Children’s Illustrated World Atlas_clone

West Africa I MNO P FOOD CROPS Cassava In wetter, southern regions, root vegetables such as yams 1 and cassava are grown for food. Peanuts, which also grow underground, are cultivated in the north for export or to cook in traditional stew. Peanuts Yam LIBYA Lake Volta in Ghana, 2 formed by a dam, is 3 Tropic of Cancer SPREADING SAHARA A the largest artificial 4 I lake in the world. 5 The Sahara may be spreading south into a region R 6 of semi-desert known as the Sahel. People are E Ténéré 7 planting grass to try and halt the erosion, which may be a result of droughts, du 41 overgrazing, and tree removal. Tafassâsset âne Adrar des h a r aL G‘Erg - S â k Séguédine Tessalit I - n Grand Erg de Bil AAraouane d Ifôghas Assamakka Iferouâne néré R Ngourti M A L IA z a o u â Massif Té de l'Aïr C H A D ma Monts Bagzane 6634ft (2022m) Timbuktu Gao Ménaka Agadez (Tombouctou) Ansongo NIGE Lac D ilia Niangay Hombori Tahoua Keïta h eAyorou l Birnin Dakoro Tessaoua Nguigmi Lake Chad Tillabéri Konni Baudiagara Maradi Zinder Gouré Ouahigouya NIAMEY Dogondoutchi Guidimouni Hadej i a BURKINA oto Kaya Nguru OUAGADOUGOU Hadejia Maiduguri Black Volta Niger Sokoto Katsina White V olta Kano Potiskum Koudougou Fada-Ngourma Jega Oti Sok Gusau F A S OBolgatanga Tenkodogo Koko Zaria ongola Bawku Yelwa Biu Kandi Kainji Kaduna Reservoir Bauchi Kumo Sansanné- Jos G Gombi Mango Natitingou Mo BENIN N I G E R I AWa MoSuhentbasihniE R O O N Yendi rParakouMinna Jos Yola MouthsSokodéIlorin Jebba Nige Plateau Tamale s TOGO ABUJA G H A N ABondoukou WEST AFRICAN FARMERS Oyo Ogbomosho Lafia MaBkenuuerdWi ukariGoutenltains In the dry northern areas, crop farming is restricted Wenchi Lake Abomey to when and where seasonal rain falls. Herders are Sunyani Volta Ibadan Ede Owo Lokoja partly nomadic and they need to follow the rains in search of grazing land for their animals. Further Kumasi Kpalimé PORTO-NOVO Benin City Enugu south, where rainfall is higher, farmers grow a wider Lagos variety of crops for their families to eat, and for sale. C A MAAbAbesonaigTSsmseoaokakuoonronrkauNdediss-iaCewapaemCoAVaCoGslttCa uRLAOl fMÉoB Herbs, shells, bones, and sticks Cotonou Sapele Onitsha used by traditional healers Owerri ight of Benin Warri Aba Uyo f Guine a Port Harcourt Calabar the Niger of MASKED DANCERS MEDICINE AND HEALING Masks, such as this one from the Dan tribe of Many people here seek advice from a the Ivory Coast, are worn by dancers who take traditional healer if they are ill. Often on different characters during tribal ceremonies. the healer is also a religious leader. Round-eyed masks represent males, while Treatment may include the use of herbs straight-eyed masks are for females. However, or magical items to fight off the enemy the actual dancers are always men. spirit. Healers may also chant and dance to attract the good spirits. I J K LMNO P

BCDE FGH I Central Africa 1 Africa All eight countries in central Africa were European colonies 2 with a painful history of slavery. Since the 1960s, independence has 3 brought them mixed success. Rich mineral deposits and the discovery 4 of offshore oil have provided income for Cameroon, Congo, and 5 2 Gabon, while civil war and repressive governments 6 have damaged other countries in the region. These 7 include Chad and the Central African Republic, 8 Tropic of Cancer two of the world’s poorest countries. Although the L north is mainly arid, Africa’s largest tropical rainforest Massif Aozou I B FISHING IN LAKE CHAD dominates the south, with d’Abo Lake Chad is an important source of food, but it is shrinking the powerful Congo River 3 linking the interior with Y at an alarming rate. A shallow lake, it is now only about the coast. The tiny, volcanic 6.5–13 ft (2–4 m) deep on average. Its surface area Bardaï A has also reduced, due to droughts and the demand for water to irrigate the land. Tibesti Zouar S a h a r acountry of São Tomé and Erdi 0 km 100 200 300 400 4 Príncipe lies off the coast IG E R Ounianga Erdi Ma 0 miles 100 200 300 400 of Gabon. Kébir Faya D épres sion d u Mo urdi RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Erg du Djourab Fada En ne di Although Christianity is the main religion here, many people also follow Koro Toro N C H A D5 traditional beliefs. These Nokou Massif suggest that natural objects, such as du Kapka mountains and rivers, have a spirit. Masks, Lake Mao Biltine like this Bambuku head, are sometimes Chad Abéché used to scare off evil spirits. S U DAN rem Bol Moussoro Ati N’DJAMÉNA Mangalmé Mud-brick Goz Beïda home Kousséri Massenya Mongo Chari Ba Illi 6 Maroua Bongor Abou-Déïa Azoum Timan Guider Am Bahr PEOPLE OF CHAD With almost half the country lying in the N Birao arid Sahara Desert, more than 70 percent IGERIA Léré Fianga Kyabé of Chadians work on farmland near the Laï River Chari in the south. Across Chad MANLAkKoBnuOBgmasbamamebnadDaouEdaBélaaaBfaoFnuoyYousSsNmAaAangabmdOaGgaaaoaUnmurnoaNMdwuéDbDrjaaééBéÉeHrtiogLLuBhaaaalBgcMïabdednooeordkbuoséBnKuraméadoltrooioBuBBooosussaasBenrmGgAooDKbNarMéooélbuéaGamrkUroaMDuMIDnaaSbémrdibokaSaauoïakrtaairZhoBKnGBaaghraUgiorkmNab(AOaadaBnluoaérgbuaiailknnégduoiB)MrMoaombIapAabspOlysiayenuiDrfdaijandaBodelrlisaéaBKoontBtoaDnegmasbsoiau there are large numbers of ethnic groups, go speaking more than 100 languages. Women here live an average of just 51 years and have 4.5 children. 7 C A M E R O O N CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC S US OD UA TNH8 VILLAGE LIFE Djéma Most people in rural areas Bomu Obo live in villages or small towns. Some grow crops such as Uele cotton or cassava for sale, but many exist by growing food just for their family. Dungu Aba

Isla Ebolowa Sangmélima Nola Bétou Gemena Titule Isiro Watsa PríSncÃPipOReÍTNOCMIPEÉQE&UAdTeOBRiBoIcaAotaLAGcaUAlamIyNobnEagmA Ngoko Akula Bumba Buta Mungbere Lake Albert GUrGeAa tNRDuRAwienf t V a l l e y Ouésso Impfondo Congo Buniazori Bitam Souanké Dongou Lisala Oyem Sembé Epéna Lulonga Bélinga Mbandaka 9 Nia-Nia 9 10 G A B O N C O N G O D E M . R E P .10 Cocobeach (Oubangui) Yangambi Beni 11 Ubangi Butembo São Tomé LIBREVILLE Etoumbi Makoua aTshusapa i n Kisangani SÃO TOMÉ Equator Ndjolé Ikela Equator Owando C o nBoegndeo B Lualaba Lake Edward Lomami Lubutu Port-Gentil Lambaréné Bonda Koulamoutou ma Oyo Lac Fougamou MasCsh A T LOACNE TAINCailluif duMoandaAli Ntomba Goma Franceville Mpama Omboué Mouila Lake Kivu RWANDA Congo Bukavu Ndendé Gamboma Lac Mai-Ndombe Lomela C O N G O11 Setté Cama Mossendjo Djambala Ngo Bandundu Kalima MIGHTY RIVER Kindu The Congo River, also called the Zaire, is a Plateaux BURUNDI crucial part of the area’s transportation system. Kibangou Batéké Kasai Lukenie Kibombo Dugout canoes and motorized boats take BRAZZAVILLE Lodja people, goods, and even health clinics from Ndindi Sibiti cities to the villages and back. The river is home Dolisie Ilebo to many species of fish as well as crocodiles. Mangai Nkayi TANZANIAuru Kasongo Pointe-Noire KINSHASA Kikwit Mweka Range CABINDA Lufira Tshela Mbanza- Kenge Luebo Demba Kongolo (to Angola) Ngungu Sank Boma LuluaKanangaLubao Kalemie Kasai Matadi Kasongo-Lunda Mbuji-Mayi Kabinda Lukuga Lake Kwilu Mwene-Ditu A N GOL Kwango Tshikapa A Gandajika ManonLouvua Tanganyika Moba M Mulongo itumba gu 12 Lac Marun 12 13 The waters of the Kamina Upemba Lake 14 Congo River have the Mweru Lualaba capacity to provide Kasaji electrical power for Kolwezi 13 all of Africa. Dilolo Likasi mbezi REFUGEES Za Z Kipushi Lubumbashi There are around 5 million African refugees south of the A Sahara – more than 25 percent of the world’s total. Conflicts MBIA in Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central MINING FOR COPPER Copper African Republic have resulted in huge numbers The Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 of Africans leaving their homes. has vast reserves of copper, and was LOGGING IN GABON once one of the world’s major exporters. Timber provides valuable income for 15 More recently, however, competition Gabon, with much of the demand from lower-cost producers such as Chile has seen a dramatic for okoumé—a softwood used to downturn in the industry. make plywood. Hardwoods, such as mahogany and 16 ebony, are also felled. 15 Central Africa Because logging poses 16 a threat to the future of the forests, the government is now setting up conservation programs, including 13 national parks that together cover at least 10 percent of the country. 43 A BCDE FGH I

Africa BCDE FGH Southern Africa 0 km 200 400 0 miles 200 400 From the dramatic Namib and CABINDA Cabinda Congo Zam Kalahari deserts in the west, to the (to Angola) Kabompo tropical forests in the north, southern M’Banza Congo DEM. RE Africa is a region of contrasts. Oil, diamonds, Cuango Uíge Lóvua Chitato Camabatela Lucapa N’Dalatando Saurimo 2 gold, and other precious metals are all Ambriz Lake mined here. There are huge inland plains Caxito Mweru Pthat are home to a variety of wildlife, and LUANDA . Clarge areas devoted to agriculture. But O N G Oflooding and droughts, together with civil Dondo Cuanza Malanje A N G O L Aunrest, have hampered development so that, Gabela Mansa 3 despite an abundance of natural resources, Sumbe Uaco Cungo Luena bezi many countries remain poor. Zambezi Môco Camacupa PlanalLtuongé-Bungo Solwezi Mufulira 8593ft Kuito Lobito (2619m) Chingola Benguela SAN BUSHMEN Caála Huambo Kitwe One of the few groups of hunter-gatherers left in Caconda Luanshya Africa, the San people roam the Kalahari Desert. Cubal do Bié Z A M B I Apoison-tipped arrow 4 San hunter using a Also known as Bush people, many San are Cubango Menongue Cuand Kaoma Nambala Kabwe now changing to a more settled life, Cuito Kafue often working on cattle ranches. Lubango LUSAKA Namibe Huíla o Mongu Mazabuka Kafue Plateau Cubango Tombua Monze Kariba Cunene N’Giva Choma Victoria Lake Katima Mulilo Falls Kariba Olifa Oshikango Rundu CapriVviictSotrriiapFalls Livingstone Etosha O Hwange Okavango Namib Pan Tsumeb kavango Delta Maun ZIMBABWE5 Tunnels transport Otavi Grootfontein Bulawayo water between dams. Otjiwarongo Nata Gwanda N A M I B I ABrandberg Francistown asheSh 8445ft (2574m) B O T S W A N AGhanzi Wlotzkasbaken DesertKaribib Gobabis Mamuno Serowe mpopo Palapye Swakopmund WINDHOEK bergote TsdheoaeeslOiknkeoatmvraounsngt oroiuRvteivrtose,r KDa leas he ratr i6 LiMahalapye Polokwane Walvis Bay (Pietersburg) Rehoboth LESOTHO Tropic of Capricorn Mochudi Water is a Fish Mariental No GABORONE Modimolle valuable resource Jwaneng (Nylstroom) Dams Werda are marked in southern Africa, and sop Kanye PRETORIA in black. Lesotho makes good use Auob tbhuet Kruanlashianrlai nDdesinertto. S O U T H7 of its mountainous land and Keetmanshoop KKGarraaors asburg Molopo Mmabatho Soweto numerous rivers. The Highlands Water Scheme uses dams and tunnels to transport water Lüderitz Aus Johannesburg to neighboring South Africa. Klein Karas Klerksdorp VaaKl roonstad Orange JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA GOLD MINING ay River Upington Kimberley Welkom Bethlehem More than 9 million people live in Johannesburg Gold, first discovered near and its surrounding urban area. Many people Johannesburg in 1886, brought a ATLANTIC OCEAN Oranjemund BLOEMFONTEIN LESOTHO have moved here from the countryside in great deal of wealth to the region. search of work. South Africa is among the world’s Springbok Prieska MASERU top gold-producing countries. A F R I C A8 Kokstad raMkenthsbaetrhg a De Aar Colesberg St Helena B Calvinia D Beaufort West Cradock Queenstown Great Karoo Mdantsane East Uitenhage London Bellville CAPE Worcester George Port Alfred TOWN Mosselbaai Port Elizabeth Cape of Good Hope Cape Agulhas 9 44 A B C D E F G H

Southern Africa J K LMNO P MOZAMBIQUE FLOODS VICTORIA FALLS 1 Mozambique suffered a devastating At Victoria Falls, situated on the civil war until 1992 and as a Zambia-Zimbabwe border, the mighty consequence many people continue Zambezi River drops 128 m (420 ft) down to rely on foreign aid. Floods in 2000 a narrow chasm. The sound of the crashing made conditions worse as they left water can be heard 40 km (25 miles) away. millions homeless and vulnerable. Lake TANZA N I A Tobacco 2 Rukwa plantation 3 Mbala Isoka Lake Nyasa 4 Kasama WORKING ON THE LAND 5 MALAWIMzuzu Rio Rovuma In both Malawi and Mozambique, agriculture employs 6 Samfya more than four out of every five workers. Important crops 7 include cotton, tea, tobacco, and sugar. 8 Mocímboa 9 da Praia 45 Mpika Negomane MORONI COMOROS Lugenda Messalo Mucojo Grande Comore Tanjona Rio Anjouan Bobaomby Serenje MO Chipata ZAM LILONGWE Pemba Mohéli MAMOUDZOU Antsiranana B Salima Rio Lúrio Lúrio MAYOTTE RioMonkey Bay (to France) Albufeira de Mozambique Channe Nacala Ambanja Cahora Bassa E MADAGASCARZomba Lumbo Analalava Sambava Antalaha Blantyre Nampula Mahajanga Antsohihy Vila do Q UbeMzi ilange Maromokotro Zumbo l 9436ft Tete Bemaraha (2876m) Nyamapanda Za m ChanganeINsanjeMocuba Maroantsetra HARARE Inyangani 8504ft (2592m) Quelimane Fenoarivo MADAGASCAN MAMMALS Atsinanana Madagascar has an unusual range of mammals KKawdeokmwaeChMituutnagrewizCahimoio Toamasina that developed in isolation after the island Beira split from the African mainland. It is the Masvingo ANTANANARIVO only place where lemurs, members of Zvishavane the primate family, live in the wild. Machanga Morondava Betafo Rio Save Makay Ambositra Musina Mangoky Mananjary ST-DENIS PORT LOUIS (Messina) Ihosy Fianarantsoa Inhambane Toliara Manakara RÉUNION MAURITIUS Farafangana Islands Quissico Tropic of Capricorn Ring-tailed (to France) r e n e Xai-Xai Vangaindrano lemur Masca MAPUTO Tanjona Amboasary Vohimena MBABANE SWAZILAND Dundee APARTHEID In 1994, Nelson Mandela Pietermaritzburg (1918–2013) became the first Durban black president to govern South Africa. This historic event marked N the end of white rule and the first fair elections in the new “Rainbow IA Nation.”Apartheid was a policy of N racial segregation and restricted the rights of black people. D EA I N WILDLIFE OC Southern Africa is home to a huge variety of animals. Numerous parks have been created to protect the animals and their habitat. The Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier Park joins parks in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe to form the largest conservation and ecotourism park in Africa. I J K LMNO P

Europe EUROPE Separated from Asia by the ridge of the Ural Mountains, Europe is a continent of very different nations, listed below in order of their land area. Each nation has its own language and culture, but they share a 2,000-year history of civilization that has inspired some of the world’s greatest political ideas, works of art, and innovations in technology. Russia (Russian Federation) United Bosnia and Kingdom Herzegovina Germany Iceland Serbia 94,058 sq miles 19,767 sq miles 6,601,668 sq miles 137,847 sq miles 243,610 sq km 39,769 sq miles 29,913 sq miles 51,197 sq km 357,022 sq km 64,430,000 103,000 sq km 77,474 sq km 3,862,000 17,098,242 sq km 80,723,000 London 335,900 7,144,000 Sarajevo Berlin English, Welsh, Scottish Reykjavík Belgrade Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian 142,355,000 Gaelic, Irish Gaelic Icelandic Serbian, Hungarian German, Turkish (Magyar) Slovakia Moscow Ireland 18,933 sq miles Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian, 49,035 sq km Chuvash, various other national 27,133 sq miles 5,446,000 languages 70,273 sq km Bratislava 4,952,000 Slovak, Hungarian France Finland Romania Hungary Dublin (Magyar), Czech English, Irish Gaelic 212,935 sq miles 130,559 sq miles 92,043 sq miles 35,918 sq miles 551,500 sq km 338,145 sq km 238,391sq km 93,028 sq km 66,836,000 5,498,000 21,600,000 9,875,000 Paris Helsinki Bucharest Budapest Romanian, Hungarian Hungarian (Magyar) French, Provençal, German, Finnish, Swedish, Sami (Magyar), Romany, German Breton, Catalan, Basque Ukraine Norway Belarus Portugal Lithuania Estonia 233,032 sq miles 125,021 sq miles 180,155 sq miles 35,556 sq miles 25,212 sq miles 17,463 sq miles 603,550 sq km 323,802 sq km 207,600 sq km 92,090 sq km 65,300 sq km 45,228 sq km 44,210,000 5,265,000 9,570,000 10,834,000 2,854,000 1,259,000 Kiev Oslo Minsk Lisbon Vilnius Tallinn Ukrainian, Russian, Tatar Norwegian (Bokmål, Belarussian, Russian Portuguese Lithuanian, Russian Estonian, Russian “book language”, and Nynorsk “new Norsk”), Sami Spain Poland Greece Austria Latvia Denmark 195,124 sq miles 120,728 sq miles 50,949 sq miles 32,383 sq miles 24,938 sq miles 16,639 sq miles 505,370 sq km 312,685 sq km 131,957 sq km 83,871 sq km 64,589 sq km 43,094 sq km 48,563,000 38,523,000 10,773,000 8,712,000 1,966,000 5,725,000 Madrid Warsaw Athens Vienna Riga Copenhagen Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Polish Latvian, Russian Danish Basque Greek, Turkish, Macedonian, German, Croatian, Albanian Slovenian, Hungarian (Magyar) Sweden Italy Bulgaria Czechia Croatia Netherlands 173,860 sq miles 116,348 sq miles 42,811 sq miles 30,451 sq miles 21,851 sq miles 16,040 sq miles 450,295 sq km 301,340 sq km 110,879 sq km 78,867 sq km 56,594 sq km 41,543 sq km 9,881,000 62,008,000 7,145,000 10,645,000 4,314,000 17,017,000 Stockholm Rome Sofia Prague Zagreb Amsterdam Swedish, Finnish, Sami Italian, German, French, Bulgarian, Turkish, Romany Czech, Slovak, Hungarian Croatian Dutch, Frisian Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian (Magyar) 46

Switzerland Slovenia 15,937 sq miles 7,827 sq miles 41,277 sq km 20,273 sq km 8,179,000 1,978,000 Bern Ljubljana German, Swiss-German, Slovenian French, Italian, Romansh Moldova Montenegro 13,070 sq miles 5,333 sq miles 33,851 sq km 13,812 sq km 3,510,000 644,600 Chisinau Podgorica Moldovan, Ukrainian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Russian Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian Belgium The cathedral dome of 11,787 sq miles Santa Maria del Fiore 30,528 sq km dominates the skyline 11,409,000 of Florence, Italy—one Brussels Dutch, French, German of the world’s most beautiful cities. Albania 11,100 sq miles Kosovo Luxembourg Malta San Marino Vatican City 28,748 sq km 3,039,000 4,203 sq miles 998 sq miles 122 sq miles 24 sq miles 0.17 sq miles Tirana 10,887 sq km 2,586 sq km 316 sq km 61 sq km 0.44 sq km Albanian, Greek 1,883,000 582,300 415,200 33,300 1,000 Pristina Luxembourg Valletta San Marino Vatican City Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Luxembourgish, German, Maltese, English Italian Italian, Latin Gorani, Romany, Turkish French Macedonia Cyprus Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco 9,928 sq miles 3,572 sq miles 181 sq miles 62 sq miles 0.77 sq miles 25,713 sq km 9,251 sq km 468 sq km 160 sq km 2 sq km 2,100,000 1,205,600 85,700 38,000 30,600 Skopje Nicosia Andorra la Vella Vaduz Monaco Macedonian, Albanian, Greek, Turkish Spanish, Catalan, French, German, Alemannisch French, Italian, Monégasque, Turkish, Romany, Serbian Portuguese, Castilian dialect, Italian English 47

BCDE FGH I Scandinavia and Finland 1 Europe The three scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, and 2 SKIING During the winter months, 4 Denmark), along with neighboring Finland, are among the most northerly much of Scandinavia is 5 countries in Europe. Here the winters are long and cold. In the far north, 6 above the Arctic Circle, the Sun remains below the horizon for up to two covered with snow, so skiing 7 is a very popular sport. 8 2 months a year. Finland is the most densely forested country in Europe, North Cape Sami man in Nand wood accounts for 30 percent of its exports. All four countries E Aare highly industrialized and are among the wealthiest in the Magerøya (Nordkapp) VaBraangrerehnalvtøsyatSracedoaisttiuomnael Sørøya O Cworld. In the last few decades, a large number of refugees Porsangen have found a new home here, and Scandinavia in particular I Cis a lot more ethnically diverse than it used to be. Varangerfjorden T3 Tana Kirkenes C Ringvassøya Talvik Lakselv Alta Tana URBAN POPULATIONS Válljohka RCopenhagen in Denmark is the second-largest city in Scandinavia after Scandinavia has a high urban Lo Kvaløya innmarksvKidadriagasniemi population. Many people live in towns and cities, with less than Vestfj A Senja Tromsø Inarijärvi one-fifth living in the countryside. Andøya Kaamanen Since the region is covered in F Stockholm, Sweden. lakes, fjords, and surrounded V e s t e r å l e n Harstad Ivalo RUSSIAN 4 by sea, many people also live near the water. HinnøyNaarvik Kaaresuvanto an d Saariselkä 5 foten L a p lTorneträsk M Muonio LAPLAND Northern Sweden and orden uonionjoki Finland are known as Kebnekaise Kiruna Sattanen Lapland. Here, the local 6946ft Sodankylä (2117m) Sami people survive the nen Kolari Kiti cold and inhospitable Ounasjoki climate by herding Bodø Fauske Malmberget reindeer, which they Tornionjoki breed for their meat, n Svartisen Skalka Gällivare Kemijärvi Arctic Circle milk, and skins. a Kalixälven Rovaniemi FEDERATION i Arctic Circle Jokkmokk Lule Ke alo Kuusamoijoki g Mo i Rana älven m e Kiv a rw Boden Haparanda Tornio Se Mosjøen Børgefjellet Kalix Kemi joki o Vega Arvidsjaur Livo Pudasjärvi 6 Luleå N 100 SoÅgn1lee0sf0juonJr2ddoK0etnr0ÅuisntnidahanlessSunimMnemødsoHlDaeldoiDntem2rFao0rTb6Gvø0år9yTlr4iosater6tonefftrnjtdeiSdnlthhdløeerimeViRvmneiestnfrSgjdFRoteaNeøerbmldiarsSnuoeømutknsjrnøjsaedorrdesnaLlevanKHgISvdeevarrieermSnnvtSbsodatvertaRaertsnvgSajglöistetkrn-atönmsuÖVniLsdlDjhtÅuSoseennStrlroatgmosonretuuirenuLnmaaHjmKduÖaTosranirdatmnnimanrslgåfkoHöSrusluddniskHvdsäivskravnlaLlölyllHeslcfatokenäsllmdevelsenunUdmNäerKåpSaeknskeP(aiNltlaeeänVårfpptaK(eäiaKöäoås)akarklHJ(ePoa(NbVaRiklSeoLaiyaoaeltaku)aabisNKpinKohraasuetäsäteeOo)amaajsuoaidurjpkräuTielir)uulvaeimOpuOelKuurleejuäijIotÄriekKsvJPlaäyaieKälnjvmiuaejääaikosnnopknisyikeoliäNSKiuPilriaSiemVnlolSHlajiatIeuänmkrSavsorekauaevanmasmkiitmiuiruKovsaasuesashaimlmJoioensuu 0 km iBothnia 0 miles Ske Umeċlven Ångermanälven F I N L A N D7 Froha N O R W A Y S W E D E N8 Gulf of

(2464m) SkudBneLeresgifrjveoHinrkHadareHSduHnfeajgtaornaeurmgsdvkeuaeearnnn-lnidsgvgreeHernkradEriddaGfjnoegirPlKdoeoorrvnsgigdrDsudbrHSLnaaeaiønlmrGHlnngeomoedhlrfavetomeGinsknsjmaøveiMrkMjøSOsokaSsiSLsaHirLlpalOesmbsaotrrrGøgrmumMFsailliupnsKtgaaMdrolLsBrutaoadrdvläiknagVNeLäoeRBsrkäoatstleFaltnvanräiåldkSusAsonvlelesMStnaSaältaalunaSGndöräeTvdanviieUkelreerhppnTapämsbnayNlaorrtläalÅnjedlasnHdRavaumPoTa(ruÅirbkou()HHaaHnngäSkaömol)oeenHGlViFynuavinlinnnaflktaoaänäfaLdaERhsiipthHiiomEoäLLPkaSoiprIvpNoeoKeKnIoKruaovntotklaaa Joutseno Å 9 9 Klarälven 10 Glåma 11 12 Setesdal 13 10 Sandnes Fredrikstad Halden Säffle Örebro Södertälje STOCKHOLM 14 Moi Evje Vänern 15 NSo er at h11 Strömstad Åmål Hjälmaren 16 Liknes Arendal Mellerud Askersund Kristiansand Nyköping THE SAUNA Lidköping Mariestad The sauna, or steam bath, Uddevalla Vättern Norrköping was invented in Finland about 1,000 years ago as a way of Trollhättan Linköping cleaning and relaxing the body. S kagerra k After a hot sauna, many Finns Gothenburg cool off by plunging into an icy aBorås Gotland pool (below) or a snowdrift. (Göteborg) Mölndal Jönköping Visby Hjørring Læsø Kungsbacka INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH Manufacturing is an important source Aalborg Varberg Oskarshamn of employment and wealth throughout Scandinavia and Finland. Many of the Hobro Randers Halmstad Ljungby Växjö Borgholm goods produced here, such as machinery, Holstebro Viborg Kattegat Laholm Kalmar Öland medical and technological equipment, motor vehicles (Sweden), and pharmaceuticals Jutland Aarhus Helsingborg (Denmark), are exported all over the world. RingFkjøobrding ( J y l l a n d ) In Denmark, many people also work in D E N M A R K e12 agriculture, fish processing, and brewing. Karlskrona NORWEGIAN FJORDS SVarde The west coast of Norway has thousands cEsbjerg of deep inlets, known as fjords, gouged out of the mountains by glaciers during l t iRømø COPENHAGEN Lund Kristianstad (KØBENHAVN) Hanöbukten Kolding Malmö B aGERMANY Odense Storebæ Slagelse Fyn lt Sjælland Rønne Bornholm Lolland Møn Falster Nykøbing the last ice age and then flooded by the sea. The fjords run inland between high mountains and make a favorite destination for cruise ships bringing BUILDING WITH WOOD tourists to admire the stunning scenery. Much of Norway and Sweden, and two-thirds of Finland, is covered by dense forests of birch, pine, spruce, and other trees. Finland has more than 16 times more forested land per person than the European average. Scandinavia and Finland Many people in the region work in the forestry industry, producing wood for the construction and furniture industries. This great natural resource is also used to build homes and churches, like this medieval stave church (left) in Norway. 15 SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT The people of all four countries are very environmentally conscious and recycle as many household items as they can. Strict national laws protect the environment from industrial waste and pollution, although there is growing concern about 16 the levels of pollution in the Baltic Sea. 49 A BCDE FGH I

BCDE FGH I The British Isles Shetland Isla n d s Unst 1 Europe 2 Yell 3 Fetlar 4 5 For such a small group of islands, the British Isles has a very rich Mainland 6 Lerwick 7 history. This is evident from its legacy of ancient ruins, medieval castles, 8 dramatic cathedrals, and grand country houses. Once a leading industrial and colonial power, British monarchs ruled an empire that circled the globe. 2 As a result, English is still widely spoken around the world. Today, many SCOTLAND traditional industries, such as shipbuilding, mining, and engineering, Islands Fair Isle Scotland and England united as a single have declined, and the emphasis is now on banking and insurance, country in 1707. Today, however, Scotland is as well as pharmaceuticals. The British Orkney Sanday a self-governing part of the UK, with its own parliament and distinct legal and educational Isles consists of two countries: the ATLANTIC Kirkwall systems. Edinburgh, above, is a popular city United Kingdom of Great Britain OCEAN Mainland with a magnificent castle. Each summer, the 3 and Northern Ireland (the UK), and city hosts an international arts festival. the Republic of Ireland. John o'Groats Hoy Thurso Isle of Lewis Wick Ben Hope North 3041ft Sea (927m) Wales has more Stornoway The Minch nds than 200 castles.4 Outer Hebrides St Kilda Harris North West HighlaUllapool Moray Firth North The Little Minch peyInvernessElgin Fraserburgh IRELAND Uist Isle of Peterhead Tourists visit Skye Ireland, attracted by its unspoiled Stromeferry s countryside and lively South Uist Mallaig Loch Ness S n t a i n cities, such as Dublin Barra Aviemore Dee (left). Once part of Rhum o u Aberdeen Britain, Ireland gained M 5 U N I T ES DC O KT IL NA GN DD O MCaHstOleiIbcsgLnterRbresuidoehCfSsatseoSnewhibaErhsocrptoveiegouBnonepserDondCoRtfntganehoooou2rEdsfnnidaaematl0gnEelucecru0ohngDryomegrEe8oblc,gehauIocuS,estNrnslohLrobhlheBraiehiaoBrGovadgetaonDgsywneeplasoeyefrordr1ebyeaslaedsyren9asic.SajiLn2rtuentnetaeho2cmgrsEhkLisuteae.tsnaiotohginne-llnbrhedngosLsriEeswedorockrsluelmanooiigdimlerrCnhnlLUeielnoadadEpInogvtnr.rpsefeeangeoltrenrOafhtfroneymrdSedCat.rgoPNarhlobeAerarwrtandaNiLetdneCooeTNeoeuaIoiwwIggAMsrlOhhlRelrnnIeeFERmusEialoirlaTagDbtLlfyDhggNHubAhroenoefENKwdgJyLuRaiDorhFnrylroeNktanOyBdrtrbaeeSWDaBtlnorGaifalwnlarKniagensrimIoDpaAel(ItSBmBDLersan(ErOLrele1o4rtrienaoEatp3r4maUiPiLo4ses0rnNcOchoG3fntona6kkenmcdfFCivoLtKhdser)iMAsoclnielwkcSbAASyyPn)rSyNFroitrWeodiWrrsGutelthDhiownilutrtgaikeBmchihkDsanHfaPgerrguveaiFBrteroneroumosltnnfawnwhreinyclCr-tkeimoanFLUsDpnoras-lolLirnpiinfssocPEaalelaCteFerlkdrsniDthreireitchPKienurttSHGvehronbtfenaiadAoFduwAlsaotneatMrisrrBcobldtheSHghkorrrinuoeenaihllwatnTdslrtDsdohfTDsBuouueeNeeaeprrrpherrodlswoalawenimninnH-cTcgkdawaT-trHSSeosyLrhoetoaNNBPobfwnenelduifurergoeeeOhweoCtntotraledlMRdhatidemeWbrlthusTsaesuepatoaictHhlYsnidhoterltiiiledntfSoeodoitboshEedrnnrlltyrsepAeikaodshsutstsenEaMTttsbBstefuamhbsihhhsktNlannhureaeOeaeyaarpndStaieEevlnrBsllrolecNkncedarleoRecCgeaedicituc.a5irwtEGnanvorwsliauKyiLBn0itbbYagesegrpgnY’y0rldissp.lysiroroleiehMencvlO(lodcmbrayiogrepdrraeenofslgaairdAliyissignnoa.elgpaLunsn’TsshBasstsrhneggokotetTisttrHtuIlodgsinhtu,oro)oinEdli.noslidtuulhftisRsitnBtssenawsrsuoun2aiSleaotkdopnltd0rdiafifeonaneso0piiotnBec.e8orslbtifetcr,neoeifotoievimthsticfareflhbeeueaioaeensfrrUrniet,enehdKtxnehep’gdorselawrocoseointrtsaeouttrdlhneyt.henHseeiumxnopspgwaupliolrnleoifrvelaawaesctn,rieo,d,n. . 6 Inner Hebrides Grampian Ta Clyde 7 ands Irish horse and s 8 rider on a yne training run Ul s Pe Ribblen Onu i

Bolton nes Huddersfield Grimsby I R E L A N D NSoer at h9 E N G L A N D10 11 12 DBinaygBlaentrTyKrABialabllaeLybroeGenuygeaRhfylaewGCtaBahoalyeraklrnEweiBbntaaraMnlyyeLyisouungChsoLrtDoereuakegLrrhgiBmlWwpmWEiobiWansewuanceiaAetnkrbtnrgNhrnllntwLioeeshlisoeceanhEsnt,laaikannhgnmatSvwPCienadnsaeWraolpgagtdoYCsAniribusWoenhopntaodptoalrfnosCmhst1Loautgushahkaha5ltrgebteonleeeme3oNaehldlntanglrie6niecaaefsnaeil,ldonewwllcmsdbpllryitEiiutrbLgddntehoKnurtnir.eeeadeiignrsdlldcdueiyklsiiga.titncoseteaiRpethinnudCioispuSn.otLnansStehCigwnsMyuorsaetb,eeoWlii.myrocttyorGashaawuleieWcnnoktelraogxiwnfeDPo’sAesrDnUdrMCkzHúlaBhaionlnvfwacoLeLNneFrraIIedfinsNoorwheHrigSqgldasthuuwvChAaaaeeBayrunisodrSrsteddtFAHTeeimaArgnloalulmiaIbglnlryBlfneBoeohSrLCarsaaBueBlyweraacraastnyTamronthndmsyawymetgowDnalaByoublBpyirtrsartetnihilehsrdheSSttaeoeaPmnWlfnWllBotECMEooyaCLrCxiExhewosdArmmeaihaBoxskarvBPnttdmLmueooeorneoerSTounnoadeurErnbehWaCtlrtnohtcthci-urrpShTrTaSseoihfTieonoauoeaMfiaoiatnwtlvnnlKsporbodnevsotaqssonBeikreedbruttlrrGLereoBriBdu-aCdyWMhn-laermiypoorNyerayerooernummmeswrrYe-tcWcwyeTieepienoSnressptstveytBtoogtiPSomenleenrnoohrrrrioteStsBoMuahuataleCtltoimDehSsatnhNobClhttgnseEaauohwTeMacrmArfhSroeybhfsatlnhliodtmphyetldlStereHeeRtsoaBdoNswnfoiitvemglfieonelheCnsaiNwhrurenapoTLKduplmrOdhtGvdioennoenNNoWeuDrOyLeenItcgnnDoiseinoaamlxnlOdtpteitneLcPfrctoifoNohotcuHsyieooafnneauWrtslaWrrsKsgdotdotttvtieeheLisBfnhneagHtrimtordtrhnanheoBsWsttemctoroveoiorUnoeuSWdnPlgKktnSBtfeFThotiLaArtneieCoshritWeLnlggvudrfCbLTersaetoOahhEobCarhCswnernHotnhaSoNdaodknlymsaLKrehgoenyordiDyngnbnelgENuooa,ngFnraeaOowei'gnlsswdMnslsthksigpHmNbNeSoarenosasaaoCointwdsruoohkreut-srlnwiSeilttnnnecltIoehhpeggCiCTnaceaeLhsscHuhennaioFwsntantetynMwdDreneliewiore-oclrxeablYGnhivsscrutearthtgorhreorywaemaftetteouthShaTrent9 Barrow L 10 11 Wye 12 Severn Exe Tamar Land’s End banks of the River Thames. It is the political and financial Channel center of the country, as well as home to more than Isles of Scilly Islands Alderney 8 million people. One of its most popular attractions 0 km 50 100 ST PETER is the London Eye— a giant ferris wheel, 13 Wales playing Scotland at PORT Sark 443 ft (135 m) high. 13 rugby in the Millennium GUERNSEY Stadium, Cardiff 0 miles 50 100 (British Crown Dependency) MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY ST HELIER Britain once controlled a world empire with colonies in every continent. Many people— JERSEY (British Crown from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Dependency) the Caribbean in particular—came here and Stonehenge in southern England was built from brought their cultures with them, as well about 3000 bce onward. as settling into British life. Today, about one in eight British people are from 14 an ethnic minority background. 14 15 15 The British Isles BRITISH LANDMARKS Each pod is nearly entirely Tourism is a major industry in Britain.Visitors come from all over the world to see the many churches, castles, and ancient monuments, such see-through, giving the occupants 16 a view of the whole city beneath 16 as Stonehenge (above), and to admire the pretty villages. Many also them when it reaches the top. come for the theaters, galleries, and shops in Britain’s vibrant cities. 51 A BCDE FGH I

BCDE FGH I 1 Europe 2 The Low Countries 3 The netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg are known as the 4 ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 5 Low Countries because the land is so flat and low-lying. In the case of Every year, around 30,000 sea-going ships and 110,000 barges call at 6 the Netherlands, much of the land is below sea level—Netherlands is Dutch the port of Rotterdam. Lying at the mouth of the River Rhine, this port 7 for “under lands.”The three countries are among the richest in Europe and, is the largest in the world and is where vast container ships from all 8 2 while farming still plays an important part, they all have strong, modern over the world load or unload their cargoes. The smaller barges help economies based on manufacturing and trade. Luxembourg in particular is to transport goods farther inland. With the port’s advanced Vessel known as a tax haven and is a major center for international finance. Their Traffic Service (VTS) it’s possible to track ships on a radar screen up to 37 miles (60 km) off the coast and 25 miles (40 km) inland. location at the mouth of the River Rhine and other major European rivers places the three countries at the heart of western European trade and politics—all three were 3 founder members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union, or EU), established in 1957. Tulips were introduced 4 to the Netherlands from Turkey in 1562. Black tulips were the most valuable. Dutch tulips lands 5 is i a n i l I s en) 6 Wa d de ne a nd Schiermonnikoog RECLAIMING THE LAND Land below sea F r Ameland Over the centuries, the Dutch have reclaimed land from the level on main map ( sea. They did this by building huge dykes, or dams, to keep out t Terschelling Eemshaven the sea, and then draining the surface water into canals. Windmills originally pumped out the water, but electric pumps are now used. s enzee Dokkum Loppersum Delfzijl Menaldum W Vlieland d Winsum Zuidhorn Appingedam e Leeuwarden Groningen Wad Texel Harlingen Drachten Leek Haren IJssel Zuidlaren GERMANYSneekJoureAssenVlagtwedde Borger Heerenveen Den Helder Wolvega Beilen DUTCH PEOPLE Schagen I J s s e l m e e r Steenwijk Hoogeveen Emmen CROPS The Dutch once ruled a vast empire Fertile soil and 7 in Indonesia, the Caribbean, and Opmeer Emmeloord Meppel Coevorden good irrigation South America. As a result, many have helped the Alkmaar Hoorn Staphorst Netherlands become a major exporter of nationalities now live here. Castricum N E T H E R L A N D S Hardenberg Ethnic minorities make up aaoanbfnoopdnurii-tnmD1sa5uortypmcehserccbhceaiontcoitkelgsoc,rfhotthiuhledn(eT’rSmdepH-.nGeaEojRhopAarlHiVvetyeEANNHGVoAeUaoGlLarsAEEHndee)waiMnZdaei-jeNkeZSrnlooTeoeEmrtRSdeaDrsmseAHneMhielevriemZAUrasmtuParmsunetrcsemhtlvateedBreaeZnanAerFdinlsmltAeAevmproeeeLllZVeardselanyEfeoadsowdsotsNoeaoerulndrndntespeetDZwieDroZeeRulnvliGtejepsEAosnhiTeoblteunmreenbrrDebgeleeonrngHeanHmDaEHaenkenssenbckgehaermegloedpne agricultural products, 8 with vegetables and tomatoes forming important crops. It is also famous for its bulbs and cut flowers, notably tulips.

SchoVulwSapGaeniorjedkreienenOgivDseseDneerlfoflatrkdOkreoeesRctheotrthtoeurGtdoaudmVWlaiejmrkeenndaNme’sd-eHr RBeeijrrgntWsoeOMagaaeslsEnlsbtoNsCicjAumhijrcenkghhieneenm(Rijn)R Winterswijk as Ulft 9 0 km 25 50 75 9 50 10 0 miles 25 75 11 12 a th BeNveoloarndd- Tholen Breda Schijndel 13 Nieuw-Bergen 14 r Middelburg Roosendaal Tilburg 15 Oirschot Helmond Horst 16 Goes N oS ePMoVpideedur(iOernnloOgkeseBestrletRakenneodnkeedeTF)snoZIeleberlphaaeeeorbrnLgruereeudtiegegreMAVKsBDaloiolerstusZuArieinstwnrsgOczrsgeiereeoGjeovknssne(tnheGbWg((deeBBueeenrnRmrstugtGtUet)graSsgSvcZBEeMehSETLu)reRneie/elnidrgBldUnlAtehRe--eBxUBiSNeuHeAeeXMSnzilvavkEaeeEelLellnllareLsaLceEtanhnSSsd)eleunSpKceE(AlaAhsKOpnsnaaeWvettlneemlwHwlarereievtbjnLehrTrsrseeepeorreeuepuelmntBvtk)aeealnTToriLlueeVoGHnrZ-menHeoeLalhenndemasolhrnhsetueodoBoltlvevegteenrinnRnBOigeereumgnpKeseGEitynyikeGBrenonredeolkSeeWihMoeomenaevEeracertShesunnttsrHtieRVceroKRhaeeeaenertrVlulmrseevkonenrnraldode Scheldt R Ijzer Scheld AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS The old architecture and picturesque canals make Dender Liège Herstal Amsterdam one of the most visited cities in Europe. B E L G I U MAth Occasionally the canals freeze over and city officials Tournai Verviers Our may decide it’s safe for people to go skating. When they do, men and women of all ages, from very old to Seraing very young, take to the ice. Amsterdam is also home to some great museums, including the Van Gogh Hautes Péruwelz Leuze-en-Hainaut Gembloux Éghezèe nne Fagn Museum, Rijksmuseum, and the Anne Frank House. Mons La Louvière NamurMeuse Huy esBotrange 2277ft (694m) Jemappes Erquelinnes Binche Charleroi Malmédy Thuin Gerpinnes Ciney e G E R MANYamMarche-en-Famenne Walcourt Dinant Ourthe Cyclists have their Our own traffic lights – Fag ne F Alzette Rochefort Weiswampach E this one is green BELGIAN QUALITY Couvin C Bastogne se Hosingen for “go”. Belgium is renowned for its beautiful historic buildings and for its excellent food, especially chocolates. Belgians FR Recogne den n Sûre 13 have been making top-quality chocolates for more than A 100 years, and pralines, a type of filled chocolate, are Semois A r Diekirch a speciality. Brussels even boasts a chocolate museum. Ettelbrück Neufchâteau LUXEMBOURG N Étalle Arlon Grevenmacher Aubange LUXEMBOURG Virton Pétange Esch-sur-Alzette Dudelange 14 Luxembourg’s flag (top left) is similar to that of the Netherlands (below). TRILINGUAL The Low Countries The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg lies between Germany, CYCLING The flatness of the land makes France, and the Netherlands ideal for cycling, Belgium. As a and more than half a million result, the majority people cycle to school or work 15 of the people are each day. Lines of 20–100 trilingual—German children cycling together to and French are school are common. Most of widely spoken as is the roads have special cycle Luxembourgish, the national lanes, and bicycles are often the language. The capital, also quickest form of transportation known as Luxembourg, to get around the crowded towns has around 150 banks. and cities. The use of bicycles also reduces car use and thus cuts down the amount of 16 air pollution. 53 A BCDE FGH I

BCDE F GH I Europe NUCLEAR POWER 1 France Three-quarters of France’s electricity is produced by nuclear power plants (above), making the country 2 In direct contrast to its mainly rural landscape, France largely self-sufficient in energy and one of the main producers of nuclear power in Europe. 3 is a modern nation with most people now living in towns and Hydroelectric plants are also cities. While industry makes up the largest section of its economy, an important source of power. tourism also plays a big part—France is the world’s most visited 2 country. A land of varied scenery, from gently rolling farmland in the north to a stretch of dry, warm Mediterranean coast in the south, France also shares two mountain ranges—the Pyrenees and the Alps. Each of the 22 regions within France, which includes the island of Corsica, has its own distinct identity and culture. The tiny 3 countries of Andorra and Monaco lie next to France. Boules, the HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL France has Europe’s fastest train, the TGV – train à grande vitesse – which travels at up to 186 mph (300 kph) during normal services. 4 national game of In 2007, a modified TGV even set a speed record for conventional trains of 357.2 mph (574.8 kph). The TGV network 4 of Dover Dunkerque St-Omer Tourcoing connects Paris with all the country’s major cities, France, is still which makes it easier to commute or visit relatives. It also extends to Germany, played in village G IItaly, Belgium, Switzerland, CThuannnneellStrait BEL Calais Uand through the Channel sqtuhaerceosuanrtoruyn. d M5Boulogne-sur-Mer 6 7 O CA T L F R A N C E8 d’OuÎelessQaCnIBuortorniimecsaseptrneerauLL(BaoBBleMnarlrldireoBeeeirÎan(rt(llBtunBeatarPAtrQlieieixtogtuaaiu-iÎsnSsnurElhniheaHtGmsteCiycCd-vyeUrpo)Nr’yonoYeulEwSnwaalrebPRentedlunzlRél-sébaN’DBVaDoOrScoeeaSLricialpnnrJpihoonEbÎeeEeetenlunnYlneSuRGe-nddedsdtsceSeséueo--eRCnnEaMrlcehRf-cclYyRYySeeza)aé)NteésolldC-ldFoMnaHaeDolooneenuaiTnns-nrutlCttboaaeneoRVinnnenmsiectraeAeCrsAtnylEéGseh-tnnLnorâCangaeLAthtBFjneoSvoseevoCrioavNtgairrruru-ituheablLlaisugllblonBooôeiaSènrcaurailCirFh.MetPiaruelChseegTtnèomsâsraadctlhiBéteTuhteeeilaiheraelnnlyHSlozae(reCaéuesaruTNSraavxteNourhohisrlFunToteeréAaeVrlromcelsemaenunmnaMLadçrinnpBnosôaaiandmedeinruieyneDCsxelnC)BhieÎtehaiOelpÉnBeârrvpter-trrrelrBdeeeAécCyCluseakAlRNoLParheh-xu-oibgeoOVPnaâFsiPurrbletnucresrooaveenatgrilreauavetesnéteAAuinexrraOelracsVldlCrniemdueNllniueoieltivienesaloirnMeBmeezsBiSnSeoPtneseoAoeoy-onMmanNCsluunurluoProeritnsstugvvonCAAoeraiterssFarriieé-ssrosRrssaAtSgNuLnAseeiuIritisCln(-ivlaSxbMLlBlBoCesieeoenTOrumhoorNrineYhrrriutâuoaespbeoigtrleMneDyiileugènerooaCornagSasnCRyuuagMutrndCa-mô-noneyQitoeLuhb)eVearurbaavoadelainaTemn' nnROirtxocpeirHinyDeiBaiemnrCCeigssjnahhoosenLunâasCnsanFuemlhneorrSgaaCM-nperSlnhdesaoaéCc-asagnHeôhzhnrBn-inaanelèaeuegD--errvmCoô-eVTlinolesloeeold-LmnesuDMaoot-luPnturoéocgBÉrlnneapmaSTweLtotniTibhnnasuUCudRéiraaseNMrlcTEXlleosilihnishEeoaausc.teiçreTaraoBmsnodonktSvCbefcnszleneyyuOSohSlvraf,rtipcSaltFnolnio-AkGlavnrVDAediaoPrevatuStitAtsyokeoEéadlhstWsRsrvhrsibePntnRigtIebaahSoePgIcirrrMeoaMTcliauCaspluncelcoZrSeoturiteSogtAétrlryEatlmitldeh,v-ertLNuRmaisisaosso,itHTitSroasLuftuYeaachpstiirhAmsgsptaotsieruihploneNtweeuiti(grnneosaDehdarb.iflu.etodMosir-vmeofeiatln)esm,tgavmaorisntuaiitrssttotsrsrte.so, res,meMeuse5 Seine 6 7 Moselle es 8 Marne A ne is NTI Creuse EA C Poi N

sCaAtaaofTCtohhhnnfhVoavreaoddaelciIntltrAvefeacUcFtawisTd-olaarcKIeewrtrgetAOidrronaoiiecoieNetpcnromhfhdbba.mitIoueTnnGhNuwdtsphdephteD,eiaeh,urtartnUyeimheemonvcieSciempaoa3-1soTsnintr0e9-aoRiat,o0o7bronaYnSkm0nuipegprpe,ieaceiiltajrcntrrosonaasasditdninfieousrtundechsrfcrdgitu,cealrelnhyfert.adsBn.iAagrenrdgitlzeMt olBanatORyA-dolÎoMrélencAercR-aonéPhMdlocnqaer’eDehyaiusToagladrPOlSsenLsnGxenieaaaarsottitascnuunheacrtaeMideRHCznseoeoassAcenBurhmoiNoCASlecnltaherfDr-anodGsmLTCrOdrGoeuaieotamnbeaRCauAtCaogrroeiaodRgbsgunIunuhsseAncaetrAlxnahenceMsnaslLANerscAaoenDDrennrgVBAaotOLtoeDEgsarPieiruoeLunmRgdaPrnlLLbmédeêoRooAorrMFamtgigiaoeAggnnLconriueeeCxsioGeseassATtausaBvtioxcCleeoluyaalunLrchGBlCoraoCouirnbauFlariumseiodvisGrglsAsTrceanlroeiLaameuurPa-nlRaisyulrAClmrulesalcoadioGeoaolllsor-dbihlerunnnasipmueieTécnntzxtiBrae-gUaeFuérstnexzsMTnMeairaelrnrFNoanrarMRSasnortniMArLo-ncotbFdampethAlnouinongCeengtguvdnlnldéuurelaeveeVieçIneesridoscnSrSTgoohnNnèthicynAr-etiîeÉeDeCmrerutidsgMiseleèoseAsoeAcinnPtnrhlMCnSuèTlteoeséaRayVaeMLrslromrPiagatmyariMluraaigneeovaerunâranrsSgTnecessBcLtuaoseoeA-oOrenDCnalivrlhslsreaSiVcl-ôgnantlVVeoPSie-meegnmanEor-inoeSllgoieoloranvGrenonSBueèPAnenutr-nlovnrdd-aieAAeecCurioxeeéneCbnumlr-v-ra-gibeaoBoGubeTM-auenntdébaPInogangarepr-nlnticuCon-BeeeHDBeeevÎyorhluylreiousea-elaènDqrsSennsracmuisAdaeçenCgee’oscvbanHnennoeénynrièeeylTreecM6CethG0sysoN7ooC7-LelP1C6CnB0Sndan7ai8atfoeLtaeekcgt83son.lnAiv-1(Mesief4(teidB4nntan1t5sfnul8nte(o8,è-se72r0nv5(eMtn7127rt0ias18e0mmoBbrfd88nMtd)l)m3e’atAmn)sOc)zNu rAcntwtaFANrcgcooehohnRoCamhogwweemdaEbOirieetolonNemsesRessn’n’CeemdoLmo-acgssmrhHnqiaaiiseFauredlfdgiakerCtruleSeyeeakec.gussfHhrnAtoeieufBcoerrEcirhaahotrnfnetiEsrile.amde’l.oaSsyeMv,sBmEsebnCaeoesassuset,mtniv-ateekarmnianolbwernt,Vienne 9 Saône 9 10 M a s s i f10 Ango sère 11 C e n t r a l11 12 Médoc l 13 SPP AyI Nr e n e e s M e d MONACO12 p 14 s ne ITALYA Lan Dauphin s Rhône Ro Côte i t e r r a n e a n S e a0 km 50 100 150 0 miles 50 100 150 Monte Cinto 8878ft (2706m) 13 TOUR DE FRANCE The Tour de France cycle Corsica race was first held in 1903 and is the most important (Corse) sporting event in France. Every July, thousands of Ajaccio Monte Incudine people line the route to 7008ft support their favorite team Sartène (2136m) or cheer on the winner. The race covers about 2,500 miles Bonifacio Bonifacio (4,000 km) and is divided into Strait of 14 20 or more daily stages. 15 VINEYARDS 15 HISTORIC HOMES The Romans first planted grape vines in 16 During the 15th and 16th centuries, French aristocrats built beautiful southern France about 2,000 years ago. châteaux, such as Chenonceau (above), in the Loire Valley, Bordeaux, Today, France is the world’s major 16 and other regions of France. These houses were elaborately decorated wine-producing country, selling by the best artists and craftsmen. Today, most are state-owned and a range of wines for the home open to the public. market and for export. The type of wine produced depends on the soil, location, and climate where the vine is planted. Wines from Burgundy, Champagne, and the Rhône valley are sold worldwide. France 55 A BCDE FGH I

BCDE FGH I 1 Germany and the Alpine States Europe Lying at the very heart of europe, Germany is 2 THE JOY OF UNIFICATION one of the world’s wealthiest nations. It is also Europe’s After World War II, Germany was split, with 3 leading industrial power. To its south lie the Alpine states a US-backed capitalist state in the west of Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. The and a Russian-backed state in the east. Built in 2 region is famed for its beautiful Alpine scenery, mountains, 1961, the Berlin Wall was 96 miles (155 km) and lakes. German is the main language in all but Slovenia. long and was designed to stop East However, each of the five countries has its own distinct Germans from leaving for a history, culture, and national identity. Indeed, since 1815, better life in the West. The wall Switzerland has been recognized as a neutral nation, and divided Berlin and separated has stayed out of all the wars that have affected Europe. families, friends, and a nation for 28 years. When 3 Germany was unified (reunited) in 1990, the wall was officially demolished. D E N M A R K B a l t i c S e aWesterlandNorth FrisianSch ENmoWdEra(deOiseltsnChtnFflrreoieesspliimBsapWcnrheLsDeeneIehsIemenbelaasnlruenvmleerndegr)rsenhnCHahuevoOlBxgerBaohlsnlyadaatHsnevsuduHensmuenbRNilmdeBReuEIeesntolrFrSzumwdsgleteemesaVishnbmhdngeoüguoe-rsearnderbHCgrneKsSutanotneicSnreelhncalgshrletSleeeWosNKsslwteiaDHonaKlpiuasrgEapedineuKeBnmneLtliulLenirüeOcnüslnUbhFebltnbdreteeueBeFeehldzerocmnrbShegtkibgamunazlureazrnMrngrwgPnbeueEuWcBdtlkBrtbeGWeSgliLgueltPelutüctcanaiehdshrbsrtndtwmcurwbehoriPgnaeigwemeersrWrrgrlulieRSeansNObtrtoDrneersaeeaWruMtglmWmnssToatiüuemüerircrtetnenBnitkietlMnsnzbeddiNrttroueozaegwrcluegckrhnPuirnNpGepnerizeunRlSibaPüfAausrogsWnwasmeEknnnoBbaleAiPaltdragleaznmadyBeasrgnaessnietwdwaObrnmaFadurlelükredrgniheedan-eFwinalodwe(Nordfriesische IIsnlsaenlnd 4 s 4 5 GERMAN INDUSTRY ) 5 With its coal and iron mines, the Ruhr Valley in Celebrations at the was once the powerhouse of the German Brandenburg Gate marking economy. Today’s industry ranges from NETHERLANDS the 10th anniversary of the engineering to high-tech goods. Quality Ems fall of the Berlin Wall Weser GENEVA assembly and design make GinetrhmeRaDwhnioLüyDnARKreBtUsLlahuedrisetecB.BceXibevhklsofuAa.eleeblcnrdliTgrshlnnkuRddkroeogiohNurneElrerhgtBohsrfifisnaeeforseidiunnslmehcDsnWMRhnoeüeh(CiMlnrsütmKWentoSoSnlöiesiBnWocceilnslhelhoenoltLiisue)cNgneibnhrDpMfOgBeKneaABgupoPureosodaeheigpfmewnneuirbeenplOMrnelHnabtiHnalteleznemgipbaraaSrfeddsenrlgremtrMibuüaeezflFDddouamgcntrrirrkeGesddagWbpnüenha(DetrGoHHnkgetlMaOPizazrWfaedHsrlaKneufaslMmnealodfisnasrrrrleeuohidbesotsnLnnnutsrveHvadgaabrbeesegheedmeloahrnnnr)tcsrenhisMmFBeHuaadünlWGdniNHanföüGoeeCtrlrSPrNoSdLesttezefhicoitlecCeibnlEhhenrhSeslodiduregewatmabfheBnreuluenagrznrSuifraggWneutsuElefiBhsitunonstallHKrelsemtfSrabcrsotlhebebbnWnnewSeauHadrrcserBaegahtaHJHgillarBiemfMlgaodSeaBlaneclntafeldaMyhlaMrdrergönüe-eanbdNnunreuckePetbbPrhtGhDlbguerubHaoecesueeurLatkdtsgrrrDsieeawgnsZagdöndiaiiwpctbautOhzzemi(elicEnnTgrCkorehazrRLgLgueüiuaeEeMmbusdibbsaBwixenaetrBncoEingiPseghhtaenirszs.RrüF)unfDnLeyitenaüantLlrSuesdb)etpInSeberNsesreetdBnwenaafeHdaCtuetnlodotaFnzyerGntbeaetuenLndrbrbösgkeuebwZGfrnasiuetuöOtrrartddluiaetzr Geneva lies on the shores of 6fourth-largest car producer S a ale POLAND Lake Geneva, Europe’s largest 6 7FOOD AND DRINK Alpine lake. This orderly 7 The annual Munich (S Sa city is a global center 8 G E R M A N Y ItTGahleiearmnS,waanins,sdFsrRpenoeamchka,nsh.8Oktoberfest is Germany’s for banking and biggest beer festival. finance. It is also Entertainment includes a base for many parades and music. international organizations, such as the Red Cross. Rhine BELGIUM E Main

BirkenKfealdiserslautWeronrms Ludwigshafen Erlangen Forchheim Bohemia Mannheim Fürth Merzig Heidelberg Nuremberg Neunkirchen ( S cB lhawcakr zFwoarleds) t Schwandorf (DoDnaanu)u b e kische Alb C Z E C H I A9 10 A U S T R I A11 S W I T Z E R L A NAD l p I T AsL Y S L O V E N I A IA12 TtrSqfWmfaiihenWrurhpasiis0daertttkuIhdrSkwesSwttmzaStltwaauyhrtwWitrilpiesoeegstiar,Ansertw-thtsTrciwifaOnteemhoC tosve5n,rccHieerx0shaoeqlppntELdn,uxuaiotSawtednneahrcudttltiteeird.htwSyNsstyefeG(h’aiaaesNGreuLtsnaeLd1ceGcatehah0ernnuLencCâb.-0ncaeeFtdhèheekroevvlaveâünauaetcdexB8)ksl-B1aGF0eedMr0rrnneMfJetKaaoBtu(rBPüirnB2OdSELebToe4rlrtaBöPrmlanh6zfThieuhannar9aunfishBemsenritmSreneisdesauyiiignge)rmneoegcBenlr(1MKeenh4nblK4ASniane4dAEda,meu67t-hauleAietS9l8BRnNrepRlpr2(acmrrPggRafrlhhsshetNe)sfoWedhaiLurorZnennBfMeau1(Esüifere3rhnn3thirazhi9gi),iarS6(g0gan7ce2Zh5ie2rhg0RdLuB0mus7S5imLsea0osü8ttSepfegAS5kute)frtriileltmLoeeuanmafanuzntV-O)gcntseeSPhtZesVlircrlaitenRSülELcnnhsigWsceooNVnrSwghnoctiacgIrtwiacetdASeLhnwureerhiunyBwnrnnrtStnerzgLieehtnosäeiaoaKlhelrsbLlikinictennHoiuneokhoisgzmfCndaeScuoGreochaswiCFurUnnhLVtlnenörhlbsaaieIilAtNgukpAaenmrEbrntDspoedlzBSycbCbuGitnrUeKrno.uieH-MlanZcvgoUgWrhel(goseeTlANlrtsedHemnrlneMhEoiiaüneztserrazsBlseKNrrd(ieeDfdmnseBBnnIeTSMa,oenbmmbrnaSTnnKieenuvlniyapohnEanFrrisFdugvegtüugaezbIewreesfer)iNAlrnräsbnmrhnöneuine9Zuerani)7utcuioagB1mhbgrkaR8neessafptcnebvi4la(tB5g2zuamI0e9rnee86rrenf2ggM(intnmMaRR(eos1)Sreno3üubclPgS7shsna4utenAetswmrcsnarIanhin)lagsucdnhLpetzbahantHes(iu1Dn)Dni2GfomKog,da4rnhin6ostAa4Is1zDuhenu4Psflbbgt5)nPpeluüöel2(ooegTc3fhLtcnnPtkc7gkieea(k9IeanRneS1ln8ineeu3sninmFPnrare5zsdeagk)7odalsomzrrsrueTirnb)emofViGssulKNioLmtVlrorolJJögaiiepvncHUcWcBsaaekae(LharBDuluDnieAadEreokziLalblbnzcptnesIaaeKerJseeuunlPucnnbnAer)hboecrasklesenNtrejLogAji4LEKnnS4oJnai8tlubznae5ldsfygPtLerM(SZaTee1nswar3sonübb6WnWberfu7oCzKktuemrvoitzegenotr)llVulljnftčjePePsseeecbleöverhNerjSlBnlcHNetroFaahaGjgeiveegovsdtanuocrolhlAaVslKaMbtdlözaaTpPrbsMsceEšdedutrlhknsiuatolusMetolajuernornfrnisdnistbeteMTarolbrdV(ZuarWatarDicIssyhkkErIaEaiaraNSNvNcSnaeheeo)uNebsnioeAdtlaerNeckar 9 10 SLOVAKIA 11 12 FRANCE Mur HUNGARY G Rhône C R OAT 0 miles 50 100 independent in 1991. Although the population is only Gulf 2 million, the national culture is strong. The famous of Istra 13 Lipizzaner show horses are named after the Slovenian The opera ball 13 Germany and the Alpine States farm where they were first bred. Venice in Vienna VIENNA, AUSTRIA Vienna is a city of Baroque buildings, palaces, and famous concert halls. Grand balls with traditional waltzes are still customary. 14 These are a reminder of when 14 the city was the center of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which controlled large parts of east and central Europe. 15 15 ALPS The high and graceful stride 16 The Alps run from southeast France and spread eastward through of the Lipizzaner horses makes 16 Switzerland and northern Italy into Austria and Slovenia. A them excel in competitions. popular tourist destination, the Alps are famous for dramatic scenery and winter sports. 57 A BCDE FGH I

Europe BCDE FGH Spain and Portugal Spanish families tend to eat dinner late, at around The countries of spain and portugal share an area of land 9 pm. So after school, children eat a snack called the Iberian Peninsula. In the north, this land is cut off from the called a merienda. rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains, while to the south, it is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. The region was once rac1Euis4vtl9iideed2disedanobnmcfydeAuI,soncflohfadrtmaohalfuiecwiEcrpíuhaceri.ulooTelppt,hulePeer.oeMDfrrtcouuoamgroniadconrlssonvigtccueowitaltnrralhmetttthbherroeeierreA2osuses0whfnevrwtiheenidpcennesacirtr,n,eeiuwnkSnartnpuhthlbuloaleiyuecrnwdyih1dli,dns9ebbwhi7fynaoe0ecsgatbsrohst.etrnehuidtnteraoiMltnlh, oeoSSdFaraienssnCtPRtdet.aaraoiebrbaoUnCAexatirríetmaaavAO(alLeiLMudñaadCtaaureCraorsaocorhrsuuaGññOSaaa)aLCanlaltíriniBbaFceagetlilaoriñnraodozoleCshCVaoinlmLMatualbpodganoaofsotreCtleAaLousTraitrdncPueaiooPlrrnlaifevaeLiraarsaArPaovdiClalaéasOMn(GvCXitieLaiieájxbreodóVeabónniosnln)lrCadaCqivaeuicoclniisanCotttasaaaabmLVrlíaeinnaredse 2 They are now modern Marín Ourense 3 democracies and popular Astorga 4 tourist destinations. Vigo Ponteareas (Orense) 5 Xinzo de Limia Castilla-León 6 HARVESTING CORK MiMñoinho 7 Cork is made from the outer bark Ponte da Barca Bragança Benavente Palencia 8 of the evergreen cork oak tree. Embalse de Valladolid 9 Viana do Castelo Chaves The bark is carefully stripped Ricobayo 58 off, flattened, laid out in sheets, Braga and then left to dry. The cork Póvoa de Varzim Guimarães Zamora is used for many products, Vila do Conde Vila Real Toro Duero such as stoppers for wine bottles, matting, and tiles. Matosinhos Douro Lamego Embalse Medina del Campo PSegovia São João da Madeira de Almendra Portugal is the world’s Porto (Oporto) leading exporter of cork. SSalamanca Vila Nova de Gaia Ovar Aveiro Albergaria-a-Velha Ílhavo Viseu Ávila l P O R T U G A LAlto da Torre Guarda Ciudad-Rodrigo Cen t r a Covilhã Figueira da Coimbra 6539ft (1993m) Béjar SiSerirsat deemGar edos Serra da Estrela Foz Talavera Plasencia de la Reina Leiria Castelo Branco Coria LISBON Tomar Tagus Embalse de Portugal’s capital city Embalse Valdecañas Entroncamento Abrantes de Alcántara Cáceres is Lisbon, which is Caldas da Rainha situated at the mouth Peniche Santarém Trujillo Herrera of the River Tagus on Torres Vedras Portalegre del Duque a series of steep hills Coruche Extremadura and valleys. In 1755, CaSsciAnatilsmraSaeBdtaaúíbaadB(LlLeaIISrSrBeBOirOAo)NAlcÉávceoErrsatdroemSaoSldze’rOrassaElvAalsmenBdaZraadlfearjajooz Mérida Villanueva de la Serena two-thirds of the Don Benito city was completely Guadiana Castuera los BarrosPuertollano destroyed by an Villafranca de Pozoblanco earthquake and tidal Setúbal Jerez de los Azuaga wave but was rebuilt with beautiful squares Tltsortrarcaenamelsstpssaoaanrrntedad attioaofuenparoiftsouptrrsue.blfFSaoaioonIispvrnSthfldaeihfHtvLitoironnmmhfeItirp1iNgshlemsaiao,b hhe1fGinnnloinl0ioosduynondh0ofsrgsuPditctnmhoosssagt,rlnaaArotainstlunnetlearlgpsgdairtaseniwSPkclolrotrão.hiniyutccSorahseastCp,vhauVtllawaaeraagfi.ciblcsraniweeegtolephan’eiestdsnutS-lscleecstssi.-aPnotcHdmrtioaaeelcelolrshaasveottwcneeinhafmysLlleeonieavonpãpedgoefgoeAteofrsofo,daiEsupslruhotlger,uo’snapderO’svFuAareyOiVrBaqoaelmuhljTevaão(GaeGonvrutdiorelleaffodoLedfCIaLlsCeesrlCCaoiSplCCsaaraateamtáiBLdnnebCdiaugaienairNFzzHazzobbe)aenCauarsraltávnleedeadLaSlerSdva(onSieSLeSzastAdeearivFavlbnogriiiretallaJilonjluabAaefrDca)alJoGlnaeogrirMFsbeUerrazHcobaGCOinlrdeaErutitaeqRarasrOemtrdmuserMaOleavoplaqenMoCunCrainaOvoaCóRaaG(iCrtsEsoFrroOuAcbuIePrndinBUenajeduoaanltCKealRtmÁeblgo)aCAaAqAlaiaíLnoronrun(MuotcrLdseodahclteoTaareaSiaaAlMndpnBAlRdatloauucoiíeRnnáaojcra)lauoíllaSadaneogctleea and public buildings. Many explorers have set sail from Lisbon in their quest to find new lands. Costa de A BCDE FGH

Spain and Portugal I J K LMNO P SPANISH CITIES 1 The majority of Spanish people live in towns and cities. Madrid is the largest Spanish city and the capital of Spain. Tourists flock to Barcelona, capital of Catalonia and a leading cultural, economic, and industrial hub. Bilbao, home to the magnificent Guggenheim Museum, is the capital of the Basque region and a busy port. The Guggenheim, a modern art 2 museum in Bilbao 3 4 Santander Bermeo The Pamplona bull run 5 Laredo Zarautz is an annual fiesta that 6 Donostia/San Sebastián 7 Torrelavega Eibar Irun takes place in July. 8 9 Bilbao sque Coun Tolosa ís Vasco) 59 try Pamplona P y F R A N C EReinosaTheBa FIESTAS (P a In Spain, many towns hold their own fiestas, r e n e e sBuLredAgrermoaDnasudSdEeaelVriBoLOiuotsrmoggroarLioaañ-dMGRoeAiariEraosnbnStjerdTaeoodaairorziaazTNouECnsdataaeelallavlhao-a(CLrIrairzrualaaEñrbrtarrao)aayuEldojesZaCaadJrbaeacaalgleoroHzsuMaeosnc3ta3Fe4rP8(LaLmeBlgréedaarMiiidrddVbooaiaanl)aLsztafórroaSnenT(ucàBaCrCadrdlV'aeaaUCeaggtetrllaulgarPasveeelelrlTnulBroeaeeñndrrèAgariSsaaa)NasbsDaaSOidtgeReMlsRRLl ai’pAHBnVolioallcelsruMpPcAaeaitrltaelBaaomnalBGreynnóólFsiaytsriandogodeelunePseeMsaarlLeaaC(slGrfooreusbrgotrneeallg) at or festivals, to celebrate a special event in their Ibérico a Brava history or the birthday of their patron saint. stema These fiestas differ from one region to another. A I NGSiuearrdaadrreama Medinaceli Aragón Reus El Vendrell One of the most famous is held in Pamplona, where the brave run with the bulls. Daroca Alcañiz Tarragona Minorca Tortosa BI salleaarneds)s (Menorca) Amposta Ciutadella Maó HOLY WEEK Guadalajara Sant Carles de la Ràpita a(Irsil c Easter in Spain is marked by solemn celebrations, known as Alcalá de Henares ciano as the Holy Week processions. These TDOCoAaicluaeirGmñaddMneaiaoejtdulaAefzeMTDCoaLaRransrCzIeStaaDTToijMnmóloalalaormnpanartSoeenaa-doslLcdledcóouaeensAéloCMlCrlradiupameotnraozvncLCsoaahueRanocAdaalbJaavc(Ja2úel06ca62atm02rePb8mrAfae)tTTlíAmoeslBrVraXgurunaàeeVersltmljlnaiaavdetsla’sseeoíUOntxnódCVaaS(StuCaSaaGeaBurlOgcgarolelaoCunulerinjrndavraniataaics)tantioaaellVoinnardòVGesaollalefnPocladiane aCosta del Azahar processions vary according to the a l e region, but generally, men wear robes and hoods and carry heavy Tagus B Pollença crosses to show penitence. Sa Pobla Ibiza (Eivissa) Palma Manacor Ibiza Felanitx Llucmajor (Eivissa) Majorca Illa de Cabrera (Mallorca) 0 km 200 400 Real Valdepeñas Ontinyent Alcoy Denia Villanueva de los Infantes Villena 0 miles 200 400 Jumilla Benidorm Formentera Hellín Elda Segura Villajoyosa (La Vila Joíosa) Beas de Segura Sant Joan d’Alacant La Carolina Monóvar Bailén Moratalla Cieza Alicante (Alicant) Villacarrillo Elche a n S e aMLSiGaniJrartsaoarétsennesamdUaabesdGauBCaadézitoxBiralcazoaHsuéscarMulaOrihuelaCosta Blanc M u r c i a Murcia Totana La Unión Flamenco dancing was created by the gitanos Lorca Cartagena (Romani people) of Andalucía and dates back Aguilas to the 15th century. aMulhacén e11,421ft (3481m) e d i t e r r a nSierrada Mojácar Nev a Berja Adra Almería COASTAL RESORTS Every year, millions of northern MMotril Europeans head south for the beaches of southern Spain and Portugal, or for the Spanish Balearic Islands. They are REGIONAL SPAIN attracted by the warm climate as well There are 17 Spanish regions, each with its own distinct cultures and traditions. For example, in as affordable hotels and restaurants. the south is Andalucía, with flamenco dancing and traces of Moorish influences. IJ NO P

BCD FGH I Italy Vatican City has a permanent 1 Europe population of only about 2 The boot-shaped country of Italy stretches from the Andrea Bocelli HOME OF OPERA 1,000 people, although more 4 mountainous north down to the Mediterranean Sea. For The idea of setting drama to than 3,000 come to work in 5 much of its history, Italy consisted of city-states—such as music originated in Italy during 6 Florence and Venice—and was united only in 1870. Regional the 16th century. Since then, the city-state each day. 7 2 differences in Italy are huge, as each region has its own Italian composers such as Rossini, 8 cuisine, customs, and dialect, and is geographically quite Verdi, and Puccini have made Carnival masks distinct. As a result, many Italians identify themselves first opera the most popular musical by region and then by country. The largest division, however, form in Italy. Many cities have is between the rich north and the poorer south—a rugged their own opera houses. region with several active volcanoes and the occasional 3 severe earthquake. The mainland of Italy includes two tiny independent states—San Marino and Vatican City. l p s4 Brenner Pass A5 PaLsiMstt(17lSo4e5n18u,S7t70CS8ts77B.Mfuaa1-mltBafvnt()neP2oirRcge1onn8ilaoiv8rFcaPmdoianni)llo1(Geaii43er0lm,ae3(GP6rn221airL4AAo3msPeM6isfaagtoAn)9ptT(8romTusaS,tlp1tudnotR)reVe0a.iee-dhsr0srBeoôifnsoietnnrarnvAencnonìNae)sirSdStldnolairiWoviMvaCaoVaLarnagIasigarLtg(ieTMeaMouGskgreireeZligReealRPianhnoEieoonaMog)cRPageoaCinnLv(oGozizSaAaemnaeLnesoaoNtlkBolvPe’arLBDSCE(e)PLoaeoCmsooanmmrcrmgreiioMGlambbmaiaaiamaroaodrnvniVdoataVa)oyenvrEnAaodirCncoaoaaloOrVBpMLsiioMtcladeieklgerPozenallBaaninGGzlaaTdnsoraaseraosorepaldFvinnpaceDeaoeMatrooTRreAlraoe(yodsr1v4Pivt3am5gio7rB0iges4e8riroomfetdtCe)sGessheanFVimnCoooeocoogninnPnrgedoeitaeicrialtndeAoPaego(VGlUVUrdFeuudern’aliAnSifiurnceomloMeiTezf ipoaRne) fTzCazaIlocrRoAvOnisTeiAroiTesItAe CITY OF CANALS COLOSSEUM FRANCE SLOVENIA The beautiful city of Venice is One of Rome’s made up of 118 islands, 177 canals, greatest sights is evere Po and 400 bridges. The only way to get the Colosseum, around is to walk or take a boat: a vaporetto, which opened motoscafo, or motonave. The most distinctive in 80 ce. Deadly boat, however, is the gondola. Each year, gladiatorial in the days before Ash Wednesday,Venice combats and hosts a carnival when the city celebrates animal fights were with fireworks and everyone wears staged here before spectacular masks. crowds of up to A55,000 people. Modena Gulf of Genoa Comacchio MONACO Imperia p6 Imola Ravenna Ventimiglia San Remo La Spezia Carrara Bologna Massa Faenza Forlì Viareggio Pistoia The oval-shaped Colosseum A(FrFleiorzerzneoznCeceA)espepnSeaannn sepolRcSriSomAANiMNnMPiaeMAsFaRAarInNoRMFoOIaaNlcroiOtntiamraa stood at 620 ft (189 m) high. Ancona e7 nLucca Prato Pisa Arno 8 Umbrroc-hMea r cnh i g i a n i Ao Livorno ino Cecina Siena FOOTBALL FANS nT Italians are mad about Piombino I ChiantiTuscany Civitanova football and fanatically Marche follow the performance of Archipelago ( T o s c a n a ) Lago Fermo teams such as Juventus, Portoferraio Trasimeno AC Milan, Inter, and Roma. Isola Perugia Ascoli Italian teams frequently win d’Elba Grosseto Foligno Piceno major European competitions, and the national team has won T o Orbetello Lago di Todi Giulianova the World Cup four times – in scano Bolsena 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006. Terni Teramo Viterbo Corsica L’Aquila Pescara (Corse) Civitavecchia Chieti Ortona (to France)

Sardinia9 Strait of Bonifacio Tivoli eAvezzano Termoli Isola Asinara zz ensnei n o la Maddalena VATICAN CITY ROME L Campobasso San Severo (ROMA) Isernia (Sardegna) Olive harvesters A pApber u Porto Torres Tempio Pausania gather olives in nets Anzio Adri 9 Olbia 10 Sassari Latina s nooltur V Y t i cMacomer Manfredonia Foggia aAlghero Ozieri Terracina Barletta Gaeta Campania Molfetta Golfo di NuoroSiniscola Isole Gaeta Caserta Vesuvius Cerignola Ponziane Benevento Naples Andria Bitonto (Napoli) SPunta La Marmora 4190ft (1277m) anto Bari Avellino Torre del Greco e a10 Oristano 6017ft (1834m) AltamuraOf tranto Salerno Battipaglia Appennino Lucano Puglia Isola Gulf of Potenza Villacidro di Capri Salerno Tyrr S Matera Brindisi Iglesias Taranto Agropoli Sala Cagliari Consilina Lecce Manduria Carbonia Quartu Sapri Sant’ Elena Lauria Gallipoli Maglie 11 11 OLIVE HARVEST e a h e n Castrovillari Golfo di Italy is a big producer of olive oil, producing around 330,000 tons, Taranto which is second only to Spain in Europe. The oil is produced by ian Strait of O first pressing the fruits of the olive tree between steel or stone Rossano rollers, then squeezing oil from the pulp using a press. Olive trees flourish in the fertile soils and the mild, frost-free climate Cosenza La Cirò Marina of southern Italy. Sila Isola Amantea Crotone Stromboli Isole Eolie Lamezia Catanzaro 12 VATICAN CITY Isola Lipari This tiny state in Rome is the center of the Roman Catholic Trapani Church and home to the Pope. As well as St Peter’s Basilica and the surrounding buildings and gardens, the Vatican boasts Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel. The state has its own flag, S i c i l y I oSneiaa n13 Palermo Isola Vulcano Palmi Marsala Alcamo Cefalù Messina Siderno Castelvetrano Mount Etna SMtreasistionfa Reggio 0 km 50 100 10,958ftSimeto di Calabria 13 ( S i c i l i a ) (3340m) 0 miles 50 100 postage stamps, and coins. Catania Caltanissetta Agrigento HOME LIFE Isola di Strait Gela Family life is important Pantelleria Vittoria in Italy, and most M e dSwiss guards, in their red, yellow, and of S i c i l y Ragusa Siracusa people live at home i t eblue striped costumes, stand at the Modica until they marry. This r r a14 gates into Vatican City. is partly due to lack of n e a n S e aRENAISSANCE ITALY Pozzallo cheap housing. Lunch 14 (pranzo) is often the Florence (below) sits on either side of the Arno River. During the Malta Channel main meal of the day. 15th century, a new movement in art and architecture known as the Gozo MALTA Renaissance, or rebirth, began in Italy. Painters and sculptors such as Isole VALLETTA Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created beautiful works Pelagie Malta of art using improved techniques of perspective and realism. Many of 15 these can still be seen in the galleries and churches of Florence. Italy

BCDE FGH I Central Europe FAMILYFARMS 1 Europe Four countries lie at the heart of central Europe— Poland has one of the largest agricultural sectors in Europe, with more than 12 percent of the Poland, Czechia (until 2016, the Czech Republic), Slovakia, workforce employed on the land. Most farms are and Hungary. The region is composed of wide plains still small, family-run businesses, growing grains, broken by gentle hills and the Carpathian mountain sugar beet, and potatoes. Large numbers of pigs and other animals are also kept. 2 range in the south. In the late 1980s, these countries 2 broke away from decades of communist rule and, as new democracies, began to modernize. EU-members since 2004, they have seen a rise in living standards, despite the global economic crisis of 2008 hitting their TRADITIONAL TRADES 3 growing economies. The countries of central Europe are heavily industrialized.Vast coal mines, 3 steel works (above), and engineering works dominate the urban landscape. Although some of these sites are old and poorly equipped, these countries GOLDEN PRAGUE are trying to update machinery and Prague, the capital of Czechia, is introduce measures to improve standards one of Europe’s most charming and of environmental pollution. beautiful cities. Unlike many other central European cities, it escaped serious damage in both World Wars, and contains many fine historic buildings, soaring church spires, B a l t i c S e a4 Władysławowo Gulf of 4 Danzig and grand squares. Ustka Wejherowo Rumia Vistula Lagoon KALININGRAD Lębork Gdynia Sławno (to Russian Federation) Pomeranian Koszalin Słupsk Gdańsk Braniewo Bartoszyce Gołdap Tczew Bytów Elbląg Lidzbark Suwałki Warmiński Bay Kołobrzeg Wisîa Kętrzyn Giżycko Kościerzyna ry Świnoujście Białogard Szczecinek Malbork Dobre Miasto Ełk Augustów Zalew Biskupiec Świdwin Chojnice Jezioro Grajewo Kużnica Szczeciński Nowogard Człuchów Sokółka Goleniów Olsztyn Śniardwy Szczecin a z u5 Ostróda Pisz BELARUS 5 Kwidzyń Iława Szczytno g MStargard Szczeciński Świecie Grudziądz Nidzica SiPyrzrSŚayłw)ucebieGibceoodKrzzrioónswnCohMSWOoTuirsdęlzezidreccczzizhlaayknóPńnrOoowzskokbeapicozePozrninlłsaiWakkińaiłczCBGhynodidegzzioenżsWozrŻcznzeCiNśnhnMoetieałoćmSgoKIżilnlaeonocKonwKoinułTLrojoioapcwrnNłuoasokńwWwi yłoDBKRrcwuoyłótpadnrinwPnCoSMiciłieeeoaacrkczhpokPacwrnuóieswPMczłkokłaińówswOkasMtraoW(PzW˘ıęuokOAłAwtaŁsuRiRtoesWSrkcóSmZkywAAasżzWakWŁóAuwk) óZwNaBmuSariBbeewirdeóllwsckeMSŁPiaieoępmddBylziBaiayasitrkałyzyicłeazscetPPoookddllaasskki a 6 Oder (Od GERMANY P O L A N D6 RELIGION The Roman Catholic Church is very strong throughout central Europe. Attending mass on Sunday and observing religious LoPv(RPoZDRsZAgiěLAcoieeGičrHbzílnoUAeelBrnT)eESeoucŻzaPclrpaenogGLrsodoułaSaóvětbńwabrsuwkari(eao1aLSdcJd65nee02yěe25lgž6mekNtfna)tnOoeKHiidwcanerraraáaGl(GOSldóoóedłeLrolrvaaucWgsé)bóŚaiiwwnKLłbęiaeddrZsnzRzązaynbiicewWkcoarohizcwWzryioncKiBe-ecOKKralŚłzęskoalletpąiożsrgwsnPólpkzoeliOweoReslypzsGekbowKlinliKlewuiłBokcSPeibzicWeałbuecBrRbochLaiykZaeriudatakdlgbuzotnoCilńómeiminhcwrKisezoeCkcaorzztęóZoŁsaJwótwęSwoTPddkcririiioeeźzchySerrtbeontjcrKóuTMaikMiwKeewornióweaiaarmeawzcilaclccGhoshaeekkMróowsWóizówwjiaóeeywicwłccżSKkeoyTKkaianpaaGmlrrDawoRóżniąeyraaolbansrkdbsrniOŚaooraokww-zsMmGtaeiaręagioTrteSwaowaalerRnkPonicyedrluoikznocWłSPwiyamotsswanykikelTiayiożaroztLywmLoeRnwuażaaaWasbJdaWzjazslółrkiyoLoownńdsulłaaPLabKwuowrebdaaZellsaaslnCssmkkkyhsiiaeotałśmwć holidays, such as 7 Warta 7 8 Wisî Christmas and Easter, Part of Prague’s colourful are important features history is preserved in buildings around the Old Town Square. of family life. Ústí nad Labem Teplice 8 Chomutov Karlovy Vary Most Cheb Kladno

Tachov Mariánské Lázně Kolín Elbe Pardubice Wodzisław Śląski FrHýdaJaveŻískořot-rrvMyzTBęísyibteceilheksy-kZod-rBóiaj łaWielicLzikmaanNToowawrany óSwąDcęzbicaKrRoPszrnezoesSzmaónyowśkl UKRAINE Plzeň Rokycany Zábřeh Opava Bohemia C Z E C H I A Carpathian M9B Ostrava oh Humpolec Olomouc S L O V A K I A ountainsA U S T R I AKlatovy 9 G Strakonice emian Písek Tábor Prostějov Přerov Poprad FOLK CULTURE Traditional folk culture is still ERM Jihlava Moravia Zakopane MRtyssy 8199ft preserved in Slovakia, and is Brno Otrokovice Tatra seen as an essential part of Fores České Budějovice Třebíč LaborecZlín BytčaŽilina (2499m) Bardejov regional identity. Throughout the year, especially during the AN MoravaL Vá Martin Prešov Snina summer months, folk festivals h Trenčín Y t Znojmo Ružomberok Poprad Vranov nad Topl’ou Hodonín Banská Bystrica Rožňava Michalovce Český Krumlov Košice Piešťany are held in many towns. The 10 Danube Malacky Trnava Nitra Zvolen SlovenskLéuRčeundeochriÓe zd Sátoraljaújhely Záhony people dress up in their 10 Encs twBuodcaitpieesst–wBausdoancoen A11 Pezinok Nitra colourful regional folk costumes, play traditional instruments, BRATISLAVA Senec Galanta Levice Ipel’ Miskolc Kisvárda and sing and dance. Fehérgyarmat Šurany Ipoly Kékes Nyíregyháza MoSsoonpmroangyCasroórvnáarGyőDTranaiuttbtaelbe áAnKoyl lafáörolEvdsoztergom 3326ft Eger Nagykálló Tisza Vác (1014m) Be Hajdúhadház Gyöngyös Debrecen ROMANI BUDAPEST Püspökladány RitvheeornrDitghahent ulbebafetn,bkaanonfdkt.Pheest H U N G A R YH uGPnrlgeaaairnti a n12 SLSOzZoVaEmlNabIeAagMtehuNrresalzyLgeeKKygneköCtsiarezmnltlhdeizeönSBsVlmdyazeKaöésalzkkkppeooFrBséosnafvnmleaáyythorónédrSvDzáeukrnszaáúrdjváKrToePocsalsnkNkasaegmykéőStrzöes gedRábaSzolnok rettyó Berettyóújfalu Mezőtúr Tiszakécske Gyomaendrőd Békéscsaba Hódmezővásárhely 12 Makó INDUSTRIAL LIFE C Csurgó M e c s e k Baja Czechia is central Europe’s most industrialized country, R O Barcs Pécs SERBIA with a large car manufacturing sector. It is renowned for its ATI Siklós Danube LANDSCAPE OF SLOVAKIA centuries-old glass industry Slovakia is divided between a fertile, lowland south and a more 13 and also produces some of A Drava rugged, mountainous north. The country is far more rural than the world’s best-known beers. its industrial neighbour, Czechia. Most Slovaks live in small Pilsner lager, for example, towns and mountain villages. The Tatra Mountains in the north 13 originated in the town of Plzen, are popular with skiers and hikers, who bring in much-needed while Budweiser beer has been 0 km 50 100 tourist income. brewed at Cˇ eské Budeˇ jovice for more than a century. 0 miles 50 100 14 14 HOT SPRINGS 15 Central Europe A land of fertile plains, Hungary is also famous for its numerous hot springs. In the capital city of Budapest, there are more than 100 hot springs. The 15 warm waters rise naturally from the ground, and spas and baths are centred on these springs. They are as popular today as they were centuries ago, when the Romans used the hot springs on the Buda side of the city. 16 Széchenyi baths in 16 Budapest has outdoor pools open all year. 63 A BCDE FGH I

BCDE FGH I Southeast Europe 1 Europe Until 1991, croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia were all part of Yugoslavia. Ethnic tensions between the Serbs and other peoples in THE ADRIATIC Yugoslavia caused a series of bloody wars that broke up The long Adriatic coastline of Croatia is one 2 2 the country. Peace was eventually restored in 1999, but all of the most beautiful in Europe. The wooded five countries have suffered intense economic problems as hillsides, pretty beaches, such as Markarska a result. So, too, has Albania since its communist government (right), islands, and historic towns such as Dubrovnik attract tourists from all over Europe. The archipelago is also collapsed. The six nations do, however, have huge potential, popular for sailing holidays. with considerable agricultural and mineral resources. In the north, the Danube River is an important trading route for 3 both Croatia and Serbia, while Croatia has a flourishing 3 tourist industry along its beautiful Adriatic coast. The Dalmatian GROWING FOOD The most fertile area in dog is named this region lies along the SPORTING ACHIEVEMENT River Danube in northern Croatia is a great sporting nation. Serbia and eastern Croatia. Former skier Janica Kostelic has won Here, vegetables, fruit, four Olympic gold medals (three in 2002 after the coastal corn, and cereals are and one in 2006), making her one of the grown, as well as grapes most successful female Alpine skiers of for wine-making. Most region of4 farms are small-scale 4 family businesses growing all time. Other popular sports are football Dalmatia in a wide range of crops. (soccer), tennis, and basketball. OVENIADrava Čakovec Croatia, its first known home. Janica Kostelic 5 VaraždinKvarner 5 SL Sava Koprivnica DIFFERENT SCRIPTS Križevci Croatian and Serbian languages are very similar rbas but the people of Croatia, a predominantly BosH YSamobor Sesvete C R O A T I A U N G A R6 Bjelovar 7 Hc EBROZ ES NGIOAV&I N A S E R B I A N I A8 Poreč IOs tpLraoaštiiCjnarjikCvreeDOnsRuitKcoiPgZajkrieaakgkdaarOSegnuKjloŠilnipbGaeonKsipkaTiZćrroloAgCvKiGraBanzocRiinBsnaGEiPhnlUeBBiasnntokćSaraciisiUnnSaNnjjnpaaosPlvkiT6(riat1KB2ri9jo7leDa1gj6Sud3lfuniatmsčovLbaj)riaikvacvnaLaFoJuKEaIKokjDcHzuaeGEatErirRanaTRNRAardCaoiEKCšvSvEkVoPBnIaRGaPnJoiUkPAjsaOiBacSSpVnBLKlMausIOIVkAvDDNakKSaoSigolreAZnanANoGlbravaesvvorAkoGjeinajtannridiScaVsctPliZakdaašaiosakitaožviaBčBnSekiardoagooAcosMadavROnoiĐćDsdBAsiakBBIrrDiSkiRičTjJeSčrTZeokŠaČlEuarVRvivavoekKiozVMRIomnbOCrlŽokranTaaOuegocninpkaSvBaiaotccisiinjmtcaeDBiajrlabjroMiiVonrLSouiroratevkrzŠVomUoonVavVvžiasciToGbaikFrclacSBBojbruaaoaeerjapatbarvcvočnoočosSkgjlkaoRbiaavauArMPadamroPniaKliZžSaaaNnaeSneunlđmngTaoombeeajaneivvlImžoonadkuiaBvdČcetSeSanSeaMitirarmjcaBičSceaačAnelaeravKaeadadjnKstkZddikaatB(kPrreaaBejeaainnMEnrEzPngioecoLdaOuPjuvavvalžaGaaajGoalnecnjnaRRivkčnaaAAeVcvDDroJ)šaEagPORaRcoosourdžBdmtsahieosnraoileaaaBndvnooCaCsxCrcnaDkyatiavharnnainodlulslbiiwc.ecsMwS(srccBeciiraottroriehgpuibrpatnuiRtaztssnoiri.nynms,egawarbnerNoitmetehgaionRintswMoRilcnmyioratiEhmgapnaatCasznatiyennrsreidcnllriicpt,naTisza6 Rovinj a 7 S Sana 8 Pula Adriatic Ve l e b it OMA R D D in Duna) a MVoerlaivkaa l a r m i a

a A Goražde Ćuprija i Priboj Paraćin Zaječar t Kruševac Aleksinac Knjaževac ea S Bra č Makarska l Foča Drina Kraljevo Vis p s tva Hvar Mostar Kopaonik Korčula 9 Metković IbarPljevljaPrijepolje 9 10 Ploče Nere 11 12 Sjenica Prokuplje Niš 13 Novi Pazar 14 Bijelo Polje Ba B U L G A R I Aoutlakianns 15 n 16 Mljet MONTENEGROTrebinje MPirot Dubrovnik Nikšić Berane Mitrovicë/ Podujevë/Podujevo Mitrovica Leskovac Južna MoravaVlasotince DUBROVNIK North The medieval walled city of Albanian Pejë/Peć Vushtrri/Vučitrn Surdulica Dubrovnik, at the very southern Fushë Kosovë/ PRISTINA tip of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, Kotor Cetinje is one of the architectural gems of Europe. In 1991, Serb troops K O S O V OPODGORICA shelled the city, causing immense AlpsBajram Kosovo Polje (PRISHTINË) damage.The city was restored after Gjeravicë/Đeravica the end of the war. Other historic Curri 8720ft (2658m) Vranje cities damaged during the fighting, notably Sarajevo and Mostar, in Lake Scutari Gjakovë/Đakovica (disputed) Bujanovac Bosnia and Herzegovina, have Bar umi i Drinit Rahovec Ferizaj/ Gjilan/Gnjilane also been restored. PrizrenUroševac Preševo Shkodër L Kukës cTetovo Kumanovo Lezhë SKOPJE 11 Laç Peshkopi Kočani Gostivar Štip Bregal ni a Kičevo Krujë Burrel Debar Veles Durrës TIRANA Black Drin MACEDONIA Radoviš (TIRANË) Kavajë Prilep Kavadarci Strumica Lu mi i Shkubinit Struga GREAT LAKES Lushnjë Elbasan Ohrid Crna R eka Vardar Macedonia contains Gevgelija 12 Strait of Otranto Lake Bitola Ohrid two huge lakes—Ohrid and Kuçovë Fier Lake Prespa. The latter has clear Berat Lu smi i Pogradec Prespa water, fed by underground Lumi Devollit Vlorë A L B A N I A streams, and is a popular Korçë E E C E 0 km tourist spot. Both lakes have substantial fish stocks, Lu especially of trout and eel, Tepelenë mi i V joisëO s um 50 100 which are used to make it GR 13 local dishes. 0 miles 50 100 Gjirokastër Sarandë The shell of an impressive Konispol temple still stands at Apollonia, Albania. Lake Prespa Corfu (Kérkyra) LIFE IN ALBANIA Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Most Eel 14 people are ethnic Albanian, with a sizeable Greek minority in the south of the country. Loyalty to one’s family or clan An Albanian is more important than national identity, and married sons family often live with their parents and look after them in old age. APOLLONIA Southeast Europe About 8 miles (13 km) outside the city of Fier, Albania, lie the ruins of an ancient city called 15 Apollonia. Founded in 588 BCE by Greeks from Corinth, it is one of 30 cities named after the Greek god Apollo. Austrian archaeologists began excavating the site during World War I, and French archaeologists continued the digging in the 1930s. However, much of the city still remains buried in the surrounding hills. DE FGH I

BCDE F HI Bulgaria and Greece 1 Europe For more than four centuries Bulgaria and Greece were ruled by the 2 Ottoman Turks. Bulgaria gained independence in 1908, while southern Greece 3 became independent in 1832 and was joined by northern Greece in 1913. After 4 World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state. Both states are now democracies 5 2 and members of the European Union (EU). Bulgaria remains relatively poor. 6 Greece’s economy is struggling, despite the billions of euros lent by the EU since 2010. That’s when it was discovered that seemingly wealthy Greece had a huge 8 national deficit (meaning it had spent a lot more than it had collected in taxes). Although they border each other, Bulgaria and Greece are quite different; the Greek mainland is mountainous 3 with only one-third of the land suitable for First held in Athens ARCHITECTURE cultivation. By contrast, Bulgaria is more fertile in 1896, the modern Bulgaria contains many fine with a strong agricultural tradition. Tourism is an old churches, monasteries, and important source of income to both countries, Olympic Games mosques, despite the damage done to the with visitors flocking to the Black Sea resorts in were staged there country during World War II. Rila Monastery (above) Bulgaria, to the Greek mainland was founded by a hermit monk who took to the mountains again in 2004. in search of solitude in 927 CE. After a fire in 1833, Rila was 4 to see the ancient ruins, and to rebuilt and the magnificent church now boasts three great domes, a museum, and 1,200 frescoes. the Greek islands in search of sandy beaches. Bregovo Da(DnuubneGavl)avinTisuttarakan Silistra BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE Wheat, corn, and other Vidin Alfatar Dulovo cereals grow in the fertile Danube R O M A N I ADimovo 5 river valley in the north of the Danube Ruse Zavet Tervel Lom (Dunav) country. Tobacco (right) grows in D u n a v s k a R a v n i n aBelogradchik Razgrad Karapelit Durankulak the Maritsa river valley in the Miziya southeast, while grapes for Boychinovtsi Gulyantsi Dobrich the wine industry flourish on the Vinishte Borovan Pleven Polsko Gara Khitrino Kavarna slopes of the Balkan Mountains. Tru˘ mbesh Dralfa Suvorovo The festival of Kukerov Den, with Montana Vratsa Telish Pavlikeni Dolna Oryakhovitsa VaZVrlnaatranniePnysaksiu˘ tZsialiv traditional processions, celebrates Lukovit Lovech Shumen the start of the agricultural year. BBerkovitsa 6 Iskŭr Roman a l kDragoman Sevlievo Veliko Veselinovo Dolni Chiflik 7 Lyulyakovo Tu˘ rnovo 8 Trams provide an efficient way for people Gabrovo to get around Bulgaria’s capital, Sofia. a n B l a c kSlivnitsa SERBIA Mikre Troyan Luda Kamchiya B UMLo uGn At a iRn sI A E Y S e aatttTmMoMtBhCahorhpbfhuoIaaeeaoToatuulenihcgsrYunytrsssettaeoeeetpmdLartpsthc7oioaprIotaeeoFo7erlwnuannoutElFpmaprbidptsnnaleoPLtelóslbstnmAiioepTarrrocrlh,cayreumouiknalene.oasnicrelkvpMnývaarkkadleeinaettissRkiosctuooiaeihonsniannpftltm,oicyioeotathasfra...eAlMlrAiAdleaCxíaPKáEonyGldDuýriksaeOBatniesalntaNnMrigtoOdTsIooráiIAsuPlz˘ueonevvngorLgt(noraPSSarcveiOiaSOKkhtndFarialsFiIkncKlYohIíásaYAAS(snD2lMai)Kam99utiIzrScu52srmyoptik95esSNamvtrnam6ŭaslauSlioófiniarrt)n(tinrmvSTdasdaiiéaháiysarIraseónrPYknesNZksauas˘skiíaDéazcrkishalraotooKánrrronmoudidAKVNísdazktlloeéiiaehiDsssl)inttupinoorkerságsaetptrsTiaadhtKMáasBvoroásCeDPlATzhuaiAAlohermodlvánrpyadvoXsiektoitádlÁínrasnooaivrKvtedvThhigiirhanarsarSKKkMsdaMKaouea˘oczorvarimdiaomtSsaSnaTzotDcrSohnalhteiáuiSpd˘dairnplkoylagelFíAeiKimltérvoslshaZreóevedaaxgtnsrAeagrminarOScodaddvhraSnrireolsKooaelsitaúunYirpflágnadoríoamalibdBbatooBllyuaTrruog˘MrvanAoSasoyrlkevtooodseBtsurgTLtGicpftKPsihhBlaAehroarreeTnsasoieesNntmskonspe8lad2atGiiwkytloecrn4oehRaZUaexraglescsaltvocaAlpukszhpreGolvGooooaianhwovrugkvrEtaeeauenoebercnrdkehetyet.abtwBrShdsysCrieaenEi1ittnv,wc3etoweetomflnhrhvtroheleieidlmnednl.inoatnhned Tundzha Rh TURK S

KastoríaAliákmonas Véroia C h a l k i d Arnaía Samothráki Kastaneá Samothráki IA Neápoli Epanomí ikí Ierissós ALBAN9 10 G R E E C E11 12 otGDMiarmaCGttAshhronsralyeRoroceeoaoveZhcgdkErnrtleeImeoeáeyaeEhodlcavkdcKfaneetasfneyeahreir.nilrnonrnIasTaiScbSdtemlntenihraaeyLhlsaaeonenaIAoe2ffor.sfdtde,isafTNl.ni0dranor(or0eD,nebuyf0wtdiSeorhsislhfleso,atite(wslnsKenud)oéc,fSrhtCatkoierdoyenLrárfaeIrug)ifkoAíumnPmtmaíexpCPinoaoáííxtrrK(osgfKLaiVAueaKeLefarff(eaaPagksKlflrKliáopokllééKdLiolnsáZákrveianótkKxkedíiIióáánaosoyizeak)loirKáúiayrtaúínsanr)GaÁrNinttLaPohareieóntoúsocasrtahncoohaaGsúióPnnKrKrýeáiriyrAvaZgpenmaoaTMnicPsLráhfiPáhiáéiásénlámsotetrrísimcóaroopshavKeoKíoKaiKáaaa9toRArKo5ldzleaNT7fTaeáínA0mritýránfístptrckfapíÓinh(pnea2áGlXaAanaal9yLkaVvïy1mókííaaasog7letnpmiómosiLolnokvsi)sí(NdoéaaDKGToniesóoutrrmtrrmílCíopfoikLénosKoLooiáatrifaklAhtiirCntAóóoMiTgeAÁtsosclsrrVAhShíhrraór)aíitigngoCCGegoóNnlróLoaritoviraotláemSáuomhoslóornsaofoilstaipnsAsfaúnoLaVl(ttlPiiríPíCnhiíívgcdoplPiehoaiiiriaLanoianMaroElaláaaNSkueraKtikímíéAtáMaeuldóeyraSssÝiláaEsrSpsóátóP)íádMrpknnennóoAPrííPlndiaraNodaofaLokiarytuassAláaonrhsliovdioAvorlaoásritartú(gvosíKhiVTnréíroAseaKiáióírHoSr(aMKkrliýAáaereEtIirmaoeoTKhSSrtrtNanHuiýékoíarrtE(oKmlýÍstiíÉéSisNhsofaruAaiovoórADsvbkyTsnK)oéorrzaKioéáseiaSsatpýra)SíkyatrMýýChisnortrýnooooyrPosssiícnsTnÁPalíennaáÁEsEÁodrrAdnofsrmgsdsoneitsToorrtsosíáúípntsLpsi(ooaoíKssmr(lNayiLLnáMÁkéePxoslsnvoýsCásbtoaksdoihsrosse)ásínoaso)ssPIklCoKahMmarííloáyalosPtriináSlíítnáTmimhAoésogrsamLtShéaáróomnsAiLosreisMAkipogaísíoraíinaPA e g ean 9 10 i 11 12 n d u ( s P M s SnpoSrpáodresa)des ín o d u o nt s) a i n s I Sea o ni GREEK WEDDING About 98 per cent of Greeks (I follow the Greek Orthodox religion, and weddings follow an the rites of the Orthodox Church. At the ceremony it óni is traditional for the best man I to place wreaths of orange blossom, linked by a silk a ribbon, on the heads of the bride and the s groom (above). N l i an P siá d (ePleol ) s po opó nn nni ós es Dodecanese (D sos e ) Ionian S Messíni Spárti Mirtó Paroikiá Náxos Kálymnos Pýlos Kalámata Geráki o Sífnos Kástro Amorgós Kos Kos Amorgós ea Koróni Gýtheio Pelagos Pláka Chóra Íos Floúda odeká Areópoli Mílos Thíra Akrotírio Astypálaia Geroliménas Lakonikós Kólpos Daimoniá NísyTroílsos 13 CORINTH CANAL Folégandros ni 13 The Corinth Canal Neápoli s a ) Rhodes was built to provide Karavás Santorini Anáfi Sýrna Chálki (Ródos) a shortcut for ships Kýthira Rhodes Líndos travelling between the SKýthira (Ródos) Aegean and Ionian e a o f C r e t ePotamós Kattavía Seas. Dug through solid limestone, the Antikýthira steep-sided canal was (Kritikó Pélagos) Saría 14 begun in 1882 by the French and completed e d i t e r r a n e a n50 100 in 1893 by the Greeks. D Kárpathos 14 15 15 M Crete Chaniá (Kríti) Kásos Kárpathos ATHENS Bulgaria and Greece Kíssamos Pánormos Irákleio The capital city of Óri Lefká Neápoli Siteía Greece is dominated by the Kántanos Parthenon, a temple built in Chóra Sfakíon Spíli Zarós i k t í Ágios Nikólaos 447–438 BCE on a rocky hill known as Tympáki Mýrtos Ierápetra the Acropolis. Modern-day Athens is a sprawling city where the large number 0 km S e aGávdos of cars cause serious air pollution. 0 miles 50 100 EARTHQUAKES 16 The idyllic landscape of the Greek Islands, such as Santorini (left), can be rocked by earthquakes. This is because the islands and mainland of Greece, as well as Bulgaria, sit 16 on a plate boundary. There is now a Greek Seismic Code that outlines regulations on all new buildings. 67 A BCDE FGH I

Europe BCDE FGH Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania Throughout much of the last century, Ukraine and Moldova Pripet P r i p e t B E L A R U formed part of the Soviet Union (USSR), while Romania was ruled for 20 years by the communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In 1989, Marshes S Ceausescu was overthrown, while Ukraine and Moldova became 2 independent in 1991. Today, the three countries are still struggling O Kovel’ Styr Sarny to fully transform themselves into modern democracies, although LA ND luch Prut Bug S Olevs’k Ovruch Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy ipeoRncnrooo2mggn0aroa1esnm4saisawin.cIjdhoatenioinnsdielaRdeflrsunotosvhmsiaeriaotrEhneaUgemniinorienenpnx2otoea0wdfl0eep7Utrr.hfokuOnbrlaiulcneitnmedteeiags’nstheshCbidaoorvntiremescR,sehhulaonisngwoshilpeaolde,iggnaythnih,ntddeeseidurplae,ndencyYaHvPoorriovdZohkovkLva’vivChSeorkvaoLln’ZuoothlosrDc’akhudibvno Kivertsi Korosten’ Rivne Malyn Novohrad- Radomyshl’ Volyns’kyy Shepetivka Zhytomyr Kremenets’ Izyaslav Polonne 3 where a large part of the population consists of Russians Berdychiv Sambir Khodoriv Zbarazh left behind after the USSR break-up. Boryslav Berezhany Ternopil’ Starokostyantyniv Kozyatyn Stryy U K R4 SLOVAKIA MOLDOVA5 RCSwrcecogeresufioIiabmpnTtitmfhlihetYtduau—ceasiaLirn(n—ayolIwmseilFlalafdeyiEfittnrxah)hotidcnoawoimhn,swftaahromisntttehles.ofdpaiopsncnraueiaeyctnnsyionetcddliwintomteenitradedieefnlsuw,libsgnlha.uhnbaaMtiihdudlsddueit1iltiocfdno19frhiewg2ynrs,tngehnsOs.tradeȘaimlAeSuleașStVdiulMyvnaManoCrihgaeaUrhriarezieBdtihaeivNMrheZeohuagorlkroăveaDeușKdctehBihDj-uOaeosiavltayNșenCaMadBaavoKirNrrKeșonăaaBlasolH6ăui7msuos6trhd2yrafyitHţa(aoC2Ivv0eh6ra1CleRamnhăr)KooSdnruaPFă-KitFăvmucokhlerţitdtvi’aisam’ciyinlve’aeansk’nliki’venytsMDyyPs’Daa’kto-orsșhacr’Bayboklnoahyivinoty-oiUPi oșnPadgZonihhl’dimes’VnikeliyirS’nyyosnnrB’koDkyăacnataliesţCsiVytăeRralyăîbsrnaoșicţiahLTHyyupanKlo’yacoBvshytaeoynlttnvsa’s’k HUNGAR Y Transn i s t r i a Someș Siret rpathian Mountains FOLK CUSTOMS Salonta Beiuș Cluj-Napoca Topliţa Bicaz Iași Dubăsari Despite years of communist rule, folk Roman CHIȘINĂU customs thrived in the rural areas of Curtici Arad Transy lvan i a Piatra-Neamţ Romania and Ukraine. In Ukraine, Mureș singers perform dumas, historical Lipova Munţii Turda Târgu Mureș Bacău Hîncești Tighina epics that tell of slavery under Apuseni Mediaș Miercurea-Ciuc the Turks. One of the traditional Cristuru Vaslui Tiraspol DevAalba Iulia Secuiesc R O M A N I Ainstruments is a bandura (left),Jimbolia Târgu Ocna Basarabeasca a stringed instrument that sounds like a harpsichord. TimișoTaOimrriaaDBvrioţoacObșaţOeetrlușaSo-RevTRoaLvueCșuerșuargniMțliaTonuaoHfâjataPrrtgțeuDetCuagrFnorJiuașliSHibauaitenorșuB(eCiiDTvănhâuiaealrnmRediăaașâWRCrptoVeSiomnoauaâ)șirbraislanlouacbiiyrelncuiiPaualgldSiCvelta8VMaae3Vaârto4cșraile6fdnntcufdohtailave(ile2aia5TnZ4auâ4inmmrFAg)năAilogceBăevxulrTaiafașpintttșeSudesaiBrnCiGraaâaimiaSușMPB(fproBâligiUnoUzvniiaiCuCltReIuUaOâHșlFRomlGtUtomSAEienrăhciȘnzţRrișeaTŢciaBiacţuăIoEtea)unnrnBSizdgiâCTăăhrrBăueleGalriăădaTTreielalaccașuhFţieciiHriBtgeâahșrbMMtișoaioCeădlvRadcaaehiggnEnCuifdiOlBooiLCzaornaeiLTileIrcahAaszuou-drcStmrllauYîtuacrSdslaea-dnyiRLlnazypKuţaouianziilhleiigmyaaș DRACULA’S CASTLE SERBIA Situated in Transylvania, Bran Castle is a favorite tourist destination. This is where author Bram Stoker’s fictional 7 blood-drinking Count Dracula lived. The story is probably based on a 15th-century Romanian prince, Vlad Dracula, who reigned for Jiu less than 10 years but caused Olt more than 50,000 deaths. BULGARIA Mangalia 8 The word Transylvania means “land EASTER BREAD In Romania, Easter is beyond the celebrated with a meal of roast lamb served forests.” with a bread called cozonac. 9 This is made by pounding nuts, raisins, and even cocoa, into the dough. 68 A B C D E F G H

Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania I J K LMNO P INDUSTRY IN THE UKRAINE Liquid iron ore Ukraine is the world’s tenth largest Desna 1 Horodnya Shostka steel producer, and also has a big 2 Shchors vehicle and space industry. Most of 3 the heavy industry, however, is situated 4 Chernihiv Krolevets’ 5 in the east, an area badly affected 6 by Ukrainian-Russian tensions, and 7 exports have been severely damaged 8 9 since the fallout with Russia. 69 Hlukhiv Kyyivs’ke Dnieper Konotop RUS 0 km 50 100 Vodoskhovyshche Nizhyn Bakhmach Sumy SIA 0 miles 50 100 Oster Nosivka Romny KIEV Desna N FEDERATION (KYYIV) Brovary Pryluky Psel Lebedyn Boyarka LowlandYahotyn Pyryatyn Vasyl’kiv Hrebinka Okhtyrka Zolochiv Kharkiv Oskol HOLIDAYS BY THE SEA Derhachi In the days of the Russian Fastiv Kanivs’ke Lubny Myrhorod empire, aristocracy and artists Lyubotyn flocked to the Black Sea resorts of Vodoskhovyshche the Crimea, especiallyYalta; the A I N EBila Tserkva famous authors Leo Tolstoy and Poltava Merefa Kup’’yans’k Anton Chekhov holidayed here. During the Soviet era, it was the KryUUvlHeymaoOnraMzoTinvedaVakr’ylKolia’Pasln’hieseOrVhcroyhylvaeABsevnoVkkurkohmsSaobaaNhhzunapnozrdyoevyZarsynlsniad’eyvkkankamBasuC’’k’hCyhZahehnyKroDkhakaIyvmnnartDhy’iis’npuoOOyyVlalrreylonodKVentdkzsorkds’eHhad’ysKkmzo-olaDaoseernnKknbnyrihdkcyirzNvophPinerhdvyu’roie’myozytyyyvssevaa’nhoekstRc’eysmnkhDVNik’aehckohnoidhiakspotkusorkMkookyphdvazooserv’hrlykz’DasDhhnnyceinZnhptPsaeris’oak’ppServryoulnodroPeOniophzle’krnherirkyaozthkKvdhrioSsDvoPr’yvlkoaoeoavVnelmeovoDstshIl’’azn’yokyyMotKuYonavmoaanreHeksskKsnhtt’oi’rkysaayker’akilmkvinivykitkDneayaonvnkaeiuvcSkhatRaaLyueykbSvZAshsyioymz’akleohKcTvnSvthronKrteaooeaarerssverrnaniooyzossbidvdLn’iklkouo’yasn’hnykaeLntuss’c’khk nation’s top holiday destination. After 1991, it began attracting foreign visitors, but tourism has declined since Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. Pivdenny B lOOcdahZeahksocivavtnkeKvePhreyMsHrStsaoyonlkan’eolaD(CaDyThnnsiaiyevipppulreryorun)LpkyanKso’akkhwoKVvaokdkalohsoNkvhosao’vkvoaytnsrhocyhidtesY’kaekyMmMeivoTlkiolPtaokorcymhpmaaoonklrs’s’k’kMarBiuerpdoyl’anGsu’lkf of Novoazovs’k Taganrog Illichivs’k Kalanchak Armyans’k Heniches’k S e a o f Black Karkinits’ka Zatoka Krasnoperekops’k Azov PEOPLE OF ROMANIA Rozdol’ne Dzhankoy Romanians speak Romanian—a language closely related to French, Italian, and Spanish. The country also has S e aChornomors’ke Krasnohvardiys’ke Zatoka Kerch Children of sizeable Hungarian and Roma minorities, which have Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy Syvash the Maramures both been discriminated against Crimea Lenine region of in recent years. Most Hungarian Yevpatoriya Saky (Kryms’kyy Pivostriv) Transylvania. speakers live in the region of Romania known as Transylvania. SevaBasSktihomcphfoyeslra’orapyolK’ rymYs'akAlitlHauoshryta Feodosiya Kerch Strait (the Ukrainian territory of Crimea was annexed by Russia in 2014) Alupka RICH SOILS OF MOLDOVA Moldova consists of partially wooded plains intercut with rivers and streams. About 75 percent of the land is rich in chernozem (black) soil, which is very fertile. Wine and sunflower production are important here. Fruit and vegetables, such as pumpkins (left), also grow well. I J K LMN P

BCDE F I Baltic States & Belarus 1 Europe The three baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and SINGING REVOLUTION Estonia is known for its Lithuania, all share a stretch of coast on the Baltic Sea classical music tradition— 2 lined with sandy beaches. Belarus lies between Poland, most notably its choirs. Ukraine, and the Russian Federation. Following This love of music was 2 independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, all these most powerful when people countries faced problems such as price increases, food raised their voices during the shortages, and pollution. However, the Baltic States Singing Revolution in 1988 (right), part of their move toward independence. have reformed into hi-tech societies and economies and have been EU members since 2004. Belarus has kept close links with Russia and has been the slowest 3 to reform. This mainly rural country has stayed isolated B a lSt ieca Hiiumaa Kärdla 3 Vormsi from the rest of Europe and, with few natural Paldiski TALLINN Gulf The Estonian flag waved resources, remains one of its poorest nations. Emmaste Haapsalu Keila Maardu Loksa of F at a pre-independence Risti rally in 1988 Saaremaa Väinameri i n l Orissaare Raasiku a nd Aegviidu Kunda KlSitTcWrtbnuoaooAeqroibisEuttLrpfhthbeauLs-eltė,rpKrIeieeTNotTrddrdsaeope(Nlaclsswewlteeioti.nORfrnnarlAteovnul)gLelH.elrscaDltifd,assuataThvllocllnLGaeOeabnidapruWeewdoiigptPlobiNadanāāfilbiņdvntjclhiaaiPeiSgnlteodlksSigue,sua,nstlKoDaagdnuėuatrKsabruiUezldSsemaīMglmadatasaužeEseziVKekreaisaEBnninrtdUMogsagpucaJvSāēriezlaeälnsiselärigTbErKeaazeuelvsrraiseTsJuRKsūKakoEoMrauojlnmakrmlēgeakraussasGrlrraaeaRgugssiRlRSgSfuaIaahGlouanlcfuAkgASKruraiiīunsvhtaanižuiCABVAērVulnaPosuuirliärKjtmsdLatnEriasrliinzuhuieePnetkuLSrräguaitshraiUn-RuiNuScuūleiōal-njulJimeeGdaVSMnaimamagaPōuleikuäjilastrapaeniknuRRüeVVTaōPlMiaōpanlajr(lul1gaig3aAvSdn01nuuaaEa4pe8udm3mmerfiäta)PgjORōiōgaTtlievPkaVapukpōäuearTärumaPVKaraōntolauniRhmRnätauupKlLPaksiaasnev-klkJealoePaärvLseertaivepkeueNsNarvBNaaRaarNSeryvsivalealarravvmoaiäre r Väin 4 Pä 4 5 L A T V I A E S T O N I A5 Ven Priekulė Gargždai Telšiai Papilė Iecava Jaunpiebalga AlūksneRUSSIAN FEDERATION Gulbene Nida Zelenogradsk Courland Lagoon Kaliningrad Fdraboyrmos aotdhf bepauenabdrlilcy6 Ž emaičių Joniškis Bauska Gaizina Kalns Pionerskiy 1020ft (311m) Primorsk Šilalė Šiauliai Aizkraukle Madona 6 Šilutė Au Pļaviņas Balvi Viļaka Mamonovo k umasKelmėšt Pakruojis Biržai Viesīte Jēkabpils Lubāns Rugāji Radviliškis Neman Tauragė Skaudvilė Pasvalys Varakļāni wfBAtmpTrhwiaoMonaelBmortkeBfil-aecdoEttgtr’hscjhRseresoieaeirwaZladtsimshszei,seoteleib.aeosndlAerefobwyrrzmt,,veehanasdsbsekomihenadreloooodinsrnfgouguzpo(KsthtethohndAeeyRGtryLuovtsIhasNiriandnIgeFNsyG.esukdGCseeHGhrRaverrtAriooVnoDniddylakD)nnVkaNroaehvueiiMos/msškikveaiasinHjsrknaiiKrjniaaakRAmnPlaavdJalpisauyzreKorrteiiicbluncjaéhaahsiuyarckMihnaaeasRPrskrūiidNenVniaėašakurTiėėjarnsamaDKkJioaoaeitinsšntVaiiuasovŠdvaraaoalnrčVyiaUnsvPIkiSakLamuaNGbnAieairseIečghAUdviėmunrėSsayyžikačSšyniačmOysUiiVaabtiireesPhanZliaogaaaNsVnRiritenai’oadrasvkezMasyityišaykaisdzVyyeHSelpDNlrLyokībaavghoāuivnBknyaigaihapyRaodKeēsozvrSazvāVaplveisarynaklioeatslMncsktvsehrakaKyyDlnā/tnaDaNarasHgrayLodasvuYaarvSadauhoznkuapyPhmaooivllliionacOhattbyssakkl/’ PoloHtsakYraezdyoakryshchaWestern Dvina L I T H U A N I A uhsaasgeb,eEenstoonniea7 P O L moocsfotEucunortnronipeeesc’.tsed8 7 Viliya 8 Neris AND

Skidal’ Vasilishki Lida Vilyeyka Byahoml’ Bacheykava Surazh Shchuchyn an MWi n zValozhynMaladzyechna Lyepyel’ Vitsyebsk/Vitebsk Nem Masty Krasnaye Plyeshchanitsy Chashniki B E L A R U SP O L A N D VawkavyskOrlya Bahushewsk Lyozna 9 tLcTcapeulnErioxtordXhtttdhiaTulLueeiIanacLsnitst,nEvsi,baSd,iaaemunhdasdaatrlsrneitnyoya,aewwlbsnsteeo,irtlaohsfunamtgmifauodluleysfhfooarrnetdxhp-ecoirrratDlfB.itunBaEegmedsrnt.eaocnshiKtaaovMbaZrhPayarknubrazinhnkayaNnyoHvRayIvruDaazdvInhFaTmvozaAnaahDyravntdReekasryMeteffaslevahtIriNhtPtciSihcliilGlasenohZynrAenssyedkolibnB g’msivriclyoHaosLaPnevyparaalnegiNakstLposahryoaevauudvatvsishiicncMkhrhauyaydTayBaoLBraakunasSrnysyahHeitSSenynziameynmhrNales’yaiKvaytMheMsSanidazoctisiphlPiahocvrakthyaiswKyssazekyveh/ahsbtaSBvhaZprttiavyehscayLiykMvhrlyyrc’aiaoetvyhRcakywblnShyuD’rsacilsy’ohdnauvS’hkiYszvibhnaytchyeiryystahPcaeySslksDay’rhynnhtHsiaapAks’ciorPerkShstoyrtNivMykypshtyiaaaoicseryhIvBoMtNircwlAoaThSaSKSPklzhhayhyzuathKHlyacosylk’aiikhycnrhrCoaaahskahbdkyRmaverKr/ivesrSyYcZhikvychnCcvhaBoyihhyehleeoyiayyaztBnnldltbac’’ioashzkv/ragraieiGunyAvoyaiBosbrcDZsyashimdakkMhKaywBRalKsr/lyuavheouBrn/adihkuhcbBlioaacahhp’liUaho-cwbynkKiyhyvMirlkreaSKoaiyaushysrwahTaoekoysaavtrlTOsowvsklilCyscaykwDuyhouhrcl/eohsyvakarMbayhvovanriuCwkSacuHsohhlhksayHaeyhoagwrrowbyhirkaklkaeavaKirSDwiaaavcndhsvitaeByspayeKurrKhokornoyKd’vckalihiicsmahywyavichtryagctooaocprledslrn,sop,teBdrcealoeouersnd:lcutWdcadyCtutenerrhslocueiseat(tceerrtTaaq.rsalyrnds,rbMdhuol’,kMsoeiyrhhtWlpievreeyneocimubedcnarsaumcuo)erkMspedsk.nikioIneilsisuIFItt,osdhNtaraawaaimetoilnarlSnnnhsramorliKndddogeaecsfF Byarezina RUSS EDER AI ATNI O 10 11 N 12 Yasyel’da Ptsich 11 Loyew U K R A I N E12 for farming. The Baltic sold in the markets. States, particulary Latvia Byval’ki (left), have large dairy farms. r Dnepr) Belarus is a major producer of flax, (DnyaDprnio/epe which is used to make linen and other products. Potatoes (used to make vodka), sugar beet, and other root crops are also grown here. 13 13 GYMNASTICS The former Soviet Union worked 0 km 50 100 its young athletes and gymnasts 0 miles 50 100 extremely hard in order to win Olympic medals and thus national glory. Many of the most famous gymnasts of the era came from Belarus, notably Olga Korbut and Svetlana Boginskaya (right), who won three gold, one silver, and one bronze Olympic medals. Baltic States & Belarus14LITHUANIAN COSTUME 14 In some Lithuanian villages people wear 71 traditional folk costumes for festive occasions. Women’s clothing is generally colorful (left) and might include a white linen shirt, a skirt, and an apron. The decoration and style of the costume shows which region of Lithuania the wearer comes from. 15 Ferns thriving by a 15 lake in a Latvian forest FORESTS AND LAKES All four countries are low-lying with many moors, bogs, unspoiled lakes, and fir and pine forests. Forestry is an important industry, especially in Estonia and Latvia, providing wood pulp for paper 16 making, and timber for 16 furniture and houses. A BCDE FGH I

BCDE FGH I European Russia ST PETERSBURG 1 Europe Once Russia’s capital, St Petersburg 2 Separated from asian russia (see pp.78–79) by the Ural was built in the 18th century by Tsar 3 Peter the Great as a “Window on the 4 Mountains, European Russia takes up about one-third of the West.”Today, it is a popular tourist 5 European landmass. The climate and landscape range from cold destination, full of grand palaces and extravagant architecture (left). The city 8 spreads over some 40 islands, linked by a network of canals and rivers. desert and frozen tundra in the north to the warm coast of the 2 Black Sea in the southwest. Forests and grassy steppes cover vast areas, and Europe’s two largest lakes, the Ladoga and the Onega, lie here. Life for most Russians changed considerably after the collapse of communism in 1991, since when the country has been through enormous economic and political changes. More than 110 million people—three-quarters of the total Russian population— 3 live in European Russia, most of them in cities. The huge capital, Moscow, is famous for its onion- NORW domed churches and the medieval Kremlin, 0 km 150 300 K( Kaa r residence of the Russian president. 0 miles 150 300 AY Sleeping Beauty is F I N L AND Zapolyarnyy The Church of the Savior on performed here Polyarnyy Spilled Blood marks the spot N o v a y a 5 by dancers from Nikel’ where Tsar Alexander II was Z e m l y a the Kirov Ballet. murdered in 1881. Murmashi Severomorsk Proliv Karskiye OssktorryoaevMSoerae) nts Monchegorsk Murmansk B ar e a Ostrov Vorota S e Olenegorsk Apatity Kolguyev Vaygach Kandalaksha Pechorskoye Zelenoborskiy Pomorskiy Proliv More alozemel’skaya Tundra Ozero Kola Peninsula Bol’shezemel’skaya Tundra Topozero (Kol’skiy Poluostrov) Kem’ Belomorsk (BWelohyiet e Sea Nar’yan-Mar Promyshlennyy Severnyy More) Vorkuta Nadvoitsy PechoraM Pechora Segezha Severodvinsk Archangel (Arkhangel’sk) Timanskiy Kryazh Usinsk Usa GuOlNfIPoAfeFtrinolGdanavdVtocyrhebitKonsraoglpSionroS(tSaaLavaLainnlgaakokttdVe-PPaoeelOSktutlehooeronybrevasutrbsvrigu)PrgKeotMrnOLodeazondkapeveoegvzagohad’aysekgorsONknyeaPgSnlaadevosienmtssakkNiyovorndvinsk Mezen’ Inta (Ural’skiye Gory) 6 BALLET Pinega Pechora Russia is famous for its Dvina ballet companies, such as the Bolshoi Ballet of Northe Moscow and the Kirov Ballet of St Petersburg. Ukhta Most of the ballets LATVIA EST Nizhniy Odes performed are Pskov Luga Kirishi Oneg Yarega classics, such as Swan Lake Tikhvin Konosha Mikun’ Yemva EDUCATION 7 or Sleeping Beauty. Children go Developed in Sol’tsy Velikiy Novgorod Belozersk Vel’sk Kotlas Koryazhma Syktyvkar to school here Europe in the Luza from the age 19th century, Ostrov Porkhov Babayevo Cherepovets Sukhona of 6 through to ballet became 15, or 17. After Opochka Uglovka Borovichi Sokol a decline due to Vologda lack of money after Valday the fall of communism, these days Russia’s free state education is a popular form of Velikiye Luki RUSSIAN FEDERATION ntains good and Russia’s literacy rate Rybinsk Kama is high, at 98 percent. Lately more entertainment in Tver’ Vyatk private schools have opened, too. the 20th century. Zapadnaya Dvina Torzhok 8 Rzhev Yaroslavl’ Solikamsk BELARUS Kostroma Kirov Kirovo-Chepetsk Smolensk Zelenograd Kineshma Uren’ Zuyevka Berezniki MOSCOW (MOSKVA) Elektrostal’ Ivanovo Yaransk Pochinok Podol’sk a Glazov Krasnokamsk Chusovoy Vladimir Nolinsk

KlinZthseyRlBoerszylnaaovnBlg’seoklrKSgstukoarrrsoKykdSyaShlRhOeueGcoAtbOYgshsseulëkaseerkbkoëoiklLnikeslnsliohitiponns’KeMatYnsiLVlTktelGiTeeBsSfuoromkroryeoNvelirarivraarmoizopoorsiDkovvnuoookgonKvkevaMlmsheoRzkiboilhoycyosTvhsKakmaMkurDIzamlonroiasziknvvanbBenlhoSsyPasoraaaa’kkzlesrvyaomhnlsMvoiheonzKvyKouasksuvkarkazomnmUeCVyStlhsos’aShNNkyelK’raisDbaSroinakrazoyniKatvsmhzknnoaogrysninsvaCvytaoBkairnhKsryoarsya’kuholvptagdakrNyoaNeivdzvYooVKshTvokoundoyosoebKhSclkyk’hhkasayahreazamaembrnvat-sioalsOktniokskirUh’lyBasaceSruahaolerzBlI’sKuO-zuINklluhgeurAmatuOekeslkrb’envkumretsbstylerakauaNetuCn’brzeyhgrhfea’tsSvynSeBSkakasikytiUrrkolByesaaaykavkfrvmyseltSaPkmaiaitsbisteCaayKkhakrmyhumneaBg’klenuloryretsk 9 Don Cas 9 Industrial smog 10 casts a haze UKRAINE Ural Mou 11 over Moscow. 12 13 10 14 15 Orsk RURAL LIFE Rural life became extremely tough after the collapse of large, state-run farms in the 1990s, and many people lived in poverty. Since then, private-owned, small-scale 11 Novoshakhtinsk Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy KH STAN Novotroitsk farms have become more common 12 Volzhskiy and productive. Grains—mainly 13 SAeSzatoaovrTof maRginaosknsartyooagv-na-DoNnouvocheVrkoalgsoskdonsk Z A THE TATARS wheat and barley—and sunflower Volgograd K A oil are the top agricultural exports. POLLUTION Icons, common The communists Akhtubinsk in the Russian invested heavily in Volga Russia’s largest ethnic minority, the Tatars (below), Orthodox industry, but their NoTvSuooarcpoThsisekishiMyoKsrarKkeyatissksklonopvoEloK’dbdrrauossrpkNoCSthetSkaveaivnirlPn’rksyonSekavposZEetsoimtilPmkigllosr’oytoogavskrrnasshidkkklai dKAnuymsytarCDaaekspphrieaasnnsi’opnian Sea are an Islamic people descended from the Mongols. Church, are outdated methods Their largest population lives in the Tatarstan religious images of production are still Republic, midway between Moscow and the Urals. painted on affecting the environment. wooden panels. Rivers such as the Volga Black Sea (1586,45V210mlGaf)t dEiOkaRvGkCIaNAzaal’uchBcuikyanGasMrkousakzKknshhyaayscaKhvakyDsuaperliratybseknt are badly polluted, and many cities are covered in a permanent and poisonous smog. Chest infections and other diseases related to air pollution are common. 14 A Z E R B . European Russia The title tsar, or czar, once used for Russian rulers, means “emperor” and comes from 15 the ancient Roman title “Caesar.” MOSCOW METRO THE RUSSIAN CHURCH Not many underground railways can claim to be tourist attractions, but The main religion in Russia is the Russian Orthodox Church. Under Moscow’s metro can. Built in the 1930s, communism, all religion was banned, many of its stations are decorated with and churches and monasteries were beautiful chandeliers, mosaics, paintings, left to decay. Today, many of these and sculptures. One of the busiest, most historic buildings have been restored, 16 efficient metros in the world, it is used 16 by more than 7 million people daily. and many Russians attend church services regularly. 73 A BCDE FGH I

Asia ASIA The vast continent of Asia is dominated by two giant nations—China and India, each with more than a billion people and a rich and colorful history. Both are being transformed by rapid economic growth, and so are many other Asian countries, listed below in order of size.Yet in some regions of central Asia life has barely changed in a thousand years. China Iran Afghanistan Iraq Philippines Nepal 3,705,407 sq miles 636,368 sq miles 251,826 sq miles 169,234 sq miles 115,830 sq miles 56,827 sq miles 9,596,960 sq km 652,230 sq km 438,317 sq km 300,000 sq km 147,181 sq km 1,373,541,000 1,648,195 sq km 33,332,000 38,146,000 102,624,000 29,034,000 Beijing Kabul Baghdad Manila Kathmandu Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, 82,801,600 Arabic, Kurdish, Turkic Filipino, English, Tagalog, Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri Hsiang, Min, Hakka, Kan Pashto, Tajik, Dari, Farsi, languages, Armenian, Assyrian Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Tehran Uzbek, Turkmen many other local languages Farsi, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic, Balochi India Mongolia Yemen Japan Laos Bangladesh 1,269,212 sq miles 603,905 sq miles 203,848 sq miles 145,913 sq miles 91,428 sq miles 55,598 sq miles 3,287,263 sq km 1,564,116 sq km 527,968 sq km 377,915 sq km 236,800 sq km 143,998 sq km 1,266,884,000 3,031,000 27,393,000 126,702,000 7,019,000 156,187,000 New Delhi Ulaanbaatar Sanaak Tokyo Vientiane Dhaka Hindi, English, Urdu, Khalkha Mongolian, Arabic Japanese, Korean, Chinese Lao, Mon-Khmer,Yao, Bengali, Urdu, Chakma, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Kazakh, Chinese, Russian Vietnamese, Chinese, French Marma (Magh), Garo, Khasi, Bihari, Gujarati, Kannada. Santhali, Tripura, Mru Kazakhstan Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan 1,052,084 sq miles 307,372 sq miles 198,116 sq miles 127,880 sq miles 77,201 sq miles 55,251 sq miles 2,724,900sq km 796,095 sq km 513,120 sq km 331,210 sq km 199,951 sq km 143,100 sq km 18,360,000 201,956,000 68,201,000 95,261,000 5,728,000 8,331,000 Astana Islamabad Bangkok Hanoi Bishkek Dushanbe Thai, Chinese, Malay, Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, Kyrgyz, Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Uzbek, Russian Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Tatar, Ukrainian German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur Urdu, Balochi, Brahui Yao, Jarai Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan Malaysia Syria North Korea 829,995 sq miles 46,540 sq miles 2,149,690 sq km 302,533 sq miles 188,455 sq miles 127,354 sq miles 71,498 sq miles 120,538 sq km 28,160,000 783,562 sq km 488,100 sq km 329,847 sq km 185,180 sq km 25,115,000 Riyadh 80,275,000 5,291,000 30,950,000 17,185,000 Pyongyang Arabic Ankara Ashgabat Kuala Lumpur Damascus Korean Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Turkmen, Uzbek, Russian, Bahasa Malaysia, Malay, Arabic, French, Kurdish, Indonesia Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Kazakh, Tatar Chinese, Tamil, English Armenian, Circassian, Turkic South Korea 735,354 sq miles Georgian, Ladino languages, Assyrian, Aramaic 38,502 sq miles 1,904,569 sq km (Judaeo-Spanish) 99,720 sq km 258,316,000 Uzbekistan Oman Cambodia 50,924,000 Jakarta Myanmar Seoul Javanese, Sundanese, (Burma) 172,741 sq miles 119,498 sq miles 69,898 sq miles Korean 447,400 sq km 309,500 sq km 181,035 sq km Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia, 261,227 sq miles 29,474,000 3,355,000 15,957,000 Dutch 676,578 sq km Tashkent Muscat Phnom Penh 56,890,000 Uzbek, Russian, Tajik, Nay Pyi Taw Kazakh Arabic, Balochi, Farsi, Hindi, Khmer, French, Chinese, Burmese, Shan, Karen, Punjabi Vietnamese, Cham Rakhine (Arakanese), Chin, Yangbye, Kachin, Mon 74

Asia Jordan Sri Lanka 34,495 sq miles 25,332 sq miles 89,342 sq km 65,610 sq km 8,185,000 22,235,000 Amman Colombo Arabic Sinhala, Tamil, Sinhala-Tamil, English Azerbaijan Bhutan Israel Qatar 33,436 sq miles 14,824 sq miles 8,019 sq miles 4,473 sq miles 86,600 sq km 38,394 sq km 20,770 sq km 11,586 sq km 9,873,000 750,100 8,175,000 2,258,000 Baku Thimphu Jerusalem Doha Azerbaijani, Russian Dzongkha, Nepali, Hebrew, Arabic,Yiddish, Arabic Assamese German, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Persian United Arab Taiwan Kuwait Lebanon Bahrain Seychelles Emirates 13,892 sq miles 6,880 sq miles 4,015 sq miles 286 sq miles 176 sq miles 32,278 sq miles 35,980 sq km 17,818 sq km 10,400 sq km 741 sq km 455 sq km 83,600 sq km 23,465,000 2,833,000 6,238,000 1,379,000 93,200 5,927,000 Taipei Kuwait City Beirut Manama Victoria Abu Dhabi Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Arabic, English Arabic, French, Armenian, Arabic French Creole, English, Arabic, Farsi, Indian and Chinese, Hakka Chinese Assyrian French Pakistani languages, English Georgia Armenia East Timor Brunei Singapore Maldives 26,911 sq miles 11,484 sq miles 5,743 sq miles 2,226 sq miles 269 sq miles 115 sq miles 29,743 sq km 14,874 sq km 5,765 sq km 697 sq km 298 sq km 69,700 sq km 3,051,000 1,261,000 436,600 5,782,000 393,000 Yerevan Dili Bandar Seri Begawan Singapore Malé 4,928,000 Tetum (Portuguese/ Malay, English, Chinese Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, Dhivehi (Maldivian), Armenian, Azeri, Russian Austronesian), Bahasa English Sinhala, Tamil, Arabic T’bilisi Indonesia, Portuguese Georgian, Russian, Azeri, Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Abkhazian 75

Asia BCDE FGH Turkey and the Caucasus Turkey lies in both asia and Europe—separated ISTANBUL by the Bosphorus—and was once part of the powerful The different faces of Turkey can be seen in its former capital, Istanbul, which lies on Ottoman Empire. Although the population is 99 percent both sides of the Bosphorus Muslim, modern Turkey is a country with no official waterway. Churches, mosques, and ancient buildings in both 2 religion. Western Turkey is relatively industrialized, with European and Islamic styles sit a tourist industry along the Mediterranean coast that side by side with modern shops brings in considerable income. Many farmers and and offices. Bridges link the two herders in the center and parts of the city. In 1923, Ankara became the new capital. 3 east, however, struggle LGARIA 4 to make a living in the BU Edirne arid environment. To the northeast CE Kırklareli İnebolu Sinop lie the Caucasus phorbuulsBoğazı) Gerze countries of Georgia, B l a c kG R E E Cide e Dağları Azerbaijan, and Çayi (İstBaons Zonguldak Bartın Ca Bafra Armenia. Once Ergene Kür Kastamonu part of the USSR, Çorlu Istanbul Devrek Merzifon Samsun Ünye they are now Karabük Kargı nik Dağları independent. Tekirdağ Çorum Ordu Sea of Marmara İzmit Adapazarı Kızıl Irmak (Marmara Denizi) Çerkeş Bandırma Yalova İznik Gölü Bolu Gerede Çankırı Çanakkale Simav Çayı Bursa Bilecik Tokat Dardanelles Bozüyük Eskişehir ANKARA Kalecik Alaca Yıldızeli Zara (Çanakkale Sorgun Boğazı) Balıkesir Kırıkkale Sivas Edremit Ayvalık Kütahya Polatlı T U R KAkhisar 5 Simav Hirfanli Şarkışla TURKISH FOOD Baraji Turkey is self-sufficient in food Gediz Kulu Boğazlıyan and grows specialized crops Manisa Gediz Nehri Uşak Afyon Bünyan 6 such as eggplants, peppers, figs, and dates. A typical Turkish meal Menemen Cihanbeyli Lake Tuz Nevşehir İncesu Gürün might consist of spiced lamb, often grilled on a skewer with onion Izmir Akşehir (Tuz Gölü) Kayseri and tomato to make a shish kebab. This would be served with rice Alaşehir Aksaray or cracked wheat. AÖdemiş n a t o l i aAydın Nazilli Denizli Dinar Beyşehir Göksun G ü n e y Gölü Söke Büyükmenderes Nehri BurduBr urdurİsparta Konya Niğde GREECE Milas Tavas Gölü DuEraenğğlltiaar Tı i)arnsuss Kahramanmaraş Muğla T Bodrum a u r u Karaman o Ceyhan Gaziantep Marmaris Dalaman Antalya sM Adana Osmaniye Manavgat ( T o r o s Kilis Fethiye Mersin İskenderun Antalya Alanya Mut (İçel) 7 Kaş Finike Körfezi Silifke Antakya Kırıkhan M e d i t Anamur e r r a n e a n S e a TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS (recognized only by Turkey) EPHESUS CYPRUS Tourism is one of Turkey’s major 8 industries. As well as beach resorts, the country has many ancient sites. One of these is the old Greek city of Ephesus, which lies 35 miles (56 km) south of modern-day Izmir on the Aegean coast. The city was famous for its FATHER OF THE TURKS Temple of Artemis, which was considered Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), one of the seven wonders of the world. founder of the modern Turkish state, became its first president in 1923. He introduced many reforms, including more equality Visitors to Ephesus for women and better education 9 admiring the remains for all. He also declared that Islam was of the Library of Celsus no longer to be the official religion. 76 A B C D E F H

Turkey and the Caucasus I J K LMNO P 0 km 100 200 200 OIL FROM AZERBAIJAN 1 0 miles 100 Many years ago, caravans of camels carried vessels loaded with oil from Baku to nearby countries. By the end of the 19th century, the city was known as the“black gold”capital of the world. Today, Azerbaijan produces and exports oil as well as natural gas. A C a u c aR U S S I A N 2 3 Gagra p ’ k h a EngMurei stia F E D 4 Kazbek 5 Gudauta z e t ’ i s ER 6 16,558ft (5047m) 7 Sokhumi u A T 8 South Ochamchire Kutaisi Ossetia s I O Samtredia N Gori G E O R G I APoti TBILISI Zaqatala Xacmaz A Z E R B A I J A N MaosrdifafentoetiseNhdsutrTcieonuntrtaothiBrgbhkeAibepeb’sedfrylllaaeoati.irchonrsaekedtS e a ARMENIA(ERGFuieürpfaGmhatrihTNDüraierteşyehhoasesruabKğin)nezuemoKanEhrazrinaOcdafARenşinzkaeilTzeePBraDcHzaaaKatnorouÇğpİbPomslarapuaushilirreiENnıtrliezruAASrracutrhvmıkianarHmaoışrLaKsAaaenrğAsGDrskiyAohursağa1Y(lB6smutA,üesM8Ebyi5rrküoR4taiurkhf’tiaynEekê(taT5rVıA1szD3arCı7AaaltrmkêaıaN))taSeVuvaaAcnnrNtaaaRadAsxuhSczsZıaseLovEvttiaurcaaRnhnvBsaiAKuIJrAa GGoärNKisnaacgraoäbrnaXkohM-aŞnrYäikenkeäagivntlädaeçixrAİemravCsQiişraluibuacKuraSiyäzän Patnos G asus N Sumqayıt Şamaxı BAKU ehri (BAKI) Qazimämmäd Äli-Bayramı n a Biläsuvar i Csp a Länkäran a e S E YKeban Erciş Muradiye IRAN Caucasus Mountains Baraji block cold air from Bingöl Van the north. Hekimhan Elâzığ Muş Tatvan Lake Van (Van Gölü) D Mo ağlatuyaDiyTarobarkıro sla r Bitlis Gevaş CAUCASUS The towering Caucasus Mountains Adıyaman Silvan Siirt protect Armenia, Georgia, and Batman Azerbaijan from the cold northerly K u winds. As a result, farmers can take Şırnak rd advantage of this mild climate to Atatürk Silverek grow citrus fruit, tobacco, and tea. I Walnuts and hazelnuts are valuable Baraji Viranşehir Mardin i st an export crops. PEOPLE OF TURKEY Şanlıurfa Nusaybin R A Q The Turks, who make up about 70 percent of the population Vines and fruit of 80 million, are a diverse group with a shared sense of grow in the valleys. Ceylanpınar national identity. The largest minority in Turkey—about 15 million people—are the Kurds (below), who speak their SYRIA CARPET MARKET own language but have no homeland. They live in eastern Turkey is world-famous for its Turkey, as well as in neighboring Iraq and Iran. Turkish carpets, knotted-pile carpets, known as made in centers kilims, woven by skilled craftworkers. such as Malatya Each region of Turkey produces and Kayseri carpets with different designs and colors. Every worker incorporates into the designs symbols that tell the maker’s own family history or origins. 9 77I J K L M N O P

Asia BCDE FGH Russia and Kazakhstan The russian federation is the biggest country in the world, almost 0 km 400 800 twice as big as either the US or China. It extends halfway around the world, crosses two continents, and spans 11 time zones. The vast region 0 miles 400 800 of Siberia alone is larger than Canada. Kazakhstan lies to its south Franz Josef Land 2 and is a large but sparsely populated country. From 1917 to 1991, North Cape both countries were part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Nordkapp) A (USSR), the world’s first communist state. When the USSR FINLAND Baren RCTIC collapsed, Russia, Kazakhstan, and the 13 other Murmansk S e a ts member republics gained independence. Today, Gulf Kandalaksha Kola ovaya Russia and Kazakhstan are both ruled by of Finland elected presidents. Both countries have LAT. EST. Peninsula Zemlya WSheiat 3 a lot of fertile land, huge mineral deposits, Saint Petersburg e eMao r e ) and many other natural resources. (Sankt-Peterburg) Lake S However, Russia still has a very low Lagoda Petrozavodsk N ( KKaar srkao Ostrov Belyy BELARUS Pskov Lake Onega Severodvinsk ye Dikson Velikiy Novgorod Ostrov Arkhangel’sk Kolguyev life expectancy rate compared to Smolensk Cherepovets Severnaya Pechora Nar’yan-Mar Peninsula other industrialized countries. Vel’sk Dvina MOSCOW Tver’ Yamal 4 Vologda Guba (MOSKVA) Yaroslavl’ Kotlas Vorkuta Lake Baikal is up to Ukhta 6,365 ft (1,940 m) UKRAINE Bryansk s Talnakh Tula Kineshma n Noril’sk Ryazan’ Vladimir Ob’ ya Syktyvkar i Salekhard Igarka Belgorod a a Obs Nizhniy Novgorod Nadymk Voronezh Tambov Kirov t Moun Penza Kazan’ Glazov Solikamsk Nyagan’ West Taz Ul’yanovsk Izhevsk Perm’ Serov Yenisey Rostov-na-Donu Syr D U Z B E K I S T A NSochKirE1a8Vl’,Nbs5or1Snua0lstofglta’d(co5vh6arg4iro2krmpa)odlS’ aArasttoravkTUhorOaal’lny’rsea’knSttSabMitmueaUrrarglgaNirlntaaaitmboCeaghrkoeerzslnkhUynfyaye Khanty-Mansiysk deep and contains5 Volga Siberian mforreoesfhtwhthaaentew2ro0srulpdpe’prsclyen. t R U S S I A N6 U Yekaterinburg C a uGcEOaRsGuIAs ral Surgut Nizhnevartovsk Kazakh man Black Sea Tyumen’ Tobol’sk hunting with Chelyabinsk Plain K A Z A K H S T A Na trained golden T obol Ishim Ishim Irtysh eagle 7 TMKKhAauezZsamAlakimKhanHjssotot.rmaraTCinvthahUyeedaoLloyreirTcetfdswhUeppAKaebehReelariraatoEoroezhclppsufakoohllknoe,uenehfdhgcweitnehehophr.nedaobiKnoaguztakhsAZERBAIJAVNlaGdrMiokaaznvkkhyayazcAFhokkrZUPttahA-lasSaaltthauntyyeeauvraorcauzthu(eeAnnkAkStoreyAaauClkbhEtiemonlksbbZakaehr)oarAsyaalNglAyoarvaoOlR’kZsKruakhszdykaeznlziynykslyaokKzrAodgtkaabTKsanehsoamesSrttaUiaarAKrtaunSpaSahnaulcT’zyhUaAauPsncPNaktKhe’dvih-AantKlssrorkaoadmpgaaOtreaepvnlnNmpulSoenodhodsgvayaBvkrsooakNrSrsseonkimbvaTieouroysRklmkZiudyzdsrynkeKKareernGtamososvrkanesBkAoreolbyuZkSvaaahtKpaokrraeysadlzkknnyaylyOb’ TURKMENISCTAaNs p i a n S ea KuS live in rural areas, Kyzyl Kum Kentau Balkhash Ayaguz Altai M14o,7u83nftt (4506m) retaining a strong Turkistan Ozero loyalty to their clans Karatau Lake Zaysan NA ains and families, the city Arys’ Shu Balkhash of Almaty and the new, Taldykorgan modern capital of Astana Shymkent are growing quickly, due KirTghairzaRzange Tekeli CHI KYRGYZS to wealth generated Almaty by oil and gas. (Alma-Ata) Coal miners in Siberia TAN 8 NATURAL WEALTH Siberia contains around a quarter of the world’s natural gas reserves and has vast deposits of oil, as well as abundant minerals such as coal and precious metals including 9 gold. However, many of these resources are inaccessible or in remote places, and the extreme winters make it difficult to extract them. 78 A B C D E F G H

Russia and Kazakhstan I J K LMNO P TAIGA FOREST Nenets man 1 Russia’s forests cover more than guiding a sledge 2 two-fifths of the country’s territory. and reindeer 3 The taiga forest type extends 4 across the Urals to cover much Bering Strait 5 of Siberia. This type of forest is 6 formed by small, widely spaced Chukchi 7 trees, with large areas of poorly 8 drained marsh grasses. EkSveyKvahatraepbeskt iy Anadyrskiy Zaliv Ostrov N East Siberian Pevek Anadyr’ New Siberian adyr ’ O C E AKomsomolets Islands Severnaya Ostrov Oktyabr’skoy Zemlya Revolyutsii An eya digirka Khr Yan a V e r k h o y a nLsena Anabar Kotuy Olenëk Ostrov Sea KolymaNovaya Sibir' Ostrov Kotel’nyy Kolymskoye Nagor’yAmbarchik Koryakskoye Nagor’ye Ostrov Ostrov Bol’shoy Alaz Cherskiy Bol’shevik Lyakhovskiy Bering NATIVE PEOPLES PeninsuOlzaero Laptev e Sea During the winter months, temperatures Sea in Siberia regularly drop to below –45°F Taymyr In (–43°C). The native people who live here, Ust’-Olenëk such as the Nenets people of theYamal T aymyr Tiksi Kazach’ye Ossora Ostrov Karaginskiy Peninsula region, have adapted well SeveroK-Shiebtairskaya Nizmennost' to their environment and survive by Adeybcheat Ch Zaliv Ust’-Kamchatsk herding reindeer, hunting, and fishing. Shelikhova Vulkan RUSSIAN LANGUAGE er s k o gSuosuman Atka Klyucheyskaya Sopka Russian is the official language 15,381ft (4688m) Plato Atlasovo of the Russian Federation, Putorana Olenëk kiy Magadan Mil’kovo but many of the 152 other Kamchatka nationalities inside the Khrebet Peninsula federation speak their Central Siberian Okhotsk Petropavlovsk- own language as Aldan well. The Russian Kamchatskiy language uses the Sea of OkhotskPervyy Kuril'skiy Proliv Cyrillic alphabet, Nyurba Vilyuy Yakutsk Khrebet Dzhugdzhur which was devised Uplands by Greek missionaries. ANizhnyaya Tunguska S I B E R IChunya Amga (Okhotskoye Ostrov Suntar Aldan More) Paramushir ( S Mirnyy R ’ ) Olëkminsk Shantarskiye Ostrova IBI FEDERATION Olëkma Ostrov Sakhalin (KuKriul’rsikliyIes lOastnrodvsa) Lena Bodaybo Neryungri Ostrov Urup Angara Ust’-Ilimsk Amur OLD CUSTOMS The communists tried to Kansk Ust’-Kut Vitim t Tynda Komsomol’sk- Khrebet Sikhote-Alin’ Ostrov Iturup impose a Russian national Skovorodino na-Amure Ussuri Kuril’sk culture on the native peoples e of Siberia, but many of their Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk customs survived in remote Bratsk b Amur Svobodnyy La PSterraoiut se(administered by areas. Today, traditional e costume, music, and Russian Federation, Lake Baikal r dance are all flourishing Sea of claimed by Japan) throughout Siberia. h Japan Russian dancer in traditional dress Easte Tulun (Ozero vyy K Khabarovsk Sayan Baykal) Yablo hilka Birobidzhan Khor r n SUaysaol’ye-SiAbnirgskaorsyke no ChitOaloSvyBalnangaoyaveshcheCnsHk Bikin NA ns Irkutsk Ulan-Ude Krasnokamensk I Kyakhta Zabaykal’sk (East Sea) MONGOLIA Ussuriysk JAPAN Vladivostok Nakhodka Trans-Siberian Siberian tiger Railway train TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY SIBERIAN WILDLIFE 9 The longest railway in the world Siberia is home to a huge runs 5,772 miles (9,289 km) from range of wildlife, including Moscow’sYaroslavl Station in the the rare Siberian tiger west, across Siberia to the Pacific (the biggest tiger in the port of Vladivostok in the east. The world), wolves, reindeer, railway was started in 1891 and and black and brown bears. took 14 years to finish. Trains take The Baikal seal—found eight days to complete the journey only in Lake Baikal—is the and cross eight time zones. world’s only freshwater seal. 79I J K L M N O P

BCD G HI SYRIAN MARKET The Near East Damascus is one of the oldest The map on 1 Asia inhabited cities in the world. Cyprus’s flag is 2 Israel, jordan, syria, and lebanon are the countries At its center is a massive souk copper-colored (bazaar), full of stalls and because Cyprus collectively known as the Near East. This is a land that is small shops selling everything means “island dominated by desert but also has fertile coastal plains. Lack from carpets, textiles, and of water is a constant problem here, although Israel has jewelery to household goods of copper.” 2 introduced computerized irrigation systems to extend the and fresh produce. land suitable for agriculture. The creation of the Jewish state of Israel in 1948, in what was previously Arab-dominated DAILY LIFE 3 Palestine, has led to almost continuous conflict in the region. Even during war or conflicts, Lately, the devastating civil war in Syria has added more people try to continue to live Tigris tension in the whole Near and Middle East region. Al Mālikīyah as normally as possible, 3 although it might be difficult to LEBANON REBUILT get food or go to school. These Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, Palestinian boys enjoy a game was once the commercial and of football in the street. banking center of the Arab world, but was devastated by the civil war 0 km 50 100 Al Qāmishlī 4 that ravaged the country from 1975 0 miles 50 to the early 1990s. Today, Beirut has BaNlíakhrh 4 regained some of its former glory. z But Lebanon remains unstable, and is still dominated by its two powerful AQ T U R K E Y100 IR neighbors—Syria and Israel. Ra’s al ‘Ayn Al H¸ asakah CYPRUS Jarābulus Euphr At Tall al Abyad¸ ‘AbJadbaall ‘Azī Al Jazīrah Cyprus became independent from Britain in 1960. However, conflict ates Ash Shadādah 5 between Greeks and Turks caused 6 ‘Afrīn A‘zāz Manbij Aş Şuwār 7 Turkey to invade the island in 1974. BuşAalyrMahanāșif 8 Since then, Cyprus has been split Al Bāb between a Turkish Cypriot north Aleppo (H¸alab) Lake Assad Ar Raqqah and a Greek Cypriot south. Most (Buh¸ayrat al Asad) Cypriots make a living from farming grapes, citrus fruit, and olives, H¸ ārim Sabkhat As Sabkhah TibnīEuphrates al Jabbūl At but tourism makes up a big Idlib Abū ad¸ D¸ uhūr Madīnat part of the economy. ath Thawrah Arīhā Jabal Bishrī Dayr az Zawr Woman making a lace-item Ma‘arrat Al Mayādīn Subaykhān to sell to tourists an Nu‘mān Latakia SJāi bh¸āi Y RIA Al ‘Ashārah Abū H¸ ardān S (Al Lādhiqīyah) l As Sukhnah Jablah l 7 Agialoúsa as H¸ amāh Abū Kamāl (Yenierenköy) īya n h TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Bāniyās Salamīyah Kerÿneia NORTHERN CYPRUS a Lápithos T¸ art¸ūs Maz_yāf H¸imș (Homs) (Lapta) (Girne) (recognized only by Turkey) e Kythréa Al Qușayr CYPRUSPóli(sGüMzeóTlryfruoortuN)ó IdCoOsSILAárnDae(kDkaéeğleirima eBSnoalviskee(A()rFGAeamarimgezmniaamgóaucğshtuoas)ast)os n Ar Rāmī Tudmur (Palmyra) a Q Tall Kalakh A r R a I ter Qoubaïyât Se El Mina Sovereign (to UK) i Tripoli Al Bāridah Páfos Base Area Sab‘ Ābār Batroûn (to UK) LEBANON Baalbek 8 d L iJbeabne l Lebanon Limassol e Akrotírion (Lemesós) M Jabal a¸tT¸ anf 2533ft (772m)

BEIRUT el LítaniJoûnié Rayak A¸t T¸ anf Zahlé Anti- Syria (BEYROUTH) Dūmā ANCIENT CITY OF PETRA Temples and tombs were 9 Damoûr Qat¸ anā DAMASCUS 9 LAND OF REFUGEES cut out of the rock to form 10 The frequent wars between Israel and its Saïda Nahr Mount (DIMASHQ) n the spectacular city of Petra, Arab neighbors, and conflicts in the Gaza Bent t Strip and West Bank, led to a huge number Hermon in modern-day Jordan. of Palestinian refugees fleeing Israel to Soûr 9232ft (2814m) Petra was built by the seek shelter in neighboring countries. In addition, from 2011, the civil war in Syria En Nâqoûra Jbaïl HGeoilgahnts Al Qunayt¸irah Nabataeans, an Arab tribe added almost 5 million new refugees ending of the 4th century BCE. Nahariya Tsefat Lake As Suwaydā’ Muqāt¸ The remains of the city 10 up in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq. Mifraz TiberiasTiberias are situated in a valley While some refugees are permanently Hefa Irbid Dar‘ā settled, the majority live in huge, poorly surrounded by cliffs with equipped camps with only basic facilities (Tveria) Ar Ramthā Jabal ad Durúz only one narrow entrance. and little chance of work or education. 5899ft (1798m) D e s e rHaifa Petra is Jordan’s most 11 (Hefa) Nazareth Jordan famous historic site. 12 Hadera Jenīn Al Mafraq Aş Şafāwī Netanya Nablus Az Zarqā’ ARABIA Tel Aviv-Yafo WEST As Salt¸ Wāh¸at al Azraq Petah Tikva SAUDI Holon AMMAN (‘AMMĀN) Rehovot Wādī as Sīr BANK Jericho Ma’dabā 11 JERUSALEM Al ‘Umarī Ashdod Bethlehem Dead Ashkelon Hebron Sea J O R D A N Al Mazra‘ah GAZA STRIP (under Palestinian Gaza administration) Al Karak Khān Yūnis ‘Arad Rafah Be’er Sheva Al ‘Aynā Ar¸d aş Şaw 12 Al H¸ isā I S R A E L At¸ T¸ afīlah Bāyir Negev Wādī al 'ArabahSappir Ash Shawbak wān Ash Sharāhūz Refugees living in EGYPT Mitspe Ramon Petra Al Jafr Qā‘ al Jafr crowded conditions Be’ēr Menuha 13 near Amman, Jordan Gharandal Ma‘ān ARABIA 13 Ra’s an Naqb The Dome of Al Quwayrah the Rock THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Elat Al ‘Aqabah SAUDI Western Much of Jordan is hot, dry desert, with little land Al Mudawwarah Wall available for agriculture. Water is scarce and control 14 of the River Jordan, which forms a border with Israel, Gulf of Aqaba GH 14 is an important issue in peace talks. The desert is Jordanian desert 15 home to nomadic tribes of Bedouin, who live in large police officer patrolling tents woven from camel hair. Modern Bedouin use the borders; most are 16 cars and trucks for transport. Jordan has few natural from Bedouin families. I resources other than phosphates, which it exports for use as fertilizer, and some limited oil reserves. 15 JERUSALEM The Near East The old city of Jerusalem is 16 sacred to three of the world’s A 81 B major religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, each with their own holy sites and separate districts. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital. As a result, the city is a frequent source of conflict. The Dome of the Rock, sacred to Muslims, and the Western Wall, sacred to Jews, stand next to each other. EF

BCDE FG H I DESERT WARS The Middle East Most international 1 Asia boundaries in the 2 The middle east is home to the world’s oldest civilizations, Middle East were drawn 3 by the former European 4 which grew up in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of colonial powers, and have 5 present-day Iraq more than 6,000 years ago. The world’s first often caused conflict. Iraq 6 towns and cities were built here. Since then, many powerful empires and Iran fought a bitter 7 2 have dominated the region, all leaving a wealth of buildings and eight-year war along their 8 monuments behind them. Today, the Middle East is at the center common border from 1980. Since then, of the Islamic world. The population of every country is Arab further conflicts between Iraq and international and speaks Arabic, except Iran, where half the population are forces, as well as against the so-called “Islamic Farsi-speaking Persians. State” terrorist organization, have caused much suffering here. OIL PRODUCTION THE IRANIANS 3 The Middle East is the world’s major About half the total population of Iran are Persians, who live in the center and oil producer—Saudi Arabia alone north of the country. Large numbers produces more than 12 percent of of Azeris live in the northwest, while the world’s supply. Oil has Kurds live in the west and Baluchis brought great wealth to the in the southeast. The official language region, in particular to Saudi of Iran is Farsi, but many other Arabia and the Gulf States. languages are also spoken. 4 AR E MENIA AZERBAIJAN The Persian language is written MMaowAsTlşutiUilnl)KDRZKāiaöKrkrpkyhOMErāūōKürYcāAūkhhkmreūvbhīyoī-leyyheSMaAqAaqZrseā.SzguhlTaeayhmZbSarāanīnznMjīāyaīnaānhnQdeAahaRrjzdevsaīhbntīRel ahsi-nChyAteraaĀKSbsimTcuepsEhocQrHailhioplRalSātehAā-n-yryeNīDe amASāeGvlmabondonrg1rā8zān,6Sn0h6ftāKB(h5Mo6or7aūj1npymdaTūp)mreUdehyRDKSMaāMbgazEeshvhNāhrIaSdTA 5 N ROLE OF WOMEN Family life is important Sarakhs throughout the Muslim world. The role of women SYRIA(Al varies from country to country—traditionally, I R A Q I R A N6 Dasht-e Kavīr women stay at home and look after the family, but some now work. In Qorveh Hamadān public, many cover their Qom head with a hijab, or ‘Annah Bākhtarān whole body with a burqa. Buh¸ayrat ath Tharthār Ba‘qūbah Eslāmābād Arāk Kāshān A Ar Ruţbah Al Baghdādī BAGHDAD Z a g r(oKsuhhā Bīrjand FG H A N I S TA N Ar Ramādī RRaAafKzhnA¸āaazsrhaNbhSaaajlmaā’fAāwn aANhTlāiugHşp¸riiihrslīArlyaa(ratAheRhslAaABwlBlaKd¸JaşaaūrKtshHataurryhaāwAanw’)Dalry‘etAazlm(KfHA¸ūāaUĀLlmrbWaKAmhāUhēAdWrvāIATnā-YyzTeM)ZāogKurSKāohnozsar)ethdrarū-EeinNnşáfĪz’saīandhSKāhMhnŞivearāhfāsārtzīsAzhPIraAdrYhlanSraakaāī(zārrDnjndtaeehni RDA N Buh¸ayrat ar T¸ urayf 7 Gulf of AEqabGaY P TTabūk Judayyidat Hāmir an DashtN-eeLhbandān 8 JO ‘Ar‘ar Zarand ūt Al Jawf Sakākah Bīd) Kermān Noşratābād PA An Nafūd au Māhān Zāhedān Jebel ash Shifā Bāft Bam Fahraj Mīrjāveh KISTAN Nişab KUWAIT Bandar-e Būshehr Moh¸ammadābād Rīgān l Bā¸tin P Wādī a Al Warī’ah e Rūd-e Mand Bandar-e ‘Abbās Taymā’ H¸ ā’il rsia n Bandar-e Kangān Bandar-e Qeshm Hāmūn-e Al ’Ulā Gul Gāvbandī Khamīr Jaz Mūrīān f

Al Wajh Buraydah A Bandar-e L(SeDntDurgbaueiahbtyoayf)iHSorhmaurzjah(t(oAsOhmShaGnār)iquaMlhf)akorafn A r a b i9 Az Zilfī Ad Dammān Wādī al H¸ am¸d W‘UāndīaayrzRahimaShhaqrā’ Al Majma‘ah BAHRAIN Dahnā’ MANAMA QATAR Coast 9 d a n 10 (AL MANĀMAH) DOHA Om 11 (AD DAWH¸ AH) 12 Medina Al Hufūf Tropic of Cancer 13 (Al Madīnah) ABU DHABI 14 Yanbu‘al Bah¸ r RIYADH Al H¸ aja Şuh¸ ār MUSCAT Tropic of Cancer (AR RIYĀD¸ ) a n UNITED ARAB (MASQAT¸ ) EMIRATES H¸ arrat Raha¸t (ABŪ Z¸ ABY) r al GhaArbrīRustāq Red Şūr P e n A r a b i a n10 Z¸ alim Wādī Bīshah Ramlat Jabal ¸Tuwayq Āl Wahībah i n s u l aMecca (Makkah) Laylā Al Ghābah S e aJedda S A U D I A R A B I A(Jiddah) Turabah Jazīrat Maşīrah At¸ T¸ ā’if Sea Al Līth ī Khalīj Duqm Maşīrah Al Bāh¸ah Qal ‘at Bīshah As Sulayyil al K h āl Tathlīth Şawqirah Ar yQ ar te r) O M A N11 R( Eumbp‘t u Abhā Khamīs Mushayt Sanāw Najrān Şabyā Thamarit Juzur al Wuday‘ah H¸ alānīyāt Y E M E N12 Jīzān Şa‘dah Ramlat Da ah r a h Şalālah SANA Al M Damqawt Hodeida (ŞAN‘Ā’) hm l a t aHy¸ (anH¸darSdaahym’rūanamwauttT) aArlīmMAsuhkSahliShl¸aāryh¸ūt (Al Hudaydah) a sRSaamb ‘ a t A WEALTH OF FISH The Arabian Sea, south Zabīd of Yemen and Oman, is rich in fish, providing a valuable source of both income and food 13 ISLAM Bab el Ta‘izz Shuqrah G u l f o f A d e n Socotra for local people. The fishermen use The Islamic religion began Mandeb in the 7th century in the holy cities Aden (‘Adan) (Suqutrā) traditional sailboats equipped with outboard motors of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. (to Yemen) for greater speed, landing large catches of sardines, Minarets, the tall thin towers of mosques, dominate the skyline of every town and city tuna, anchovies, cuttlefish, cod, and other fish. in the region. From these, devout Muslims are summoned to pray five times a day. Muslims are 0 km 150 300 also required to make a Hajj, 0 miles 150 300 or pilgrimage, to Mecca (above) at least once in their lifetime. The Qur’an, the book of WATER 15 The Middle East sacred writings of Islam Much of the Middle East is covered with a hot desert. Water MIDDLE EASTERN FOOD 15 Saudi Arabia is the is scarce although there are some A typical Middle Eastern meal consists of pita bread, only country in the world oases where animals can be bulgur wheat, lentils, spiced meat—usually lamb or to be named after its royal watered and crops irrigated. On goat—fruit, and hummus made from chickpeas. Most family—the house the coastline, desalination plants, Muslims do not drink alcohol, preferring water, mint such as this one in Oman, tea, or coffee from Yemen, producer of some of the 16 of Al Saud. remove salt from seawater to world’s finest coffee beans. make it suitable for domestic consumption and agriculture. 16 83 A BCDE FGH I

Asia BCDE FGH Central Asia Ustyurt Aral KA Z AK Plateau Sea The five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts n d H S in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east. Mo’ynoq l a T A The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture w N 2 is limited. The four northern nations were once part of the Soviet Union and are o Chimboy now independent nations. Afghanistan is Taxtako’pir a landlocked country and three-quarters Sarygamyș Nukus Köli Takhiatosh Köneürgenc‚ T u r an Kyzyl Kum L of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was GaplangUycr‚taPglaantoGsyumy Gurbansoltan Eje U Z B E K I S T A NGubadag Uchquduq invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, prompting a continuous series of civil Dașoguz Urganch 3 wars. The 2001 invasion by American and other Western forces overthrew Türkmenbașy Xiva To’rtko’l Zarafshon Türkmenbașy Gazojak Üngüz Lebap the fundamentalist Islamic regime Aylagy Balkanabat Angyrsyndaky Amu Darya and led to democratic presidential Garagum elections, but Afghanistan is still Derweze unstable. Wrecked by more than Hazar Gazli Bereket T U R K M E N I S T A N G’ijduvon Serdar Buxoro 4 30 years of warfare, it is one of Kopetd a g GGeeorks-TheBipaeharlyAbadAaSn HGAGBAaTr Seýdi Kogon the poorest and most deprived C a s p i a n Magtymguly a g Galkynyș nations on Earth. u m Türkmenabat Sea Saýat Gora Chapan (AŞGABAT) BayramalGy aragKume lCi af nalAAmtaymdeyrraýat 9478ft (2889m) Uzboyy One of the world’s largest Kaka Tejen Mary 5 gold mines is at Muruntau Murgab Murgap in the Kyzyl Kum desert Sarahs Andkhvoy in Uzbekistan. Garabil Belentligi 6 FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bālā Murghāb DaryMaīmanah Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Serhetabat 7 celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Torkestan which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Towraghoudī 8 People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal ā - ye Morghāb 9 together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in Ghōrīān Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh Harīrūd Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Herāt 84 A An Afghan man carries bread with AFGHAN which to break the Ramadan fast. Children in Kabul, LIFE EXPECTANCY Shīndand Afghanistan, made As a result of war, drought, and poverty, homeless by war people in Afghanistan can expect to live an average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality Farāh Rūd is extremely high. Health services have almost Farāh Dilārām completely collapsed and few trained doctors and nurses are available to help the sick. Dasht-e Khāsh Gereshk Many children have been orphaned or Hāmūn-e Lashkar Gāh made homeless, and few have been Şāberī Kandahār able to go to school. Chakhānsūr o w Kūchnay Zaranj Mā r g Darwāshā Dasht-e Rēgestān Daryā-ye Dīshū Helmand Chāgai Hills PAKISTAN BCDE FGH

Central Asia I J K LMNO P Aral Sea today ARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving A man in front of 1 his home, called 2 freshwater lake full of fish. Over the years, 3 the rivers flowing into it were diverted a yurt, in western 4 or drained to provide irrigation for Pamir, Tajikistan 5 crops. The sea has now shrunk to 6 less than one-tenth of its original 7 size, reducing the numbers of fish, 8 9 and leaving former fishing villages and rusting ships stranded inland. 85 K Y R G YT Z iS TeA Nn S h a nNaONvuAqoLartyioonydtsgaahrakro’lJKizofnM(vTfir’1zioslhol0iaohwlema0’ixyngTnGknteghemAYou(aoeqT)fralSAlOiianyssrHwStga6oHalK2iyynSOKmEoeEali’NNm.lleTsTa)lBiqekKCAohhbnGuoiogrSisrj1dnaic(art44nahMe4,gnc7g8reni0ae2deqn5stemfahntos)eNfs1QLshaCh9eaomr6Fndhi0anei’ansqsakrtpiskngoTnhoKaagg’nollol’wiaaRnsnarnnTaggaKAeshhan-riKdaOzuK-iBmBjsDoahyIRznASlrhtaHaalZKanKlE-hgAAKrebebaKKedtëkMK-HAeoBNmrlatdaTiSlonryoy-knkTcTmhoyoaAkN Tyup Dzhergalan MOUNTAIN LIFE Ozero Issyk- Karakol The two small eastern republics of Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu Kadzhi-Say Jengish Chokusu/ Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both Tömür Feng very mountainous and are subject 24,406ft to earthquakes and landslides. Only about six per cent of Tajikistan Kara-Say (7439m) can be used for growing crops, whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile. Karakol u a K oksha a l - T Chatyr-Tash Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta Sary-Tash LOCAL WEALTH Samarqand U˘ roteppa Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the T A J I K I S T A NP aKoQsoanrshiBQoKDuy˘itesrougnbnGhoovi ns tseDapUrpaSRHaAnNgBNDeEoanragkhKaru˘alobSurQkhaolb’aikhumBartQ2a4nu,5ll9a0i fGItsm(h7ou4˘i9dli5aSmro)amQonaírSoMakru˘ulirkgho ol bC world’s sixth largest producer— as well as fruit and vegetables. H The three countries are also mTermiz Jarqo’rg’on g INA rich in mineral deposits, such Moskva Khorugh Pa Dzhelandy Range as gold, mercury, sulphur, and Feyz_ābād iĀqchah Qizilrabot uranium, and have reserves Du˘ stí Farkhor mir of coal, oil, and natural gas. rBalkh Kunduz Harvesting cotton in Uzbekistan Tāloqān sKhulm THE TAJIKS Shibirghān Mazār-e Ishkoshim Baroghil Pass The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m) K u s hSharīf Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly d uPul-e Khumrī of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to Baghlān Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic oH i nMu tension between the two groups. Civil war ntains KahCmhaārdrīkār between the government and Islamic rebels Barīkowt_ in the east of the country during the 1990s Kūh-e BDāabryāā-ye KABUL Mah¸mūd-e Rāqī (KĀBOL) Asadābād Mehtar Lām led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians, who had moved into the country when it Maīdān Shahr Jalālābād was part of the Soviet Union. ISTAN Khyber Pass 3543ft (1080m) Gardēz Ghaznī STAN Tajik horsemen Khōst in Pamir, Tajikistan andāb Daryā-ye Argh PAKI Zarghūn Shahr Qalāt Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century Islamic religious school in Samarqand, Uzbekistan Spīn Būldak THE SILK ROAD The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought silks and other fine goods from China through central Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan), 0 km 100 200 an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and 0 miles 100 200 Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic architecture in the world. Many of these cities are now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites. I J K LMNO P

Asia (claimed by India) BCDE F Hindu Kush HK2 28,251ft oram(86R1a1nmg)e Indian Subcontinent Indus Karak Khyber Pass Mingāora 3543ft S2 (1080m) Mardān AN P A K I S T A N3 aInesghibf1wvsonuaan.oeoa7erdehrrbtvddtmaitwaipcoebeshaloboat.tmie,qshmlynlnWelrtoyuiyehctnooaam,aiehcennnftmktyaoiepeyllemcenapetanrslmidddnoeonmotsaiognnoyosfwifneupfsteremreosdeialshotreottegheehotefif.nmhterlniaTepoenufsavtrhaento,pnstihcemoeldahtyoatelyepnoseihifuvdnlpnfdBhnieenerneoeaeaiicwtni,cp-iyvsrtnPnifeitouegsiaweodftorlprkstafhnasaohfoibhtBeiorsulAenvyfostioewpadpeaesnnftnrsrnihegnmmtgact,a.yhi.oaastsa.HbTaouepultTn,ynirhrreonoeeweadayeatwntngnlhorktcdsiIihddeeornoeiiavloaifnsmddsHfennwea’iarsapsirs,rmientlpedeenoeaxrtlspah,uyilasGatswto,iārotdyhan,re—InaldCmTeiunCatrohrnBbaāsalagttMslauuaikcbrHāhcniiloRsl satnnāCgtQnNehiKanuaāAmwleeaaLttFJnānSaātbhaGctrsokihkbāHāāTānDrhobaApebāarudNaSKriāGbIkihSKaSrTāhuTRzakahiiknrKpguaPuhr reārnsKRhPFahJoDJSāhaoaātwawiMīindsmsraeagrhaaluymPoslBprālāPledtaauurWerbtāthhleeJrānjaraāhāuudwhLeGtBalOuauanhljmBkptroIhāāīuRSkrtirrjLnāeāaJAndawNCeaMiGaprahEHALuualWpuAajBnrAJrbirdalAdKānwmyDDmhīaDndgāareErimwainnārilLtrhānuahāsHliaalIare Range Indus IRAN Sulaimān S KRīartnhgear Indus self-sufficient in food. All but Nepal and Bhutan Pasni Hyderābād Mīrpur Khās were once ruled by the British, whose legacy can be seen Karāchi Sind Pāli Beāwar Rājasthān in the common language of English, in some architecture, Mtho ue tIhnsdu Sujāwal Udaipur Kota 4 the vast railway system, and in sport—most notably cricket. Tropic of Cancer s of Rann of Kachchh Pālanpur Gulf of GāndhīdhāmG u j arāt MONSOON Kachchh Jāmnagar Ahmadābād VindRhaytalāRmang From May/June to September, e warm, moist southerly winds Godhra Rājkot Indore I Nand the Bay of Bengal across the sweep up from the Indian Ocean Porbandar Vadodara subcontinent. Once these winds Bhāvnagar Sātpura Range 5 meet dry land, moisture falls as Gulf of Sūrat Bhusāwal monsoon rainfall. Although this irrigates the land and replenishes 0 km 150 300 Khambhāt Damān Manmād Aurangābād the water supply, it can also Nāshik cause severe flooding. PMuanGheoādārvāasrih 0 miles 150 300 Kalyān aD e Mumbai t r Nānded (Bombay) Western 6 Arabian Bārāmati 7 Solāpur 8 Sea Gulbarga FAMILY LIFE IN PAKISTAN Pakistanis have strong ties to their extended families, and often many SRI LANKA Kolhāpur Rāichūr generations live and work together in family-run businesses. Smaller In 1983, civil war erupted in Sri Lanka Belgaum Karnātaka family units, however, are becoming more common in urban areas. between the Buddhist majority Sinhalese, Gadag Although some women hold prominent positions in public and who dominate the government, and the Panaji Ghats commercial life, such as Benazir Bhutto who was prime minister twice Hindu minority Tamils, who wanted to before she was assassinated in December 2007, most women do not establish their own independent state in Hubli Dāvangere work outside the home. the north of the island. The civil war, which ended in 2009 when the government defeated Udupi Shimoga 9 School child, the Tamil Tigers, has cost many lives and Mangalore Sri Lanka disrupted the island’s economy.Yet Sri Lanka Bangalore still has one of the highest literacy rates in Kāsaragod Mysore the world and high levels of health care. Kannur (Cannanore) Kerala Erode Kozhikode (Calicut) Coimbatore Tamil Ernākulam Kochi (Cochin) Kollam (Quilon) Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Nāgercoil 86 A B C F GH

Indian Subcontinent (A\"line of control\" was agreed J K L MNO P between India and Pakistan in 1972) THE HIMALAYAS The highest chain of mountains AKSAI CHIN in the world, the Himalayas have Bhutanese 1 eight peaks that are more than people (administered by China, 3 claimed by India) 4 5 26,247 ft (8,000 m) high. Everest, the Jammu world’s highest mountain at 29,029 ft 8 (8,848 m), is on the border of Nepal 9 and DEMCHOK/ and Tibet. Mountaineers come from Kashmír DÊMQOG far and wide to scale these massive peaks. 87 i (administered by China, claimed by India) Yamuna m ARUNACHAL PRADESH aUttarakhand (claimed by China) N E P A L l C a y a sMeerut BHUTAN Hidden away in the Himalayas, the people of Bhutan are devoutly Buddhist and have little contact with the outside world. A minority of the population are Nepalese Hindus who came to the country in the first half of the last century. Most Bhutanese live in the fertile river valleys of the center and south of the country. Traditional dress—the kira for women and the gho for men—is widely worn. H I N A The name Bhutan meansBShhiĀGvopgwpBuJSrāahraaāilārlgeinaoisrlrLilPyurUJcaMatkdKMAtbaneadāalsurolhnhlarwpywphauuāāKrrrbPFaVSA˙āaraāidaTNlzCyrdHāāPhāāegbooMnnpstkāaauhhdAGrsJaPaiRNroA2āam6ārnD,t5nanDn4saUCk5pchhafuhthhJrea(nhh8piad0nGaLā9BBuppb1aahirmrrryulāBaik)āaatrkdWtphitnauhaeaprsgnM2uāt9ardo,RD0BrurG2naĀeai9tnnjfntEgssa(vhg8āej8arapPn4eDJlhs8uatasBmSairbom)hrAnjliialalNiilngpTGguRJuBHeraLrKHIisnMABshgUK2ooPD4uuprn,HTSl7eauBlE8gyUnKAD3raaSlfatahrinNHMHg(ig7esra5Aatie5CoG4lgKnomuhA)mAwāsCDBillsrālhaiaaabhhiSymmrtāiuaatlpcatguhiJtgIaromaarorKrhhpnoāhhgtāīml a Tropic of Cancer es (MBYUARNMMA )A R Ganges D I A cDour“anLgtaronynd’”sioonffftDihczieaoTlnhlgauknhngadu,earthgee.c Bilāspur Rāurkela Kharagpur Kolkata Ganges Korba (Calcutta) Nāgpur Chhattīsg the f Bengal arth Mouths of Gondia Raipur Sambalpur Bāleshwar RELIGION Od haM)aahānPadui riCuBthtaucbkaneshwar Bay o c Cahandnrapur Ori ( i s s s Jagdalpur Brahmapur Two of the world’s great Nizāmābād religions—Hinduism and Buddhism—began in India T eHlWaynadgrKeaaarnnārgīabmaālndageaordnrāvarGi RhāajathsmundVVriiyszāiaknhaagparaatmnamG more than 2,500 years ago. Most Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are Krishna Muslim, most Indians and Nepalese PrAanddeshrha E a s t Vijayawāda are Hindu, and most Sri Lankans Kurnool Chīrāla and Bhutanese are Buddhist. Hindus bathe Ongole in the Ganges River, which is considered sacred. Tādpatri Kāvali North Cuddapah Nellore Andaman Chennai Middle Andaman (Madras) Port Vellore Kānchīpuram Blair Andaman South Islands Andaman (to India) Salem Pondicherry Little Andaman Nādu Tiruchchirāppalli BOLLYWOOD More films are produced in Mumbai (Bombay), Palk Strait TEA IN SRI LANKA India—more than 1,000 a year—than in the Madurai Jaffna Sri Lanka is the world’s largest Car Nicobar A whole of the US, turning “Bollywood,”as it is exporter of tea. The plantations are located mainly in the center Nicobar Islands n known, into a major cultural center. Famous for their musical routines and glamorous stars, Mannar SRI LANKA of the island and employ (to India) d women to pick the delicate, Tuticorin Trincomalee green shoots of the bushes. Katchall aSme Bollywood films generally had historical and Island n social themes. Today, these have expanded to include more contemporary stories as Little Nicobar Great the films have found a fan base in the Gulf of a Mannar a Puttalam Indira Point Nicobar large Indian diaspora across the world. Batticaloa Negombo Kandy INDIAN OCEAN COLOMBO Kalutara SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA K MNO P Galle KOTTE Matara

Asia BCDE FGH Western China and Mongolia China is a land of great geographical diversity and DESERT LANDS amazing landscapes. More than 90 percent of the population The cold, rocky Gobi Desert are Han Chinese—descendents of people who settled here (right) stretches for more than 380,000 sq miles (1,000,000 sq km) through Mongolia and northeast more than 5,000 years ago. This region includes western China, China. Many dinosaur bones and 2 Mongolia, and Tibet. Mongolia gained its independence from eggs have been found here, making it one of the richest dinosaur China in 1911 and is now an independent democracy. Tibet fossil regions in the world. Uvs Hövsgöl is currently governed by China. Compared with eastern China, Nuur Nuur this region is sparsely populated and characterized by vast NAl Ulaangom Mörön deserts, remote mountains, and extreme temperatures. A Altay t a i Ölgiy Hyargas Halban THE MONGOLIANS Har Us Nuur Most of the people living H S T Ulungur Nuur in Mongolia are Khalkh Hu M Hovd H Mongols. About 70 percent K Har Nuur a n M O N3 A o unt g a Tsetserleg Z y A n Nuruu K of Mongols now live in urban areas, but some still lead Karamay a i Altay Bayanhongor traditional lives as nomadic orohoro B Gurbantünggüt ns herders. They live in large felt Yining tents, called yurts. Smoke from ShKanuytSuhnihezi Shamo Jimsar Aj Bogd Uul the central iron stove escapes Fukang 12,474ft (3802m) 4 through a chimney in the roof. Ürümqi Qitai T i e n S h a nKYRGYZSTAN Turpan Atas Bogd G 8842ft Kashi (2695m) Jengish Chokusu/Tömür Feng Turpan Hami 24,419ft (7443m) Pendi K Bosten Hu Korla uruk ta Xingxingxia g TA J I K I S Tarim He T a r i m B a s i n GANSU w5ClilstaTmaanahenr0hHnnoedape,de0rggdyIiaudvN0uunCercsis0adaaEoaeh.utgguSTndceipmneehEahsea.eolaaeoyWTvlsrwftlrrmehaeterlRerodceeebyaartIrtiaTewloadtsrwpdeeralIlsheshsNrmhtmscoeahsiaG.tnerrbteotIeapnepsrtCnsehietyasnadohtmreitmestpihCfnsaCbolneaehdeoohronss,iflsintescnpraeei,psaAetk.F, G(HaDd.EmTMiAnCciNlsHaNteiOmrKeeed/dDbbrÊyayMCmInhQdiO(K2n(bi88aac2G6yY,Il),21aIe51inm1mndfteg)iaSYdiA)shCeaKaHcrchSHIhAeNZoePnIaRGtignsauahndtMraoaXnog(AbCiyanyhNKudTciInmSnuQaAEdainn,IiiacriBCskPl)atarHeDaimlrAhIeNmeadedaLbXpsyuMt(erIPQaraNlitanTkgtJaezTIYIaaaunnBnmAuggcraoELNohGCNafTazGogêoTaGnyoiguzbzAhêXaeêilGngttay)CazuRrêoSinunilogiGnqNTgySiaaaCNanhnmoggnTyaCzoGngaêoDnogLigtaninhamgunMagAqxlHausmNaêaeraniandzgghoStQqoahukanGuaQBonignlgumdlIgArDBhuaRhaPaNdraUaaRnmNAnygSĀDGhBCEaQheHSuPMnHYaNASHdiaeuLnaeakllswQLnoHihinAansaughSaomaahdjndIuaroninmSSDihauhQloaaaninnnangqhHênaui 5 Ka PA MabsoilInnenggtiootnrliasgaid,nnmigtkieoshnneovaaeolrrmeali K u n l u n S h a nC H I N6 rKRa Ika oSn gT A A ’ n y êSmh a notes at once. i m a l a s7 I n ndus ND I A H ee n Jinsha Jiang Hen g d y a8 u a Mount Everest n 29,029ft (8848m) (claimed by China) S hMaYnA(BNUMRMAAR) I N D I ABHUTAN 9 Chinese symbols, MONASTERIES IN MONGOLIA whose strokes Under communism, Mongolians were forbidden 88 have to be to practice their traditional Buddhist faith, which written in a was viewed as superstitious and unscientific. Since certain order the democratic government was set up in 1990, AB some monasteries have reopened. Many people, however, no longer follow any religion. GH

Western China and Mongolia I J K LMNO P RU 0 km 200 400 Mohe 0 miles 200 400 1 Tahe SSA. mFuEr D(Heilon 2 3 A rgun (Ergun He) . Fuyuan 4 5 ATION Ergun e Jagdaqi g Jiang) 6 7 Manzhouli Yakeshi g E R Ran Yichun ng) D i Bei’an Hegang RUSSIAN F E n L nga Nancha Hulun Buir gan HEILONGJIANG Jiamusi (Hailar) Sühbaatar Hulun tH iKnhgi Qiqihar Tonghe Jixi Lake Nur Selenga Darhan ol Grea uria Khanka Onon G Choybalsan Shangzhi (Da Harbin Mudanjiang Bulgan Erdenet ULAN BATOR Menengiyn (ULAANBAATAR) Tal Hulingol h c Öndörhaan Songyuann Yanji S e a o f Japan Dzuunmod Kerulen A M Changchun Jilin a ( E a s t S e a ) FESTIVAL OF NAADAM Tongliao Siping JILIN Baruun-Urt I Liaoyuan GOLIA Xi Ujimqin Qi L O Each July, people all over Mongolia celebrate the sports festival of Naadam. u) Three sports—wrestling (above), archery, and horse riding—are the focus of the q Baishan festivities. The skills needed to take part in Saynshand N ( NEEree nRi hXoMiltiUnoMhlnaogntOoQl NaZHbiEz(BJEinI ing)C(UhlaifnehnadgL)IAONINGG OROERATH these activities are those that would have helped i e people survive the traditional nomadic lifestyle. h i Liao H b o NK rte Dalandzadgad G es D o b iGovĩ Altayn Nuruu han I N Dalain Hob Lang S Hohhot PEOPLE OF TIBET Baotou Most Tibetans live in the (llHouwanRgivHeer) valleys of the Tibetan plateau, rai Shan Ye all of China high in the Himalayas and surrounded by the world’s Wuhai Mu Us SHANXI tallest mountains. Tibetans (Haibowan) have their own language Yab Tengger Shadi and culture. Recently, Shamo Yinchuan A NINGXIA Great W many Han Chinese have Tongxin settled in this region. Xining Lanzhou Pingliang Henan GANSU SHAANXI Tibetan village children Luqu Tianshui GREAT WALL OF CHINA About 2,200 years ago, approximately Buddhist prayer flags Zhugqu 300,000 slaves began to build China’s enormous Great Wall. Originally built SICHUAN Wenxian to protect China’s northern borders, it is the longest human-made structure ever built and stretches from central Asia to theYellow Sea, a distance of 3,980 miles (6,400 km). TRADITIONAL MEDICINE BUDDHIST TIBET 8 As well as modern medicine, many Many Tibetans are devout Buddhists. Their religious leader, 9 Chinese still use alternative remedies. the Dalai Lama, used to live in Lhasa. In 1951, however, Traditional medicine is based on Tibet became part of China and the government restricted the the belief that health is achieved by people’s religious freedom and lifestyle. This has resulted in balancing a person’s mind and body— tension between the Tibetans and the Chinese government. their yin and yang. Any imbalance The Dalai Lama now lives in exile in India. is treated with medicines made from dried plant materials (left). Some animals, including Asiatic bears, are now endangered due to the demand for parts used in traditional medicine. 89I J K L M N O P

Asia BCDE FG H Eastern China and Korea China has a large population of almost 1.4 billion, with NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS two-thirds living in eastern China. For thousands of years, Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is the powerful emperors ruled China. During this period, Chinese country’s most important festival. It is usually held in January civilization was very advanced, but much of the population or February. Good-luck messages decorate buildings and there 2 lived in poverty. In 1949, after a communist revolution, the People’s Republic of China was established. Food, are feasts, fireworks, fairs, and processions. education, and health care became available to People wear red clothes for good luck and more people, but there was also a loss of freedom. give gifts of coins to symbolize wealth. Today, Chinese people have more freedom, but Chinese New the government still has tight control over their Year parade lives. The Korean peninsula is divided politically 3 into north and south, and political tensions NINGXIA continue to exist between the two governments. Since 1949, Taiwan has been in dispute with China over who governs the mountainous island of Taiwan. 4 HONG KONG Bayan Tongchuan 5 For 100 years, Hong Kong was a British 6 colony. Then, in 1997, it was returned to Har QIN Xianyang 7 China. These small islands are some of han Baoji Xi’an 8 the most densely populated parts S GHAI GANSU 9 of the world. Most people live and work in high-rise buildings. It has Hanzhong S H A A N X I 90 a prosperous economy at the heart of global finance and the people Hongyuan there have one of the world’s highest life expectancies. Yalon Guangyuan Skyline of Hong Kong with a Chinese junk in the foreground g Jiang S I C H UA N Mianyang Wanyuan TIBET Luhuo Nanchong Chengdu Sichuan Wanzhou Pendi H C H ILitang Jinsha Jiang Jiang Ya’an Neijiang Lichuan engduan Shan Leshan Chongqing Zigong SMALL FAMILIES CHONGQING China’s population grows by millions each year. In 1979, to try to control the rising Xichanga ngtze (C ) population, the government brought in ng Jiang Zhongdian ha Tongzi policies to stop parents from having more than one child. As a result, many Zunyi Huaihua Chinese children do not have brothers and sisters, but this might change as a Zhoatong G U I Z H O U two-child policy was introduced in 2016. Y Guiyang M Panzhihua Kaili AB Dali Anshun Duyun Y Salween Baoshan Guanling Dushan A YUNNAN Kunming Xingxi (B N U M W u l i a nMgekSonhg a n Yuxi Bose Liuzhou G UA N G X I RM Kaiyuan Gejiu Wenshan A A R Tropic of Cancer ) PADDY FIELDS Nanning Rice forms the basis of most Chinese meals. Jinghong V I E T N A M Qinzhou It grows in paddy fields in the southeast of the country. During the growing season, fields are flooded so farmers can LAOS Beihai grow more rice more quickly. In f Tonkin the drier regions, wheat is grown and used to make noodles, buns, and 0 km 150 300 300 Danzhou 150 Dongfang dumplings. Rice or wheat is combined 0 miles Gulf o with local vegetables, meats, and spices to create regional dishes. HAINAN CDE FG