royal household, especially in the 89-year-olds have their own Twitter to a decimal currency. New coins were and multicultural. It was also a much early years of the reign. Nevertheless, account, or allow their home to be introduced and the 50p coin replaced the more deferential society, when the the Queen has embraced the need used for pop concerts. 10 shilling note. press scarcely voiced any criticism for the monarchy to adapt itself to OLD TEN SHILLING NOTE of the monarchy. It was a time when debutantes—girls of “good family” 45,000 The approximate and “marriageable age”—were number of presented at court, a ceremony Christmas cards the Queen the Queen abolished in 1958. had sent by 2012. A unique record 175,000 The number of telegrams Statistics issued by Buckingham Palace the Queen had despatched to during the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee centenarians in the UK and the year bear witness to her unique Commonwealth by 2012. record of service. At that time she had conferred more than 404,500 “ She’ll want to honors and awards and had personally hand over held more than 610 investitures. knowing she’s done Her experience of politics is everything unsurpassed. She has given the Royal she possibly Assent to more than 3,500 Acts of could.” Parliament and attended every State Opening of Parliament except those PRINCE WILLIAM, SPEAKING ABOUT in 1959 and 1963, when she was THE QUEEN, 2011 pregnant with Prince Andrew and 310 Prince Edward respectively. Up until May 2015, she had been served by 12 British prime ministers. The first, Wreath of laurel worn in hair, rather than a crown The Queen’s changing portrait PORTRAIT BY MARY GILLICK, 1952 PORTRAIT BY ARNOLD Five portraits of the Queen have appeared on British MACHIN, 1968 coins since the start of her reign. The earliest is on the left, and the latest, unveiled in March 2015, on the far right. The Latin on most of the Queen’s coinage reads Dei gratia regina fidei defensor, which translates as “By the grace of God, Queen, and defender of the faith.”

ELIZABETH’S LONG REIGN FIRST GREAT SEAL OF ELIZABETH II, c.1953 GREAT SEAL OF ELIZABETH II, 2001 The Great Seal of the Realm and 1970s, there are now 53, but Generation to generation AFTER In 2001 the design for Queen Elizabeth II’s Great Seal today only 15 of these recognize the Prince William views a portrait of his grandmother, was changed as the silver matrix (engraved plates) Queen as head of state. In 1982, which was part of an exhibition that he opened in In the British monarchy, there is used to cast the seal in wax had worn out. Canada passed an act to “patriate” Shanghai, China, to celebrate British creativity. never a moment when there is not its written constitution, meaning a sovereign on the throne. The new In the 1990s, with the public divorces that the British parliament was no to do so. It seems beyond doubt that monarch succeeds immediately on of three of the Queen’s children and longer required to amend Canadian the monarchy will change further the death of the sovereign. the controversy following Diana, constitutional law. In 1999 Australia under Charles. He has already spoken Princess of Wales’s death (see pp.242– narrowly voted against becoming a of being “defender of faith” rather than THE SUCCESSION 43), increasing numbers of people republic. While the Queen no doubt “Defender of the Faith,” and of his On the Queen’s death, an Accession started to regard the monarchy as an welcomed the result, she made it clear determination to slim the monarchy Council consisting of privy councillors and outdated irrelevance. A poll taken in that the issue was one to be decided by down. There will probably be fewer others will be held at St. James’s Palace to 1998 found that two-thirds of those the Australian people alone. working royals under his rule, and he declare Prince Charles formally as surveyed felt that the Royal Family was might decide to give up Buckingham monarch. He may choose to announce a out of touch with ordinary people, and The future of the monarchy Palace as a royal residence, keeping it new regnal name should he wish to do so— only 52 percent (compared with 70 as an administrative center. he does not necessarily become King Charles percent in 1994) thought that Britain It is thought to be highly unlikely that III. Although an Act passed in 2015 means was better off as a monarchy. In 2012, the Queen will abdicate. She will not The British monarchy has survived for that a firstborn royal daughter may 80 percent of British adults declared easily renounce the vow she made on well over 1,000 years by constantly succeed to the throne, the next in line themselves to be in favor of a her 21st birthday to devote her whole adapting to change. With two of succession after Prince Charles (Princes monarchy, with only 13 percent life to the service of her people (see generations of successors beyond William and George) are both male. actively favoring a republic. This p.130). Press speculation that the Charles already in the wings, there is upwelling of support owed as much succession could bypass the Prince of every reason to suppose it will continue to admiration for the Queen in her Wales and go straight to Prince William to do so, though the relationship Diamond Jubilee year as it did to the is also far of the mark. The monarchy is between the Crown and the people popularity of Prince William and hereditary, and by nature, traditional. may come to be defined in new ways. Catherine a year after their marriage. Prince Charles is the heir apparent, and has been since the age of three. The Commonwealth has also changed during the Queen’s reign. In 1953 When the time comes for him to there were only eight independent succeed, Charles will have been heir countries within the Commonwealth. for well over 60 years. It is unclear Following decolonization in the 1960s whether or not Camilla will become Queen, though she is said not to wish Royal Diamond Diadem crown, which the Queen wore for her coronation PORTRAIT BY RAPHAEL MAKLOUF, 1985 PORTRAIT BY IAN RANK-BROADLEY, 1998 PORTRAIT BY JODY CLARK, 2015 311

Commemoration service A line of clergy greets Catherine, Harry, and William as they enter St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, for a service—held on March 13, 2015—to honor those who served in Afghanistan.



INDEX Index A Ascot Landau 136, 137 Bowes-Lyon, Cecilia 111 Caribbean 194, 195 Asquith, HH 73 Bowes-Lyon, Claude 111 Carlton House (horse) 299 Abdication crisis (1936) 91, 92–3 Athelstan, King 12, 256 Bowes-Lyon, Fergus 111, 222 Caroline of Ansbach, Queen 212 Aberdeen, Lord 246 Attenborough, David 173 Bowes-Lyon, Michael 111 Caron, Antoine 30 Aberfan disaster 160 Augustine, St 10, 12 Bowes-Lyon, Rose 110 carriages 136–37 Act of Settlement (1701) 48, 297 Augustus, Ernest 55 Boyne, Battle of the (1690) 41 Carrington, Lord 111 Act of Union (1707) 35, 39 Augustus Frederick, Prince 214 Brabourne, Lady 114, 192, 193 Cartier 44 Adelaide, Queen 49 Austria 175 Brabourne, Lord 114, 115, 192, 193 Cartland, Barbara 206 Afghanistan 254, 255, 290, 289, 291, 312–13 Australia 65, 91, 92, 152–53, 161, 162, 163, Bradlaugh, Charles 61 Catherine of Aragon 28–29 Africa Branson, Richard 183 Catherine of Valois 25 198, 199, 255, 268, 269, 289, 294, 295, Brazil 295 Cator, Betty 111 1947 tour 112–13 299, 311 Bretwalda 12 Cavendish, Mary 140, 141 decolonization 194–95 Australian State Coach 137 Bridgeman, Charles 212 Cavendish-Bentinck, Cecilia 111 Agincourt, Battle of (1415) 10, 25 Britain, Battle of (1940) 77 Cecil, William 29, 33 Airlie, Countess of 96, 97 B Britannia, HMY 130, 153, 199, 223, 238, 299 Cenotaph 76, 79, 81 Aitken, Max 92 British Empire Exhibition 76, 79, 89, 91 Centrepoint 269 Al Fayed, Dodi 242, 243, 154 Bacon, Nicholas 29 British Union of Fascists 77, 91, 92 Chadwick, James 77 Al Fayed, Mohamed 242, 243 Badminton Horse Trials 187 Broadlands 120, 201, 267 Chalfont, Lord 153 Albert, Prince (Queen Victoria’s husband) Bagehot, Walter 51 Brocklebank, John 169 Châlus, Siege of 20 Bagshot Park 251 Brontë, Charlotte 58 Chamberlain, Neville 77, 95, 111 11, 49, 51, 52–53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 68, Bahamas 91, 92, 93, 289 Brooke, Peter 234 Channel Tunnel 199 72, 73, 84, 96, 148, 246, 248, 306 Bailey, Christopher 189 Brown, Gordon 239 Chatto, Sarah 189, 201, 258 Albert, Prince (Queen Victoria’s son) see Baldwin, Stanley 91, 92 Brown, John 60–61 Charles I 11, 37, 38–39, 40–41, 46, 134 Edward VII Ball, Ian 175 Brow, Louise 161 Charles II 11, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42–43, 46, 68, Albert, Prince (George V’s son) see George VI Ball, John 23 Bruce, Augusta 246 Albert Victor, Prince 72, 73, 78, 79 Balmoral Castle 51, 60, 108–09, 115, 175, Bruce, Marjorie 35 134 Albert Memorial 61 Bruce, William 37 Charles VI (King of France) 25 Alexander II 34–5 242, 246–49 Brunei 153 Charles, Prince of Wales 35, 118, 119, 160, Alexander III 35 Bank of England 11 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 58, 246 Alexandra, Princess 208 Bannister, Roger 119 Bruni, Carla 254 255, 258, 259, 268, 288, 307, 311 Alexandra, Queen 61, 72, 73, 78, 79, 86 97, Bannockburn, Battle of (1314) 10 Buckingham Palace 54, 77, 80, 84–87, 97, Annus horribilis 235 114, 147, 208, 276 Barnet, Battle of (1471) 24, 26–27 assassination of Lord Mountbatten 193 Alexandra Rose Day Appeal 208 Barons’ War (1264–68) 21 102–03, 106, 119, 123, 141, 155, 157, birth of 126–27 Alexandra, Tsaritsa 76 Barry, Charles 58 162, 163, 175, 183, 199, 212, 219, 223, charity work 209, 302 Alexandrina Victoria, Princess 214 Bashir, Martin 199, 207 225, 236–37, 242–43, 245, 250, 251, childhood 131, 162–63 Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Bayeux Tapestry 14–15 255, 259, 261, 268, 269, 274, 275, 307 Clarence House 123 (Queen Victoria’s son) 55, 123 Beatles, The 160, 310 Budgie (Duchess of York's book character) death of Diana, Princess of Wales 242, 243 Alfred the Great 10, 12, 13 Beaton, Cecil 127, 162 219 divorce from Diana, Princess of Wales 199, Alfred’s jewel 10, 12 Beatrice, Princess (Queen Victoria’s Bunyan, John 157 Alice, Princess (daughter of Queen Victoria) Burmese (horse) 225 230–31, 299 55 daughter) 55, 61, 218 Burrell, Paul 254 Duchy of Cornwall 256–57 Alice of Battenburg, Princess 114, 124 Beatrice, Princess (Queen Elizabeth II’s Burton, Sarah 274 and Duke of Cambridge 269, 272, 274, 297 Andrew, Prince 108, 127, 131, 135, 160, Bush, George W 265 Kensington Palace 214 162, 163, 198, 199, 216–17, 218–19, granddaughter) 198, 219, 223, 296, 297 Butler, RA 131, 135 life of 166–67 222–3, 234, 250, 272 Becket, Thomas 10, 20, 25 made Prince of Wales 160, 170–71 Andrew of Greece, Prince 114, 124 Belize 289, 295 C marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles 205, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 12 Bell, Alexander Graham 57 Anne, Princess Royal 108, 118, 131, 153, Benedict XVI, Pope 151 Cable Street, Battle of (1936) 77 254, 264–65 173, 174–75, 183, 198, 199, 209, 223, Benenden School 163, 175 Caernarfon Castle 170–71 marriage to Diana, Princess of Wales 198, 234, 250, 259, 297, 299, 303 Berkeley Castle 21 Cairns, Fiona 274 birth of 127 Berlin 164–65 Calais 29 200–01, 204, 206–07 childhood 162, 163 Bill of Rights (1689) 11, 39 Cambridge, Duchess of see Middleton, marriage of Prince Andrew and Duchess equestrian career 161, 186–87 Blachford, Isabella 57 Anne, Queen 29, 38, 48, 212 Black Death 10, 21 Catherine of York 223 Annigoni, Pietro 119 Black Rod 134, 135 Cambridge, Duke of see William, Prince and Prince George 292 Annus Horribilis 86, 199, 234–35, 299 Blair, Tony 135, 199, 242 Cambridge, Mary 111 and Prince Harry 288, 297, 300 Anselm of Canterbury 17 Blore, Edward 46, 84 Cambridge, May 111 Prince’s Trust 161, 180–81, 209 Arbeid, Murray 228 Blumenfeld, RD 70 Cambridge University 60, 97, 163, 170, 171, Royal Family 173 Ardent Productions 251, 269 Blunt, Alfred 92 royal memorabilia 276, 277 Armills of Queen Elizabeth II 68 Blunt, Anthony 131, 161 250, 251 Sandringham 148 Armstrong-Jones, Antony 160, 161, 170–71, Boer War, Second (1899–1902) Cameron, David 255, 274, 275, 300 state visits 153 188, 189, 214, 228, 258 Boleyn, Anne 29, 32, 33 Camp Bastian 920, 291 Windsor Castle 46 Armstrong-Jones, David 189, 258, 259 Bolingbroke, Henry 24 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry 248 Charlotte of Mecklenburg 49 Armstrong-Jones, Sarah 189, 201, 258 Bolt, Usain 294, 295 Canada 65, 91, 92, 111, 119, 141, 152, 160, Charlotte, Princess (Queen Elizabeth II’s Arthur, Prince (Henry VIII’s son of) 28 Bonaparte, Napoleon 14, 49 Arthur, Prince (Queen Victoria’s son) 55, 61, Bonnie Prince Charlie 11, 37, 41, 48 161, 162, 176, 198, 220–21, 275, great-granddaughter) 255, 269, 279, 297 251 Borrallo, Maria 295 294–95, 299, 311 Charteris, Lord 189, 223 Bosworth, Battle of (1485) 10, 25 Cap of Maintenance 134 Chartres, Richard 274 Botswana 195, 288, 294 Cape Matapan, Battle of (1941) 125 Chaucer, Geoffrey 17 Cheam School 162 Chesterfield, Lord 61 Chichester, Francis 160 Chile 295

INDEX China 198, 295, 299 Deira 12 Edward the Black Prince 21 Windsor Castle 46 Christmas messages 119, 130–31, 147, 153, Dench, Judi 267 Edward the Confessor 10, 13, 16, 25 working life 306–07 Dettingen, Battle of (1742) 49 Edward the Elder 12 World War II 103 156–57, 235 Devon Loch 119 Edward the Martyr 13 Elizabeth, Queen Mother 76, 94, 95, 97, Chronicles (Froissart) 21, 22–23 Diamond Jubilee (horse) 147 Edward, Prince (Elizabeth II’s son) 127, 131, Church of England 29, 33, 40, 150–51, 199, Diamond Jubilee State Coach 137 98, 100–01, 106, 110–11, 118, 123, Diamond Jubilees 135, 160, 162, 162, 198, 199, 223, 250– 132, 133, 176, 199, 206, 222, 239, 264 51, 269, 307 254, 258 Churchill, John 39 (1897) 67, 70, 204 Edward, Prince (George III’s son) 214 African tour 112–13 Churchill, Winston 77, 91, 97, 98, 103, 118, (2012) 205, 214, 255, 280–83, 295, 299, Eisenhower, Dwight D 119 death 254, 259 El Alamein, Battle of (1943) 103 during World War II 102–05, 111 119, 120, 131, 133, 135, 141, 153, 160, 307 Elba, Idris 181, 300 Elizabeth of York 25 192 Diamond wedding anniversary (2007) 266–67 Eleanor of Aquitaine 10, 18–19, 20 Elphinstone, Elizabeth 111 Cierrach, Lindka 223 Diana, Her True Story (Morton) 199, 207, Elizabeth I 11, 25, 29, 32–33, 38, 46, Emma of Normandy 13 Cipriani, Giovanni 136 151 Essex 12, 23 Civil List 235, 255 230, 234, 235 Elizabeth II 29, 76, 77, 94, 118–19, 128–29, Estimate (horse) 299 Civil Wars (1639–51) 37, 38, 39, 40–1 Diana, Princess of Wales 125, 206–07, 214, 160–61, 169, 198–99, 254–55, 298–99, Estonia 295 Clarence House 118, 120, 122–23, 155, 175, 310–11 Ethelfleda, Queen 12 181, 201, 223, 259, 274 268–69, 274, 279, 288 African tour 112–13 Ethelred the Unready 10, 12 Claridge’s Hotel 223 charity work 208–11 Annus horribilis 86, 199, 234–35, 299 Eton College 268–69, 288, 289, 290 Clifden, Nellie 73 death and funeral 199, 242–45, 154 Balmoral 246 Eugenie, Princess (Elizabeth II’s Cnut, King (c.985–1035) 10, 13, 16 divorce from Prince Charles 199, birth of children 126, 127 granddaughter) 198, 219, 223, 296, coaches 136–37 Buckingham Palace 86, 236 297 Colonial Conferences 65 230–31,299 childhood 98–101, 106–07 European Union (EU) 199 commemorative stamps 204–05 dresses 228–29 children of 162 Everest, Mount 119, 140 Common Sense (Paine) 48 marriage to Prince Charles 198, 200–01, Christmas messages 156–57 Commonwealth 64–65, 92, 118, 119, 130, Clarence House 123 F 131, 141, 152–53, 160, 161, 194–95, 204, 206–07 coaches 137 199, 307, 311 Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund 209 coronation 138–45, 204 Fagan, Michael 299 “Concert for Diana” 254, 289 Diana Memorial Fountain 243, 254 death of Diana, Princess of Wales 242 Fairfax, Thomas 41 Conroy, John 54, 214 Dimbleby, Jonathan 230, 231 death of George VI 132–33 Falconer, Lord 264 Constantine II 268 Disraeli, Benjamin 51, 57, 61, 62 decolonization 64, 65 Falkland Islands 216–17, 218–19, 272 Corfu 124, 125 Dix, JC 70 Diamond Jubilee 205, 255, 280–83, 295, Ferguson, Sarah 198, 199, 219, 222–23, corgis 98, 108, 120 Domesday Book 10 299, 307 Cornwall, Duchess of see Parker Bowles, Dookie (corgi) 98 Diamond wedding anniversary 266–67 234, 250 Camilla Doublet (horse) 186–87 divorce of Prince Charles and Diana, Festoon Tiara 174 Coronation Chicken 141 Douglas-Home, Alec 135, 160 Princess of Wales 231 Fields, Gracie 157 coronation of Elizabeth II 138–45, 204 Downe House School 278, 279 early relationship with Prince Philip Fildes, Luke 72 Coronation Spoon and Ampulla 68 Drake, Francis 33 114–15, 124 Fisher, Geoffrey 143, 155 Court Circulars 307 Dublin Castle 271 early years of reign 130–31 Fitzalan-Howard, Bernard 94 Coventry 176 Duchy of Cornwall 256–57 and George V 79 Flame of Liberty (Paris) 243, 245 Cranmer, Thomas 29 Duchy Originals 257 and George VI 97 Flodden, Battle of (1513) 11, 35 Crathie Church 175 Dudley, Amy 33 Golden Jubilee 68, 254, 260–1, 299 Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History) 16 Crawford, Marion 106, 114, 115, 118, 127, Dudley, John 29 grandchildren 296–97 Ford, Edward 234 130, 188 Dudley, Robert 33 great-grandchildren 296–97 Forster, EM 65 Crécy, Battle of (1346) 21 Dudley Ward, Freda 91 head of Church 150–51 Fountains Abbey 29 Crimean War (1853–56) 60 Duke of Edinburgh Awards 119, 125, 251 Holyroodhouse 37 Franco, Francisco 94 Croke Park 271 Dunbar, Battle of (1650) 41 investiture of Prince of Wales 170, 171 Frecklington, WJ 137 Cromwell, Oliver 37, 39, 40, 46 Duncan I 34 marriage of Prince Charles and Camilla Frederick II, Kaiser 70 Cromwell, Richard 42 Dunnottar Castle 34 Parker Bowles 264, 265 Frederick William, Prince 60 Cromwell, Thomas 29 Dunstan, St 12 marriage to Prince Philip 120–21, 125 French, John 80 Crookham Horse Trials 187 marriage of Prince William and Catherine Freud, Lucian 254 Crown Jewels 68–69 E Middleton 274 Frimley Park Hospital 297 Cubitt, Thomas 57 as patron 302–03 Froissart, Jean 21, 23 Cubitt, William 58 Eadred, King 12 pets 108–09 From a Clear Blue Sky (Knatchbull) 193 Culloden, Battle of (1746) 41, 48 East Anglia 12 and Prince Andrew 217 Fulk the Red 20 Cunningham, Allan 236 East Anglian Air Ambulance 273 and Princess Margaret 155, 189, 259 Furness, Lady 91 Curthose, Robert 17 Ede, James Chuter 127 and Queen Elizabeth II 169 Ede & Ravenscroft 144 and Queen Mother 111, 258 G D Edelstein, Victor 228 Royal Family 173 Eden, Anthony 119, 131, 135 royal memorabilia 276–77 Gallipoli 76 D-Day landings (1944) 77, 103, 199, 238, Edgar, King 10, 12, 13 Sandringham 147, 148 Gambia 153, 195 255, 299, 307 Edgehill, Battle of (1642) 41 Silver Jubilee 131, 161, 182–85, 204 Gandhi, Mahatma 113, 118, 120 Edinburgh, Duke of see Philip, Prince 60th birthday celebrations 224–25 Garrards 200 Daily Mirror 254 Edmund, King 12 State Opening of Parliament 134–35, Geelong Grammar School 60 Dál Riata, Kingdom of 34 Edward I 10, 20, 21, 35, 170 308–09 General Strike (1926) 76, 79, 98 Danelaw 12 Edward II 10, 20, 35, 170 state visits 152–53, 164–65, 202–03, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou 17, 20, 21 Dannatt, Richard 291 Edward III 10, 20, 21, 24, 35, 44, 170, 256 220–21, 270–71 George I 11, 48 Dartmouth Naval College 91, 97, 114, 124, Edward IV 10, 21, 24, 25, 27, 170, 256 teenage years 106–07 George II 48–49, 212 Edward V 25 Trooping the Colour 226–27 George III 11, 46, 49, 50, 51, 54, 60, 84, 125, 218 Edward VI 11, 29, 33 walkabouts 176–77 David I 34, 37 Edward VII 11, 51, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, wartime anniversaries 238–39, 304–05 212, 307 David II 35 de Montfort, Simon 10, 21 70, 72–73, 78, 79, 86, 97, 114, 137, Dean, John 114 147, 148, 276, 306 Edward VIII 77, 78, 79, 81, 90–93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106–07, 110–11, 120, 131, 161, 189

INDEX George IV 45, 46, 49, 54, 84, 123, Harold II 10, 14–15, 16 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 76, 131, L 137, 236 Harold Hadrada 16 192–93, 198, 224, 271 Harold Harefoot 13, 16 Lakefield College House 218 George V 76, 78–79, 80–81, 82–83, 86, Harris, Albert 64 Irish State Coach 120 Lambeth Palace 151 88–89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 110, 131, 137, Harry, Prince (Elizabeth II’s grandson) 153, Isabella of Angouleme 18–19 Landseer, Charles 246 147, 148, 153, 157, 189, 204, 256, 276, Isabella of Mar 35 Landseer, Edwin 246 296, 306 198, 201, 206, 207, 209, 214, 231, 242, Italy 294, 295 Lang, Cosmo 92, 111 243, 254, 255, 264, 269, 274, 276, 277, It's a Royal Knockout, see The Grand Lascelles, Alan 127 George VI 65, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 93, 288–89, 290–91, 294, 296–97, 300–01, Laud, Archbishop 11, 40 96–97, 98, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 118, 303, 312–13 Knockout Tournament 198, 223, Laurence, Timothy 175, 199 120, 121, 130, 131, 144, 147, 152, 176, Harrying of the North 16–17 250, 251 Lawrence, Thomas 49 189, 204, 206, 276, 277 Hartnell, Norman 120, 140, 144 Lehzen, Louise 54, 55 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 10, 14–15, 16 J Leo X, Pope 29 African tour 112–13 Hawksmoor, Nicholas 212 Leopold, Prince (Queen Victoria’s son) 55 becomes king 94–95 Heath, Ted 161 Jacobite rebellion 39 Leopold II (King of Belgium) 54-55 death 132–33 Heatherdown Preparatory School 1 Jagger, Mick 188 Leslie, Charles Robert 54 during World War II 102–05 63, 218 Jamaica 160, 195, 289, 294, 295 Lesotho 195, 289, 294 George IV State Diadem 134, 141 Helena, Princess (Queen Victoria’s daughter) James I (King of Scotland) 35 Lindsay, Hugh 198 George, Prince (Elizabeth II’s great- 55 James I/VI 11, 28, 35, 37, 38, 46 Lister, Joseph 61 grandson) 153, 255, 269, 279, 292–93, Helicopter Rescue 273 James II (King of Scotland) 35 Little Princesses, The (Crawford) 118, 127, 130 Henry I 10, 17, 20 James II 11, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42 Livingstone, David 51 294, 295, 297 Henry II 10, 20, 21, 44 James III (King of Scotland) 35 Llewellyn, Roddy 188–89 George, Prince (son of George V) 103 Henry III 21 James IV 11, 28 Lloyd George, David 73, 81 George Cross 103 Henry IV 10, 21, 24 James IV (King of Scotland) 35, 37 Lloyd Webber, Andrew 251 Germany 255 Henry V 10, 24–25, 27, 44, 46 James V 35, 37 Logue, Christopher 225 Ghana 119, 153, 194, 195 Henry VI 10, 24, 25, 27 James, Viscount Severn 251, 254, 297 Logue, Lionel 102, 111 Gibbons, Grinling 212 Henry VII 10, 21, 25, 28–29 Jane Mynors’ nursery school 268, Lollards 24, 25 Gilbey, James 230 Henry VIII 11, 25, 28, 32, 33, 151 Londesborouh, Lad 61 Giles, James 248 Henry, Prince (George V’s son) 78, 79 269 Longford, Elizabeth 70 Gilliatt, William 127 Henry of Battenberg, Prince 61 Japan 295 Loos, Battle of (1915) 222 Gladstone, William 51, 57 Heptarchy, The 12 Jarrow March 77 Louis XIV 39 Glamis Castle 110, 189 Heseltine, William 173, 176 Jigsaw 279 Louis Philippe (King of France) 60 Glass Coach 136, 137, 201, 223 Hewitt, James 201, 230 Jinping, Xi 295 Louise, Princess (Queen Victoria’s daughter) Glorious Revolution (1688) 38, 39 Hicks, India 201 Joan of Arc 25 God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols) 183 Highgrove House 206, 231, 257 John XXIII, Pope 203 55, 212 Godfrey-Faussett, Lady 140 Hillary, Edmund 119, 140 John, Duke of Bedford 25 Ludgrove School 269 Gold Cup (Ascot) 299 Hill House 162 John, Elton 209, 243, 269 Lusitania sinking 76 Gold State Coach 82–83, 136–37, 141, 183, Himmler, Heinrich 14 John, King 10, 20, 21, 34, 44, 68 Lytton, Lord 62 Hitler, Adolf 77, 91, 94, 95, 111 John, Prince (George V’s son) 78 261 Hodge, Margaret 257 John Balliol 35 M Golden Jubilees Hoey, Brian 108 John of Gaunt 23 Holbein the Younger, Hans 28 John Paul II, Pope 202–03, 264 Macbeth, King 34 (1887) 61, 67–68 Holly (corgi) 108 Jones, Alwyn 171 Macdonald, James 132, 133 (2002) 254, 260–61, 299 Holyroodhouse, Palace of 36–37, 151, 307 Jones, Inigo 46 Macdonald, Ramsay 79 Goldsmiths College 297 Hong Kong 199 Jones, Tom 125 Macmillan, Harold 119, 131, 135, 160, 195 Goon Show, The 171 Honors of Scotland 34 Jubilee Gardens 183 Magna Carta 10, 21, 44 Gordonstoun 114, 124, 125, 160, 162, 163, Horstead, James 150 Juliana, Queen 118 Major, John 198, 230–31, 234–35 Hough, Richard Junor, Penny 167 Malaysia 152, 295 218, 219, 250, 251, 297 Hume, Rosemary 141 Jutland, Battle of (1916) 81 Malcolm II 10, 34 Gower, George 32 Hundred Years’ War 10, 21, 23, 27, 35 Malcolm III 34 Grace of Monaco, Princess 207 Huntingdon, Earl of 24 K Malta 103, 118, 125, 128–29, 162, 267, 295 Grand National 119 Hwicce 12 Mandela, Nelson 113 Grand Remonstrance 41 Hyde, Anne 39 Karim, Hafiz Mohammed Abdul Margaret of Anjou 27 Great Depression 77 Hyde, Edward 42 (‘the Munshi’) 61, 70 Margaret, Maid of Norway 10 Great Exhibition 51, 58–59, 60 Margaret, Princess 94, 103, 108, 111, 1 Grey, Jane 29 I Kelly, Autumn 175, 297 Gulf Wars Kennedy, John F 160 12–13, 118, 119, 121, 124, 126, 130, Illustrated London News 94 Kenneth mac Alpin, King 34 133, 141, 144, 160, 163, 169, 188–89, (1991) 198 Imperial Federation League 65 Kensington Palace 54, 55, 206, 212–15, 231, 214 (2003) 254 Imperial Mantle robe 143 childhood 98–101, 106–07 Gunpowder Plot (1605) 38, 39, 134 Imperial State Crown 134–35, 141, 143 242, 244–45 death 254, 258–59 Guthrum 12 India 62–63, 64, 79, 91, 97, 118, 192, 230 Kent 12, 23 and Peter Townsend 152, 154–55, 188 Ingelger, Count of Anjou 20 Kent, William 212, 215 teenage years 106–07 H Ingrid of Sweden, Princess 188 Kenya 132–33, 195, 262, 279 Margaret, Queen of Scots 28, 34, 35, 38 Institut Alpin Videmanette 206, 207 Kett’s Rebellion 40 Marlborough College 278, 279, 297 Haakon, King 35 investitures 306 King’s Evil 48 Marlborough House 79 Hahn, Kurt 124, 125 Invictus Games 255, 289, 291, 300–01 Kipling, Rudyard 89 Marlowe, Christopher 33 Haig, Douglas 80 Iran 111 Knatchbull, Amanda 167 Marston Moor, Battle of (1644) 40, 41 Hair (musical) 160 Iraq 254, 291 Knatchbull, Nicholas 192, 193 Marten, Henry 106 Hales, Robert 23 Ireland 41, 60, 73, 76, 79, 97, 153, 192, Knatchbull, Patricia 192 Mary I 11, 28, 32, 33 Hall, Edward 27 199, 255, 270–71, 299 Knatchbull, Timothy 192, 193 Mary II 11, 29, 38, 39, 48, 212 Hall, John 274 Kohl, Helmut 239 Halo Tiara 144 Korean War (1950–53) 118 Hamilton, Katherine 111 Krushchev, Nikita 108, 119 Hanover, Elector of 54, 55 Hardinge, Diamond 111 Hardman, Robert 297 Harold I 13, 16

INDEX Mary, Princess (George V’s daughter) 78, 79, Nigeria 195 Diamond wedding anniversary 266–67 Rhodesia 152, 160 81, 94, 97, 111 Nixon, Richard 161 early relationship with Queen Elizabeth II Rhys-Jones, Sophie 199, 251 Nkomo, Joshua 195 Richard I 10, 20, 21 Mary, Queen (George V’s wife) 76, 78, 79, Nkrumah, Kwame 194 114–15, 118 Richard II 10, 17, 21, 23, 24 82–83, 86, 96, 97, 119, 147 Nonsuch Palace 33 later years of Queen Elizabeth II’s reign Richard III 10, 21, 25 Norman conquest 13, 14–15, 16 Richard of Gloucester 25 Mary Queen of Scots 11, 29, 37 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 298, 299, 310 Richard of York 21 Matilda, Queen 10, 17, 20, 28 in Malta 103, 118, 125, 128–29, 162, 267, Riddlesworth Hall 206, 207 Maundy Thursday 302, 303 103 Riders for Health 174 Mauritius 195 Northern Ireland 76, 79, 152, 160, 199, 271 295 Rising of the North 33, 40 Maxwell, Paul 192–93 Northumbria 12 marriage of Prince Charles and Camilla Rizzio, David 37 May, Brian 261 RJH Public Relations 251 May, Hugh 46 O Parker Bowles 264 Robe of Estate 140 Mayer, Catherine 181 marriage to Queen Elizabeth II 120–21, Robert I (the Bruce) 10, 35 McAleese, Mary 271 Obama, Barack 95, 275, 298 Robert II 35 McLaren, Malcolm 183 Obama, Michelle 275, 298 125, 119 Robert III 35 McMahon, Thomas 192 Odo of Bayeux, Bishop 14, 17 pets 108 Robert of Mortain 256 McNicoll, Alan 152 Offa, King 12 Royal Family 173 Roberts, James 248 McQueen, Alexander 274 O’Grady, Patrick 192 Sandringham 148 Robinson, Belle 279 Melbourne, Lord 49 Oldfield, Bruce 228 Silver Jubilee 182 Roche, Frances 206 Mercia 12 Oliver, Alison 187 state visits 152, 153, 203 Rockall 119 Messines, Battle of (1917) 80 Olympics Philip II (King of Spain) 29, 33 Roger of Salisbury 17 Meyer, Christopher 254 Philip Movement 124 Rolle, Lord 55 Middle English 13, 17 (1976) 187 Phillips, Mark 161, 175, 198, 199, 234, 297 Roman Britain 10, 12 Middleton, Carole 279 (2012) 255, 284–87, 299, 300 Phillips, Peter 161, 175, 223, 297 Roosevelt, Franklin 77, 95, 106 Middleton, Catherine 222, 262–63, 278–79, Omdurman, Battle of (1898) 70 Phillips, Savannah 297, 299 Royal Ballet 188, 189 Osborne House 51, 56–57, 60, 70, 91, 97 Phillips, Zara 175, 187, 223, 254, 255, Royal College of Music 73 303 O’Sullivan, Donal 192 Royal College of Needlework 140, 274 and future of monarchy 312–13 Outlawries Bill 135 287–87, 296, 297, 300–01 Royal Family 160, 163, 172–73, 175 Kensington Palace 214 Outward Bound Trust 219 Picts 34 Royal Lodge 219 marriage to Prince William 205, 254, 255, Oxford, Edward 51, 60 Pilgrimage of Grace 40 royal memorabilia 276–77 Oxford University 91 Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan) 157 Royal Military Academy Sandhurst 269, 268, 274–75, 276, 277 Poitiers, Battle of (1356) 21 and Prince George 269, 279, 292–93, 294, P Popes 289, 291 Royal Ocean (horse) 187 295, 297 Paine, Tom 48 Benedict XVI 151 royal walkabouts 131, 176–77 Sandringham 147, 148 Pakistan 97, 118 John XXIII 203 Rozavel Golden Eagle (corgi) 108 Middleton, James 274 Panorama 231 John Paul II 202–03, 264 Runcie, Robert 201, 223 Middleton, Michael 279 Parker, Mike 133 Leo X 29 Rupert, Prince 41 Milburn, Martina 181 Parker Bowles, Andrew 230 Poundbury 257 Russell, Lord 58 Millennium Dome 254 Parker Bowles, Camilla 201, 205, 230, 231, Powell, Enoch 160 Russia 51, 76, 79, 81, 153 Mirzoeff, Eddie 299 Pratt, George 180 Mitrokhin, Vasili 171 234, 254, 255, 264–65, 276, 277, 292, Prayer Book Rebellion 40–41 S Mitterrand, President 199 300, 311 Prince’s Foundation for Building Monck, Richard 42 Parker Bowles, Laura 265 Community 167 Sadler’s Wells Foundation 188 Monty (corgi) 108 Parker Bowles, Tom 264, 265 Prince’s Trust 161, 180–81, 209 St. Andrews University 254, 262–63, 269, More, Thomas 30–31 Parkinson, Norman 174, 175 Princess Royal see Anne, Princess Royal Morrah, Dermot 95, 151 Parliament 21, 41, 42, 48, 134–35, 175, 306, Princess Royal’s Trust for Carers 174 278, 279 Morris, Charles 148 308–09 Princess of Wales Memorial Playground 243 St. Edward’s Crown 68–69, 141, 143, 144, 145 Mortimer, Edmund 25 Parr, Catherine 32, 33 Privy Council 55 St. George’s School 297 Mortimer, Roger 21 “Party at the Palace” 254, 261 Profumo, John 160 St. James’s Palace 55, 242, 245, 259 Morton, Andrew 199, 207, 230, 234, 235 Patil, Prathiba 306 “Prom in the Palace” 261 St. James’s Park 162 Mosley, Oswald 77, 91 Paul, Henri 242, 243 Provisions of Oxford 21 St. Paul’s Cathedral 161, 183, 200, 207, 238, Motion, Andrew 267 Paxton, Joseph 58 Mountbatten, Lord 95, 97, 108, 120, 124, Peasant’s Revolt (1381) 10, 21, 22–23 Q 239, 261 Peel, Robert 57 St. Paul’s Waldenbury 110 125, 167 Pellew, Mark 203 Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) 160, 168–69 Salisbury, Lord 65, 248 assassination of 131, 161, 192–93, 271 Pepys, Samuel 46 Queen Mary 2 254 Salote Tupou III, Queen 141 Mountbatten, Pamela 133 Percy dynasty 24 Queen Victoria’s small diamond crown 68, Sandringham 78, 79, 89, 96, 97, 118, 132, Mountbatten, Patricia 115 Persimmon (horse) 147 Mugabe, Robert 195 Petition of Right 11 69 146–49, 200, 206, 230 Munich Agreement (1938) 77 pets 108–09 Queen’s Award for Voluntary Service 261 Sarkozy, Nicolas 239, 254 Muzorewa, Abel 195 Pets by Royal Appointment (Hoey) 108 Queen’s Work for Women Fund 76 Save the Children Fund 174, 175, 209, 303 Philip, Prince 77, 124–25, 130, 131, 134, Scepter with the Cross 68, 69, 143 N 160, 161, 195, 199, 209, 217, 258 R Scepter with the Dove 143 accession of Queen Elizabeth II 132, 133 Scotii 34 Naseby, Battle of (1645) 41 Annus horribilis 234, 235 Rainborough, Thomas 41 Scotland Nash, John 84, 123, 236 children of 126, 127, 162, 167 rationing 120 National Gallery 167, 198 Clarence House 123 Reagan, Ronald 198, 238 Act of Union 35 National Relief Fund 77 at coronation of Queen Elizabeth II 141, Really Useful Group, The 251 Alexander II 34–35 Neville, Richard 24, 27 144 Reform Bill (1832) 11 Alexander III 35 New Model Army 41 death of Diana, Princess of Wales 242, 243 Regency Act (1830) 51 Battle of Bannockburn 10, 35 New Zealand 65, 91, 119, 131, 152, 153, Reid, Andy 302 Battle of Flodden 11, 35 Reith, John 89 Bonnie Prince Charlie 11, 41, 48 176–77, 198, 255, 268, 269, 294 Representation of the People Act (1918) 76 and Civil Wars 39, 40–41 Newcastle University 297 Restoration, The (1660) 42–43 Nicholas II, Tsar 51, 76, 79, 81, 248, 296 Rhodes, Cecil 65

INDEX David I 34, 37 Stalin, Joseph 94 V Kensington Palace 214 David II 35 Stamford Bridge, Battle of (1066) 16 marriage to Catherine Middleton 205, Duncan I 34 Stark, Koo 219 van Cutsem, Grace 274 early history of 34 State Landau 136–37, 274 van Cutsem, Hugh 148 254, 255, 268, 274–75, 276, 277 Elizabeth II 151 state visits 130, 152–53, 202–03, 220–21, van der Post, Laurens 268 marriage of Prince Andrew and Sarah George IV 49 Vanburgh, John 212 Holyroodhouse 36–37, 151 270–71, 294–95 Vatican City 198, 202–03 Ferguson 223 Jacobite rebellion 39 Statute of Laborers (1351) 23 VE Day 77, 97, 103, 189, 239 marriage of Prince Charles and Camilla James I 35 Statute of Westminster (1931) 77 Verwoerd, Dr. 195 James II 35 Stephen, King 10, 17, 28 Victoria, Princess (Queen Victoria’s Parker Bowles 264 James III 35 Stephenson, Pamela 223 at St Andrews’s University 262, 269, 278, James IV 11, 35, 37 Stephenson, Robert 58 daughter) 51, 55, 60, 188 James VI 11, 28, 37, 38 Stewart, Walter 35 Victoria, Queen 11, 29, 46, 49, 50–51, 52–53, 279 James V 35, 37 Stirling Castle 259 Sandringham 147, 148 James VI 35 Stoke, Battle of (1487) 27 57, 58, 64, 68, 72, 73, 84, 86, 96, 114, state visits 153, 294–95, 312–13 John Balliol 35 Stone of Scone 118 137, 214, 215, 246, 248, 276, 296, 306 William, Prince (Henry I’s son) 17 Kenneth mac Alpin 34 Stuart, Charles Edward 11, 37, 41, 48 after death of Albert 60–61 William of Malmesbury 16 Macbeth 34 Succession to the Crown Act (2012) 297 death of 70–71, 97 Williams, Rowan 264, 267, 274 Malcolm II 10, 34 Sudbury, Simon 23 Diamond Jubilee 67, 70, 204 Willow (corgi) 108 Malcolm III 34 Suez crisis (1956) 119, 131, 135 early reign 54–55 Wilson, Harold 160, 161, 192 Margaret, Maid of Norway 10 Sullivan, Arthur 61 Empress of India 62 Windlesham Moor 120 Mary, Queen of Scots 11, 29, 35, 37 Sun, The 199, 235 Golden Jubilee 67–68 Windsor, Louise 251, 254, 297 Queen Victoria 51 Sunninghill Park 219, 223 Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess 50 Windsor Castle 44–47, 60, 70, 106–07, 133, Robert I (the Bruce) 10, 35 Susan (corgi) 108, 120 Victoria and Albert Museum 58 Robert II 35 Sussex 12 Victoria Terminus (Mumbai) 62–63 175, 199, 219, 225, 232–33, 234–35, Robert III 35 Swaziland 195 Vision of Britain, A (Prince Charles) 257 251, 258, 264, 299 Wars of Independence 10, 35 Sword of State 134 Vogue 174 Winterhalter, Franz Xaver 50 William I 34 Wolsey, Cardinal 28 Sea Bird II (horse) 130 T W Women’s Land Army 76, 81 Sebutinde, Arnold 181 Woods, Robin 151 Secombe, Harry 171 Taj Mahal 230 Wace, Master 14 Woodville, Elizabeth 25 Seeiso, Prince 289 Tanna 124 Wade, Virginia 183 Worcester, Battle of (1651) 41 Sentebale 289 Tanzania 195 Wagner, Anthony 171 World War I 55, 76, 79, 80–81, 90, 91, 97, Seven Years’ War ((1756–63) 49 Taylor, George 171 Walker, Catherine 228, 229 110, 255, 304–05 Sex Pistols 183 Te Kanawa, Kiri 201 Walking With the Wounded 289 World War II 77, 97, 102–05, 106–07, 111, Seymour, Jane 29 Tenzing Norgay 119, 140 Wallace, William 35 114–15, 123, 192, 198, 238–39 Seymour, Thomas 32, 33 Teresa, Mother 209 Walpole, Robert 49 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 125, Shadow V (boat) 192–93 Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471) 27 Walsingham, Francis 29 209 Shakespeare, William 33 Thatcher, Margaret 50, 111, 113, 161, 195, War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) 49 Wren, Christopher 212 Shand, Bruce 265 Warbeck, Perkin 28 Wright, Clara 130 Sheridan, Lisa 108 198, 255 Wars of the Roses 10, 21, 25, 26–27 Wyatt’s Rebellion 33, 40 Sierra Leone 153, 195 Thornhill, James 212 Wells, H. G. 70 Sigismund, Emperor 44, 46 Thynn, Mary 111 Wentworth, Thomas 38, 41 XYZ Silver Jubilee Walkway 183 Timbertop 163 Wessex 12 Silver Jubilees Tinchebrai, Battle of (1106) 17 West Germany 164–65 York 12 (1935) 77, 79, 204 Tindall, Mia 255, 297 West Heath Girls’ School 206, 207 York, Duchess of see Ferguson, Sarah (1977) 131, 161, 182–85, 204 Tindall, Mike 175, 255 Westminster Abbey 32, 33, 55, 68, 73, 76, York, Duke of see Andrew, Prince Simnel, Lambert 28 Tobruk, Battle of (1942) 77 Zimbabwe 195 Simpson, Ernest 91 Toms, Carl 214 79, 94, 97, 111, 118, 119, 120, 140–41, Simpson, Wallis 91, 92–93, 95, 110–11, 120, Tower of London 17, 23, 25, 68 175, 182, 207, 219, 222–23, 254, 255, Townsend, Peter 118, 119, 130, 152, 267, 274, 279 198 Wetherby School 268 Singapore 161, 295 154–55, 188, 189, 258 White Lodge 91 Smith, William 246 Transaid 174 Wilhelm I, Kaiser 147 Snowdon, Lord 160, 161, 170–71, 188, 189, Travolta, John 207, 228 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 51, 60, 70, 79, 80, 81, 296 Trinidad and Tobago 195 William I (the Conqueror) 10, 14, 16–17, 44 214, 228, 258 Trooping the Colour 226–27 William I (King of Scotland) 34 Solomon Islands 295 Tusk Trust 269 William II 11, 17 Somalia 195 Tuvalu 295 William III 38, 39, 48, 212 Somme, Battle of the (1916) 76 Tweedsmuir, Lord 176 William IV 11, 49, 51, 54, 84, 123 Sony Pictures Television 297 Twelfth Night (Shakespeare) 33 William, Prince (Elizabeth II’s grandson) South Africa 65, 112–13, 115, 152, 153, Tyler, Wat 23 198, 201, 205, 223, 251, 267, 278–79, 296, 297, 307 160, 161, 195, 199, 288, 294 U birth of Prince George 292–93 South Korea 153 charity work 209, 303 Sovereign’s Orb 68, 69, 143 Uganda 195 childhood 206, 207, 288 Spanish Armada 11, 29, 33, 183 Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria 34 death of Diana, Princess of Wales 242, 243 Spencer, Charles 207, 242, 243 United Nations (UN) 103 Duchy of Cornwall 256, 257 Spencer, John 201, 206, 207 United States of America 49, 64, 91, 95, education 206, 207 Spencer, Raine 206 flying career 272–73, 291 Spencer, Sarah 200, 206 119, 275, 294–95, 299 future of monarchy 310, 311 Spenser, Edmund 33 University College of Wales, Aberystwyth Invictus Games 300 Spitting Image 298, 299 Spry, Constance 141 170, 171

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Corbis: The Gallery Collection (t). Photo Images: Davide Cioffi (c). The Royal Stanley Gibbons Group plc: (cr). Stefan Podhorodecki and Paul Self for SCALA, Florence: British Library board / Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen 98 Getty Images: Lisa Sheridan / Studio photography; Sneha Sunder Benjamin, Robana / Scala, Florence (bl). 18–19 Getty Elizabeth II 2015: (cra). 62–63 Bridgeman Lisa / Hulton Archive (cl). Press Arpita Dasgupta, Helen Bridge, Suefa Lee, Images: DeAgostini. 20 By permission of Images: Haig, Axel (1835–1921) / British Association Images: (br). The Royal Isha Sharma, Fleur Star, and Sonia Yooshing The British Library: (tr). Dorling Library, London, UK. 64 Alamy Images: Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen for editorial assistance; Devika Awasthi, Paul Kindersley: The Trustees of the British The Art Archive (cl). 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Rex Features: SAC Faye Storer (bl). HRH the Prince of Wales. Reproduced by 215 Getty Images: Samir Hussein / 273 Corbis: POOL / Reuters. 274 Corbis: permission of the Kings, Heralds and WireImage. 216–217 Getty Images: David John Stillwell / PA / POOL / epa (tr). Rex Pursuivants of Arms (cr). Getty Images: Levenson. 218 Rex Features:Glenn Harvey. Features: Hugo Burnand / Clarence House Mark Cuthbert (bl); WPA Pool / Pool (c). 219 Corbis: Denis Balibouse / Reuters (crb); (bl). 275 Corbis: Chris Ison / epa (cr). Press Rex Features: Reginald Davis (tl). 168–169 Michel Setboun (t); Hulton-Deutsch Association Images: Dave Thompson / PA Press Association Images: PA / PA Collection (bc). 220–221 Corbis: Quadrillion. Archive (l). 276 Dorling Kindersley: Archive. 170 Corbis: Adam Woolfitt (cb). 222 Alamy Images: Trinity Mirror / Reeman Dansie Auctioneers (tl, cla, cl, bl, bc, Rex Features: Joan Williams (cla). 171 Mirrorpix. 223 Getty Images: Tim Graham fbr, br). 276–277 The Royal Collection Bridgeman Images: Armstrong-Jones, (tr). Rex Features: Glenn Harvey (bl). 224 Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Antony (b.1930) / Private Collection / Photo Rex Features: Associated Newspapers (cla); 2015. 277 Dorling Kindersley: Reeman © Christie's Images (bl). Corbis: Bettmann Illustrated London News (b). 225 Getty Dansie Auctioneers (tl, tc, tr, ca, cra, br). 278 (crb). TopFoto.co.uk: PA (tl). 172–173 Images: Chris Jackson (tl). Rex Features: Getty Images: Tim Graham (bl). 278–279 Getty Images: Hulton Archive. Mauro Carraro (bc); (cr). 226–227 Corbis: Getty Images: Max Mumby / Indigo (c). 174 Corbis: Norman Parkinson / Sygma (t) Quadrillion. 228 Rex Features: Nils 279 The College of Arms: The conjugal Getty Images: Central Press (bl). Press Jorgensen (l, c, r). 229 Rex Features: Tim arms of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. Association Images: Khan Tariq Mikkel / Stewart News (tr, r). 230 Rex Features: Reproduced by permission of the Kings, Polfoto (cr). 175 Corbis: Norman Parkinson / (clb). 230–231 Press Association Images: Heralds and Pursuivants of Arms (cr). Rex Sygma (c). 176–177 Rex features: Reginald Tony Harris / PA Archive. 231 Rex Features: Features: Ray Tang (bc). 280–281 Rex Davis. 178–179 Getty Images: Lichfield. (tc, cr). 232–233 Getty Images: Tim Features: Senior Aircraftsman Daniel Herri. 180 Getty Images: Central Press (cla); WPA Graham. 234 Alamy Images: Heritage 282 Corbis: (tl); Kerim Okten / epa (b). Pool / Pool (b). 181 Rex Features: (br). The Image Partnership Ltd (bl). Bridgeman 283 Corbis: Rune Hellestad (crb).