The Usborne children's encyclopedia_clone

- - 1. -:\"\" I\" I”HLI\"- I_|_h~'' .I “'ll ‘ 'I I tsaPhunledrfnmOpkitC[oeoamnntoutffsoottrthoeehesdomwtSidaunrptuiepfttrel.ycoTloonhfsiememyotaoolnsrteyhe Most fish live near the surface Nahuatl-gt ifii~7h . l -- ._ - or m the middle depths of the of the ocean. Few fish llve here oceans. These fish never stop and those that do often have swnmmlng.Theirstreomlined their own lights tolurethetr shopes help them swim tost. prey and attract motes. ____‘_‘ Mar-r? 777.7? <\\ 4' 6“ :‘\\\\\\ §\\‘,““:<‘ ., . <{i’ -\\ St.\\#::fl ”IIL W?“ \\l'y‘fi’fiNif“ “'X l l\".J\"tk W“. l! A(inV? 0,17% 9' ..... \" I” Flying lush controvel TOO Sometimesthetecon be so [1,...» metresthrou 9 h the air. l ltmhuecsheopltaunrnkstognreinentheorwroetde.r The enormous whole shork lives entirely on plonkton. The giontsquid’s enemy yeo rs ago, but in 1938 one Isthe sperm whole. They '» i ,- was found olive and well. do bottle deep in the oceon. 5. . \"' “r \\‘3 :5 I. u‘ L. We ' need ox en The gu' lls ' th 80 x Y9 en. from Most fish have babies b. y laying DeOple,f.sh strom eggs. Some otthem bUtld nests but others lay them straight Into lo breothe ' butthe y ge H' yg the woterond then force tUl through gill covers behind the lN'o('nmu-4w' pootsesr,esAsov0efris.IhlSsgwi.lolsl.lows, h-sh I S eyes. ”18 WOler.

‘. A. it I t _ I. 1 \"‘- l. r n‘ l ' .A fir . l' 5. .4. ‘ II ‘-'- I' ' r\" I 1\" l 3'— . .'l 1'.- . 1‘ I Alligators, crocodiles, all membe_ rs_ a f th 9 snakes and lizards are re tile family. A_ I . -. . - 't; - - 'HE .i . . . '- ' l5 - -... , v ”‘11: _ I- L. .‘ '-' , .r a .. is “J. I- I . , -\"_ ~ . ' t ‘Q' , -\" | --_ ..V- ‘ Reptiles live mainly on land, but They are cold-blooded which some ofthem spend a lot of means that the temperature of their bodies is always the same time in water. They all have asthatoftheir surroundings. scaly, watertightskins. Reptiles lay eggs straightaway, butthelf'liwr‘iiniS still keep watch over them Unl'l they are really strong- . re fr , break off Wh en theY wanllo _ tail grows in its place.

‘ II 1 —n n .- '- 1 -' ' rr u- I lI Ian ' ‘ Whatts an amp!\" t. -\"¢. _t I. I ‘ -. '1 JP.\" ‘5 — .3 x _. ‘ - ‘ Frogs. toads, newts, A I3 salamanders and worm-like .i I animals, called caecnltans,are abnedcaounselatnhdeTyhlelVyeonbloyt'hrT“evégter Amphibians have backbones clltypes ofomphtbton- waterto breed in. Spiareéold-blooded.Most Frogs skinseI nbutrsemcfeihegOhVreouulgnhglhS.etr Like all amphibians, frogs lay their eggs in water. The eggs are called ’frog spawn’ and look like tiny balls of jelly. Two small bumps appear on Now they aretiny frogs which their tails which grow into back can leap out ofthe water and legs. At about ten weeks old, breathe air. Every day they hunt tadpoles grow forelegs and theirtails become shorter. for insects to eat. The lire Salamander has a An axolotl is a type of ASoumsteratloiaandsdethsaetrtlivseurIyn.ttvheemdf)’ deodlYlorm of protection. It salamander. Unlike most other weather by storing rainwater In otooWzeasrnDOothsoimnaflrsonmotittsosekaint it. amphibians, it breeds and their bodies. spends its whole life in water. 47

lly.All birds have wings and most of Birds which cannot tly, such as th eAlrlCOn ostrich, have strong legs so thatt to escape from their enemies. OSt Awing can bend iust like an Birds are very light because 1.. arm. Birds twistor bend their their bones are hollow and When birds take off, they full otair. Their streamlined wings to change direction leap into the air andtlap in the air. shapes help them to fly fast. their wings very quickly. wbeinfogsretothgeeytcuapnetanokeugohff.speed Large birds spread their wings Small birds flaptheirwings and flap them slowly. They fast. The hummingbird beats glide on currents of air, its wings so to st it can hove“ searching the ground for food. fly backwards or forwards. world from the NC“ Antarctic and b _ ”32*\"-\" -—--_ bL”; T. -- n—' - ‘

Birds cannot chew because tYhoeuschaanpeteollfwiths abteaakb.irPdeeliactasnbsy Birds otprey have curved sthweaylhloawvethneoirtefoeothd. talons which they use to stun They It ocFaflatmcmhuidnfigswhoietihnsttchhaeeniirrsbbieeavagekgsfyo. obedaokust and grab small animals and whole. birds. They have large, hooked beaks for tearing up the flesh. is ground up in a part ofthetr stomOChx called the gizzard. Feathers . .- . .- _ ., 'In-'?“ .. . \".-1\". I - -_- flag;' '- |_ ' 'I / Jr.' ' ' _ t'I' I_...~.':—.- ‘1‘!” vii-- Feathers aflrueffmuupcthh.ewlrafermatehrethrsan Birds clean, tidy and all their Feathers become ragged and fur. Blt’dS feathers. The oil comes froma worn afterawhile.At|east on cold days to help them keep gland above the tail and keeps once a yearthey drop out, or as warm as possnble. the feathers waterproof. moult, and new ones grow. Nesting moovlee birds have to attract a mate. Some birds Some birds show off their colours or preen mate one partner for life. Others find a new their feathers to attract a mate. Others put on every nesting season. a flying display or perform dances. above the ground are usually C icks hatched on the naked and helpless. Their ground are often covered wuth fluffy down. They can pa rents feed them until they can fly properly. run and peck things to eat when they hatch. 49

There are about 4,500 kinds of mammals. All the animals on these pages are mammals. So are human beings. Mammals are warm— This meansthattheir ' staythesametemper JOdlEg Some growathicker, warmer when the weather is CllUre coat in the cold winter months. I1?4/ ” - :\"'-€ \"p. _ ' I' . \"il' ' II. “it. .- - ,. “a.- a.. ' .‘VI-\" I -I. ' _'-r,I-_ _\" I? II (If, ' - '. ‘ '.'-. --- _-\"-‘3--' 1' \"5- :_ -\"- \" ' 1r ' it. ‘ 'wt . 'I'- r' '. '. . -'*‘.'- \"h%*\"' -\"' “i“ ..-_.' ”PI? .' 1. . ' I' F Id.“- Mostland mammals have four Some mammals,such as Bats aret eonly mammals legs.Sea mammals,such as kangaroos,hopaboutontheir which cantlvThey usetheir sea-lions and dolphins,have hind legs which are very strong. arms as wings.The skinis flippersinstead oflegs. Theirtails helpthemto balance. stretched overthe bones. Protection Living tgether, l M i 3; - 3- i'\" \".7 l . H - :1: Some mammals, such as chimpanzees, are If very sociable and live togetherin grOUPS- Thefemales look afterthe young OHdlhe, males defend the group from their enem'es' Lions live in a group cthaellehdun0tinPgridanedTfheee d lionesses do most of .' and core for the cubs. The male liot‘IS keep 50 Watch over the pride's territory.

I . .I n. .. I III I- lI - I + I' I ll.“ .l ._: nil _ ' I‘- i“ - Mammals are the only Intelligentand curious. They Allofth . . ._ animals which'feedthetr can learn how to do new and twGhhWeoshluearlefliafIecweinhtoiwiiobarsteeptahr,tzhcfeoé.Smr'fev5setno new-born babies wrthmtlk. III-Ir- .- Most mammals build homes to keep them dry, safe and warm. Some ofthem spend the whole ' 1'\" Some babies take longer than others to mothers. gMrIoCwE inside their mammals feed on their mother’s take three weeks, milk. This has everything human babies take nine months. the baby needs to grow. 1! . _. 1-.- . If; r“ STbCOfi0s”m)l;e-e0smnfootrhleornUsgHseltlalrtythhweainbthaobtthhieeesrirs. A... t; (- Th 6 p l a typu sand pthes in y 00 kSalOfYter themselves. bBeafboVrekathne9yCatt‘rOeOSfuallryefobr0mmed. anteater are two unusual mammals as they lay eggs. They finish growing inside their mother’s wa rm pouch. Their eggs have soft shells. 51 —

tjoheinheudmtoagnebthoedryt.oTmheaykaerae a , ,. W611 skeleton. Without thus y0U Others laourentsc.aTllheedsebaallllo0nmdh would just be a mound o socket dboiffneersentotdmiroevcetioinnmgany e Joints contain a fluid which Some peOple can bend their keeps them oiled and easy to joints more than other peOple move. Straps, called ligaments, because they have very loose hold the bones in place. ligaments. Yboonuecsaanrme oavtteacbheecdautose your To make a bone move, 0 tells . message from your brain mu”SsCc:eess.WEhvlecrhy ioint has two one muscle to tighten up and work the otherto relax. Inturn. Cl pOISOn SCleS prOduce mYOu. Usct'leh_eaItrwt iosrak- nsOblfhyoerl.lfrhetYeIPfWehoofle}.i llred. Bloggl/tggzkets YOU fGGl $323U 023.??m 5 I and you feel away A better,

ytYeooeuuthrgmarniondudthitu.mpTifhxoiesosdhwewilptihtshsiytatoloiuvsarlidine Your heart is a pump. It pumps blood out through down to your stomach. one tube and Sucks it in through another. SPGClOl juices inyourstomach bodythrough rubbery tubes. Used blood returns to the break ll“? lOOd dOV‘f“ ”\"9 tiny Laid end to end, they would go heartintubes called veins. It bllS. This '5 called d'995llon- nearly halfway to the moon. looks purple because the oxygen has been used up. .|-_ir_.|-' ' \"if; '' - ‘- ' J l ‘ ' i r | i . «H J 1' -''5' 1-1- . .- l-I. I . I. .- _ H. . 1. .-__-4- i-_.'_i . ‘|-__ '13IW.- _I.-'!.'“ _ . '_'\". _.|.I'' 11... - .1 - . .Il' 4 1| . .‘, _ .P .' _ It! 1.' .'. '. — . - .l ' * r I. ' _. . - ‘h' -,.l_. 1..\"..- .: I. i“- . . 1 1'! .f‘j '1-.-- mar-i=5: \"145% i sctarellaemd.ththerosumgahll a-Inwteigstgi-nlye,tuabned Blood carries tiny bits of food Blood carries the oxygen you goes all around your body. to your liver. The Inversorts breathe In around your body. 3 the food out so that ll IS ready It takes waste gas to your for your body to use. lungs for you to breathe out. .._. 1?; i I \"“.‘‘i ' Jii’fiiei ii - {Iii ‘. \"' L-‘HLL ' ' I. FI ' Iii-h . a\" r '5 Wtheaslaterggeoeinsteinsttoinae,tuabned‘,gceatlsled Your blood fights germs that When you hurt yourself, your wrpeaaassdsteyestisothrleeromauvogevhtehtdheeabskoibddlyno.eoOydst.her get into your body and could blood makes special gluey make you ill. It surrounds stuff which blocks wounds them and then kills them. and stops them bleeding.

leflfl‘h\" ' The air you breathe in goes You can live for several days down your windpipe into your without food and water but only two lungs. Lungs are full of tiny afew minutes withoutair. holes, like sponges. 5-,. ' 1 Youribody uses oxygen from Any dirt you breathe in is When YOU breathe out YOUV the our. Blood vessels carrythe trapped bytiny hairs in your rrbsdrop bOCk- YOUI‘ oxygen from your lungs into nose so that it does not reach dlaphragm pOps UP- All the bloodstream. your lUngS. USeCl gases are qeeZEd OUl. M 'your 5- ht akmg sense Ound Your eyes see the clock and Your memory says 730. .._ , . r mtheem5okmrYWonorksow You feel with fingers. Your Who or what it is.

_ o‘ - = -_i _ . _ _ _ ,_i __ I. I I .__ .\"i‘ II _ I_.‘ . i t .__. __ iI . 'n] ~\" u —I. - I I —-| iJ . .‘i p _ DsYegonfufdersr:e30nU1t'ap'0ai’sr5tslOikofefmayeobusurssabygrcaeoinsn”tdrtoohle(rfio'ftetoesmr's0.-mfItYtreIO9cb-“éSbiy.Oé'dsYa- n“ 51-1.”. -. I ' . . _ __ .. u-Iwr5,..gi -'--e'. -r: _ .: '- - I|| ‘ messages from Yourfhrsioeiiisiési and works out what to do. It shuts out any messages that are not i m p o rta n t. MIM,_,.“M(WS”\\I\\/fl Yourmemory sorts out important messages from your senses and stores them away. It aiso works out whatthe messages mean. - ._ I. I I I. I -- II~TI . -' I '3_u _ . _:+ I. _. _ . ._ ' . I- r. __ '. I I .. . r- . . ' - I n— - r I. _ -_ u- I Iu I . - I 'I.-\" :I I . I.”- f ‘P' .‘f 'i'. -'_.'. 1. .. _ II.. “I; I.‘ ' ’ zit-ii. H.\"- _ w - ' I ' 1| ' - - “r -'.- 3'I+i '- .:' ..-. _,\"E 1- ' : u- i‘fi .45.}. This part keeps your body gomg. It makes you breathe and your heart beat. ltworks all the time, even when you . fiirtelclraem.llesInsiosaarngaeecsmtiogenorg.theItrnOcUygI h WOkes you u p and ets y 0 U ready to run orfighgtg. TIShtihsecmoradininpsaidt . ._ ._ . i\"' \" Lines, caHed nerves, carry messages from the Spinal cord to your muscles. Nerves also carry f messages from your senses to your brain.

' _ .' T. - II. 650\"” \"‘3 s ' 3?5(iYf Dthe: of mm mm aUnniimteadlsSatantedsb. iMrdosrelivtehamnthheaslfethfaerwesofrsl. When forests are cut and burnt, the animals and birds lose their homes and food. lfthere are no other trees to move to, they starve and die. y to Many of the things we use CO” from rainforests, such 05 . _ medicines, rubber, oils, SP‘CE: and perfumes. Waste gases from {Octet'i’ car exhausts pollute thebawfilii They make it harmful '04. and kill plants and \"36>

.1... mfplaflsiarnmoneerSarsclsofetnhenedoirtthgcerroos'pwosil.Inuws.Iiett.hGutphoeod ._, ., ._ \" \"\" ”glli/fnteegretlnitfsromcmraltapher_ essotubl.yFgarromweirnsg' Soil is full lgearlneodmwIelSnWbtsal-lhrtoehOfaamUtnpll:nlhaelntertaefsels'enlhsoems- ne. dgdstothe r e- ' “ '_ I. j \" '_'1' -. I I n, I ' .- . ' ‘r I '- ‘i I l ' ‘ I#1 . i r' ' L_ f\"I *‘-I'I‘rh - 1 .L - ' i \" .' k— \"‘.\"..'.!.\"t-i - - - u. ‘5‘ ”##5t 'F - ”w-I‘. ... a:— \"fin '~ Pr .- _ .. . ‘\\ .. Trele r00l5 helpto l(“eepthe soil Somefarmers buildterrace Others planthedges around Inlp oceThey Slop ”from being wallsto stOp steep land from fieldsto protectthelond from wo05mnedawOWayC‘Ybybythtehewruanidn.0'” Slipping away andto make wind.Many birds and animals more flatlandforthemto farm. maketheir homes in hedges. A safe me i\" the Wild Wildlife moves to town ' Mgn9'm0)O! lCSocuanntrileivsesseatfueplynianttuhreeirrensaetruvreasl where A few animals, such as taxes, have moved from habitat. their natural home in the country to towns, where EOpIe can visit them there. food is easier to find. 5?

1 t‘m...“ - _ _ ..-. + ~ ~ - ' « . ' ' J' .2...“ AbouttOUl’ mllllOn years ago They ate berrieSOnd Ourearlyancestors were wtheaslkeueparrllg)’hPloeOndplecobmegmaunntloca te tSr0ah0wOl aFs pnthelmenyepadluIassn”et1toS:n0,we1s!e.arendmlohdeelfr0 . e-like creatures wuth each other. ahoobvfigl'ézwpuch smaller than us. Wandering hunters I. _ r' - 4* . -' .1' L! I 1 1-. _ \"u I n . . _-'- . - -. I .- j. . fl ._- . It. 3 .'. -I—_I_I ‘‘ --;.I~,--. - fi - _ J J .t ..i r' _,-. I. ' _._,I_. h ' {flit-fit. - _ nu. - .1 : . -II I.‘ - .r - .. _Il fl . _ , - . \"4-- - _' T '' .' '15:, . .,:-~-:I H Ll?\" , I: -' . t ‘- - \"‘ _‘I- I ép‘.'i.I- ’ ' t. . _I _ . .:' _ ., . - -_ __. _ _ I: :.-_..II.;.I.::_'q:fitn I .i I - 1-\" I If -_ \"'t \" fl'. .- .\" - .:-:- -. I. ‘III-I.I‘III u. . . i ’I* .'-I' i- _ ‘ '- I. _ ‘- . ‘- g '-u. “Ftp-I- 731' -'-:--.'i\"i'- \" - . I\" \". r2- \"W,”?.\"51-“ eai \" . H‘ I I II “ _I_ ‘I r _ 1 I- \" u.\"---\" \" a. - IIfiI,I__ I. I I I.-' I‘:'_ . - . La . H . .fl ‘ III, I... A M These peoplelived in caves and lnthe Middle East people The people builtmud houses hunted animals with stone collected wild seeds and grew and settled down to farm the weapons. They learned to use crops. The first ta rm animals land. They made clay pots and tire to cook and keep warm. were tamed wild animals. learned how to weave cloth. The first cities mliuI‘n1I1I11H“-1.L123- f . '' soooac to 20003c I...‘33! .-.~,'- -' . 13' -'. t I’11. . .-._ H- 'lIfzr- I i i. * i I.“ i E -'. “If . I‘ . -- J . fifitfiw. . ' 15:5... \"'- l. . *.. ' :t— f . 1 1 .r ' -I- I. _ _ The Sumerians in the Middle East built villages metal workers. They were one ofthe first which grew into hu ewalled CIt'65. They had 0 peOples to writethings down. temple in the centreg. The Ancient World I 3100300 tsooac

i;' ll _ I ' i. . 11' .' ' '— ' . I II - . —- - 1-' 1 . I - u- . .Il 1 .' . .1'I- 'I' _.1'..' -_ a: l l-' ' '- _I '- ‘. I . - ' \" ,_ . _ -' \"' 4‘ .-\"-\" _. , -1. I \".1.\" ._‘.- ' . ,- I . r I I‘ I I - ..-..1' .u.I I I- I- 'I o . .. ..- —-_ IIIII .1 I _l ‘r _ .- I rl L.“I.\" \"—- III .- ’\" _J abbriaretchknwoumfaCrbdhesrri.soDt.f.a.yteeasrws iathfteKrItIhI eI I ‘- I- I I _I II I ‘. '.. .- 1:. I. ..' [T1 r I. :I'I I. I- --l '.' ‘5‘“. 4“ .1 _I '.I The Romans had very large 315'- ;gin/x. *.13;- r\" ' \"' I . /i if armies. They conquered Europe, North Africa, and the :‘-\"‘T - 'J J‘ 1 Hr Middle East. I I.” J .1_ - K. 1\". 1- l r‘f‘ fit! I. I II- . \"-. _IIII'aI' II I! _3' 5\"- . ’l _. anII-IIIIIIIII-IIIIIII BC 3 If AD In the Middle Ages each ofthe Clues to the past different countries of Europe was ruled by a king or emperor Forthousandsofyears who owned all the land. different people have lived onthe same site, leaving The Renaissance behind all sorts of remains. Scientists dig these upto discover clues to our history. .- _'_ I - \"Eh-Tia}: ufi; LI:_-I.-,b.' :Z.I.E:EEII_$ importantsubiects. This idea led to the first parliament. experiments to find out more about the world around them. The Industrial Revolution AD] 750 to ADt 91 4 . Tar OIIIIIIIIIII -IIIIIIIII g_ \"_ -' A living thing, such as a tree, ‘II absorbs radioactlve carbon _ 1...;.. .-. H...“ _ . '- --1 . 3f“ .‘3:I I .51 _ . N.M. “. r t: ‘\" “L I T; F\" .l'l I or C M. When itdies C14 I g ‘J‘lflj‘f _ (I! lie {III slowly leaves its wood. i - 1- 1. . '1 . 4. , “i -. 11-. Scientists can work out how Ii_' i'pfj' 11 '_ oldthe wood is fromthe I _I '_.'—I 1‘ fi‘I ‘iI'E I J. amount of C] 4 left, I _E': 59 [BE-'wChqd‘'dlnmeasnywoef rteheinjovebnsted Electronic inventions have DEOpIe Used to do by hand. changed peOple’s lives much faster than ever before. t\" Ou can read more about some of these peOple on pages 60 to 7i- ¥ _________________.__.___—I

CO12ruo0rm0d0oirgyenecoot nrassnocwegsoht,ooorlstivthweederebenedctwooveteethnpee3ol5op,s0lte0,I0cceaanAlldegde. wCcoerololempcootengdsnownnuestrse,hsumeneotzdde3 oonnfnllmIbSet’Froroniedusgbtohotnefioegt.hThoenir: Some groups hunted away The tents were mode of onimol A large tent could house from the coves on the bore, skins, raised over shollow pits several families. Eoch tomily frozen plains of Eastern with low stone walls. Bones or had its own tireplocetor Europe. They lived in tents. tusks held them up. heating and cooking. .. . ' I _‘ -;\"-|__.- 'I II.“ . n! . ._'_~ ‘3 -!_ '3. Q ..-'I .. .' - 1 . P .- .‘I ' r_ . . ‘ ‘ .- 1 +- .11\" '_ 1.- - h .F I!- _ s\" fl. . _. _- '- ' I 1'1. a I .- - _J.:._ _ . .if - .r 1: ' g . r .. - ._ _4\" \"i I. ‘ .. I- -_ l F.\" -. . .. ‘ 7 ..I- ‘‘ \" mrI . u i- ‘_ inf- ii- *‘I - ‘— I I . 1-H\" J ‘I- -‘— .. .. 'l\" - ,. I, . . _._ . ._ ‘_' H -.. up- . - I..; T - .- ' .' H -‘ _ . . Jim-s.\" .. - _.. . I __ t .— .- . ' I. _- II- _ JV.“ .ILA. . . -- -- a; hie-'1‘ ”'1’ i- '1' _ Ff 2113-i\":.”. +'' . .. II ' ,; .-._ . - tn,*.'_ .' . 1 v ,I‘lr- 'H‘L'. I _ 1.. .l . I. .. I. . r i \"r I \"I III ' '- ' \" \"' I' \"'-\"h- . - . . Cromognons were the first Sometimes they decorated their They wore neckl bee people *0 59)”- They made clothes with little beods ot bracelets mode otteeth, clothes by stitching skins coloured rock or shells with ivory and stone threcrde.d together With bone needles. holes in them. together with leather Slr'PS' CoTrofhrochekm_uirsnoptg-sogrooinnnuotsnnthsdwepeIi-nrortecionomtpveoeodwdwpedoiceflrtl.rosu..mres Teaboonui3rmnyiivanpelgeftahotutep.rmleOsruemslevodesssldl' .gs h0pl°ékth03fedsm- e tTvThehheiresmyymfgOcaog“yIor(vidne0dfFoirrresttoeubgnneneeea.nnPlt'-owCmbo\"rr6t5;n°.l 60

- ._ .\" If:- I - I. r. . . t;. '—.~ I. __.*. _r\"_.' ._ Ii .I‘. ‘1 I q. h . .' . . _ 'lr .u .'— . . They dipped animal leg ' r_i- .. .. . — gn.u' . _l'l 1 bones Into balling water to I Sometimes thy mead traps. okTnfhfievlienhstuwnatnhedircshsmptehaaedryesctohhuieptiproeaf xdpeiemsc,teos soften and straighten them so They dug pits, filled them with shape and sharpened. they could be used as spears. sharpened stakes, then covered them with branches. The kill They would hunt the mammoth down and then The greatest preyot all for the Cromagnon. close in for the kill with their spears. Sometimes hunters was the giant woolly mammoth, as ll they would drive it into a bag, so it could not fight back easily. provided them With everything they needed. i 1I D \"it“. i' III . 5\": I .- P K...- 1\"...fi 5 i TmrehademnomcthhoerteyhcPboCov’nWeerdseedor arhnfllmodww'0tet'crls; I 15.. $Wi l. ' The hunters skinned the on hnrave‘f mCll‘rtmoth. and carried Ito woiunded unterdied, he was buried in the floor of the 6] pieces of meat and bones cave with his jewellery and back to the camp. weapons. g

i\"- i' h- .- d': - ‘fln‘l‘m 'ul In“): ' «'5'. ‘ii- Imfl‘fl- I- .u THE WALLS AND MUD \" HE PAM/LY SLEPTA?‘ F FLOORS WERE PAINTED AND OFTEN HUNG WITH REED MATS. a- BACK, OR/N THE J‘aMMEQ; h- Cool clothes and make-up ON THE ROOF. may HAM BATHROOM AND A LAVA TORY. . '-',;I- ' '. 1—\" [5i£ 3 . “1-; \"LI _' — I --.H -‘ _ ig'gI- _|H FT :- l Esmlohgonoydgprettltuiuoonnnficsliic_snwsewooninrt.ehdTtschhoheeoomwul eclodnlomewtrheosenrtsreaps. 80th men and Women wore The children often did nolWe‘: m'Oke-Up' RiCh clothes. Boys had shared heal\" with a single lock ot\"? and girls wore several plans.

The Egyptians hunted on land from chariots and The children played with leather balls and toys in water from boats. Here they are catching a made of wood and ivory. They enioyed wrestling and fencing with wooden swords. hippopotamus wuth harpoons and rapes. Mostchildren did not go to Rich children had a tutor or They used picture writing called school. Boys learned their wentto school. They learned to hieroglyphs. Sometimes a tather’strade and girls helped read and write on paper made picture stood fora sound and their mothers. from papyrus reeds. several pictures made a word. The burial of a king _ ; Elr9T2r’l09H'“d?pS”lakcIin-enstgh,sebduen-sltehrtuagse stone Men spent part of each year When the ki.ng . . bOd)’ their working on buildings for the dled, hIS was preserved and wrapped In king,asa tax payment. linen. This was calleda mummy. lllliilllirw ‘ “v - .a_y .- 2.: ,ii\" - _' I . . i. i fig... «1.. I i i \"i ' , .. - t 7 t. _I ”‘l .i ' - t # Tdphoregc:‘or- ‘f?eWr daesabtuhr.n.Hedissfuevneenrtayl lnsn. de the tomb were clothes, Somet..imes robbers would try to See‘ssmsoensIgnncdlupdaeidd wea ons, furniture and break Into the sealed tomb and one priests, anyt in else the king needed steal the treasures Wth were mourners. for his li eafter death. burned With the king. 63

.I.-‘ ..- l _. ? ADSOO. Rbuomilteongrseewveunpha_ lls ' villages ; near the River Tuber. . Romans were either citizens mo rketg - or non-citizens. Citizens hod .- certain rights, such as o soy ’. in the government, and were protected by lows. A Roman street In Rome there were seyerol Water wos piped into the cit Most Romans rented rooms morkets. Othertowns gust opnudbllRcofomuonntosrpnosl.leUctnedderigttrrooumnd in blocks offlots. Many did 0hawdeoenkeInwthhlechmwomasshqeulodroen. ce plpes corned away the Waste, not have kitchens because of the danger of catching fire. . People bought hot food and 2' drink from eating houses and - thefront. Sloves often didthe . streetstolls.Theydronkwme shopping for their owners. stepping stones to cross the . . road in WEi WGOiher-

Roman citizens liked to visit the public baths. The WtMoofl.elgcl‘ntlaoa.wtThshhhwoearwwwaeolprmopeveeecdnirtirwtzhoeoeunrntseadapwtd.horereeirsabsotcudanyliclIecadanaldlesdtao:llae' ,ce ausntneddamemregbtratohtuhensn.d‘atnfrutd.ernnhaOdcSlePl.hOTeOrhleSe.ywaelrseohpelaayteeddbgyaamnes School and pla. *I‘ Only the children of rich parents went to school. Keeping fit was important, so when lessons were over, the boys ran, wrestled and fenced. Boys Some were taught at home by private tutors or and girls liked to play games such as rolling educated slaves. They learnt to write on wax h00ps and throwing knuckle bones. tablets and used an abacus for arithmetic. The Roman army The army was very well trained When attacking the enemy, the Roman toot soldiers were each OHd conquered a great deal of army used catapults that hurled given a bronze helmet, a shield, land for the Roman Empire. 80 heavy rocks, and battering breastplate, short sword and a ”‘9 Roman way otlife spread. ramsto knock down the walls. long spear. Games $1 0” pubti choh'do 1 Men,called g l a d'I0t9rsI were Some men foug. htwi.ld_ animals. C0en“etlgeCbrtrhaoia'nferi@oat vi5ct5or3y33' g?ir”ezhtetli hts Ttahueghwl *e0re“9ohftteannc5lladvueesb, ravely. t5Thil‘ewaeivr3t9h0umWIv b: sgfuép'idoer,edg_o;fwg_ tnfi.il:gser to crirrl/inals or men in debt.

i. -- _.. _. . __ ave kind to the mOS r Vlllemg’ iliiiteDldiilgn?meronm, thisee\"dOtobloegely“ {[m30is' l\"eadmth“eif”“fibmlemisonlaend,cand Kings and nobles built castles to Training to be a knight g protectthemselves againstthelr enemies. Armed soldiers kept (33“) % watch day and night. l ll l l Anoble’s sontrained to bee l knight. Firsthewasa I4 pogeboy in a noble’s family. They taughthim howto behave well. . . . _' \" - .__ u 1I _ ._ Next he was a squire, the '1 servant of a knight, and he . +- l learned aboutor’mour. weapons and riding. - '' hf ' - -=4 s-p '- .- ; ~._,._._ .L : r- F _ _. II. I -' '.. I l.” _.. r .- *d 'L 9;,- .' .n __-._~‘.- _ \"-3- ' * f -_ -..-I I _I _ a... _.r- l- .. --J M'Wwfl-emz- _ l- I ‘' _' .-I. I -' I I a l 7 Sffeaoam- msut'eslytiiamnntehdseI'tmhgerpeloaortrtdahnahtlegl.ludAelsl tthse Asquire was madeaknlghl by his lord when he had l _ proved hweewreacsabllreadve5.”E - ,nl. Knights

-- . . \" 12\"1. . '. - __I~u.-:I-I-—- *1:— Er--I--I- I \"h “Fl-5\". I. -\"-1 A. . . . . .. - ' I '. ' .-__ '1 _J I \" r \"III . -.a . .I_ II .. _- II f. -—' I I- -I I _ .- l Hi Idi'. I I'- _ . I ‘I - :- ITI' I III III-\\- . . '1 . I... _- IJ — p I I- _ ', E, II l ' -1 '_I IJ-IJ —- I. 1 - {II-\".3 .. - III . ' ' 1,\".- l- — .- l - -: L. 1' ' . . it: l LII l_:'l'I. _: It. - ‘LL' i r _I+'_ I--t \"l H. J -: —1. .‘IE. u \"- - ' l- - . . . H1,_l?r .'J t, . -- - I.II._'i '_1' -- Fri-JG ‘1..IJ_- l I i' '- ._ \"'1- 'I I'I— .. i. ll' '. 1: I h. '\"u\" ' I” JLA‘JJ I\" l = T ..r-ZJ I. r. L '-;_ - J‘‘i..-. ' J .. J]. 1 _ .'I I. g I eTvheerpyedoapyleexWceoprkteodn ihnothlyedfiaeyldss _ 1I g_.__..-r |-.—F' 'u-_ I ..- l.—_ _\"I I‘l\";'—I _\"'J.¢fi:—.-- ‘3 Most people lived In villages. -- 49f- . .- r-rrv 'I-IL I J7J“,*t3mlTehtatethcierhsesmmdaorlolkoehtosouuWste.llsl't had I. n, to and on Sthuenvdiallyasg, ewChehnurtchhe, y _ JJ:- _. . . . .. a hole wentto ill!) Villagers could grazetheir Women spun wool fromtheir lfa person committedasmall cattle on’common land’. Stray sheep and sold ittotravelling crimethey were putin’the animals were locked up until merchants who then had it stocks’ as punishment and the their owners paidatine. woven into cloth. villagersthrew things atthem. Fun at the fair TheBlackDe°”‘ 'e ‘157_-I*‘.*?53W‘~ tair cameto the village, Tinkers sold pots and pans. lnA-D Lteg' rfirn.tbzlcedi’yr.sfieiiaisliegicoal’led ill/ehwel'loa 9ers co U ld buythe- Jeungtegrltearisneadndthme ucsroicwiadn.s 0'7\"” goods on sale there. wntha the Black Death. If he went to a town he could eoTEvnhueerrroadyptistseh.ercAaeabsereordiueSitedpodrbneoyeafdtphite.aercsfrloeonsassm 67' learn a trade. He had to work for several years as apprentice to a craftsman.

1914 is called the Industrial Before that time there were few Revolution. This is because so big towns. Most peOple lived In many machines were invented the countryside. They fa rmed which changed peOple’s lives. their own land or worked for The power of machines the local landowner. Clever men invented machines Factories were builtfor the new Coal was needed to run the which made cloth very quickly, and a steam engine which machines. Many peOple left the machines. Children worked in could drive machinery. country and moved to the the mines, hauling coal to the The clGilly\" orind towns to work In the factories. surface an underground rails. .. I I 1' _‘ : I; It -'.. ._ ' k- - - .1:- Il | ... f I ' = .. l.. :-1 ‘ + .I-It. i . 'f. . - w!.- -‘_ I 1' I. I - ”a.\" If I. .. III”I I |. . I I'I’i'l-l' .| ‘hIf u \"'1‘ .. T I 68

I . 4‘ I Irl'fi' .l- TwThheeelly,falbivcuettodtrhyienoftawincnyte,orcrsyrobwweocdraekmedrehsovwueesryeresrivcwehitrhaynpndooolivr.ed bathroom or clean water. Room for improvement Ii \"R ti If? A' t last lawpseOwpelree, smli.vaedse. to Factori es were made safer Workers '0' to Better places in which to work. The form trodle unneigrigiiflthee mrovewere buult and tree SCoh0us0el5s setupforoll children. working day was shortened. could bargain forbettervz/ages The lobless were given money. and wor.king condHitionIs. Going further faster PeOple realised that it was cheaper to move heavy goods, such as cool, by boat. 50 a huge network of canals was built. There was more trade between countries around the world as travel by steam ships became more reliable, faster and cheaper.

.I , I! ' .5: [lb f I -Fil I. h‘vu\" \" \"'-\"'-F - «'1- Iii—in *qhn—p-- .-——1- \"' w —0 ”Mr\"i+“# “It IZII-Ir'll'fl'lI-r—- 1H1 Aw...“ 'I before in history. trhigaht ollonlyvomlee,nadnI.dd m.Inolhney do jobs tpheeOypuleseldiveto lo.Inntgheertpoodstg_y', h 6n post. Voeorsol pnleotnweosrklIIsnkofarlol tohdesw,roorilldwIos y s,shipsond SI. npfoocrme ophro_obnebsOeCxkptloorEeatrhthe.unive \"J countrles. THE UNITED STATES OF AWIWNNAASLIA9KMT6HE9OER,NIFCTNIARHENESILTMAAOPSREOIMRRNSSO.OTRNNOAIIo'III?' AMERICA HA5 ENOUGH ROAD TO 60 AROUND THE WORLD NEARLY [53 TIMES. JAFURUMOSTMBROBALRJIEAITTAISNIN1F1LT3YO0117\" 20 HOURS. SAILING SHIPS 700K Six MONTHS. Keeping in touch

nd 9 d ets 1 - .r ‘.\" I. ' |. III b - . '1 hr I m .I I\" '1 ‘ 1! J\" - q“; ‘.' ' ' \" . '-\" Fi- . _ 5\" . ' - 'I '- I I . _ ‘ _ -. \"He \"“\"\". . ..t..- 1- - r- -:r i. . ,- .. 1 A; '_ 1‘\"I“! .‘L... .F . F 1 _. '- i H . Q - I _. ' . - 5' I ' i 'E i\"? '5' o. '‘.I‘lr'l l5ffl.‘_g- T .i ‘\\ Many people do their shopping Refrigerators keep food fresh. Housework is much easier and taster than ever before because miisn oegfaitaesnuntreasdlurepaaendrdmywawrrakeepigtpshe.edTd.h,e food Food can be deep frozen 50 of the many electrical gadgets that it can travel long distances peOple can buy to help them. and be sold all over the world. Machi_nes now do a lot ofthe This robot has armsthatcan work that peOple used to do. piece things together on a factory production line. l Abouta third otthe peOple in - Pupils use machines such as the world live in towns and cities. Most cities have very Computers are programmed computers, tape recorders, _ tallbuildings because otthe : Shor’foge of land. to copy human thinking. They calculators and Videos to can solve some problems help them learn. fasterthan a person.

. -|. I '3 : .3. III \"H ~ it .II- :l II Earch] ' ifahNranoosdmwmlaedadaifdarfneeyrsaiet,benfoaatusscttyomeufoanocrtdrhpieeeorsOnthtptoerlaerm.veeel t culture and religion. The smallest peOple alsolive i in Africa. The Mbuti pygmies, from Zaire, are only about ! 132cms. l Different races of peOple have PeOple living in cloudy climates \" ._ drh‘erent looks and build. They may originally have had pale probably developed these to skins. This helped them to get help them_survive in the part of the vitamins they needed from the world In Wl'tl‘t they live. the Sun. ,:r:._. .- discovered vvas mt e Philippinesml? peop le. lived like Stone Age H -

. .r 17.4 J 1'“... E'I..._ ‘— 15-1.. ‘I _r- E1:;fi‘i*I\" l '1‘ ll \"'-|r. ._ 1 ' PeOp‘e are different from animals because they are able to speak to each other. lin. ' Usually the first language a Some Eastern languages, person learns to speak is such as Japanese, are called their ’mother’ tongue l or ’native’ tongue. completely different from ln countries where many Ii l anguage w:'th them . In time I. n As rou sof eo le moved . m'WOinli|tCgiahu-oI”SygueosgneoedreomStct.phroe.aklSelCnah'nOtghOue|Sare'ge they began to say old words frogn on: pa rtpof the world to a slightly differentway. another, they took their , .China’s O_ H' ?tCt-O-l language .IS Gradually a language may l “Wmhiitct\"?r:?P?e“oNpleewsplye7a0k9ll, change so much that It becomes 0 new ODE. 73

”*3“ .* \" ° \"\" , people build i tthPhheoeeuomcspleilecmsoaaaotrlleseao.bnIbnduuu.hrd'llotrdoyt,n,hWOstUet\\'lSttiQspI1'tS| oOlQc\"ye»pbgU;gt:pl'._ an d tfTbhrhroeaeminrAchtfhhureeitcsslaawwnnnhdtbhl.cuagshrrhoatmhusenseydnacntbohdUeIII'meldc.t All ove rthe world houses for shelter rotection They use materials lohatare eo'sy to come by. Some peoplelive in homes Sometimes homes are builtto fit People experimentwith new which suit their lifestyle. Nomads the space available. In big carry tents to live in as they cities peOple live in thousands types of houses. This inflatable wanderlrom place to place. of flats in high rise blocks. home is useful in emergenaes such as a flood or earthquake. Houses in the heat J Mhaooannaurdntshykeeev;yoeil‘l-ulptalhtstegnhiegdeflsuehinniewn.s'liifAtdhh‘eferGvitccehhoaugaoce’nlks.taauTw,bchahaleelrlaeshis:ibbutculhsooue.escltss.koeaofNrumetdutPhCdaebl.SInmauteknded I f- ' 'e’ Yonam ,ndian6s5 74 tlldha‘ueidilyldoesvtfiobereregwtehorzeoiirdréelmongwfpfdboledlello’ssn.nQAv'Vgs. i‘tQthhSeprOaelHma'rhetere9e0ralztg!nllds,lo keep them d ’7 .

6‘ r!» .¢*- l i . - rillW~“I 1 rIt lmum»r ' Immrm ' \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ”Mil! tril/mit I! 1 II/Il] l 1111mm. il/7M 11117 I I Il/III I'”magi/1t ; in Switzerland, houses called chalets are built of Nowadays in Lapland most peOple live in small wood. The ground floor is made of stone which towns beyond the Arctic Circle. However, there does not rot in the damp, and the windows have are some reindeer herdsmen who live in tents. double layers of glass. Snow settles on the These are made from large branches covered in lping root and helps to keep the heat in. reindeer skins. Atravelling house ...._.____ _ , M»... W0“d'er across the Arabi’an woven by the women. Each tent aOnndocnoeoksi.dOe nthtehefaomthileyr,slmeeepn desert herding their animals. has a dividing curtain. hold meetings and meet guests. Aesavkye'iirbI.nybohunotezwI sI'Sthhaainrtegy- spseianrotehfveor’rlwlgaoagrnekizaI'enndlds. rlaaendl w, ahnedrehas a 75

_\" -' - _'- -' . oY. Yoo' forrogfuoweon,tedbmeetdoottvlesoetrtasawybohhote9udn0tl_,fiYkfioeruyee.onprtewsooillrr.mts. feonoedrgyiwyottu‘ogwtkgoegeuidpldtygngoo'iiznt zgbge.yWaobeitluhewotout - I» “- 'n. - § I l—I' fe‘9wfPeeBwOedpoIkeyWsCsO.itwNhuoStuhutorfvuoivtowedfoOtberurt.fidvoeris J _._-_.|.-_ . \" I \"' t it u (- If\" PAVRNEODGVEM/DTIAENBETLHREESA,IMF8RPYOUORITUTARANBNDoToMVrNIITLEAKEMDINSS. 'l\" _ GI:' I 'fle gfl ,.. .I I Yams BODY CAN STORE FATS FROM BUTTE/2 AND P207;! N F0 0/18 AND USE THEM AS MEAT, FISH AND MILK LATE/Q FOP ENERGY. BUILD YOUR BODY. The: o'I. ' \"11f.— ;.:::: \". #### \" .3'._\"_' r x -. if: ASSTAGBRRIVCEEHAYDYoFAu0N0ED0N80E5/S22U69xC4HLS ”huff“ .* fl 3. -‘ ‘fl mNeiallr:lyghzgafi- lfethhsecipdefvOeepnIei?i§n?t:he There is enough food in the E t ' too much, on d eatingfoo U{Droid world for everybody, but the mco hlgfotty and SUQOTY foqdit crOpg or Hoods destroy their Qreot problem iIS sendi\"ng Il t to can make people overwetg I: where it is most needed. unhealthy and even i“- Fast foods I 1 FItoynotuom.ea0t lot of fat and sugar - ~ tCmhOaonOkekroePdwG{O{00p00leddiilslC,9ao0no5d5k3imn\"gfaok“re“ys5ofuothroesdtgokemerOempCsh\"0ht\"oeg'd'emingaeysf , too much of them. A ‘ 76

fTohoedm. Raiincefoisotdheosf taacpoleufnotroydisocf ahlalelfdthites ’stople’ Roost camel stuffed with sheep, chickens, only grows in warm climates. world. It fish and eggs is the largest meal in the world. It IS served at Bedouin weddings in Africa. Meals around the world This lndian family roasts meat, such as lamb or They serve their meat with vegetables, pickles, chicken, in a clay oven called a tandoor. The and bread called chapattis, and eat itwith their name ’tandoori’ is given to meat dishes cooked fingers. Spices are used to flavourthe food and this way. Most Indians do not eat beef. make it tasty. Chinese Jfamilies cook their food over a fire in The food is eaten out ofsmoll bowls using wooden sticks, called chopsticks. They drunk Shallow metal pans, called woks. They eat rice milkless tea with their meals. W'll‘ Vegetables and a little meat. irritt. it MEI-‘1: git‘I-‘dl‘ I. aF their meal. The children drink a little wine mixed with water. 77'

. Ii\". -::I .1. _ — h I. ' .uW;$ . ' - .\". '- 1h- ' “ii-ll. «i' fl. ” I .ml. :. IJ thPhelaeotnletthyxyoe.rfcSeiwsxeeimsrcmtihseiengmkeuISesp0cslespspeooOrltlple- over your body. aSPnoedmopoeltepheeorofsappllelraelgifkeeerstroeensblteofuyol scsptpwooerrtt.s or competitive. mitt} _ -' H M_ .3 gwirirl*flk‘bffiflfvinl4i\"'3.”‘”w. l4‘ fl l ‘QO .l‘ l, t :'*‘““\" \":I'=:u::::-::t.;..- ...~....£:::.::.uit\"!'“::aflllil:I:fltulliIlllIilIflmHllIfllI-iI-fllI'‘., mI_II._ IlI. h1'... Iin\"I. Im\"lgI-”uIi:ni-:. _. -.. Li-llilill‘ll ' _' ____ f-T Bl“ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .. .... Other sports, such 05 tennis ore played in poirs Teom sports, such as football, teoch peOpleto work together towords winning a goal. or foursomes. 5 the most pOpulor sport? 'I .F' I. dEinfgelroenndHtviinsiltPlohlegaeyMesiddpdolollleyoeAvdgeierntsthhweehwsetonrerlpedet.solpotblneedg'f2yngo'”“ enjoyed by millions of peOple. The first Olympic Games DISCUS .‘-\" _ ames everi;opuar rt\"r The Ancient Greeks held years, tWheomm.eSnpworetsre, snuocthaaslotwhreodw'm9 glathe discus WOlCh 0nd lovelin, date back to these games;

- I . 1 .. \"' .. i. 1 .\". | 1 h. 'i :L'- The Olympic Games are held QVQV lour Years in COU'Tl'Y Amateur athletes from all 0 different world compete In them. OFound the \"' ‘I'q-I‘ -- Nowadays both women and men athletes Each winner receives a gold medal, those who compete In over twentydth‘erent sports and games. came second have silver medals and peOple They are watched by millions on teleVISIon. who come third are given bronze medals. The oldest sports Animal sports '91\" '- - 7.1\"... I _. . 5b ‘ _ L t {*1 .7}. i “U “- 1:?ii ' Ti T r fli“.- 4- sN05hoolrowwnteghga0ita9pn0eraoospctlkheepsaSkiitneotdnineogAnsgsen.ow Over 5,000 years ago, men I- trained for battle with fighting in some sports,lsucrhdas show aIUnWtmP'aF‘IQ5 Icpaemoppefeefio'9 ether' sports, such as wrestling. Ne)\" Sports :t,lf\"ww SinDvOertnst’iosuncshleads to many TahceofuirrsstemboettworereancePawnassahnecgd on caSanoldmlebedirpdbeslooooldrefs”sh\"p*oooTrtthsae.nseimaarels flying, Rouen in France in 1894. _ 79 H3'19i\"ding 00d motor racing. MW

One reason why peOple write is wNeoartvheAsmheellrsicI.anntoInbdelitasnasnudsed to Peruvianstied lshtlnrigngstihneto knots to keep a record of what has to help record circles. The patterns cwaalnletdedeatochresmtreinmgbaeriq, UThipyeJ’ happened. In the past, people wmeereetiangs. record otthelr it’lbOl kept records in other ways. Who were the first people to write? \" g. * wpTihrciettuiEnrggeywapbrtiioatiunntsg5a,is0n0cd0aSlylueemdarehsriieaarngosog.ilnyTvphehenicEtesgd.y*pptiicatnure PeOple write in different directions. Chinese can be written downwards or across- :‘tr a‘.*ufi _ I\" I. '- ‘

ttwas notuntilthe Middle Ages Monks in monasteries who Ittooka longtime andagreat that books began to look like learned how to write were deal of work to make these they do today, wnth covers, called scribes. They c0pied books by hand. Only rich pages and pictures. books and decorated them peOple and churches could beautifully. afford them. Printing machines 5T5h0eyfiersatrpsraingtoinbgymaaGcheirnmeawna, scainllveednJteodhaanbnout Modern printing machines work by electricity. Gutenberg. It was worked by hand. They print the colours one after another on paper large enough to make several pages. The printed pages are folded so they are in the fwdBoooirtthosdk,tisfhcfeeafoirlrlerefndbintligtnlheedetrtteBpiprerssaOwialplhneleidcaahlmprerhaeakpaebrdienoettur.estTdtchhaweenidtwhfoeotrersadl issst.eadnd 1’ . bound (ght Order, They are then and Bl t cut to size 44'— ‘:ther to moke 0 book.

~_- ll” \\- . 'n' - ' 1““- ' ‘l ' 'I I . '-'. - —I - yA JI--ll ..\" I _ . _-l- ,:, I 1\" ‘. - _-l . .U- — - _ . I Iq .' :II _ ..II l ‘— - r .5I \".I_ l ,‘ A work of art can be made in :I'.' 1‘ .I' h WI‘I-\":.’5-.\" .I .5 1.. many d .--. z r';1 wa 5. Each of these amsts is WOrki “9 On 0' : di erent type of art, usmg differen‘ m01erid‘t'1. ‘\" _ '_ 1 1I -' I 9 in - 1‘. Lin-t. “ti—13m: ARCHITECTURE In the mind's eye Artists may work from real Some artists may use only Iife and capy what they see. 82 what they see in their mind.

. I. 1- I1 II I I_ ' I I I .- I- _ 'I\"_ I” . _____I . .. 995 with the timeS .‘l; I). “_ I -. I 1I . q. FIE-fl 1 r II I Different styles of art go in and out of fashion as wtWSraoiotmdhrkoieteiuoadtnrctianIhlsa.tuhnTceghhsiisnaogsmmCteehaheIniinis'jests/htie/aclpt: aahriUntinstitdnsrgeh,daI'sSveofayllears people's tastes Chonge- Unl'l ObOUl 500 years ago most of the pictures painted by European artists were of religious scenes. I -' '- “I: -I H:::.:I::.--?'II-;:-_r-_ '. ,' .2 i _. .. _. .I; ..-I_ _, I\" an?\" . “t—3‘__ '.'. III i'I _ '|_I__ ‘1‘. People may be so used to certain styles of art that they are shocked or amused when an artist tries something new. Fame, fortune and to \"' . ‘t-II “'. 413.! I H. I , ._ - - .___ . I :III!_ . I I. ,1 J _- . _\" ‘H a.— _' -l I' . T'_ I III II a .r \" I ' II .'.-p . '5 - ,I' I - . .I- l I -'.'II ,. .. ..3 . I \".I it. fi— ‘2' -'I .- I j_ ..: L‘ .. I Il‘' ' ' I I I ‘. d . I . .- .. ._-\\'_J I- '.' I .-'I.'I “III _ I - . ' I1 I I' I . 1. 'l’ ' III I'JI' I'\" 1 . II' 1, - I' - . I ‘ -I . . I Ir._ I 1._ . I'I .I . ‘L E III\" ' I '1' '. I ' II _'- r 1.9- I I .1 h- *_ II I I- .3 . _ I ' I' PI .. 1 I- - .- . ._ 'II . , -.I 1- . . - _ ll __ HI _ II II I I_ + 1' ' I' '-I :‘r— l- I} -d\"-‘ . - p II . .- ,.-II IIII'I, \"I' . -I.' I l- I II I _I II ,III .- ‘1'\" - '_‘IIHI'I . _f- I\" Tu ' \"r I_'I I 4- :- i . .3, 1 _ I. '-' l IL ' I . ' 'I :‘h :- I IPA I‘ II T. I 'I-III'J ' t I. i iI I \"\" . ‘il f I I .I II I I I. I. II Some artists worked all their lives but no one In the past, wealthy people, called patrons, paid Toheuyghbtetchaemirepfaaimntoinugssaafntedrtthheeyy an artist to work because they believed the Ot’llSl I were very poor. hodtalent. had died. Clever forgers can imitate famous artists’ work so well that people are tooled. They pay a lot of money for something that is a take. 83 —______________._—#.Il

I P Instruments Which You 7\" Tmhuesriceoolriensthtrrueme emnatiwnhtylcphesoroef blOWlng Ore called Wl nd tMogUeSiEI-eSr lgliqogfgzrigig.m played in different ways. .instruments_ sNoortteovfmeruysoince. likes the some Instruments which you ploy by Instruments which you ployby topping or bonging ore colled plucking or stroking stringsore percussion instruments. colled string instruments. The oldes[I t music '9 El“ 9h “5:3“. -- 'i PeOple mode music by singing dwAihfcfoehroseiinrngitsptaoaggrtersothouefprthooefrpssoeumnogpele50\"9* oInrvcehnotendtmmgulsoincgol before they instruments. Why play music? MGroouwlsl‘ieicnyhtisemlolpevsteopsedoornupmslehibpwesoourtsks..ed to awUsuol ly peeple play mask to‘ 84 entertain themselves on friends.

traditional music, called talk music, is often so wcIInnarstllhttlermeudmgMcediodnomdtw,plefnooAsrmegmuressans.nc,T.yphPeIeneOysOptmrpluelaemyinweWvnhetorsnit,wteeordmritesuaoswmnicagufysso.iorc ofanree old that no onecan rememberwho tirstwrote it. Sometolk mu5Ic, such as SCOlllSh reels, have become popular around the world. The orchestra An orch efSlFO is a large group of musicians who watch a conductor, who signals them to ioin in PlOytra dittonal Instruments. The musicians and keeps them playing together. \" 'J i i r’i- r'fi‘. I\" IL \"fih JAZZ “BAND STEEL BAND 0ft ly On 6:re30S”mOafll QFOUpS of players who may play Some bands have instruments which they can play music on their instruments. as they walk around. Others stay In one place. 85

What are crafts? .i: ages peOple have hand made People around the world are 5 _'| All through the their everyday lives. They often crafts. All these craftSpeople are 0' WOrk ere,“ they have made so that they look speciality. things to use in decorate what colourful and attractive. H.I n - IT t. I ‘ 3 i J .7. ‘V' v s. “”57!.l. .5 - TURKISH cARPET MAKING .{\"1— .1 II i _I ENGLISH BASKET MAKING pr @ Lo j «9' MEXICAN WEAV/NG PUEBLO POTTERY FROM I: z NEW MEXICO AFR/CAN GOLD JEWELLERY Mastering a craft lc2na2lfi:h8‘ee8.d:yMagp'sdprdsresle,lneAléutsavcgrWeemssQ,nwrbgkooS0yrhksOcemPd{fto. r wCroarfktsamnednewmeprleoyperodud of their ahsAniosmmeaxaepsoptenreeerrntawctritchaheofitssshmhtariaapddnafieflnn.aedhs sW90d5 ’fSroemarclehaevrsin’ gtothsetowp osrhkosdhdoy 86 work .

I '_ I_ . III I. \" rI l— r I I‘ ‘1? I -I‘ I '-. _ I ll'l. - ‘ 1— I I ‘t- II-m'I l\".I i |.‘I. \"I._ I—d ' I .I :. ' 1 Making Up tori“! “in. : ; hsFpaavet enth-tOoauklt'esmannatdhrskeeiortfscyrteoaafstrweslolp. rekOtpole Fine examples of some crafts are now valuable. L ' h-‘..,-_. —-_—.- I —-‘ —-—— n the past travelling traders They bought wares from This is becausea lotof and merchants wenttrom craftsmen in one place andthen craftwork was made far country to country. sold them somewhere else. everyday use,and so was thrown away if it broke. Endangered crafts ' , \"In. .J ‘ \"- ‘4'\" \\ 1' 1 : . ¢ “e“x9ac8tlymthaedseambyeh. aMnadnayrecrnaettv-er In the past, craftworkers often Some peOple are interested in learning Old “OHS so that Workers signtheir work. knewtheir customers and could makethingsto suitthem. they becomePOPUlC’mQO'\" and do notdIeOUl. x' . 41' i _. x i .‘ F. _l f {:3l. .‘ I. '- 'i 'l'. . :H’ r l— . 1-I9 i -. __ _;. r- I I J’ . .3‘ Later on people invented The machines were much faster sTohuevyeonftiresntosetollu{hrisatisr .work as POfllscOhinfiedsenWlictahl thcoinuglsd. make asondmcahneyaOtDlderctrhaaftnsCdVieQdllSoPuGt.OPle 37

In some jobs people wear the weather. In hot, dOmp places they wear Verylittle uniforms so they can be and so keep cool, recognized if pe0p|e need them. On special ceremonial Sports clothes are light and ln hOl, dry climates people occasions importantpeople easy to move in. Players may wear long robes which sheld wear clothes that show their wear the same colours to show them fromthe Sun SFOY5* power, authority and position. they belongtoateam. 2( \" Some peOple like to wear clothes that attract attention and make them stand out in a crowd. Keeping up with tashi

ii Some peOple pay a fortune to I TuAhcheoiruannsotrtthyioe,4n5 Iann1l-adcdioau1snt.tluo5mn0a!elI., dISreCsOsl,l e d modern clothes are made have clothes specially made for {NYD/lmosOt Chlnes. They are easy to them by a famous fashion wash, cheap and comfortable. designer. ‘ Other ways of dressing up .II—J\" _ ‘. h ---rh. .1J.»I s'11-_-4-c‘-' ii----‘ All over the world, hair has Africa spend clays doing each At one time in EurOpe, always been an important pa rt other’s hair. The women shave fashionable pe0p|e hid their otdressing up. Masai men in their hair asa sign of beauty. own hair under elaborate wugs. r11\" 1‘ 1' *g5\"; ti. _ \"1::I 4' it; .,\".\" 3-2- ;-. . {I dine. .1 '1 . .I“ 'i‘\" _' II F- i --'.'lol _ \"I - .II I \" l- '; '.-. L31 . I. . a. i?' L'. \"\"h . 1 #1,. . _ '. I I. I .' ' Z}. I .' ll' .fl .I. ._ I :1 l I. I J. I i‘ . .\\ S. l 'CeI\"! prehistoric times people SNoumbaenpemoepnlefr,osmucSh uadsatnh,epai.nt Tattoos are a sort of permanent I their bodies all over to make make-up. The pattern IS have Worn make-up. them look strong and healthy. prucked Into the skrn 00d COlOU' NowqYS it is used to attract added. Ollenllon to lips and eyes. E ‘5! - 14' r.” I\" . \" \\\\ “li_ 5 . ii\" 5-5.6“. 1:. 1..‘J i“. i* Ir a '_ J 1'1\"“: . .. ., . . 1r\"-35' r .. ,i\" I i 1.15m!'5 .41.: xll-I l_ l'f '4.- :' 1‘6. H .i '1“‘- . ‘1 it _ ' H I: _ leople dress up with jewellery. Some tpheeyopalreewmeaarrrrjeedw.eInlledriaynto Sometimes the 'ewellery a they DlQOS, women wear the family show “rungs '0 Show their wealth. women wear nose rungs. CE6ehir'osisnotgnia:nvoseloamnraesy:ewl_ ievgaiirhdhcmr_ os—s.

\" . ‘-\" I {— I'—|\"- U [‘1‘ ' ' ressmg Up . Why do people wear h, Clothes {or ‘l . If. clothes?. A If\" . I. .- k. *. r Fl.\" “in I __:: :- “I - Jill} tr 1'\" .-_-I: .- -_I ‘ . H's _ . all ' I I . J I-. JF— I .. . . J. _ ' 5i) .. J | —-- IIIJ :f riflflq .I I“ a; '.-.-l'- ': \" I. I I.l I Id P ‘ —-l I I it i wfl _ 'J w. “SE_ ? _ .- \"'i _ _ i4»; _ _ ........-“' .4-» 3d ““9\"!\"«‘1. People wear clothesto Sim tPheeowpolerkwlheea)r’Cd'Oo.thFg'sshhl?qe!hstsOejnh'td Iunnsifoomrmesl. osboSthpeeyocpalen wear tpahénzdveSesOcikLh8e6eyrpV* ‘Cl/gOOhOoli.vt,edraymllltple be wboeoatrswthaatetwrpilrl onoottcslloipt. recognized ll people need them. On special ceremonial SPOVlS clothesare Ilghtand l n h Ot, drY climates eo le ld occasions important peOple easy to move In. Players may long ro b hf?IC hpsh':6 wear clothesthatshowtheir wearthe same colours to show from the s rays. power, authority and position. .3 ~ -they belong to a team. g wwear eSsunw ~~ ~ them . '4‘ t. i -* - T - I; In cold climates peOPle Wear - Some people who wantto show layers ofclothing.The Warm Some people hketo wear they all belong to a special air trapped between ”‘9 clothes that attract attention group wear the same sort of layers keeps ou'tthe Cold- and make them stand out In a clothes or unifo‘ rm. CVOWd- up W'lll‘l fashion 2 Kee p'mg The way people dress changes Wllh the times they live in... Four hundred years ago men wore high heels and stockings. 88

LAocchouonsttrhye’s traditional dress, Most modern clothes are made ..-. ('9. lndton SCtt‘t, tS called by machinesThey are easy to I {heir-notional costume. wash,cheap and comfortable. Some pe0ple pay a fortune to have clothes specially made for them byatamous fashion designer. All overthe world, hair has Africa spend days doing each At one time in Europe, the_ir always been an important part other’s hair. The women shave fashionable people l'tICl otdressing up. Masai men in their hair asa sign of beauty. own hair under elaborate WIgS. Since prehistoric times peOple SNoumbaenpemoepnlefr,osmucSh uadsatnh,epal1-nt Tattoosare a sort of permanent L‘ worn make—up. their bodies all over to make pmral_ckkee-dupI_ n. tTohtehepastktie'nrnanISd colour “9V8 it is used to attract them look strong and healthy. added. NOPttWemQmdOnYl0s |lPS and eyes. “Hire Sometimweesatrhsesjheowweslltehrayt0they Eaelrosnogn to one religion. Christians may wear a cross. 89

tldféié’li éfé‘gram-?d ll'9htnu'ng. the gods, mod. n... to .,. g.,.n ,3taMhpeapinreygaooredttdsh.eoTnAheEnycairtehthnoatuGsgrhreeteathkleRmgeoyatdphs|sewo-Zfe?unsa,bko,ut“ If e How did the world begin? ANorse myth A North American , th In this old Norse myth,the centre of the universe ' woso hugetree called Ash In this myth, a raven created the trees andlgrass, fish, the world. He dropped birds and animals. Finally he pebbles into the ocean to mode men and women out make land. Then he created of pieces ofclay and wood. A Nigerian myth sIomnafattehdoaisenrtmpahe.ysOtphpe, lcMeiaoolutshtteoornf Wehaaonnyddefunlgsi pdoFoonoewert-nnreyi'nyf,reetohdmneig'gstohhedtecs,r,tehrOetueondfgtm'omutlapelshgatear'_cg'e Mt

J can myths change history? ml*-LtwH.aL’gel1.A.d.,rI.tofi.i.—nke‘Ci-n‘b5--nOaeblSdoOguUot diQlt,wuAehmzoetawrilcocaoualdtl, I . -Cmeto Earth :nacertatn year... tneToxehSpawoltoluvarteenhrrdYA,tYnomeaOecmorFienOcdqaSuClpeooaro.rntkei-sinshgsfooilread The Aztecs thought Cortes was fair-5k.Inne d and _ comema \"‘ 1-h- :.;=ntf.1.rA..ievltcS/oerllladnbdoUralcldlerhnaatguvoreinepssl.ahHcaevasewnabaenme, nCedthoianldaft,eaWrllthoaevlemesr. abDrdrearaagtgohoninsngltiofvireseda. vHineewerovaeetersyroinannmed’ysftrhliisgfeho.tfetennedhapveeotpolekilbl y Heroes Creatures great and small Illa\": :_I ‘III 'fiw” ' I irflifil-r‘ .'-. I' _‘.' h In an Ancient Greek myth, a Tiny spirit peOple are called the fairies. Leprechauns are lrish sSoemcertehtmotlIgefspec'oltSUch asthe giant called Atlas held l. l to stOp fairies who mustgtve goldto world on his shoulders anyone who can catch them. from falling out ofthe sky. Jfl'l 31. 2 Stories about the future are called science fiction. Like ancient myths they are based on peOple’s latest theories about the universe. 91

Tohhnoeewrheitasosfroedlilfmofeworneeynrsrtebslheigoliieouflndss,bcGeurhsoatuovnmed.sthaendwrourlleds, EcOh l {of i - . Csohnr,isJteiasnuss,btoeltieeavcehGpoedopselenthhoiws Christions soy Jesus taught them ‘ lOld Gpeoodp. leHel0wboeslioev’Perionphet'. to live. His story is in the second to love one another, to proyond one port ofthe Bible. to teach other people about God.They worshipinochurch. .- They believe that God lows ~ Aprophetcolled Muhommod, Tw0phrhwoeichyirhiilnermeg)l,eiagfaoninosdstnihnteoigslpoc(ibannelogletyedtAhae’ltllsianPlohg0rg0fYto'“r * chose themto keep his from Mecco, taught his which ore written in the first followers, Muslims, to pray five port ofthe Bible. times 0 day to their god, Alloh. Hd05iieno,dnyuosoumboemrleioelbvoeorrtnhasaotgaoonfuotneth,reeyirothuer during your first life, your next Gonesh the elephant-Q . 0d; life will be 0 better one. Most Hindus believe lhe'rged person. lf you hove been good AtHindu festivols,doncers are reallyoll one QOd'Ca\" 92 dress up as gods, such as Brahman, in disguiseo