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New GettingAhead in Social Studies Glass 5

.. 1., lI . -r.) .: Irt,iii:.,:r::)jl; klp a*e.s$srld*rtondro! . rl of rfi€ sllxtenb in s mo.a l|olislic, [email protected] ! srotd ard witton aatqdnaott ! enabl€ sludents lo uss lT to . mdel m*inq, €J(|€rinEnlj sxplore the topic in grealer depthl reinlo.ces concepts throuqh ! €lleclivscommunicalion NEW NEW] DID YOU KNOW? I NOW KNOW W()BDS TO MGOs BEMEMBEB provides the stud€nts with summadsesthe lesson interesllng bits of iniomation enables easy revision thatstudents may not De ->. ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES fUEW EXERCISES Includer speaking and crcative include a wlde van€ty or s€ll-leamhg rvntjng activitles, word search and quesrions-tong and shonanswer HOTS puzles, arttime, lind out, class <-improve stud€nts undelstanding, prciecls, presentations, group anaLlUcal and problem'solvrng discussions,€tc. tuEw-

Every attempt has been mad€ to hace holdeN ofcopright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time ofgoing to prcss or where, in the absence ofcomplete information, it has not been possible to identiry the souces ofmaterials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acklowledgement in futule rep nts/editions of this book. NEW GETTINGAHEAD IN SOCIAL STUDIES 5 ORIENT BLACKSWAN PRIVATE LIMITED Registered Office 3-6-'/ 52 Himay^h\\aga\\ Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India email: centraloffi [email protected] Other Ofices Bengaluu, Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida, Patna, Visakhapatnam O Odent Blackswan Private Limited 2009 This Edition 2018 Reprinted 2018, 2019 ISBN: 978-93-5287-l7l-l Typeset at ffi Trinity Designers & Typesetters Chennai 600 041 Printed in India at Manipal Te€hnologies Limited, Manipal 576 104. Kamataka Published bJ Orient Blackswan Private Limited 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India email: info @ orientblackswan.com

Contenls 1. The Globe -A Model of the Earth 1 2. Maps 9 3. Movements of the Earth 17 ZJ 4. Climate 31 39 5. DRC The Land of Dense Forest 45 52 -6. Greenland The Land of Ice and Snow 59 - -7. Saudi Arabia The Land of Hot Sands 69 77 8. Grasslands of the Temperate Zone 85 94 9. Transport 101 109 10. Communication 117 11. Recording and Communicating Knowledge I25 12. Living Longer and Healthier Lives 135 13. The Age of Machines t+z 14. Conserving Our Environment 148 15. Natural Disasters 1.57 16. Some People Never Die 17.The United Nations 18. The British Raj and the First War of Independence 19. The Struggle for Independence 20. Gandhiji Leads the Nation 21. Our Government

TheGlobe-AModel of the Earth I Looking Ahead ln this lesson you will leam about: . The globe os o nndel of the Eorth . The lines . JLocating of lotitudes dnd lotrgitudes ploces on the slobol grid Ihe Shape of the Earth The Earth, as you know, is round. But when you look around you, it appears to be flat. In fact, long ago everyone believed that the Earth was flat. They believed that if we travelled to the edges, we would fall off! The Earth appears flat to us because the 'lhe Earth as seen {rom 5pace Earth is so much bigger than us. We can only see shott distances at a time. To see the curving surface of the Earth, you would have to climb very high into the sky. For example, if you were to fly into the sky in a rocket, vou would soon be able to see the Earth cuwing away into the distance. The large size of the Earth makes it difficult fol us to study it as a whole. Geographers have developed different means ofrepresenting the Earth on a smaller scale, to make its study easy. Two important tools that we use for this purpose are globes and maps' Ihe Olobe The globe is a smal1 model of the Earth. It shows us the shape and location of the continents, oceans and seas on a smaller scale. It also shows the shape and location of conntries, and the location of important cities. fi) \\'-l

23% tilted axis North Pole South Pol Ihe globe The tihed axis of rotation of the Earth You can only see half the globe at one Tse Nonuenru AND SouTHERN time. However, you can tum the globe HeursprEnss around to see the other ha1f. It can be Midway between the poles is an turned around a line passing through it. This line is called the axis. The axis is imaginary line circling the Earth. It not straight. It is tilted at an angle of is called the Equator. It divides the 23 .1/2\". Earth into two equal halves, called The Earth constantly rotates, or turns, around its axis of rotation. The Earths the hemispheres. To the north of the Equator is the Northern Hemisphere, lfaxis too is tilted at an angle of 23 to and to the south of the Equator is the the vertical. The axis of rotation of the Southern Hernisphere. globe is similar to that of the Earth. TsE Nonu AND SoutH PoLEs The two end points of the axis of rotation are called the poles. To the north is the North Pole, and to the south is the South Pole.

Did you know? the Equator. Like the Equator, they go The la.gest globe in the world is called Eartha. around the Earth. They are known as Located in Yarmouth, in Maine, USA, Eartha is latitudes or parallels. The vertical lines are semicircles that run from the North a 3-dimensional {3D) scale model ofour Earth. Pole to the South Pole. They are called It shows mountains and other latdforms in longitudes or meridians. Latitudes and 3D, and measures 41.5 feet in diameter. Eartha longitudes are marked in degrees (\") rotates and revolves just like the Earth does. and minutes ('). Sixty minutes equal Eartha, ttle wo ds largest globe one degree (60' = 1'). Larrruoes nruo Lotrtottuors Marking Latiludes To locate places on the globe, horizontal The Equator is marked 0'.. The North and vertical lines are drawn on it. The horizontal lines are drawn parallel to Pole is 90'North, and the South Pole is 90' South. Thus, the latitude of a place tells you how far north or south a place is from the Equator. For examPle, a place with a latitude of 45' North is located in the Northern Hemisphere, midway between the Equator and the North Pole. A place with a latitude of 60' North is further north. There are 180 degrees of latitude in a1l. Earth - latitudes and longitudes

t There are 90 degrees of latitude in the Northem Hemisphere and 90 degrees of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. Fmrunes or LATtruDEs Earth - important longitudes . Latitudes run parallei to each other in near London is marked 0.. It is called the east-west direction. the Greenwich Meridian or the prime Meridian. There are 360 degrees of . They are at an equal distance from eloansgt itoufdtehe- 180 degrees of longitude each other. Prime Meridian, and 1g0 o All of them form complete circles, degrees of longitude west of the prime except the North and South poles, Meridian. The 180. East and 190. West which are points. longitudes meet and form a single line o The latitudes decrease in length as you on the opposite side ofthe world, called move from the equator to the poles. the 180' longitude or the International Inaponret'tr LATtruDEs Date Line. Other than the Equator and poles, there are four other important latitudes. These Thus, the longitude of a place tells you how much east or west of the Greenwich . Tropic of Cancer at 23%\" N Meridian the place is located. o Arctic Circle at 66%. N Ftrrmrs or LoNGtruDEs o Tropic of Capri corn at 231/zo S o The lines of longitude are semi-circles . Antarctic Circl e at 66tko S that run from one pole to the other Did you know? pole. lfyou stand at the North pole, alldirections They run rn a true north-south polnt south - there is no east or west I direction. Similarly at the South pole alldirections pornr north. Marking longiludes The longitude running through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich

. They are spaced farthest aPart at the THE I-ONGITUDINAL Equator and come together to a Point EXTENT OF INDTA I at the poles. . The latitudes and longitudes cut each other at right angles. TxE Groaa. Gnro The latitudes and longitudes together form a network of lines, or a grid, on the globe. This is known as the global grid. -i If we know the longitude and latitude 7g&7t of a place we can locate it accurately on the global grid. \\& t now Know 1. A globe is a small model ofthe Earth. 2. The Equator is an imaginary line encircling the Earth midway between the poles. lt divides the Earth into two equal halves called the hemispheres. 3. Latitudes are horizontal lines drawn on a globe or map that 90 round the Earth. Darallel to the Equator. 4. Longitudes are vertical lines drawn on a globe or map, that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. 5. lf we know the latitude and longitude of a place, we can locate it accurately on the global grid. t)\\1 Words to remember axis: an imaginary line that runs through the North Pole and the South Pole, and around which the Earth spins poles (of the Earth): the two end points on the axis of rotation of the Earth Equator: an imaginary line that goes round the Earth and divides it into the northern and southern hemisoheres latitudes (or parallels): imaginary lines that are drawn round the Earth parallel to the Equator; they measure the distance of a place north or south of the Equator longitudes (or meridians): imaginary lines that run vertically from the North Pole to the South Pole; they measure the distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian

Y Exercises Fill in the blanks. 1. The Earth rotates along an imagjnary line called the 2. The Earth is divided into two hJmispheres along an imaginary line called the ;.:i:j:i,\": i*,? 4. 5 6. are lines that run parallel to the Equator. runnins The latitude :m!:a1rk,e\":ds 23'h\" S is between in\" 0,,],\"\",1'.\",,\"0 known as the of The meridian marked 0. is called the Meridian. B\" Match the columns. 1. Arctic Circle 2. Antarctic Circle a. 231/2\" N 3. rTropic of Cance 4. Greenwich b. 66%. N c. 0\" meridian d. 661/2\" 5 1.C. Answer the following quesrtons. How is the globe useful? 3._2 Why are latitudes and longitudes drawn on the globe? What is the prime Meridiaiz '*4. tf a place has a latitude of j 0. N, is it in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere? ' ;; il; .ffi11'\"YifiL'ffffff::iiJi':J',:\" ft::lJi,^i,*r be which a. City X: latitude 30\" N, longitude 25. W, or Cjty y latitude 60. N, tongitude 20\" E. b. City W: taritude 40\" S, tongitude 7s. E, or ci,r a, ,\"i.rJ\",J. l, tongitude 50. W , Multiple choice questions 1. Which of these is an imaginary line? 2- . W.1h..iEchCo:af ttohresbe. Longitude c. Latrtude d. all of these pertains to the North pole? Na. 90\" Which N b.0.N c. 180\" d. 180.s of these lies in the Southern Hemisphere? Tah. eTrroopnicsitoufdCe aonf caeor'\"b;. ;A',rc;;ti;c;;C'irc''l\" c rropic or capricorn d. all of these a. how far north or south a place is from the Equator b. how far east or west a place is from the Equator c. now far north or south a place is from the prime Meridian d. how far east or west a place is from the prime Meridian

5. The longest latitude is the: a. Tropic of Cancer b. Tropic of Capricorn c. Equator d. they are all equal 6. The longest longitude is: c. 90'West d. they are all equal a. the Prime Meridian b. '180' East Enrichment Activities SDeak oufi What would our lives have been like if the Earth had been flat and not round? Prepare a humorous speech on the topic 'lf the Earth had been flat' and share it with your classmates. Wrile righl: Write a humorous essay on the topic'The day the Earth really became flat'. Arl work: Take a mao of the world from an old atlas. Cut out 10 different countries from it and stick them on a chart paper. Collect pictures of interesting things about each country (could be the dress of the people, or their houses, or the physical features like mountains or beaches), Stick the pictures beside the country they belong to. Make the chart paper look as colourful as possible. Project work: Make a globe out of clay or play dough. You could also make it by pasting strips of paper on a balloon. Mark the main lines of latitude and longitude on it. Map work: Study the world map in your atlas. Name the continents and oceans through which the following pass. '1. Equator 2. Tropic of Capricorn 3. Tropic of cancer 4. Prime Meridian Hands on! Locating the axis of rotation of the globe To locate the axis of rotation of a globe, rotate the globe and observe the movement of different points on it. Which two points do not move? These are the two poles. The line joining them, passing through the centre of the globe, is the axis of rotation of the globe. Study the longitudes and latitudes marked on a globe. Locate the Tropic of cancer, Arctic Circle, Tropic of capricorn, Antarctic Circle and the Prime Meridian Finding the latitude and longitude of a place Find out the latitudes and longitudes of some important places in India from the mao of lndia. Write them down.

- t'a HOIS: Think and Answer fy3ou-rt!ain]srwyetr1. ;W,\"htat the tatitudes equaror unequal to each other? Give reasons for about the lonqitudes? Can you find the exact location oi a pla.e on a globe by using only the latitude? What about the North and South poles? * tif\" Skills and Values Learning about nature through observation i*,\"i, \"nj;;;;;;i;ili\"Hiu;:u:hilil;\"gtwtCoyWhhouhheehuetsa,icmeltehkyoadodatnvohuirteterehyhctsrooepit.giumaooyhrsnseontiset,utih,eomo?awinfnnaTiydoklthlohefewlueetihpatsigeroatnariponrhnowiutsdainihnbanudytioitw.tta'otah*ortn,.itsidla-w.nhrhpsae,_are.ttasucpttocht,p-i\"eun.eTwtgnhw,hs,haeS*eirnunresdnea\"toiy\"htlnoaeicwtuee;Sri:r,u,racen\"lwfaotrseitshsee.aksndfaonrtodsistyxhel'ettJos.one'enroai.\"grc.nthhhsot.td,omaNwypoo.toynwAitnohsmtvsne.asrrk

Maps I Looking Ahead ln this lesso,r you will leam .obout: Why we prefer using maps . to globes Whot arc nmps; the . ditfercnt kinds of mops The elements of mops: dsiryecmtiotbrso, slscole ond J I Ihe Globe and Maps We have seen that the globe is a small model of the Earth. It is the most accurate way of tooking at the size, shape and location of places on the Earth. However, it has several shortcomings. . It is difficult to carry a globe around. . It is not possible to see all the parts of the Earth's surface at the same time. . It carmot show detailed information. To get detailed inJormation we will have to make huge globes. They will be difficult to make and read. To avoid these problems, we normally use maps instead of a g1obe. Did you know? The science of making maps is called cartography. Some ofthe oldest maps made by humans are more than 8000 vears old.

Did you know? School I Park E Hospital Patel Road Claudius ptolo[ty w,l\\ ,l F Gfeek mathom,rti(i.Il,|lrri geo8rapher who livcd ir) Egypt more than 2O0O years ago, He created several maps of the world. Fire Post IJ e\"nr SiotaLtiio!\"n Station Office Whaf is a Map? a fnnp oJ a neiqhbourhooo A map is a drawing of the Earth,s of this book is drawn on less than half a surface, or a part of it, on a flat surface, page. A r1',i,i ,ii.ri) of the world can be such as a sheet ofpaper. But you cannot several times its size, ancl sho lttlaattcecnuroautet ltyh.eSEoa, rtthhe,sresuarrfeacseomanedesrhroorws olirilto9ld\"el,d,,arn:dtrcanc.rinedb. e \"\",,,y X;J','J rn the sha;res and sizes of land masses A book of maps is called an . _[urn 1min-iomli\"se People who make maps rry to the- pages of your atlas and look at the these errors. different maps in it. you will find that there are ser.eral types of maps in it. Differenl tgpes of rnaps Some of these are as follows: Maps can be clrawn to show the whole . rtYmheopopcro\"tdunnsIthrcieoiliswcsai.nnIgndo\\bs^toarutrenas*d, aannedsthoef world, a single continent, a country, a crty, your neighbourhootl, and even your school. I hev c,rn be drawn in any SIZE. . Mlaanpdsssuhcohwainsgmnoautunrtaalinfesa, turirveesrsolatnh<el The larger the area covered by a map, ure more n ill be the errors in ptams, known as ol your neighbourhoocl can it. A map . be drawn Maps showing clops grotvll accurately, as it covers a small area. tsut mlnerat.s found in various places or d m,tp ol India or a map of the world o Maps showing rainfall in different wttthar e errcrrr because thev cor er very rarge areas. areas The map of the world shown on page 12 r Maps showing roads, railway and airline routes @

Elemenfs of a map north-west between north and west, Maps consist of certain elements. Some south-east between south and east, and south-west between south and west. of them are directions, scale, colour INDIA- DIRECTIONS and symbols. These elements are used to give us different bits of information ----G\" about the map and the area it covers. Once we understand these elements, we will be able to use the map better. Drnscrtorus One of the most important elements of a map is direction. There are, as You know, four cardinal directions-north, south, east and west. Usually maps are drawn with north at ScalE the top. Most maps indicate north with an arrow marked N. If you know where Amap rarely shows the actual distances between places. Distances are shrunk north lies, it is easy to find south, east so that the area being mapped can be fitted on a piece of paper. To be able to and west. do this accurately, maps If north is at the top, then south is at the bottom, east is to the right, and west to are drawn to a scale. the left. The scale of a map is the North-east lies between north and east, ratio between distance shown on the map and the actual distance on the ground. A photograph of a school taken f Bjdis n P\"*-t t r,* For example, the actual ffom the air I Gr4. '- Aa wall I sidowdt distance between A map of the same school; note the two cities may be 100 different elements it contains kilometres. But on the

map it may be shown as 1 centimetre. 0r--1-0-0-2-0-0--30-0--+00 iOO km Then the scale of the map is '1 Scale centimetre:1OO kilometres'. On such a linear scale. Each division in the bar is map, anactual distance of 500 kilometres one centimetre (measured on the map) and indicates one hundred kilometres will be shown as 5 certimetres, and a (as shown in numbers iust above the distance of50 kilomehes as % centimetre. bar) on the ground. The scale of a map is often shown as a line with distances marked on it. The scale of '1 centimetre:100 kilometres'is shown here in this way. This is called a Did you know? To understand the symbols and colours used in a map, most maps have a legend or a key. The legend exprains what each ofthe symbols used stand for rt arso explains what the colours represent. The legend is literally 'the key' to the map. lt unlocks the secrets of the map. Look at the map of the world given here, Use the key to understahd the map. -j *r o cEAl,t OCEAN OCfAN T 'r\"\"\",\",\"\".* CLIMATIC REGIONS OF THE WOALD t F!ryhd mddry l*ry-a

Colouns 'Church' there. Symbols make it easier Certain standard colours are used in maps to show feafures such as oceans/ to read and understand maps. Once we seas, mountains, plains, deserts, etc. are familiar with these, understanding . Water bodies are alwafs shown in a map becomes easier. Look at the map on page 11. Note the blue. Deep blue shows deep waters symbols that have been used. and lieht blue shows shallow waters. Given below are some of the standard . Mountains and highlands are shown symbols used in maps. in brown and yellow. Dark brown Boundary b€tween countrlss shows high mountains. Light brown S6a route shows lower mountains and hills. Boundary betw€en slates Yellow shows plateaus. Capital of country . Plains and lowlands are shown in Nationalhlghway 8reen. PO Post Otflco SYMeols Oth€r roads To make it easier to show features PS Pollc€ Station and places on a map, certain standard ilJ++Hl-fl-+ Railway llno symbols are used in maps. A symbol is a shape or sign that is used to rePresent Brldoe River something. For example, to show a church on a map we caniust put a cross at that spot, instead of writing the word /./0l\\, I now know 1. Maps are much more convenient to use than globes. 2. Different types of maps are drawn to study different things. 3. Usually maps are drawn with north at the top. 4. A map is drawn to a fixed scale. The scale of a map is the ratio between distance shown on the map and the actual distance on the ground. 5 Standard colours on a map are used for different features. 6. standard symbols make understanding of maps easier.

))$ Words to remember map: a representation of the Earth drawn on a flat surface atlas; a book of maDs scale: the ratio between distances on a map to the actual distance on the ground symbol: a shape or sign th6t is used to represent something Y Exercises A, Fill in the blanks, '1. An is a book of maps. 2. The ratio of distance on a map to actual distance is known as the of Tne mao. 3. On a map, high mountains are shown in 4. On a map, the use of the colour blue snows 5. Shapes or signs used to represent features on a map are called 6. On a map drawn to a scale of 1 centimetre: 1OO kilometres, a distance of five centimetres on the map means an actual distance of 7. lf north is at the top in a map, west is to the B. Match the columns. a. Green 1. Arrow marked N on map b. Bridge c. North 2. 1 centimetre:1 kilometre d. Map scale 3. Plains 4. -.-. -.- e. Boundary between two countries C. Answer the following questions. 1. A globe is the most accurate way to represent the Earth, However, we generally use a map rather than a globe to study the Earth. Why is this? 2. A map of the Earth will have errors in the shape and size of places shown on the map. Why is that so? 3. How is direction usually shown in maps? 4. What do you understand by the term 'scale of a map,? 5. Which standard colours are used in maos? 6. What are symbols?

v1\" Multiple choice questions 1. Which of these maps will always have some errors? a. map of your house b. map of your school c. map of your neighbourhood d. map of the world 2. What does a political map show? a. features such as mountains, plains and rivers b. roads, railway and airline routes c. boundaries of countries, states and important cities d. number of seats won by political parties in an election 3. On a map, 1000 km is shown as I cm. The scale of the map is: a. 1OO0 kilometre:'] centimetre b. 1 centimetre:1ooo kilometre c. 1OO kilometre:l centimetre d 1 centimetre:1oo kilometre 4. Blue colour in a map always shows: a. plain land b. hills c. water bodies d. marshy land 5. Which of these symbols represents a boundary between countries? a, c. d. HOTS:Think and Answer A wall map of the Earth has errors because the Earth's surface is shown as flat' Do you think a wall map of your neighbourhood will also have similar errors? Why? Which map of India will be bigger-€ne drawn to a scale of 1 centimetre: '100 kilometres or one to a scale of 1 centimetre: 50 kilometres? Why? Weblinks http://www.mapsof i nd ia.con/maps/schoolch i ldrens/ http://maps.google.com/ - choose whatever map you want to see in whichever size you WANI http:/ vww.google.com/earth/index.html - download Google Earth 6 and have fun

- Enrichment Activities Bpeak oul: Your classmates want to come to your house. Give them directrons to reach your house from school. Mention a few landmarks they lorijloof. ort fo. l l.t\".itclbh4ae-enaelntldwsoroetmhctiuoistniveu:essdV.i.n,NqMgoltewaeaarscucualherlceerurtolharwteeaildlttihhsgertiaevnesaccdyae.oleubNoeaoftwwmthefaeeinpnmdoDa\"foerI.lnlhditinaa\"nfdroCmhewnhnaiacirihto\"tnnhe.i\"hs\"oca\",t\",e*p\"h.\"ansvo, Arf workr Draw and colour a map of the world. you will have to do it freehand, without tracino. P-rojecf work; D-o.a project.on the history-of map-making, or cartography. you could o::rlly.ol\"u-gcolgutydte:v:eYn .curecaotuetda present your or a chart, website. findings in the iorm of a [pon, Hands on! su\"OnnodJpe.pr:ArWnTgebc_e1Lnitnt-rkIelssr)t.a.Mnitda{khJegisactogrrto:icusagglh1bnsuekil.edimtinchgpsoo.r_tfatynhoteutamcnaadnpmaainlrskoysouussurecnhGootaesodgtohleoekm.maaprns roads, site 2 (cireck v Life Skills and Values Map Reading trtGoooeucrttaeaeta.-ebcdhig. y.Lmoouacraptsecohfyooyouolrufrsroccmhitoyyoool.nuRrtehhaeodumstheae.pA,msrakocpaanatenedtldhmeerartrookatdtahkoeensVwhooh\"rictiehos'ryt.'or-ofuairt.e.hloytuhosureoucisagnh take that Instead of a.printed map, you can also use a Google map of your city on your computer (check site 2 under Web Links).

Movements of the Earth l-t-oot<ing lheaa ,ln this lesson you will leam abouti The novements ol the Eo/rch- rota tion and revoluti on The Earth moves in two different ways. It rotates like a toP, and also revolves or moves around the Sun in a fixed path. It does not seem to us that it is moving because everything on the Earth, including the air around it, moves with it. Rotalion ofthe Earth Take a globe and spin it. It sPins around a line passing through its centre. This imaginary line around which it spins is cailed its axis. The Earth also spins about its axis in the same way. This spirming motion of the Earth is called rotation. Axk of rotdicn A top spinning around it5 axis Globe rotating around its axis The Earth rotales around it5 axig

Dny nruo ltregr Sun has nieht. As the Earth rotates, day The rotation of the Earth around its axis and night follow each other. causes day and night. The Earth completes one rotation around Hands on! its axis in 24 hours. That is why one day and one night are of 24 hours. Shine a torch at a globe in a darK room. You will see that only half the Revolulion of lhe Earth globe is lit. The other half will be dark. Now rotate the globe. The oarx The Earth also moves around the Sun in areas now become llghted and the a fixed path called orbit. This movement iighted areas go into darkness. is called the revolulion of the Earth. The Earth completes one revolution around the Sun in about 365 days, or one year. Try out the activity given above. The Did you know? globe is like the Earth, and the torch is In the solar system, the planet Venus has rne like the Sun shining on the Earth. The longest day. A day in Venus is equalto 243 portion of the Earth facing the Surr has days on the Earth. Howevet a year on Venus lasts tor only 224.7 Eatth-days. Therefore a clat'. The portion facing away from the day on Venus is longer than its year! The planet Jupiter has the shortest day - only 9.8 Earth-hoursl SEnsorus The revolution of the Earth gives us the different seasons-su nr ln Lrr, rvinter, autumn and spi.ine. While revolving around the Sun, the Earth is tilted to one side. The half of the Earth that is tilted towards the Sun gets longer hours of sunlight and has summer. The half that is tilted away from the Sun has lesser hours of sunlight and has win ler o When the North pole is tilted towards the Sun, the South Pole is tilted away from the Sun (as in June in the figure). Atthis time the Northern Hemisphere has summer and the Southern Hemisphere has winter.

\\4rhen the South Pole is tilted towards poles are at an equal distance the Sun, the North Pole is tilted away from it (as in December in the figure). from the Sun. In Therefore, the Southern Hemisphere March, therefore, the Northern has summer and the Northern Hemisphere Hernisphere has winter at this time. has spring and the Southem . In March and September, both the Hemisphere has autumn. In September, the Northern Hemisphere has autumn and the Southem Hemisphere has spring. Therefore, when it is summer in India, it is winter in Australia, and when it is autumn in India, it is spring in Australia . Thus, the revolution of the Earth and its tilted axis cause the seasons. )!..1 now know 1. The spinning motion of the Earth on its axis is called rotation. 2. Rotation of the Earth causes day and night. 3. The movement of the Earth around the sun in a fixed orbit is called revolution. 4. Revolution of the Earth and its tilted axis cause the seasons. l5 words to remember axis: imaginary line along which something spins orbit; fixed path along which a planet (such as the Earth) rotates around a star (such as the 5U n,l tilted; not straight; slanting hemisphere: half the Earth, below or above the Equator

t- Y Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The fixed path along which the Earth revolves around the Sun is called its 2. The part of the Earth facing away from the Sun has (day/night). 3. The imaginary line along which the Earth rotates is ca ed its 4. Day and night on the 5. In the month ofJune Earth are caused bv the of the Earth. the towards the Sun. Pole is tilted B. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. The Earth takes 24 hours to revolve around the Sun. 2. The hemisphere of the Earth that is tilted away from the Sun gets longer hours of sunlight. 3. When the North pole is tilted towards the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere 5U mmer. has 4. When the Northern Hemisphere has day, the Southern Hemisphere has niqht. C. Answer the following questions. 1. How many different types of motions does the Earth have? 2. What is meant by,rotation.of the Earth? What is the effect of rotatron? 3. Why is one day and one njght on the Earth of 24 hours? 4. In the month of June it is summer Southern Hemisphere. Why? in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the 5. Why do the seasons repeat year after year? i', Multipte choice questions 1. We see the Sun rising in the east and setting in the west. This happens because the Sun b. the Sun revolves around the Earth a. the Earth revolves around d. the Sun spins on its axis axisc. the Earth spins on its 2. When the North pole is tilted towards the Sun, a, btthhoeethNNhooerrtmthhieesrrpnnhehHreeemsmiihsspapvhheeerrseeuhmhaamss eswruimntmereranadndthteheSSouotuhtehrenrnHheemmisipsphheererehahsassuwminmteerr b. c. 3. d. both hemispheres have winter The seasons are caused by the a. rotation of the Earth revolution of the Earth around the Sun c. rotation of the Sun revolution of the Sun around the Earth

4. You are 10 years old today. You will be 11 after a. the Earth completes one rotation on its axis b. the Earth completes one revolution around the sun c. the sun comDletes one revolution around the Earth d. one year - which is nbt related to the movement of the Earth .\" HOTS: Think and Answer suppose the axis of the Earth was not tilted. What difference would this have had on the seasons on the Earth? The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. This happens because of the rotation of the Earth. What does this tell us about the direction in which the Earth rotates? Weblinks http://www enchanted learning.com/subjects/astronomy/planety http://www. kidsgeo.com/geog raphy-for-kidy001 7-the-earths-movements. ph p '\"' Enrichment Activities . Puzzle lime: Solve the puzzle using the given clues. Down: '1. lt is caused by the revolution of the Earth on a tilted axis 2. Sirinning around the axis 3. The imaginary line joining the North and South poles of the Earth 4. A model of the Earth Across: 5. Movement of the Earth around the sun 6. The path on which the Earth moves around the Sun

Wrile righl: Write a story about life on Earth in the year 3000 (that is, almost a thousand years in the future). What changes do you think would have taken place? Would people have started living on the Moon and on Mars? Would there be any trees left on Earth? Field visil: Visit an observatory or a planetarium to learn about the Solar System and the movements of the Earth and other planets. Write a report on what you learnt there. Fihd oul: Why do the North Pole and South Pole have six months of day and six months of night? Projeci work: Prepare a chart on the movements of the Earth. Draw and colour the diagrams neatly. Hands on! Place a table lamp on the centre of your table. Take off the shade, so that the bare bulb is shown. Light the lamp. With a chalk, draw an ellipse around the lamp. Move a globe around the ellipse. This is the orbit of the Earth. One person can spin the globe to show rotation, while another makes it revolve around the Sun (table lamp). use this experiment to explain to your class how seasons occur. V ,,/r Skills and Values Awareness: Never look dircrctly at the 5un At some point in your life you may have tried to set paper on fire using a magnifying glass. The 5un's rays have enough heat to set fire to the paper when concentrated by a lens. Your eye also has a lens and it concentrates the rays of the Sun on the back wall inside the eye. When you look directly at the 5un, the back wall of the eye, called retina, can get burnt and severely damaged. This can even cause blindness. There are special glasses that can be used to view an eclipse. 'infr'ly \\n/atclring a 5olnr e(lilr5e thfourth 3l:re(ialrtlaliej

Climate I LookingAhead wi| learn ln this lesson yo! .about: The ditference between , weother ond climate The foctors that detenine . ctimote The three hedt zones of the Eorth ---JI Wealher and olimate Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. Today might be a cold and rainy day in your city. Tomorrow might be a bright and sunny day. Weather can change from day to day, and even from hour to hour. Climate, on the other hand, is the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time. The climate in the Himalayan Ranges is co1d. It is very cold during most months of the year. The climate in and around Cherurai is warm and humid, whereas it is hot and dry in the Thar Desert. Factors affectin! climate Different places in the world have different types of climate. The climate of a place affects the people living there in many ways. The clothes they wear, the food they eat and the types of houses they live in are aI1 affected by the climate. The factors A rainy day A hot and sunny day A cold day

that determine the climate of a place are: o distance from the Equator . height above sea level r distance from the sea . winds . the amount of moisture h the air Larrruoe (Drsrarrrce FRoM THE Climatic zone5 Eounron) the Sun. Depending on the amount c heat received, there are three climatic o The Earth gets heated by the rays of the heat zones on the Earth. Sun falling on it. Look at the diagram below.It shows the same amount of rays The Torrid Zone from the Sun falling at different parts of The area on both sides of the Equator the Earth's surface. As you can see, the between the Tropic of Cancer and th rays are direct or vertical at the Equator Tropic of Capricorn, is called the Torrir and slanting at the poles. The slanting rays have to heat up a larger area of the or Tropical Zone. The word 'torrid Earth's surface than the direct rays that means extremely hot. As it lies near th fall on the Equator. Hence, places near Equator, this zone receives maximun the Equator get heated more thar places heat. It is hot throughout the year here near the poles. Alssoo,, thee Sunn''ss rays haavvee to travel a greater distance through the air at the poles than at the Equator, losing in the process a lot of its heat to the clouds, watervapour and dustpresent in the air. Different parts of the Earth, therefore, receive different amounts of heat from The Sun's rays tall directly on the Equator and are The Topi(al or the Torrid Zone slanting at the poles

The lemperale Zones Circle and South Pole in the Southern The areas that lie between the Tropic Hemisphere, receive very little heat of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the from the Sun. They are very cold, and Northem Hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricom and the Antarctic Circle large parts- are covered with snow in the Southern Hemisphere, are called the Temperate Zones. This region has a throughout the year. They are called the mild climate-neither very hot nor very Frigid Zones. cold. Did you know? The North and South Poles experience 6 months of day and 6 months of niShtl Places within the Ardic Circle, like parts of Norway and Greenland, where the sun stays in the sky through the night and day, are known as the Land ofthe Midnight sun. A temperate forest in Australia the Sun shining at midnight, Norway The Frigid Zones Hgronr naove Ssn LwEl The areas between the Arctic Circle Have you visited a hill station? You know that it is cooler up in the hills and the North Pole in the Northern than in the plains, even if the two places Hemisohere, and between the Antarctic are the same distance away from the Life in the Frigid Zone:Polar bears walk on ice in the Arctic Ocean Equator. The higher you go, the cooler it becomes. The peaks of high mountains are covered with snow throughout the year. Thus, the higher a place is from sea level, the cooler is its climate DrsnNcg FRoM THE gEA Water heats up and cools more slowly than land. This affects the climate of places near the sea. They are warmer

stA OCEAN OCEAN cc€A/v r-.'6\"-\" flh-lauh-.a*r-d*, f I w\"'. .\"d \".' OCEAN E%ryMr_ddry ]cm Id *t 4O,Ld\\ ICLIMATIC REGIONS OF !]1:1_ .'\"5#o1tg. in winter and cooler in summer than parts of India. The hot winds from the Thar Desert make Delhi very hot during places far away from the sea. .F.or summer. Thus, the climate of an area rs example, Mumbaiis closer to the Equator affected by the winds. than Delhi. We can therefore, expect it to be warmer than Delhi during summer. Huvtorry But this is not so, because Mumbai is Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. It affects the climate situated on the sea coast. This makes its climate moderate. of place. The air over the Equator is water vapour, ds the heat Wrruos lad.ean \\^ ilh of Winds tend to flow in particular the_Sun here causes rapid evaporation clirections in different parts of the ol the ocean waters. This causes heavy world. They may be hot, cool, dry, or rain in the area. So the climate near full of moisture, depending on where the Equator is hot and wet. Deserts are they come from. For example, the formed in places where there is very little humidity, and so very little rain, monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean throughout the year. and Arabian Sea bring rain to large

INDIA.MONSOON Dld you know? WINDS Scientists who studv and predlct the weather -3a;- are called meteorologists. They often use satellite pictures ofthe Earth to predictthe \\ weather. You may have seen such satellite pictures on weather bulletins on the television. I N D r/A 1. \\/ A ratellite generated weather map of South- ;:.i . East Asia ?*' *;.*,. ;->. \".tr.lnowknow 1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time 2. climate is the average weather condition of a large area over a long period of time' 3. The factors that determine the climate of a place are latitude, height above sea level, distance from the sea, winds and humidity. 4. Places near the Equator receive maximum heat from the Sun. lt reduces as we move toward the poles. 5. The Earth can be divided into three climatic zones depending on the amount of heat received from the sun-torrid. temperate and frigid zones 6. The higher a place is from sea level, the cooler it is. 7. Places near the sea coast have a moderate climate. 8. Winds and the amount of humidity in the air affect the climate of a place ') Words to remember climate: average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time humidity: the amount of water vapour in the air oreclict: to tell what is going to happen in the future

\\ Exercises A. F;ll in the blanks. .'1 The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time is called 2. _, ,luitinffiThe rays of the Sun fall vertically on land near the the but ur\" 3. The heat zone within which the Equator lies is the zone. 4. The heat zone farthest from the Equator is the zone. 5. The heat zone which enjoys a mild climate is the 6. The amount of water vapour in the air is known zone. 7. As we go up on a mountain, it becomes (cooler/warmer). B. Write T for true and F for false senrences. 1. Climate changes from day to day. 2. The air in deserts has low humidity. 3. During the summer months, days are longer near the Equator than far awav from it. 4. Most places in the Temperate Zone have a mijd climate. 5. The climate near the Equator is hot and wet. C. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between weather and climate? 2. How does the climate of a place affect the people living there? 3. Name the five important factors that determine the climate of a Dlace. 4. why do areas near the Equator receive more heat from the sun, than those near the poles? 5. Where are the following heat zones located? Describe the general climate of each zone. 6. (a) Frigid Zones; (b) Temperate zones; (c) Tropical Zone How do winds affect the climate of a place? 7. How is the humidity in chennai different from that of Jaisarmer in the Thar Desert? .. HOIS; Think and Answer lfyou stand in the Sun, you feel warmer at noon than in the mornings or eventngs. why? Delhiis further away from the Equator than chennai. But summer in chennar rs nor as hot as in Delhi. What are the reasons for this?

(- Multiple choice questions .1 The climate of a place is affected by a. distance from the Equator b. humidity c. height above sea level d. all of these 2. Which of these zones receive the maximum heat from the Sun? zonea. Tropical b. Frigid zone c. Temperate zone d. All of these receive equal amounts of heat 3. A city is expected to have a moderate climate if it is a. near the Equator b. nearthesea c. near the mountains d. nearthe Poles 4. lf the latitude of a place is 30\" N, it lies in the a. Tropical zone b. North Temperate Zone c. Frigid zone d. south Temperate zone 5. A city lies on the Equator. lt is located on the plains, fa r away f rom the coast' lts climate is expected to be a. hot throughout the year b. cold throughout the year c. hot in summers and cold in winters d. neither very hot nor very cold Enrichment Activities goeak ouf: Which is your favourite season? What do you like about it? share your feelings with your classmates. Wrile r'4hl: Your friend lives in Australia- She is coming to India to spend some time with yJu. She wants to know more about the climate here so that she can buy clothes accordingly. Write her a letter describing the climate of the place where you stay. Remember to write about the climate and not the weather. Arl work; Paint a picture of either a rainy day or a hot day in summer' Msp wo*: Look at the map of the world showing the heat zones on the Earth . Write down the names of 5 countries in each of the zones. . Write down the names of 5 cities of India in the different zones in which India lies' Proiecl work: Work in groups. Find out the weather report for your city, from the neivspaper, TV or the Internet (see web links above). Note it down in your scrap book. Do this every day for a month. . Note the daily changes in maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, clouds and rain. What was the highest temperature for that month? . What was the lowest temperature? . How much of rain fell? Or was it a dry month with no rainfall? . What was the percentage of humidity? . Based on these reports can you say what the season is? . Find out about the climate of the place where you stay.

Hands on! Measuring the outside temperature ustng a thermometer How many of you have seen a ther measure templratu,\". rt tuil, ,; h;il'#;:T:jr,:\"iffiff:\"Jll\"t',:'*'u'\"n,,,\"0,o Ask your teacher to t6ach you to read a thermometer. Now place a thermometer outside in a shady place, remperature readings at away from direct sunlight. Take answer these questions. every hour and wriie them a\"*'r, i\" f\"\"i \"\"i\"oook. Then . What was the temperature at 9 am? . What was the temperature when . How did the temperature change you were leaving for home? during the day? . What was the warmest time of the dav? il:t;iffi1\"$:t\"t\"T*hrYour classmates whv does the temperature chanse durins * tt, Skiils and Values Being an informed traveller You live in Delhi. S.:u[p:piosge *vou:ear;e?( f]:'Ji;xli.:? rfl iiiJt,i;i t^ilt Jx J,,\"\"? ;::il\" n:;,::l*-iil The clothes you pack will deoend o i,:*i\"fJlg:flil:# il:n;l\";:..,\",\"+i, :: i\",i*,i;;.il;il;\";ff\"\"aff tr\":Tli:\"#lH|T\",:Jl::,X*i,:l5\"t::r:L\"\"il*llilo?inio,,uoo,,,r,\"

NIGERIA cDoENMGOOCB(ZAATtIRCE)R_EPPUHBYLSICTCOAFL UGANDA,// KENYA / ceu enoon\\1 .) E6-f-' FUrlEf\\ r GABON OCEAN ANG OLA hot throughout the year. The rapid evaporation of water due to the high temperature during the day, leads to high levels of humidity. This causes clouds to build up and heavy rains occur by afternoon. This happens almost er ery day, making the region one of the wettest in the world. ln some parts of the DRC, especially m the south, it does not rain so much. 'l4/hile the summer is hot and wet, the winter is cool and dry. The Congo River flows through dense rainfore5ts Vegelation Climate The hot and humid climate of the DRC Being near the Equator, the climate is ideal for the growth of clense forests called'tr.opicai rni n li)rosts. Rainforests rn most parts of the DRC rs very

cover most of the DRC. TheY are In some parts of the DRC, mostly in the south, where the climate is not so hot and evergreen forests-the trees of the forest are covered with leaves throughout the wet the vegetation is different. Instead year. There are a large variety of trees of dense forests, there are grasslands and other plants. The trees'are tall and with a few scattered trees. Such open form a canopy of leaves at the top. This prevents sunlight from passing through. qrasslands are called savanna. Creepers, climbers and shrubs grow below. However, at several places the Wildlife canopy is so thick that very few plants can qrow under it. A large variety of wildlife is found in the forests and savannas of the DRC. Elephants, buffaloes, gorillas, chimpanzees,baboons,hippopotamuses and rhinoceros are some mar.mals Dld you know? the rarely :een pygmy hippopotamus liveg in tlle western oarts of the rainforest' The Congo ralnforest ls the second largest In the world, afterthe Amazon ralnforest. the Congo Afri(an Crrey Parrot is one of tle most intelligent birds.

rF\" found in the forests. Lions, leopards, easl and along the rivers. Only about 30 per cent of the people live in cities. gjraffes, zebras, wolves, elephants and Modern facilities are available rn cities. chrmpanzees, roam the savannas. Crocodiles are found in plenty in the The rich city dwellers live in houses and rivers. There are many types ofbirds and apartments, and drive cars. But the poor insects in the forests. Among the insects live in crowded, unhealthy conditions is found the tsetse fly, which causes the in slums. dreaded sleeping sickness. Villagers live in thatched huts in Nafural Resouroes s€parate tribes or groups, each having lrs own customs. There are about 200 DRC has rich natural resources. There tribes in the DRC. The most well_known are vast deposits of copper, cobalt, gold, in-habitants of the DRC are the pygmies. uraruum and diamonds in Southem Long ago, pygmies probably lived DRC.It has the world's largest deposits throughout the DRC and other parts of Central Africa. But now they are fewer of cobalt. Most of the mine.ais are in number, and live only in certain parts exported. With about 48 per cent of the land of the rainforests. covered with forests, DRC has one of The pygmies are short in height. They the best forest resources in Africa. get their food by hunting aniinals and Water is another important natural gathering plant foods. They live in resource. Dams built on the qvers camps, which they occupy for only a lew weeks. Then, they move [o d new produce electricity. Agriculfure place. They make huts out of branches and leaves. Farming is done in large areas from Since the weather is hot and humid, the hibal people do not wear many clothes. where forests have been cleared. The major food crops grown are cassava, maize and rice. Coffee, cocoa, rubber and cotton are also growD and most ol these are exported. The People Pygmies with their hunting nets DRC is thinly populated. Most people live in villages in the highlands in the

old you know? A pygmy camp A traditional dance o{ the Baka pygmres The DRC ls belleved to be the rlchest country in the world ln terms of natural resources. Yet the people ofthls country are one ofthe poorest in the world. The country has seen severalwars In whlch mllllons have dled, But on special occasions thev wear colourful costumes. They enjoy singing, dancing and telling stories. Transporl Kinshasa, the (apital, is built on the banks of the Rail and road connect cities with each other. but land transDort is not so well develooed. Water transDort over the River Congo and other rivers is the maior means of transport. Did you know? Three species of great apes live in the DRC, These are the common chimpanzee, the bonobo and the Sorilla. lt is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. They are also called pygmy or dwarf chimpanzees. They are endangered anlmals and their estimated populatlon is only about 10,000. \\;{ t now know '!. The Democratic RepublicofCongo (DRC) is located intheTropical Zone, in Central Africa. 2. The DRC has a hot and wet climate. 3. Most parts of DRC are covered with tropical rainforests. Some parts are covered with Savanna. 4. DRc is rich in mineral and forest resources. 5. Most people live in villages. Pygmies are the most well-known tribe of the DRc.

)lf woras to remember *\"T:;;\" large flat area of grassland with scattered trees, found in warm parts ol the canopy: (here) continuous cover of rree tetx'opoi\"r,tei,d'j:lnse\"n\"t#tollpanootfhpeer ocpoleunwtrhyofolirvesainle the same area and share a common ranguage, pygmres: peopre of ress than -east Asia (Note: The word aisvseoramgeetihmeeisghctownshiodemreadinoryfferivnesiivn\")cent-r.a,r Africa and south- \\t Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo is 2. DRC is situated in the Tropical Zone, in the continent of 3. The longest river of DRC is 4. Most of DRC is covered with forests. Vegetation consisting of grasslands with short trees is known as a B. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. Most inhabitants of present day DRC are pygmies. 2. Most people in DRC live in cities. 3. It rains almost every day in the troptcat rainforests of DRC. 4. Savannas are grasslands. DRC exports most of its minerals. 6. Pygmies settle down in villages and grow crops. Answer the following questions. #:ii#i\"-1. DRc known as: (a) before 1e71, (b) between 1s71 and issi, (c, at 2. What kind of climate does DRC have? ? Describe a tropical rainforest. Why is most of the DRC covered with tropjcal rainforests? 5. What 6. Name is a savanna? Which parts of the DRC have this type of vegetation? four animars found in prenty in the tropicar rainforests, aid four found in the 7. Which dangerous insect present in the forests of the DRC causes sleeping sickness? 8. Describe the way pygmies live.

Multiple choice questions Frcm 1971to 1997. DRC was known as a. Zaire b. Belgian congo c. Congo-Kinshasa d. congo Free State In the part of DRC near the Equator, it rains a. during the rainy season-June to September b. during winter-October to February c. almost every day throughout the year d. does not rain at all as it is very hot other than tropical rainforests, DRC also has a. grasslands b. deserts c. snow covered lands d. salt water lakes Sleeping sickness is caused by: d. flea a. housefly b. tsetse fly c. cockroach The main source of income of DRC is: a. tourism b. export of minerals and agriculture produce c. export of goods produced in large factories d. export of meat products .,,, HOTS; Think and Answer lf the people of DRC were to use the minerals they mine to manufacture things and then export them, they would earn more money. Why do you think they export minerals? Weblinks http://news.bbc.co. uv2/hi/africalcountry-.ptofiles/1o72684.stm - main events in the history of DRc http://www.lonelyplanet.com/democratic-republic-of -con go Enrichment Activities Lel's debale: Have a debate in class on the topic: 'ls development more important than the need to save our forests and wildlife?' Wdle right; lmagine that you are a pygmy. Write a paragraph describing a day in your life.

Puzzle lime; Fill in the names of the important minerals and crops of DRC. Across '1. the DRC has rich deposits of this mineral 3. a shiny, hard mineral 4. it is used to make chocolate 6. used for ornaments Down 1. one of the main crops grown in the DRC 2. a cereal crop 5. we wear clothes made out of this Arf work; Make a poster or a collage on the wildlife of the Conqo Rainf Find oul: Like the pygmies, there around from place to place. Find are groups of people in India too who move they come from. out what they are called and *hi.i, p\"rt ot tndia Projecl \"'people work: Work in groups. Find out more about the history, geography and the of the DRC and make a project or a website on the DiC.\" Hands on! Watch a video of an African dance and try to learn it. Form groups and perform the dance in class. you could visit this site: http://www.bbc.io.rVUii^ingnury videonation/2005/08/ig bo_af rica n_dance.shtml You could also learn an African song and sing it in class. * rtf\" Skills and values Role play; critical thinking lmagine you are a bonobo living in the rainforest of Congo. people are cuttrng down trees on a rarge scare. you Many of are hungry mostofthetimeas food ls difficurt toiind. the other bonobos have been captured and sent to the zoo. l:y_t\"jT:illr,b:Yi:: y^::l1X?l9??cawp?tuurteddyaonudcotankteinnuetotothetryzoaon?d survive in the witd, or wourc you (saTe_and welt ted, Woutd you be happrer rn a zoo and answer but kept free)? Think in a cage); or in the forest (hungry scared, but

-Greenland The Land of lce and Snow Ji-nngmeaa I,n this lessotl you will lean abdJt: The locdtion ond .limatu of Greehland . lts vegetotion ond witdlife , lts people; ond its ogriculture onat Iindustry Greenland is the largest island in the world that is nota continent.It is a self-goveming province of Denmark, and its capital is Nuuk, earlier known as Godthab. The first European who visited Greenland was an explorer called Eric, the Red. He gave the island its name. Climate ARCTIC The Arctic Circle passes B atli n E be cae through the southern Greenland6, 1000 500 part of Greenland. . (DENMAFK)I; 200 Most of Greenland therefore lies in the N o rwagi an Frigid Zohe in ihe -' sea Northern Hemisphere. You have already read Nuuk _GREENLAND PHYSICAL that this region has a flGodthab very cold climate. The 0 290 580 km region is also known as the Tundra region. S.ale Eighty per cent of Greenland is always covered with ice. Huge pieces of ice frequently

break off and float in the sea. They are called icebergs. They pose great danger to ships in the sea. The south-westem coast of Greenland is the warmest part of the country. Most of the people live here. Seals bear, reindeer, musk ox, wolf, arctic fox and seal. Several varieties of fishes and sea birds are also found here. Dld yoq know? lcebergs are actually much larger than they seem, This is because when an icebergfloats on water, most of it remains under water, Most of Greenland is (overed in ice and snow Vegelation and Wildlife Nothing grows in the ice-covered areas of Greenland. There are no forests, and no crops can be grown here. Some plants can be seen during the summer months. OnIy those animals that can withstand the extreme cold are found in Greenland. Among them are the polar Plant5 like sedge, cotton gra5s, and liden grow in Southern Greenland during the summer monlhs.

The People However, to the Inuit 'igloo' meant a The Inuit (or the Eskimos as they house-whether made of ice or wood or were also called) were the original bricks. In the summer, the Inuit moved inhabitants of Greenland. They are into leather tents. mainly hunters, and live by hshing and Most Inuit now lead a settled life. They hunting animals found in the region. live in small villages or towns on the sea The skin and fur of the animals are used to make clothes. The fat is used as fuel. coast. Earlier they used bows and harpoons to hunt. But now they use guns. In the They go on hunting trips which may past the Inuit were nomadic, that is they last for several days. They have fast used to roam around throughout the motorised sledges for transport. They year to hunt. They used sledges pulled use motor boats for fishing. by dogs for bansport. They used boats called kayaks for fishing in the sea. The people wear clothes made of animal skin and fur. Men, women and children Did you know? wear jackets with hoods lined with fur, The Inuit do not like to be called Eskimos, as called parkas. Long boots made of seal the name means ?aters of raw meat'. skin keep their feet warm in the snow. While roaming around, the Inuit used Today, Greenland has a mixed populatior; mostly of lruit and to live in temporary houses made of Europeans. The total population is only blocks of ice. We callthesehouses igloos. about 56,00G-less than the population of even a small town in India! Almost the entire population lives on An Inuit family in fur-lined parkas

the south-western coast. There are Agrioullure and Industrg towns with modern facilities such as Fish processing is the major industry electricity, Permanent houses, schools in Greenland. Sheep are raised in small and hospitals. The capital Nuuk is the numbers in the south-western coast. A biggest town with a population of about 15,500. Holsteinsborg (now known as very small part of land in the south-west Sisimiut) is the second biggest. It has a is suitable for agriculture, and some population of about 5500 PeoPIe. vegetables such as Potatoes are grown The city of Nuuk seen {rom the air Inuit seal-hunter in a kayak, armed with a harpoon (a kind of spear) 7i- I now know 1. Most of Greenland lies in the Tundra region and is always covered with ice' 2. Animals, fish and birds that can withstand the extreme cold are found in Greenland' 3. Inuit (or Eskimos) were the original inhabitants of Greenland' 4. Most people in Greenland live on the south-western coast' 5. Thecapital N uuk is the biggest town with a population of a bout 'l 5.500 people' 6. Fish processing is the major industry of Greenland :itt Words to remember iceberg: a very large piece of ice floating in the sea tundra: a large {lat area of frozen land lying around the North Pole kayak: a narrow boat that is moved with a single paddle, flat at both ends iolooi a house made of snow or ice

f Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The capital of Greenland is , earlier called 2. The Frigid Zone in which most of Greenland is situated is also called the regron. , 3. Huge pieces of ice floating in the sea are known as 4. The oriqinal inhabitants of Greenland are also called are temporary houses made of blocks of ice by the Inuit. B. Match the columns. a. boats 1. Eric, the Red b. warmest part of Greenland c. gave the name 'Greenland' 2. Holsteinsborg d. passes through Greenland 3. Arctic Circle e. Sisimiut 4. South-western coast 5. Kayaks C. Answer the following questions' .1 What kind of climate does Greenland have? 2. What are icebergs? In what ways are they dangerous? 3. Describe the wildlife of Greenland. 4. What is the main occupation of the Inuit? 5. What kind of clothes do most people in Greenland wear? 6. How have modern facilities changed the lives of the Inuit? & Multiple choice questions '1. Most of Greenland lies a. north of the Arctic circle b. between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic circle c. between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer d. north of the Antarctic circle 2. The main occupation of the people of Greenland is a. farming b. fishing and hunting c. working in large factories producing cars d. selling forest produce such as timber 3. The clothes worn by people in Greenland are mostly made of b. silk c. skin and fur d. wool a. cotton 4. The original inhabitations of Greenland were: a. Europeans b. Inuit c. Americans d. Indians

5. The population of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, is closest to: a. 15,000 (approximate population of a big village in India) b. 150,000 (approximate population of a hill station in India such as Simla) c. 1,500,000 (approximate population of a large town in India, e.g. Coimbatore) d. 15,000,000 (approximate population of Delhi) . HOTS; Think and Answer Why do you think the Inuit were nomadic? Why didn't they settle down in one place? More people live in the south of Greenland than in the north. Why do you think this is so? ' Ennchment Acttvtt,es Puzzle lime: Take the geography quiz on the website http://www.mrnussbaum.corn/ world/ca pitalmatch.htm Speek oulr Find out and speak about Global Warming. How do you think it will affect the life of the DeoDle of Greenland? Projecl work: Find out more about the history, geography and the people of Greenland and make a project or a website on Greenland. Include pictures. Find out: The Titanic was a famous ship that sank in the sea after hitting an iceberg almost 100 years ago. Find out all you can about the ship and its voyage. Hands on! Take a large ice cube and put it in a glass of water. Does it float or sink in water? Observe how much of it is below the water surface. lsn't most of it below the water surface? lt is the same with an iceberq. * riJ\" skills and values Protecting the environment Global Warming and climate change may soon force the Inuit people of northern Greenland to abandon their icy home and traditional way of life. What is Global Warming? Find out more about it. How can each of us help to reduce Global Warming? Share your thoughts with your classmates.

-Saudi Arabia The Land of Hot Sands I Looking Ahead Iln this tesson yd) will leam obout: . The land ond climate of Sotdi Arobio . lts vegetotion and crops . lts peopte . lts religious importance Saudi Arabia is a large country situated in the Arabial Peninsula. A peninsula is a piece of land jutting out into the sea. It is surrounded by water on three sides. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. It lies between the Red Sea on the west and the Persian GulI on the east. The capital of Saudi Arabia is Itivadh.

tand Vegelalion and AXlricullure Most of Saudi Arabia is a high rocky Very few plants can grow in a desert plateau covered bv a vast desert. The climate. Cacti and some short shrubs, desert is covered with small hills of which can withstand the hot and dry conditions, can be seen growing in the sand called sarrl ciurerr, Strong winds desert regions of Saudi Arabia. and dust storms keep blowing and Date palms and some crops such as shifting these sand dunes from one wheat and barley are grown in the place to another. There are no lakes or rivers in this land. But at some places in oases. the desert, underground water comes to the surface formins fertile areas called oaSc s. sand dunes in the Arabian Desert The Al-Hasa is the largest oasis in Saudi Arabia Did you know? Climate SaudiArabia is the second largest producer of petroleum after Russia. However, it is the The Tropic ofCancer passes through the biggest exporter of petroleum- The petroleum middle of Saudi Arabia. The climate of produdion of SaudiArabia is about l.1tjmes Saudi Arabia is hotand dry. The country that of india. gets very little rainfall, the humidity is Drilling for petroleum in SaudiArabia very low, and the Sun shines bright and hot throughout the year. You have read in the chapter on 'Climate' that these are conditions in which deserts form. The nights are cool, as the sand in the desert cools down quickly at night. During winter, the nights are very cold.

Saudi Arabian women in black abayas Men in the white tobes and headscarves (Picture Ihe People credit Bryeunade) Saudi Arabia is a very rich cotrntry. were nomads, moving from Place to This is because of the vast deposits of p1ace. Even today, many people follow petroleum in the country. The money this lifestyle. They are called Bedouins. Their main occupation is rearing cattle. eamed by selling petroleum to other They move from place to place in search countries has been used tobuild modem of pastures for their flocks of goats, cities such as Riyadh and Jeddah. The sheep and camel. people have modern facilities and the standard of living is quite high. A They live in tents made of animal skin' large number of krdians work in Saudi They sel1 animals and their products at market places in villages and buy food Arabia. grains, dates and other things. Though the cities aremodern, the society in Saudi Arabia is very traditional. The The lifestyle of the Bedouins is also country is ruled by the king. \\4rhen they changing now. More and more of them go out, the women must cover their are beginning to settle down in one head and body in the traditional Abaya, a black dress that leaves only their eyes place, and use jeeps and cars for moving exposed. They are not allowed to drive around. cars. A Bedouin family inside their tent Most men and boys wear the traditional loose fitting white robes called thobe. Their heads are covered with a white cloth, held in place by a ring. Traditionally, the people of Saudi Arabia