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Gandhiji Leads The Nation lT;kins Ahead tn this lesson you wilt leom about: yt n:ied_!xjoiiw':ro:t?t IAttcitbsuotniodnthteoJtohleliafrneuerdoolamBsatgruhsiastsesocre :. , he Nam-Cooperation ,lovement oN the Civit . . ursoDeotence Aovement The Simon Co'|,mission ond the Demand lor purno . Wofld Wor and the euit tndio Aovement . Subhash--Chondra Bose ond the . ,Iow Indio finalty become free Indian Natidtat J lpHA\"eef:otfepw*rl\"ear:neowtteeu:drme9tiovn\"e1gkrn*ytooipjwiIonowmdra.ioasSreoivnceaira1byl9o1esu5avt,idltGshteoaliknp,eude\"hothip,jeii.l,euhc.,aaHpsvt\"eeeolswpleyrads\"steotso_hiv,olrac\"Jprkieotdu.t;s#br;pi\"paw,\"rohtwsapetof\"rfhedethcivesoiandcwseoi.dduMenartoenrsyddt. #i:[:TJ\",:;S$\"-ere treated very badlv. i{e realised tnut to ,,,.iry *,\" p\"opr\" or had to be removed. He started working People gather on the bank of the SabarmatiRiver to hear Gandhiii soeai towards this Gandhiji was loved by the masses aim. He called the untouchables 'Harijans'meanihg 'people of God,. He quickly won the support and respect of the common people of India.

The Rowlalf Acts and fhe unarrned crowd. ThousarLds were killed Jallianwala Bagh Massaoe or injured. You have read that after Wor]d The incident shocked the entire country and also some British. Dyer was forced War I ended, the British became harsher towards Indians. They imposed fresh to resign in March 1920. In J.ulY 1920, taxes and passed new laws to suPPress however, the House of Lords in Britain Indians.ThiswasthetimewhenGandhiji pardoned Dyer. Iaunched his Satyagraha Movement in Tre Noru-CoopeMTroN MovEMENT lndia. Satyagraha, as You know, is a non-violent method of protest against The shootings and the British any form of injustice. In 1919, the British govemment's attitude convinced passed new laws called the Rowlatt Gandhiji and the people of India that Acts. Under these laws they could arrest India must become indePendent. anyone without a trial. Gandhiji now launched the Non- Gandhiji asked the People to oPPose Cooperation Movement. He asked the people of India not to cooPerate with the laws. Demonstrations and meetings the British. Indians working for the wereheldallover thecountry.Gandhiii's Satyagraha Movement now had millions British Govemment resigned, lawyers of followers. On 13 April 1919, a public 'boycotted the courts, and Indian meeting was held in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. It was attended by about children were withdrawn from British 10,000 men, women and children. On government schools. Throughout the the orders of General Dyer, the British country, men, women and children sat soldiers blocked the only exit from the on the streets and blocked them. They park, and fired for 10 minutes into the refused to rise even when beaten by the police. General Dyer ordering the massacre at Pea.eful protestors being beaten up by Briti5h troops during the Non-Cooperation Movement Jallianwala Bagh

Gandhiii was arrested, but the British were soon forced to release him. In 1922, the people participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement in Chauri Chaura in Uttar praflesh became violent. They set fire to a police statiory killhg twenty-two policemen. Gandhiji considered this as a failure of the Movement, and called it off. He firmly believed that the Movement could only succeed if it was non-violent. He was arrested by ihe British and put in Subhash Chandra Bose prison. Maulana AbulKalam Azad During the Non-Cooperation Movement TtE Crvrr- DrsoggDtsNce MovEr\"rsrrtt many young leaders joined the freedom In 1S30, CandhUi launched a massive struggle. Among them were Jawaharlal Civil Disobedience Movement. He Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. called on Indians to refuse to pay taxes, especially the tax on salt, to the British Government. The 'Salt Law, passed by the British forbade Indians from making salt. Gandhiji decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking this uniust law. He organised a peaceful march from the Sabarmati Ashram Jawaharlal Nehru with candhiji Gandhii leading the Dandi March Did you know? Udham Singh, a revolutionary, shot dead Sir MlchaelO'Dwyer, believing him to be the marn person behind the Jallianwala Sagh massacre on 13 March 1940, in l-ondon. General Dyer who had actually carried out the massaffe died eatlier in L927.

tr\"; tk in Ahmedabad fllrKiI to Dandi on the ,4 r sea shore. A large Quit India Movement .{ number of people of people, but could not crush the took part in this Movement. Finally, they were forced to introduce reforms. In 1935, they passed march, knom as the Government of India Act. Elections were held throughout the country. The the Dandi March. Congress won in most provinces ald At Dandi, Gandhiji formed governments. But power still and his followers remained in the hands of the British. Gandhiji pi(king up a by World War II broke out in 1939. The made saltul ot salt to break evaporating sea British declared war on India's behalf, the Salt Law without talking to the Indian leaders. In protest, the Congress ministries in water. Gandhiji the provinces resigned. The Congress declared that India would not join the as arrested, but the Civil Disobedience war until the British granted complete t spread throughout krdia. independence. They held talks with the British. But the talks failed, and Simon Commission and the Congress under the leadership. of Gandhiji, launched the Quit India e Demand for Purna Swaraj British wanted to make some Movement in August 1942. Gandhiji nges in the way lndia was and other leaders were arrested. There erned. In 1928, a comrnittee under were violent protests all over the r Simon, called Simon Commission, country. gan working on this. There was Subhash Chandra Boee and no Indian in the Commission. This the Indian Nalional Armg mgered the Indians. They decided to boycott the Comrnission. They staged Subhash Chandra Bose had been onstrations and shouted the slogan 'Simon go back'. The Congress now decided to demand Iurna Swarai orcomplete independence for India. World War ll and the Quif lndia Movemenl The British arrested tens of thousands @

rtlSubhash Chandra Bose witr memlers Jf me inlFfirrtJawaharlal Nefuu being .*orn tri,n\" elected president of the Indian Minister of independent indii rongress twice. He was National Ittcnnhodeenimaltnro.adlTn.iadThnheseNytaearattuegioidrtneaIdenlisddAciaturosmMsmyioovnohesavmdewesionthhutatakthenoendt lovingly tchaelleBd r'iNtisehtajwi,.oHueldwnaesvceor nlevianvceedIntdhiaat Congress and the Muslim League. peacefully. He went toJapan from where Th.e 'divide and rule, policy of the ne organised an army of 40,000 tndian llTlr:o been successtul in dividing Fsoaludi-ioerrst.heHIendciaalnledNaittiothnealAAzrandrvH. incl aMLmeoesaheHgaprumanerdma,uteausdnandnaAdefilorMintuJhsfiroleuimrralseth.ha,TeddheeeMrmsuMhasulniipmsdleisomd.f a3g:a_rnTst Tth*e B_Nritaistihonoanl Army foushr the north_east {:o:aTck::th\"e Brli\"fidshr.\" rru-tia[y. they pushed Gandhiji was against But finally, the British India. deteated the Indian National Army. the division of India Becomes Free 1]l5OA*ugugsto1t94i7r,sbuitnwdeaps ednivdideendceinoton Gruarond_h_inji awtiaosnhse_aInrtdbiraokaenld. Hpisakdirsetaamn. nBrnoyethl.o^6enrtgiitmiesrehkWereoearplldisthWeedarItnhIIdaeiatnndthseedlynrnc1roh9u4el5idr, ot a united India had been shattered. )S Woras to remember non-cooperation: a type of protest where you refuse to do things that someone wants ::T:l:\"\",Doycott;not a group of peopte chosen to do a particutarjob to do or buy something to show protest

S$.l now know .1 After coming back to India, Gandhiji worked to remove evil practices from Indian society and to unite tndians against the British. 2. Gandhiji launched a movempnt to oppose the Rowlatt Acts in 1919. 3. The same year the British massacred thousands of unarmed people in Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. 4. After this, Gandhiji launched the Non_Cooperation Movement, but he stopped itafter it turned violent. 5. Protests against the Simon Commission in 1928 again brought the people together against the British. 6. ln 1929, Congress declared their demand for purna Swarai. 7. In 1930, candhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with the Dandi March. 8. The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942. 9. The Indian Natjonal Army of Subhash Chandra Bose fought the British on the north_ east borders of India, but was finally defeated. 10. After World War ll, the British Government decided to free India. .1 1 India got its i ndependence India and Pakistan. on 15 August 1 947, but was divided into two nations_ )f Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. Gandhiji gave the name to the 'untouchables,. ,Gandhiji launched the Satyagraha Movement in India to oppose the 3. The British, under General Dyer, massacred thousands of unarmed Indians gathered in Amritsar. 4. Indians protested against the Commission as there was no Indian rn tL 5. ll][?,],3n1 r\"$'\"\" of the consress, the consress demanded from 6. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched with the Movement was launched while World War ll was going on. 8. The Indian National Army was formed bv B. Answer the following questions. 1. What did Gandhiji do as soon as he came back to India? 2. Why did Gandhiji protest against the Rowlatt Acts? 3. After which incident did Gandhiji launch the Non_Cooperation Movement?

|- 4. Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-Cooperation Movement? 5. When did the Congress demand Purna Swaraj? What did this mean? 6. What was the Civil Disobedience Movement? How did it start? 7. What did the Civil Disobedience Movement achieve? 8. Why did the Congress ministries in the provinces resign after World War ll started? 9. What role did Subhash Chandra Bose play in the freedom struggle? 10. 'lndia became independent but Gandhiji's dream was shattered.,Why? C. Match the incidents with the years in which they happened. 1 . Simon Commission a. 1919 2. Jallianwala Bagh massacre b. 13 April 1919 3. Rowlatt Acts c. 1928 4. Civil Disobedience Movement d. 1929 5. Government of India Act e. 1930 5. Quit India lvlovement f. 1935 7. World War ll ends g. 1942 8. lndia gets Independence h. '1945 9. Purna Swaraj i. 1947 (- Uultipte choice questions 1. Gandhiji gave the name 'Harijans' to a. priests b. ministers in the government c. social workers d. people who were regarded as 'untouchables' 2. Satyagraha means a. speaking the truth b. violent protest against an injustice c. non-violent protest against an injustice d. any kind of protest against an injustice To protest against which of these did Gandhiji undertake the Dandi March? a. Salt laws b. Rowlatt Acts c. Simon Commission d. Jallianwala Bagh massacre The Quit India Movement was launched in a. 1928 when the Simon Commission started its work b. '1929 after the Congress decided to demand Purna Swaraj

c. 1935 after the Government of lndia Act was passed d. 1942 after the failure of talks between the Congress and the British during World War ll 5. Which of these leaders was in favour of the partition of India into two nations? a. Gandhiji b. Mohammad Ali Jinnah c. Subhash Chandra Bose d. None of these Weblinks http://kids.superindian.com/. Click on 'lndia's freedom Struggle' under'lndian History' http//india. gov.inlknowi ndia/history-f reedom-struggle. php HOTS: Think and Answer . lndians helped the British in World War I but not in World War ll. Why? . Was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre an act of bravery or cowardice on the part of the British? (Hint: They fired on unarmed people.) \".... Enrichment Activities . Bpeak oul: Have a debate on the topic: 'Peaceful revolts are more effective than violent revolts'. . Wrile right: Write a paragraph on the topic'What freedom means to me'. For each person the meaning of the word 'freedom' is different. For one person it might mean not having to attend office, for you it might mean having no one tell you to study, for someone else it might mean being able to express his or her thoughts openry. . Find oqf: Find out about the recent peacefulJasmine Movements in several countries in the Middle East. How were these similar to Gandhiji's Movement against the British? . Arl workt Draw and paint a picture of Gandhiji. or you could make a poster or collage on the life and achievements of Gandhiji. . Prcjee! work| Do a project on Gandhiji's life.

Y Honds on! The next time you have a disagreement with someone, and you want to get into a Gandhiji,s non-violent method. if you can make it succeed. fight-stop and try out See * rif, Skiils and Values Controlling anger sometimes we get so angry that we lose control over ourselves. In this state we say things that hurt others, and which we regret later. This can oft\"n itf\".t ou, ilmelpaotirot.annstlilpifelvisllk.igllu. r family and friends. Bein-g able to control our anger is an .Here are some tips to controlling your anger. lf-you feel your t€mper rising, do not say anything for some time. Take a deep . breath and stowly count till ten. This will help you cool down. fthis,doe-s not help, walk away instead of saying anything. Let your remper . suDstde. txpress your opanions after you have calmed down. will then not say rash things which you will regret later. Chances are that you Think carefully before you say anything. Otherwise, you,re likely to say something you'll regret.

Our Government I Looking Ahead .ln this lesson yon will leom qbout: The different levels of gove'nment in . onf country The functidrs of the Central Govennent otfr its cdrstitution . The functions ol the State Govemment and its structure . co.rrfs IThe suprcme aN High The Three Levels of Governmenl hdia is a huge country. It is not possible for a single govemment to look after the entire country properly. So, the Indian govemment works at different levels-at the local level, at the level of the state and at the national level. The local level re{ers to your village, town or locality. The state level covers an entire state/ like Puniab, Kerala, Bihar, etc. The national level refers to the entire country. I{hen the govemment works at different levels, it brings the government closer to the people. Thut our govemment consists of: o A Central or Union Government for the entire country; it is based in the capital Delhi o State Govemments for the different statesi they are based in the state capitals o Local Government for Sansad Bhavan or theParliament House, New Delhi the govemance of the immediate community; urban areas are govemed by rnunicipal @

corporations or municipal councils The Parliament consists of two houses, and rural areas are govemed by the Lok Sabha and the Raiya Sabha, and the President. Panchayati Raj institutions such as the Tne Lor SreHn Zilla Parishad and Gram Panchayat The Lok Sabha is the lower House of RrlmoNsttrp BETWEEN rHE CENTRE the Parliament. The members of t}e AND THE STATES Lok Sabha are directly elected by the The responsibility of governing the people, for a period of five years. It country is divided between the Centre is therefore called the House of the People. The Speaker ensures the and the State Governments. Certain smooth proceedings of the House. responsibilities concem the counky as a Any citizen of India, above 25 years of whole-for example the defence of our age, can contest elections for the Lok borders, or our relationship with other Sabha. Citizens of India above 18 years of age can vote in the General Elections counkies. These are the responsibilities of the Central Govemment. to elect the members of the Lok Sabha. Educating the people and looking after To ensure that the elections are fair, law and order in the different states the country has been divided into are the responsibilities of the State constituencies. The constituencres Governments. The Central Government vary in size, but all have roughly provides help to the State Govemments whenever required. the same population. There are 543 The relationship between the different constituencies. levels of govemment, and the Candidates from several political responsibilities of each, are clearly parties stand for election from each laid out in our Constitution. The constituency. The candidate who gets Constitution, as you learnt last year, is most votes is declared elected from that a set of rules according to which our constituency. counrry rs run. The 16th Lok Sabha, which was formed The Central Governmenf after the General Election in 2014, Making laws for the country, and has 543 members. The Lok Sabha seeing that they are implemented, is can have a maximum strength of 552 the main responsibility of the Central members, of which 530 members Govemment. The main law making represent the states, 20 members body of the countrv is the Parliament.

Dld you know? Indla has an electorate (people who are qualiffed to vot€)of714 mllllon p€ople, This ls largerthan the electordte ofthe !umpean Unlon and United States combined. The 8eneral €lections of 2009 to the 15th Lok Sabha was the largest democratic election In the world. Inside the Lok Sabha The Rajya Sabha is presided over by represent the union territories, the Vice President of India. It has a and two members representing the Arrglo-Indian Community maximum strength of 250 members, are nominated by the President. of which 238 are elected and 12 are IHe Rntvn SnaHn nominated by the President. One-thirds The Rajya Sabha is the upper House of the members retire every two years. of the Parliament. The members of the So the Rajya Sabha is a permanent Rajya Sabha are not elected directly by house, unlike the Lok Sabha. the people of India. Instead, they are fxe Pnssroerur elected by the members of the State The President is electedby the members Legislative Assemblies for a period of six years. It is therefore also called the of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Council of States. the State Legislative Assemblies, for a period of five years. The President is the head of our country. Tse Pnrue MrNrstrn nruo rHe Courucr oF MrNtsTERs After the General Eleciion (which is generally held every five years) the political party that gets maximum number of seats forms the lnside the Raia Sabha Did you know? These days electlons in India are conducted using electronic yoting machines (EVMsl. gefore the 2m2 ceneral glections, people used to €st their votes manuallv using ballot pap€i:

I government. The President of India state for five years. The head of the State swears in the leader of that party Govemment is the Chief Minister. as the Prime Minister. The Chief Minister chooses his or her t The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers to help him or her run the govemment. Central Government and all powers li rest in his or her hands. the prime The head of each state is the Govemor. Minister ishelped in the discharge of his He or she is appointed by the president or her functions by a specially chosen of India. group of ministers. These ministers The Courts look after separate departments of the government such as defence, health, If any citizen of India feels that his or her fundamental rights are being denied, he agriculture, industry and finance. The or she can approach the courts forjustice. Prime Minister and these ministers The Supreme Court at New Delhi is the make up the Council of Ministers. Sfate Governrnenls highest court of the country. Its decision on any matter is final. Laws for each state are made by the State The highest court in a state is the High Legislative Assemblies. Their members Court. There are district courts at the are directly elected by the people of the district levels. $- I now know '1. ln India there is a Central Government to govern the entire country, State for each state and Local Governments forihe local t.rr\"t una rrU\",i'ur\"\"r. Governments In the Central Government, the parliament, consisting of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya and the president, makes laws. Sabha The State Legislative Assemblies make the laws for the state. Municipal corporations or councirs are responsibre for rocar governance in the urban areas, whereas Zilla parishads, and Gram panchayats look aft-e, tf,\" iriul The Supreme Court is the highest court in the countrv. \"r\"ur. )$ words to remember government; a group of people who are responsible for rulinq a countrv parliament: the body that is elected to make and change the iaws of a country election; process of choosing a representative by voting

Y Exercises A. Who elects whom? 1. People above 18 years of age elect members of the in the Central Government. 2. People above 18 years of age elect members of the State in the states. 3. Members of the state Legislative Assemblies elect members of the in the Central Government. 4. Members of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies elect the B. Answer the following questions. .1 Name the three levels of government in India. 2. Why do we have three levels of government in our country? Would it not be easier to have just the Central Government? 3. Who is the head of: (a) our country (b) the central Government? 4. List two responsibilities each of (a) the central Government (b) the state Governments. 5. What is the responsibility of the courts? 6. Which is the highest court in the country? 't, Multiple choice questions .1 The Union Government is also known as the a. Lok sabha b. Rajya Sabha c. Central Government d. Union Territory 2. The defence of our country is the responsibility of the a. Central Government b. State Governments c. Local Governments d. All of these 3. The set of rules according to which our country is run is called the a. Parliament b. Constitution c. Supreme Court d. Government 4. The Lok Sabha is presided over by the a. President b. Prime Minister c. Speaker d. Vice President 5. The number of constituencies lndia has been divided into is a. 543 b.552 c.553 d.530 6. The head of the Government of India is the d. Vice President a. Prime Minister b. President c. speaker

{t HOTS: Think and Answer some constituencies in Ladakh and Rajasthan stretch for hundreds of square kilometers, but some constituencies in Delhi and Kerala are just a few square kilometers in size. Wby is this so? +\\+- Enrichment Activities Speak out: lmagine that you are contesting elections to the Legislative Assembly of your state. You have to address a large group of people who want to know what you will do for them if you are elected. Prepare the speech you would give them and say it in class. Wrile right: Write an essay on the topic'The country of my dreams'. Ad worki Prepare a poster asking people to vote for you and your political party. Projecl work: Do a project on the government of your state. Draw a diagram to show the structure of the government. How many members are there in the council of Ministers? \"'t\" Hands on! Have an election to elect the monitor of the class. The children who want to become monitors should give their names to the class teacher. Each of them tells the class about himself or herself. Each child in the class puts down his or her choice on a piece of paper, and puts it in a box. The class teacher counts the votes, Whoever gets the highest number of votes becomes the monitor. Let a monitor be elected for a month. Have an election everv month. lk ttt\" skills and values Being a responsible citizen Once we turn 18, each of us should unfailingly exercise his or her right to vote. The right to vote is a precious right, obtained after years of sacrifice and struggle by our ancestors. We should also choose our representatives to the government very carefully.

New GettingAheod in Socid, Stardies is a series of 8 books from the primary to the rniddle school level. This is an enriahed and updated version ofthe popular GettingAhead in.Socidl Stud,es series. Thoroughly revised and updated text ODrieInGt BlaI ckTSAwanI. Co'rcepts clearly explained using simple lanBuage, attractive I brxd6 , F..sbdfr illustrations and accurate up-to-date maps Looking Ahead lists the lesson objectives Mind openers increase student participation and encourage them to think Did You Know? presents interesting information relevant to the topi€ Npw Woid5 aid easyand complete understanding of newconcepts tnrroouceo > Exercises include a variety of questions to test and reinforce concepts > Mu tiple Choice Questions (MCQs)enable sound assessment > HOTS questions enco!rage thinking and develop problem-solving skills > A variety of enrichment activities such as Speak Out, Write Right, Puz2le Time, Art Work, Role Play, Project Work, Model Making, Field Trip, Find Out, [et's Debate, and Making and Analysing Graphs are included > Lrfe Slills dnd Values help students develop skills needed for everyday life; thev also teach and reinforce values Hands Onl present interesting and easy-to-do activies for students .lnternet links provide interesting sites for studenls to learn more Smart Books for Teachers that come equipped with a ran8e ofteaching aids Teacheiaa Reso!rce Pack with Lesson Plans, Answer Key, Questjon Bank, Worksheets and Graphic Organisers lil]illllilillffillil