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'fl]*; \"\"t:ti{li.ti;iltttt: ' \"'t'lt I.-,:,ia,*;i;;;iri,!'.,,'':\"\" Ng1|l|1f, Gettingilh# mW*.r*'.','. t'\\ l'ii'ul1;: ;''rl'iil itl$iil'l{if $n Social Studies t t Abha Sahgal Sushmita Malik ; Orient BlackSwan

GettingAhe.d Nett' 0elllngAheaf, ln Soclal Slu0les I-TT HH provides several tools for the efflective teaching and learning of social studies F-IFi uses tried and tested methodology in the teaching of social studies focuses on building concepts through the use of easy-to-understand examples, clear and simple language, rich illustrations and images, and abundant maps Main Features ru a variety of questions that test a ffi child's understanding of the chapter IfiNl, E!{ . true orfalse { r.ik tr.6 iteid^ . fill in the blanks . word search bbk!d@eihildih{ . match the columns t . long answer . short answer ,.s4kk\"iddts6 or'r.*6.ndh )F r drri@lrq 5 Mrt'4 improve students' understanding, L analytical and problem-solving skills a rd brBq <rF __! give timely feedback and contribute to learning Chapter Overview LOOIflNIG AHTAD MIND OPENEH TEXT glves the students an overview of tt€draws students into the lesson ano is carefully graded to enable tfre chafier PrePares them for new learning r-understandingandisvisuallY -> appealing *''wEB HnIKS ', .F .t LITI SKITLS AND VALUES NEW p rovi o e*ccd(s to i ntilsti n g promote skills that helP <- t{Ah3g}s *l\\} additional information on the topic students lead healthY and reinforcesconceptsthrough <- prooufirverves hands-on activities NEW

t- qfts9 x fEfiE rffi help assess the understanding Hands on! w.n&@M@Wr-dff of the students in a more holistic w.d,hldD$lMNm-dMlff-0.h1 manner through reinforces concepts through enable students to use lT to hands-on activities explore the topic in greater depth! . spoken and written assignments . art work Values . simple proiects . presentations (lT) that teach studonts right . model making, exPeriments values and ettcouraqe them . discussions, lield trips to grow into good ltunran beings pr0mote . decision making . problem solving . critical thinking . effective communication . setf management NEW NEW €> DID YOU KNOW? r+ I NOW KNOUI/ WORDS TO MC0s ,p: provides the students with summarises the lesson ilEMIMBER interesting bits of information enables easY revision - related to the chaPter defines imPortant words -> that students may not be familiarwith pmvidetimely feedback and TNRICHMENT ACTIVITIfS EXERCISES conUibuteto NEW l-{*T$ include a wide v'ntlln self-leaming include: sPeaking and crcauve rnr*.,improvestudents,understanding,<-quesqtiuoenstsio_nlso-lnonggana(no writing activities, word search and I| IUEU puzles, arttime, find out, class anaryticar and probrem-sorving - lrrur t drrrwqr ( projects, prcsentations, $oup discussions, etc. ffistitts

Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time of going to press or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgement in future reprints/editions of this book. NEW GETTINGAHEAD IN SOCIAL STUDIES 3 ORIENT BLACKSWAN PRIVATE LIMITED Registered Office 3 -6-7 52 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India. email : centraloffi ce@orientblackswan. com Other Offices Bengaluru, Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida, Patna, Visakhapatnam @ Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2009 This Edition 2018 Reprinted 2018,2019 ISBN: 978-93-5287-169-8 ' Typeset at Trinity Designers & Typesetters Chennai 600 041 Printed in India at MANIPAL TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED Published by Orient Blackswan Private Limited 3 -6-7 52 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 5 00 029, Telangana, India. email : info@orientblackswan. com

Conlents 1 1,. The Earth in the Universe 7 13 2. Earth-The Living Planet 3. Continents and Oceans t9 4. Our Country India 5. Our States 26 6. The Food We Eat 32 7. The Clothes We Wear 39 8. Our Festivals 46 9. Our Occupations 54 60 10. Means of Transport 66 11. Means of Communication 72 12. People in Our Lives 77 13. Local Government Agencies 83 14. Delhi 89 15. Mumbai 95 16. Kolkata 101 106 17. Chennai 18. Some More Cities 11,4 L9. Our Environment 20. Early Humans 120

The Earth in the Universe Mind opener tToklnsAhead Have yau eYer tooked up ot the sky at l.n this lesson you will learn about: . The Earth in the universe night? What have you seen? Describe . . The stars what you sow to the class. The Sun in the Solar System The planets and the ttloon I To us, our Earth appears to be huge. But scientists say that our Earth is just a tiny speck in the vast universe. Let us try and understand more about the Earth's place in the universe. The Universe The universe is a vast expanse of space. This space contains various heavenly bodies like stars, planets and moons. It also contains dust, gases and pieces of *. * ,0 4, \"a The universe: the Earth is like a grain of salt in the vart space of the universe

rock. The Earth is like a grain of salt in the vast universe. Slars Stars in the night sky If you look up at the sky at night you Bear) and Orion. The Great Bear is will see thousands of twinkling lights. known as the Saptarishi in India. These twinkling lights are stars. The Sun and the Solar Sgslern A star is a huge ball of hot, burning The Sun is a star. It is a huge ball of gases. It gives out heat and light. very hot gases. It is the star closest to the Earth. The Earth gets its light and There are millions and millions of heat from the Sun. Without the Sun, stars in the universe. These stars are there would be no life on Earth. very far away from us. That is why The Sun has eight planets circling they look so small. it. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Constellalions Neptune. The Sun and the planets together form the Solar System. If you look up at the night sky you will see that some groups of stars appear to make patterns in the sky. These groups of stars are called constellati ons. The conStellations are named after creatures and persons from myths or legends. Some of the well known constellations are Leo, Ursa Major (also called the Great Leo The Great Bear, or the Saptarishi Orion the hunter lLion) Leo the lion

I'lEPTUNf. SATURN Did you know? ili ) .4 JUPrrEn Until 2006, Pluto was considered the ninth UiANUS planet of the solar system. However, on24 August 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet.' The Solar System: the Sun and the planets Ihe Planels The Moon Planets are heavenly bodies that travel Earth. It has no light of its own and around a star. Th\"y are usually round reflects the light of the Sun. It is much in shape. Some of them are made of smaller than the Sun. But it appears to rocks, while some are made of gases' be of the same size because it is much Planets do not have heat or light of closer to the Earth than the Sun. their own. TheY get their heat and light from the star they move around' Unlike the stars, Planets do not twinkle when seen from the Earth. TheY shine with a steady light. Ihe Moon The Earth and the Moon The Moon is the brightest object in the skY at night. It is our nearest neighbour in space. The Moon is a ball of rock that travels around the

The Earth Did you know? The Earth is the third planet from the For a long time, the Moon was thought to be a dry, cold and dead place. But Sun. It is the only known planet to in November 2008, lndia's spacecraft Chandrayaan-1. discovered the presence of have life. The surface of the Earth is tiny amounts of water all over thq Moon's made up of land and water. You will surface, read more about the Earth in the next lesson. Ouestions . How can we say whether the shining object we are watching in the night sky js a planet or a star? . Find out the names of the following in your mother tongue: Sun, Mars, JupiteL Mercury, Saturn, and Venus. *o* I now know 1. The universe is a vast expanse of space, containing various heavenly bodies like stars, planets and moons. 2. The Earth is a tiny speck in the vast universe. 3. Stars are huge balls of very hot, glowing gases. 4. Constellations are groups of stars that appear to make patterns in the night sky. 5. The Sun is a star. The Sup and the eight planets together form the Solar System. 6. The Moon is the brightest object in the sky at night. lt travels around the Earth. 7. We live on the planet Earth. ,, Words to remember universe: everything that exists including the Earth, the planets, the stars and space star: a huge ball of hot gases that produces light planet: heavenly bodies that are round and travel around a star constellation: groups of stars that appear to make patterns in the night sky fi# Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. 1. The universe is a vast expanse of 2. is our nearest neighbour in space. 3. The Earth gets its heat and light from the

4. do not have heat or light of their own. 5. The Sun and the planets together form the B. Circle the odd one out. JuPiter Pluto 1. Mercury Mars 2. Uranus Leo Orion the Great Bear 3. Water AtmosPhere Earth Venus C. Answer the following questions. 1. Describe the universe. 2. What are stars? 3. What are constellations? Name a few well known constellations' 4. What is the Solar System? Name the different planets of the Solar System. 5. What are Planets? W mrltiple choice questions 1. The universe is a vast exPanse of a. space b. light c. water 2. The twinkling lights in the dark sky are called b. bulbs a. stars c. Planets 3. The Sun is a a. planet b. moon c. star 4. The number of planets in the Solar System is b. eight a. ten c. nine 5. The only known planet with life on it is a. Earth b. Venus c. Mars '' Enrichment Activities . Speak out: Describe the night sky to your classmates in a few sentences. Speak out loudly and clearlY. . Ar{ Work: Draw and colour a picture of the Solar System. . Wrile righl: Find out who was the first astronaut to land on the moon. Write a few sentences about him. . Find oui: Find out about festivals related to the Sun or Moon. (For example, Makar Sankranti.) Share your information in class. . Project work: Form groups and make a chart on the Solar System'

t_ * ruors: Think and Answer ls the Moon a star? Give reasons for your answer. qW^ Hands on! 1. Collect pictures of the eight planets and stick them in your scrapbook. Z. Take some old greeting cards. Paste silver paper on them. Make cut-outs of the Moon and stars. Hang them as mobiles in your classroom. * Life Skills and values U nderstand ing through observation Do you know the word 'Solar' comes from the word 5ol that means \"Sun\"? Find out from an adult at home if there are any solar appliances in your house or neighbourhood; for example, solar cookers or solar street lights. Find out how these work. Why do you think it is good to use solar appliances? Weblinks www. nasa. gov/vision/u niverse/solarsystem/su n-for-kids-mai n. htm I www.esa. i nVesa Kl DSen/S EM BTSWJ Dl E ou ru n iverser-0. html

Earth-The Living Planet Mind opener lToringAhead What do you think is the shope of the Earth-is l.n this lesson you will learn dbout: r . The Earth as a unique planet it ftat tike o circle or round like a batl? lf you . . The Earth os a living planet were to keep watking in a straight line, do you think you could reoch the edge of the Eorth The shape of the Eorth and peep over it? The horizon, coast and sky I The Earth is home to all living things. Many different kinds of plants and animals live here. As far as we know, there is no other place in the universe where there is life. No wonder we say our Earth is a trrritluc planet! The Earlh The Earth is a living planet. A11 living things need air, water and the right w Fr---q.'rq -\"{ The Earth is made up of land and water

amount of warmth to live. We find But is the Earth reallg llal? all these things on the Earth. About 500 years d1o, Ferdinand . The Earth gets heat and light from Magellan, a Portuguese sailor, set out with a fleet of ships pn a long voyage the Sun. from Spain. He kept sailing in one o I layer of air, called the direction. After three years, his ships atm*sphere, surrounds the Earth. reached the same place from where . The surface of the Earth is made they had started. The sailors had up of land and water. About three- really sailed around the Earth\"! fourths of the Earth is covered Magellan proved that the Earth is with water and one-fourths by round like a ball, not flat as people land. earlier thought. The astronauts Did you know? further proved this. Astronauts are The abundant water on the Earth's surface people who havebeen trained to travel makes it appear blue when seen from space. Hence, it is also called the Blue Planet. in space in rockets and spaceships. When the astronauts looked at the The Shape of the Earth Earth from outer space, they found Have you ever stood in'an oPen field that it looked like a huge balI. or on the seashore? If you do so, you Did you know? will see that the Earth appears flat. No wonder people long ago were Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma, an lndian Air Force pilot, was the first lndian astronaut afraid to travel far. They feared they to go to space. Kalpana Chawla was the first would fall off the edge! lndian-born woman to travelto space. d& People used to think that the Earth was flat and that they could fall off Magellan the edge of the Earth'

L The land and sky appear to meet at the horizon. / The Earth as it appears from the outer space; The land and sea meet at the coast. note the thin blue layer of air surrounding it The Horizon Looking from a distance the land and sky seem to meet. But in reality they do not meet. The place at which the land and sky appear to meet is called the horizon. Every time we come closer to the horizon it seems to move further away. The Coast Birds flying in the sky Land and sea meet at the c*ast. If we blue though it is really not so. It is just a vast space surroundi.g the Earth. stand on the coast and face the sea, it The Sun, the stars and the Moon are will seem as if the water and the sky heavenly bodies in this space. are meeting at a distance. This does not happen in reality. The SkU Above the Earth is the sky. It looks

fi t now know 1. The Earth is a living planet, and is home to humans, plants and animals. 2. All living things need air; water and the right amount of warmth to live. 3. The Earth is made up of land and water. 4. A layer of air called the atmosphere surrounds the Earth. 5./v The Earth is round like a ball. 6.tC G The land and sky appear to meet at the horizon. 7. The sea and land meet at the coast. J t Words to remember atmosphere: the layer of air surrounding the Earth coast: a place where the sea and land meet horizon: a place where the land and sky appear to meet astronaut: a person who travels in space in a spacecraft ffi Exercises A. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. An astronaut is a person who travels around the world. 2. The Earth is a huge ball of burning gases. 3, Magellan sailed in one direction and finally, his ship reached the place from where had started. 4. There is mord lanil on the surface of the Earth than water. 5. The sky is a vast space in the universe. B. Answer the following questions. 1. Why do we say that the planet Earth is unique? 2. Who was Ferdinand Magellan? 3. What is the shape of the Earth? Give two ways in which you can prove this. 4. What is the horizon? 5.l Describe the sky. l ,sN HOfS: Think and Answer What do you think would happen if the Earth was flat and not round?

h {, Multiple choice questions 1. The land and sky appear to meet at the a. coast b. horizon c. sea 2. All living things need this in order to live: a. books b. toys c. alr 3. A person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft is called an a. acrobat b. actor c. astronaut 4. Magellan was a sailor from a. France b. Portugal c. Britain c. burger 5. The Earth is shaped like a a. ball b. plate Enrichment Activities a Puzzle lirne: Solve the Word STAR S T z L E R Search with the help of the clues. A Y T V T A o oW I 1. There are millions of these in the night sky S UMAG E L L A N 2. A vast water body T CoA S T ) KT E 3, Where land and water meet 4. A Portuguese sailor who R D SWE A H P E D helped prove that the Earth o o P E AW F L R A is round aN P H R ) G C N S 5. People who travel to space A I E A R T HMA D 6. The planet on which we live 7. Three-fourths of the Earth is oU T R I K F B ZE covered with this oT E P L D N I X W 8. The layer of air that surrounds the Earth gpeak out: The Earth is a unique planet. Do you agree? Tell your class why you think so. Speak out loudly and clearly for five to ten minutes. Wrile right: What would happen if the Sun stopped shining one day? Write a short paragraph describing the situation. a Arl Work: Draw and colour a picture of the Earth, as seen from space. a Project Work: Find out from the lnternet, or the library, the different ways in which people have proved that the Earth is round in shape. Prepare a report or create a website.

Hands on! The living Earth-watch plants grow from seeds Take soil in a pot. Wet the soil. Ask your mother to give you some coriander seeds or the seeds of any other plant. Plant the seeds carefully in the soil, Place the pot in a sunny spot. Water the soil every day. After around a week or two, you will see baby plants growing out of the soil. Watch over the plants well. Your mother will soon be able to use the coriander leaves for cooking. lsn't it wonderful to see new life spring from the dry brown seeds? V Life Skills and values Understanding that our Earth is unique Our Earth is unique. We should learn to take care of it. We observe Earth Day on 22 April every year. A number of events take place on this day throughout the world. You can find out about it from the lnternet. Ask your teacher to help you celebrate Earth Day in your class. ln what ways can you look after the Earth? Give your answer in the form of a drawing or poster. Weblinks www. kid sg eo. co m/g edgra phy-fo r-ki d s www. kid sites. co m/sites_ed u/scren i n glhtm !

Continents and Oceans Mind opener [Toring Ahead Raj and his family ore going to Australia for ln this lesson You will learn about: a iolidoy. Which of these would help Roj find the tocation of Australia: a dictionory, . Globes ond maPs on atlas, o globe, o cookerY book? . The four main directions .J. Oceans and continents As we learnt in the earlier chapters, the Earth resembles a very huge ball' It is so huge that so how do we we can only ,\"\" u ,r\"ry small part of it at one time' study it? Globes and MaPs A model of the Earth, called a glotre, shows us the whole Earth' we can rotate to see different places. Howerrer, a globe is not big enough to show it all the places in detail. ' To solve this problem we have drawings of a part of the Earth, or the whole of it. Such drawings are called maps. A map can be big or small' We can hang a big map on a wall. We call this a wall maP' A book of small maPs is called an atlas. Atlases are also available in multimedia format. A globe A yvall maP An atlas

Direclions on a Map Did you know? A compass is used to find There are four main directions. They directions. Sailors use a are north, south, east and west.If you compass to find their way stand facing a map, the top part of while sailing. A compass the map is north, the bottom is south, to your right is east and to your left looks like a watch. The needle of a compass is west. You will see the direction always points to the north. north marked in most maps. These The blue areas show water bodies and directions help us to locate places on the brown areas show landrnasses. a maP. A very large landmass is called a Oceans and Conlinents continent. A very large body of water Look carefully at the world map on is called an ocean. this page. You will find that some There are seven continents in all. areas in the map are in blue while They are Asia, Africa, North America, others are in brown. South America, Europe, Australia A map of the world

L and Antarctica. The ASIA- POLITICAL RU S S I A' smallest continent 0 700 1400 km l, A is Australia. The Scale MONGOLIA largest continent f(t ,?o is Asia. Continents pI are further divided into smaller parts called countries. India is a country within Asia. U HINA f ro,ron There are five oc INDIA PHILIPPINES oceans. They are the u. Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the ru r/ s rEAST TIMOR A Southern Ocean I and the Arctic AUSTRATIA Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest . Did you know? and the Arctic Ocean is the smallest For a long time, there were only four recogn ised oceans-the Atla ntic, the ocean. Oceans are very deep. The Pacific, the lndian and the Arctic. Then in 2000, the lnternational Hydrographic ocean floors are not plain or flat. Organisation declared the Southern Ocean as the fifth ocean. This ocean stretches There are long mountain ranges and south of the 60 '5 latitude. trenches on the ocean floors. A sea is also a large water body but is smaller than an ocean. ) rfiffirImtmilmr An ocean bed

;[ t now know 1. A globe is a model of the Earth. 2. 3. A map is a drawing of a part or the whore of the Earth. 4' 5. There are four main directions-north, south, east and west. A continent is a huge landmass on the Earth. There are seven continents. An ocean is a very large water body. There are five oceans. t$ Words to remember continent: a very large landmass on the surface of the Earth ocean: a very large body of water map: a drawing of the whole Earth or a part of it globe: a model of the Earth atlas: a book of maps compass: an instrument used to find directions V Exercises A. Match the columns. a. model of the Earth 1. Largest continent b. Pacific 2. Atlas c. book of small maps 3. North d. Asia 4. Largest ocean e. top part of a map 5. Globe B. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Australia west map seas lndian 1. A is a drawing of a part of the Earth. 2. Comparatively smaller areas of water are called 3. The Ocean is to the east of Africa. 4. is the smallest continent. 5. North America is to the of Europe. C. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a continent? 2. What is an ocean? 3. Why is a map more useful than a globe? 4. How do we find directions on a map? 5. Draw a compass and describe it.

d'4. Multiple choice questions 1. The smallest ocean in the world is a. the Pacific Ocean b. the Arctic Ocean c. the Atlantic Ocean 2. A book of maPs is called a/an a. wall map b. atlas c. globe 3. The needle of a compass always points to the a. north b. south c. east 4. Very large Iandmasses are called c' countries a. continents b. seas 5. On maps water bodies are shown in a. green b. blue c. yellow I, HOTS: Think and Answer you want to find out the shortest route from your house to the railway station, Would you use a map or a globe? Give reasons for your answer' '' Enrichment Activities Write right: you have gone trekking with your friends and have lost your way. Your father g.r\" yo, . .o,ip\"ts beforJyou left home. You use it and manage to find yorr *iy home. Write a short story describing the adventure' speak oul: lnstead of writing about the adventure, you could speak about it in class. Map work: Take an outline map of the world. Colour the seven continents in seven different colours according to the key. Colour the water bodies in blue. Label the continents and oceans. Australia: orange, Europe: pink, Asia: yellow Africa: brown, North America: green, Antarctica: white, South America: red Projecl work: Let us make a globe. o ITo make a globe You need: balloon, a jar of glue, blue paint, white chart paper, paste, string, lots of strips of newsPaPer. . Get a round balloon. Blow it up and tie its mouth carefully. . Add a little water to the glue' . Dip the strips of newspaper in the glue and stick them all over the balloon. Wait for one daY.

Paint the balloon with the blue paint. Let the r paint dry and then label the oceans. Use the chart paper to make cutouts of the continents. Write their names with a black pen. Tie the string around the middle of the globe. That is the Equator, Apply glue on the continents and stick them in place on the globe. There, your globe is done! ri Hands on! .Group work: Do a project on the continent of Asia. lnclude information about: its location . the important countries . the oceans surrounding it . the important mountain ranges . main rivers Paste pictures and maps to make your project interesting. Experiment: ln a darkened room, shine a torch on a globe. Then rotate the globe slowly from left (west) to right (east). What do you notice? The torch light islike,the Earth.light of the Sun. This activity shows you how diy and night occur because of the turning of the r |[ Life Skills and Values Developing your sense of direction: locating places Try to get a map of your city/ town/locality/colony and locate your place of residence on it. Now try and locate your school on the map. Which rori\" do you take to school? Mark it on the map. Weblinks wvrnru. ki d sg eo. co m/geo g ra p hy_fo r_ki d s http ://www. s h ep pa rd softwa re. co mArvo rl d Co nti nents. htm

Our Country lndia Mind opener l'Iorins Ahead, lndia is called a 'land of diversity'. Why do you think lndio is called so? tn this lesson you will learn about the [Hint: Diversity means a lot of variety.] different londforms of our country: India is a part of Asia. It is the , The Himalayan liountains , The Northern Ploins seventh largest country in the . The Deccan Plateau world. With more than one . JThe Thar Desert and the lslands hundred crore people living here, India is the most populated country in the world after China. It is also one of the most beautiful countries in the world. Our country is not the same everywhere. It has many landforms. We have mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts and islands. Very few countries in the world can boast of so much variety. This is what makes India so beautiful. Ihe Himalagan Mounlain Ranges Mountains are portions of the Earth that rise steeply from the surrounding area. A chain of mountains form a range. All along the north of our country lie the mighty Himalayan mountain ranges.

These ranges have some of the highest Did you know? peaks in the world. Mount Everest, Several million years ago, the land where the highest peak in the world, is a the Himalayas now stand was covered by a part of the Himalayan range. The high peaks are covered with snow vast ocean called the Tethys Sea. I W:\"w'. throughout the year. The mountain w- :.1., / region is extremely cold. i Many of our big rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna and Brahmaputra start from I the Himalayas. As they flow down to the plains, several smaller rivers join W,^f' the main rivers. The melting snow The Norlhern Plains from the mountains keep these rivers fed through the hot and dry summer Plains are vast expanses of flat or months. As we move down to the gently rolling land. lower slopes we find thick forests. This is called the terai region.

As we go down to the south of the are located along the banks of the Himalayas, we come to the Northern rivers Ganga and Yamuna. In the Plains of India. This is also called the Gangetic Plain. Many dvers like the plains, it is very hot in summer and Ganga and Yamuna, flow through cold in winter. these plains. This makes the land very Ihe Thar Desert fertile and most suited for cultivation. A large area of land covered with sand is called a desert. As we travel to the The region is thicktY PoPulated. north-western part of our country the Many well-known cities and towns Wheat is the main crop of the Northern Plains The Ganga in Varanasi I

landscape changes. We can see miles its three sides. The Indian Peninsula and miles of sand. This area is called has the Bay of Bengal to its east, the the Great Indian Desert or the Thar Arabian Sea to its west, and the Indian Desert. Ocean to its south. This region gets very little rainfall. This part of India is called the The climate here is drY and hot in Southern Plateau or the Deccan summer, and cold in winter. Life Plateau. A plateau is a flat-topped in the desert is difficult. The desert region that is raised above the region is not thicklY PoPulated. surrounding land. The camel is commonlY used in the The Deccan Plateau region has desert for transport. It is called the many rivers like the Krishna, ship of the clesert. Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi' Camels in the Thar Desert, Raiasthan These rivers are rain-fed. They often Did you know? become dry during the summer, The lndian camel has a single hump but the unlike the snow-fed rivers of the Bactrian camel has a double humP. north. This region is verY rich in Ihe Deccan Plateau and the minerals. Some parts of the plateau Ghats are covered with thick forests. This The southern Part of India is a peninsula. A Peninsula is a Piece region has a moderate climate that is of land jutting into the sea and. neither too hot nor too co1d. surrounded by large water bodies on

The grasslands and forests that make up large parts of the Western Ghats along the east and west coasts of India. They are called the Coastal Plains. To the west of the Deccan Plateau are The lslands mountains called the Western Ghats. To the east of the Deccap Plateau are An island is a piece of land mountains called the Eastern Ghats. surrounded by water. If you look These mountains are not as high as closely at the map of India, you will those in the Himalayan Range:' find several small islandi in the There are narrow stiips of plain land Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. In ANDAMAN & NICOBAR LAKSHADWEEP the Bay of Bengal, there is a group ISLANDS 0 101 202km of islands called the Andaman and 0 152 304 km Scal6 Nicobar Islands. In the Arabian lelle KERALA Sea there is another group of x islands called the Lakshadweep a r.Kavaratti Islands. These islands are part of 2Z9>oE our country. $66 B Ay oi $,,,no,,,*, ut >! '$ r,ro,,r,ou-un z \"t!., gtatr },Cort ',J Sorrh Andamrn BENGAL >Ze SLn/orrdrDan '-a--48 Z Q'i, , c,, v\"ou, .&.tu.- 0- ,,. :,J Y+o-.Ltfr6N,co@t u' \\ o.ear ru,oa, ,NDIAA' One of the islands of Lakshadweep OCEAA' @

$. t now know 1. lndia is the seventh largest country and the second most populated country of the world. 2. The Himalayan mountain ranges lie along the north of lndia. 3. The Northern Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are very tertile. 4. The Thar Desert is in the northwestern part of lndia. 5. The southern part of lndia is a peninsula and a plateau, called the Deccan Plateau. 6. The Western and Eastern Ghats lie on either side of the Deccan Plateau. 7. The Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands are a part of lndia. t$ Words to remember landforms: natural features of the Earth mountain: land which rises steeply from the surrounding area plains: flat and level land fertile: land in which plants grow well desert: large area of land covered with sand plateau: a large area of fairly level land that is raised above the surrounding area peninsula: a piece of land jutting into the sea and surrounded by water on three sides island: a piece of land surrounded by water V Exercises A. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. lndia is the third most populated country in the world. 2. The Himalayas is the highest mountain range in the world. 3. !t is very cold at night in a desert. 4. All rivers in lndia get water from melting snow in the mountains. 5. The rivers make the Gangetic Plain very fertile. 6. lt is neither too hot nor too cold in the Deccan Plateau. B. Define in a sentence. Desert, Peninsula, lsland, Plateau, Plain C. Answer the following questions. 1. Name any five rivers of lndia. 2. Name any two groups of islands, which are part of lndia. 3. Why are the Northern Plains thickly populated? 4. ln which region of lndia do you live? What kind of climate do you have in the place that you live in ?

Our States Mind opener l-iloring Ahead ln which town or citY do You live? ln tn this lesson You will learn about: which state is it located? Which are . The role of government . Role of the central and state your neighbouring states? governments I. Nornes of the states ond union territories of lndia ]ust as your parents look after your needs at home, the government looks after the needs, welfare and safety of the people of a country. The government frames laws or rules to run the country. It is the government which decides where tobuild schools, roads, hospitals, parks, stadiums, stations and airports' The government also provides services like electricity, water, telephones and communications. There are two types of governments in India. These are the Gentral Government and the State Government. Cenlral Governrnenl ItThe Central Government lookkss aftteerr the rhe Parliamiil:H|niffiIffH is the seat safety and welfare of the whole country. is based in New Delhi, the capital of India' we, the people of India, choose the members of the Central Government' The president, prime Minister and other ministers form the Central Government' They live and work in New Delhi. The Slates and Union Territories of lndia India is a very big country, with a population of more than a 100 crore. It is difficult for the Central Government to look after the needs of such a big population all by itself .

I The country is therefore divided into Minister, other ministers and senior smaller parts or states. Each state has government officers who together its own government, which looks after run the government. the welfare of the people of that state. The Governor and Chief Minister live in the state capital. There arc 29 states in our countrY. Every state has its own caPital. In , a state there is a Governor, Chief Besides the states, there are seven AFG}IANISTAN t I smaller areas directlY under the J$ -NDIA POLITICAL I foeq o 246 4e2 km I I *^^,J / H I NA PAKISTAN,. IB E ../ / / .,/ a -., ( RAJAS l i);^t-#^ Jf11&,,0,r tq,J 'i/ r.' ;'K , ai) D -Y:yic-ffi*i\",n.li^\"\"rHi\"r*l,dro1JX/*zfa;wfr; -._.-./ \\\\** ,N 6Gandhinaoar \\\\,' Bhopal G u JAtotj. rrrtionva PRADE (, --_, /--:. ,} \\ -\\ .,i : oroA'rh'o\" DaEran 'v*,, ) \\ oBhubaneshwar Aq^\\iXt?'RR A s H r R A Bh\"6na a/ silvassa NAGAR HAVELI or Mumbai -H'vrd'e;raioba'do- ,^,9.n.-E\"', '' ,-. I' (puoucHcHEBt) -) ':TlT KEY l*s' ,| *,l,j 'flYil.fARruAtnfa\\,. .or:l)Chennai \" i'rnurrorno.,, I rs - \".\"Bengaluruo .J -- stare^^Jq or le''10'v z>E^'&Q{i'r,P! ort Blair Bof:il- Dou\"udrv - \\ ,'*t B 3[l:\":l',?\\';'.,., 429z2'ooo' (puDUcHrcHtrE\"RnD fOi.\\-'TAI An+rrYrr rI L ?4\" , oKavaratti l-.,l , \" n\"i'u i 'q,, x INDONESIA .*\",\",un, i'i GoA3 Suduchcheri ullllut.l-l.A-\\-N-.- cd.,La q(.l(lp[??uo!!tut[c[fHf,,tct,H,*.E,\"n,r,) Cornr.y\\ame rree sttailreo ,e\"\"'o0nn Lo Yv ' 1 L.jLf i Not6s: The administrativo headquarters ol Chandrgarh, Haryana and Puniab are at t$n, >1rThhiirrrruunvuanntnaapnuD-tro8h1ri iapurarh cnauaigu'\" ^ sRr li\"\".\"1fl1.i:1ff::x:::Ii:u\"i-*\" L \\\\l(.\\ Mr\\l-l)lVIlS ,\\t *The spelling of places on the map of India is as per the survey of India

r Central Government. They are Dld you knowl known as union territories. Among ln 1956, lndlr had only 14 stete$ und rlx the union territories, the Andaman unlon terrltorlos, Thu rtrtus wuro furthar and Nicobar islands are the biggest, dlvldcd on tha basls of thu languuge and Lakshadweep the smallest. spohan, nnd wq now haw l$ ntutun and 7 De1hi is a union territory with unlon turrltorluu, the status of the National Capital Here is a list of all the states and union Territory. territories, along with their capitals, in alphabetical order. Btales of lndia and their oapital oities State Capital 20. Odisha (formerly Bhubaneswar known as Orissa) 1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 2. Arunachal Itanagar 21. Punjab Chandigarh Pradesh 22. Rajasthan Jaipur 3. Assam Dispur 23. Sikkim Gangtok 4. Bihar Patna 24.Tamil Nadu Chennai 5. Chhattisgarh Raipur 25. Telangana Hyderabad 6. Goa Panaji 26.Tripura Agartala 7. Cujarat Gandhinagar 27.Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 8. Haryana Chandigarh 28. Uttarakhand Dehra Dun 9. Himachal Shimla 29. West Bengal Kolkata Pradesh Union Terrilories of lndia L0. |ammu & Srinagar/Jammu (w) Kashmir Union Territory Capital 11. Jharkhand Ranchi 1. Andaman & Nicobar Port Blair 12. Kamataka Bengaluru Islands 13. Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 2. Chandigarh Chandigarh 1,4. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 3. Daman & Diu Daman 15. Maharashtra Mumbai 4. Dadra & Nagar Haveli Silvassa 1,6. Manipur Imphal 5. Lakshadweep Kavaratti 17. Meghalaya Shillong 6. Puducherry Puducherry 1\"8. Mizoram Aizawl 7. National Capital Territory New Delhi (Delhi is known as the National L9. Nagaland Kohima Capital Territory)

Though we may live in different we are all Indians. We should be states, there is onebondwe all share- proud of our country and our state. $lk , now know 1. lndia has a population of more than 100 crores. 2. The Central Government looks after the whole country. 3. lndia has 29 states and 7 union territories. 4. Each state has its own government, which looks after the welfare of the people of that state. 5. Delhi is known as the National Capital Territory. $'ji Words to remember government: a group of people governing or administering a country or state State Government: government elected to administer a state Central Government: government elected to govern a whole country welfare: well-being of a person or group union territory: area looked after by the Central Government V Exercises A. Match the columns. a. capital of Manipur b. Union Territory 1. Rajasthan ' c. largest state d. Delhi 2. Central Government offices e. National Capital Territory 3. Delhi 4. Andaman and Nicobar 5. lmpha! B. Fill in the blanks\" 1. The frames rules and laws that help run the country. 2. The Governor of a state lives in the of the state. 3. is the smallest union territory of lndia. 4. Delhi is also known as the 5. The new name of the state of Orissa is 6. Chennai is the capital of C. Write the names of the capitals of the following states\" 1. Rajasthan: 2. Himachal Pradesh: 3. Madhya Pradesh: 4. Tripura: I

5. Karnataka: 6. Maharashtra: 7. Goa: 8. Odisha: D. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the role of a government? How many governments are there in lndia? 2. why has lndia been divided into states and union territories? 3. How many states and union territories are there in lndia? 4. What is the function of the Central Government? 5. Where are the State Governments located? 'ff* Multiple choice questions 1. Kerala is in the of lndia. a. north b. south c. east 2. Puducherry is a a. state b. union territory c. country 3. At present, lndia is divided into states. a.25 b.27 c. 29 4. is the capital of Punjab. c. Amritsar c. Chief Minister a. Chandigarh b. Mohali 5. Every state of lndia has a a. Prime Minister b. president t. N,N HOIS: Think ond Answer Which are the states of lndia that have a common capital? #\\,tt Enrichment Activities Speak oul: Tell your class something about your state. Speak out loudly and clearly so that everyone can hear you. Map work: Take a political map of lndia. Colour the states in different colours and label them. Also label the water bodies around our country. Find out: what are the names of the following in your state? The chief Minister . . The capital ' Two important cities . The Governor ' Two important tourist destinations

ldentify the persons in the pictures below and write a few sentences about them. l \"* Hint: He was the Prime Minister of Hint: He was the first President of lndia. lndia from November 10,1990 to June 21 ,1991. Project work: Working in groups do a project on any state of lndia. you can make your project look interesting and different by making charts and cut-outs of the state using thermocole. You can also make models of the main features of the state, like the mountains, hills, rivers, forests, traditional clothes and festivals. Hands on! 1. Do a project on your state. Write about the districts, climate, landforms, industries, festivals, dance, music and famous people and places of your state. Talk to elderly people who tell you about can the history of the state. Present your findings in class. r 2. Find a large map of lndia and trace the outline of your state. On this map mark the capital city, the neighbouring states and the rivers. Paste the map in your scrapbook. You could make similar maps to show the districts, tourist plices, physical features, etc., of the state. * Life Skills and vatues Awareness A. Find out from an elder the names of famous people from your state. They could be sports persons, artists, writers, doctors, freedom fighters, educationists, actors or politicians. lf you were the Chief Minister of the state how would you award them for their achievements and contribution? B. Suppose you are the Education Minister of your state. What are the things you will do to improve the state of education in your state? @

The Food We Eat ,r l-ilokinsAhead tt tn this lesson You will learn obout: .G The food eaten bY PeoPle from , different regions of lndio food da vau eot almost et The common spices, food grains, it something else? Discuss with your friends, pulses, vegetables and fruits any difference in t-he food hobifs grown in our countrY Do you find frorn different regions of lndia? chitdren . JTronsportation of foodstuff af The food that people in a region eat most often becomes their staple food. India is a vast country with varied landforms and climate. The food eaten in different regions of the country depends on the climate and soil of the place, For example, rice grows best in areas where it rains a lot, like West Bengal and Assam. The people of east and south India eat mainly rice. Rice cannot be properly grown in Rajasthan where it rains very little, and the soil is sandy. \\Atrheat, jowar and bajra grow well in the climate and soil of Raiasthan. So the people of Rajasthan eat more of these grains rather than rice. In the coasta areas a lot of fish is eaten,'as it is available in plenty in the sea' Let us take a look at the different kinds of food eaten in India. Different kinds of food eaten in lndia Food grains In the northern states of India, people generally eat wheat and rice. As you gr west to Rajasthan, it is a desert area where wheat, jowar, corn and bajra ar I

IWheat Frulis and veletables Jowar Corn l Along with food grains, fruits and vegetables also form a part of the commonly eaten. In the southern and Indian meal. eastern states, rice is the staple food. Different fruits grow best in different Pulsee states of our country. Kashmir is Pulses are popular in all parts of the famous for its apples, cherries and country. Rajma, chickpeas or kabuli strawberries. Himachal Pradesh is famous for its apples and Ladakh channa, arhar dal and moong dal are for apricots. Nagpur in Maharashtra is famous for its oranges. The world pulses that are eaten in many parts famous Alphonso mangoes are grown in Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, of India, though they ire called by and the Dushehri mangoes come from Uttar Pradesh. The pineapples grown in Assam, Goa and Kerala are really sweet. Coconut glows in the coagtal states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu. different names. t' . }}</ .t ., {** ,l* o .yY''l , ** Raina AradAea or Kabuli dranna Rrdtson dsplay u,hi6 of tlrem can you name? Dld fou know? Mangu h cellcd the \"King of Frults'. More than a tho$and wrletles of man6oes are Srou*n ln lndle. Arhar dal il*oong dal

r An apple tree laden with fruits, Fresh vegetables on sale Mangoes HimachalPradesh But wherever you may be living in potatoes and bananas are available India, you can get to eat all these fruits. throughout the year. Car4ots, Peas This is because fruits and vegetables and grapes grow in winter. Mangoes are easily transported by boats, are only available in summer. Such trucks, trains and even aeroplanes to fruits and vegetables that are available far off areas. only in a particular season are called Some fruits and vegetables like onions, seasonal fruits and vegetables. VsosrnelEs AND FRutTs AvAILABLE tN INDIA DURING sUMMER Wffiffi Bottle gourd Lady's finger Mango Litchee Water melon VeosrnelEg AND FRutTs AvAILABLE tN lNDm DURING wtNTER WT ffi%w Runner beans Cauliflower Capsicum Green peas Apple Grapes r# ffiVroerReLEg AND FRUITS AVAILABLE IU IruOIN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR Onion -jPlantain Papaya Banana

Spices jamuns, mysore pak are some popular Indian sweets. You must have eaten Indian food has become popular and enjoyed sweets in weddings and worldwide. This is mainly because festivals. of the special spices we use in our food. Some of the common spices The wau we cook our food are chillies, cloves (laung), turmeric Indian food is usually cooked in (haldi), pepper (kali mirch), cardamom ghee, mustard oil, groundnut oil, (elaichi), coriander (dhania). The sunflower oil, coconut oil or sesame spices add flavour, colour and taste (tiI) oil. to our food. Food in India is cooked in a variety What do you call these spices in your mother tongue? of ways. It is sometimes boiled, fried, steamed, baked or roasted. irf--#t.W Did you know? People who eat egg, fish or meat are 6i A called non-vegetarians. people who do Some common spices (from top left): bayleaves, not eat fish or meat are called vegetarians. mace (javitri), pepper, cardhmom (elaichi), badi People who do not eat any animal product, including milk, are called vegan$. elaichi, cloves and cinnamon Transportin! food Sweels Have you ever wondered how food Indian sweets are famous too. reaches us? The farmers grow crops in their field or farm. The farmers then Rasgullas, laddoos, barfis , gulab take their produce to the wholesale V ,.,:11,, markets or mandi. Shopkeepers u/ and vendors buy fruits, vegetables, pulses and grains from here. We buy u food from shops and vendors in the Gulab Jamun market. No country in the world can boast of the variety in food that India offers. Laddoos

fi t now know 1. People mostly eat food that grows in their region. 2. Our country produces a variety of food grains, fruits, vegetables, pulses and spices. 3. Some fruits and vegetables are seasonal. 4. Food in lndia is cooked in a variety of ways. 5. lndian food is popular worldwide ig Words to remember pulBtfi dried seeds of food plants such as beans or peas that are used as food graint the small hard seeds of food plants such as wheat, rice etc. rcglott an area that is distinct or different from the surrounding area produrcl (as used in this chapter) things that have been produced specially by farming Y Exercises A Flll ln the blenks, food. vegelables. 1. The food that people eat most in a region is called their 2. Vegetables that grow in a particular season only are called 3. Nagpur is famous for 4. _.A food grain that can grow well in the climate of Rajasthan is 5. mangoes are a speciarity of Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. B' Ghre thr€€ examples of the fiollowingi romfitonly fuund in tndia, Try b gire at leert o{re nemu fur eeth rs.Bs,fiot nrentionud [tre 1. tn rhapter, spices: 2. vegetables: 3. food grains: 4. sweets: 5. dishes made from rice: {. Ansurrer the following questions. 1. 2. Why do people in different regions of lndia eat different kinds of foods? Why has lndian food become popular worldwide? 3. What are the different kinds of fruits found in lndia? 4. which are the different types of oils used in our cooking? 5. How does the crop grown by the farmers reach us?

.h# M u ltipl e ch oi ce q u estio ns L\"F 1. Fish is a staple diet of the people living in the a. coastal areas b. desert regions c. mountains 2. Rice is a a. vegetable b. food grain c. pulse 3. Coconuts grow best in the a. deserts b. coastal areas c. mountains 4. Mango is a c. monsoon fruit a. summer fruit b. winter fruit 5. Himachal Pradesh is famous for a. coconuts b. apples c. oranges HOfS; Think and Answer These days frozen non-seasonal vegetables, such as peas, are available in the market. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of freezing the vegetables? Delhi is thousands of kilometres away from Kerala. But coconuts grown in Kerala are available in Delhi. How is that possible? Enrichment Activities $pe*k cu*: Speak about your favourite fruit or vegetable. Explain to your class why you like it. a Ar* wr:rk: Draw two of your favourite fruits and vegetables in your scrapbook. a 0r*up weri<: Make groups of five. Each group should ask at least 30 people about their staple food and record it in a chart. You can give them a choice between rice, wheat, bajra, ragi and corn. Try to see which is the most in your region. Make a chart and present it to the rest of common food grain eaten your class. FirrJ out: Which of these vessels and appliances are used in your kitchen for cooking? Circle them and discuss what they are used for. Ask your grandparents what kind of appliances and vessels were used to cook food when thef were young. Kadal$/wok Fryrqg pan ldli cooker

' Puzzle tirne: Find in the word grid the names of ten fruits grown in lndia and encircle them. J ACK F RU I T x G P L x MN S D F Y R RoRANG E Y B A I I Z a H P R MW P CHE RR I E S T E o B ANANA B a S TYP RL EKLo RWH P F K A P MA D aWL X B P HA X XA F E S aP GNR ZNU B S B L F G E S H I V ZME L oN Hands on! 1. Work in groups. Each group should choose a different state. Find out a few special dishes eaten by the pgople of that state. For what occasions are these dishes made? Put up your findings, along with some interesting pictures, on a chart paper. With the help of an adult, write down the recipe of one of the dishes. 2. ln your scrapbook stick a variety of food grains like rice, dal, wheat, corn and bajra. Label them. $ Lile Skitls and values Learning through observation; inculcating good habits 1. Visit a fruit and vegetable market with an elder. List at least five fruits and vegetables you see there and note down their prices. Visit the market again after a month. Find out the cost of the same fruits and vegetables. ls there a difference? Discuss your findings in class. 2. Do you waste food? Every time you waste food remember there are many people in this world who do not get food to eat.

The Clothes We Wear Mind opener G*,n, Ahead .tn this lesson You will learn about: Whot is your favourite dress? ts i.t 1 O^ r pair of shorts and T-shirt? The clothes worn bY PeoPle from or ieans, fs it o traditionat tndian dress? Exptain . different regions of lndia to your closs why you tike that dress The different clothes worn bY men more than anY other- . and women in lndia The clothes worn on special occasions like festivats, weddings I India is a land of variety. This can be seen in its landforms, climate, food, as well as in the clothes that people wear. people dress differently in different regions of India. The clothes that people wear is largely influenced by the climate of the place they live in. The clothes that people wear also changes according to the seasons. It is cold in Kashmir and hot in Tamil Nadu throughout the year. so the clothes that people wear in Kashmir are very different from the clothes that people wear in Tamil Nadu'. Some clothes are common throughout our country' Saris, salwar-kameez' trousers, shirts, kurtas and pyiamas are dresses worn all over the country' However, some clothes are typical to a region. we can often telI which region of our country a Person belongs to, by looking at the clothes she or he is wearing. lndians wear a varietY of clothes.

ffi- ta A man wearing A man in Kashmir kuArtmaaanndwpeyajrainmgaA boy in lungi A maq in mundu dhoti and kurta wearing a phiran and kurta and shirt What Our Men Wear over white pyjamas or dhoti and a Men wear different clothes in different jacket. states. Shirts and trousers arethemost commonly worn clothes in cities and In several states, men wear turbans towns all over the country. Kurtas or caps to cover their heads. The style of tying the turban differs from state are worn in different combinations in to state. different parts of India. Kurtas worn with dhotis, pyiamas, churidars or lungis are popular ifr most of the northern and eastern states, as well as in the states of Central India. A lungi is a cloth tied around the mI waist by men. Lungi-kurta or lungi with a shirt is commonly worn in the southern states. The lungi is called mundu in Kerala and veshti in Tamil Nadu. InRajasthan, apyjama or dhoti isworn ln Rajasthan men wear angrakha and dhoti. as the lower garment and angrakha as upper garment. In Gujarat, men wear a short frilled white angrakha I

ffi M 't Dilferent styh of turbans worn in Raiasthan, hrniab and llaryana A cap worn in respectivety Himachal Pradesh What Our Wornen Wear states.In fact, from the way the sari is draped or tied we can tell which state Women in India wear a variety of colourful clothes. Sari is the most the woman belongs to. The weave and design of the cloth also varies common piece of clothing but it is from state to state. worn in different ways in different rT lr Maharashtra Bengal 6uiarat The most comrron waY of wearing the sarithese daYs Let us look at some of the traditional clothes worn in different states of India. \\\" lrr ,\\q, 11 1 '**.,-\\i l.+ di , , ** 1. IT \\s r,| hft*otrt*ti,ll*i,'rrr 'rrtr ftltl I ri ltlll rt ltu \"9 r \\ilomen {rom Raiasthan in thefo Mekhla-chadar b the Feopb from Nagaland in thei traditironal *ess of the traditional *es: gtngr+kanchli traditional clothes and o*uti uromen of Assam I

Mundu-blouse of t1 Salwar-phiran of Salwar-kameez and dupatta of Puniab Kerala Ghagra-kurta Kashmir of Haryana ilr; I fl t ' m' m Traditional dress of the womPn of tndians wear a varietY of clothes An lndian wedding with these daYs the bride and groom Kutch, Gujarat (picture credit llanosom) wearing special clothes Salwar-k ameez or churidar-kameez have become PoPuIar in manY Parts Did you know? of the country. ln Nagaland, there are many tribes who can be recognised by the designs, stripes and The people of India, esPeciallY colours of their shawls. women, like wearing their traditional On weddings and other sPecial occasions, many PeoPIe wear clothes. Western clothes such as traditional clothes and jewellery. trousers, shirts, jeans, T-shirts, skirts Each state has a special bridal wear. and jackets have also become popular among both men and women. To the teacher: you can do this activity in class. Get a few dupattas to class. Tell the children to wear it in different ways-as a lungi, dhoti, turban, sari, etc' I

)r I now know 1. People in different states of lndia wear different clothes. 2. The clothes that people wear are influenced by the climate of the place they live in and their tradition. 3. Trousers and shirts are the most common clothes worn by men living in cities. 4. Sari is the most common piece of clothing worn by Indian women. i;\"\"1 Words to remember lungildhoti/mundu: a cloth worn around the waist by men angrakha: short jacket like shirt worn over dhoti by men of Gujarat and Rajasthan turban: a head dress for men made by winding a length of cloth tightly around the head ghaghra/lehenga/pavada: long skirts worn by women kanchli/kurta/choli/kameez: blouse or shirt worn by women sa lwar/pyja ma/chu rida r: trouser-l i ke ga rment worn by women odhni/dupatta: cloth draped over the chest or head by women ffi Exercises for summative assessment A. Circle the odd one out in each row. 1. turban dluhngoi t'i lungi 2. sari dhoti pyjama trousers 3. salwar angrakha mundu veshti 4. mekhla lehenga ghagra kanchli 5. pyjama kameez churidar trousers B. Match the columns, 1. Salwar-phiran a. Haryana 2. Lehenga-choli b. Kerala 3. Mundu-blouse c. Assam 4. Mekhla-chadar d. Kashmir C. Answer the following questions. .1 Why do people in different parts of our country wear different types of clothes? 2. Which is the most common piece of clothing for women in lndia? 3. What is the traditional dress worn by the men of Rajasthan and Gujarat? 4. !n what ways do the saris worn by women in different states of lndia differ? 5. What are the clothes commonly worn by men and women in cities these days?

ffi Mrltiple choice questions 1. The clothes that people wear is influenced by the of the place. a. climate b. food c. wind 2. Men's in Tamil Nadu is called veshti' a. lungi b. pyjama c. churidar 3. The is the most common piece of clothing for women in lndia. a. ghagra b. churidar c' sari 4. ln several states of lndia, men cover their heads with a c. turban a. hat b. hanky 5. A phiran is a long a. kurta b' blouse c. skirt Nm, HOTS: Think and Answer Why do you think Western dresses are becoming popular in our country? \".q'{ Enrichment Activities etd . Speak oul: What do'you enjoy wearing mgre- or or Western clothes? Speak for a lndian minute two, telling your class about which kind of clothes . you Prefer to wear and whY. Arl work: Draw this kurta in your scrapbook' Colour it or make designs on it to make it look I nice. You could also create designs by sticking pieces of cloth and sequins on it' )i . Find out: . The names of five types of saris from five different states ' The clothes commonly worn in the state you belong to . The names of countries where people wear clothes similar to ours . Projecl work: Prepare a poster or collage on the topic 'clothes of lndia\" You could use actual pieces of cloih to make the poster/collage come alive'

Hands on! 1. Do your own vegetable printing. a. Cut a ladies' finger, or any other vegetable. b. Take the colours you will need on a plate. Dip the cut vegetable in a colour. c. Now take a blank sheet of paper and print a border along its edges. 2. Learning to do 'Tie-and-Dye'. a. Take a square cloth of white cotton, b. Take a string and rub it well with a wax candle. Tie the string firmly in five places of the cloth. c. Take some dye in a vessel. Place the cloth in the dye and leave it for 15 minutes. d. Use a pair of tongs to take the cloth out of the dye and rinse it in cold water. e. Leave the cloth to dry. f. Open the strings. g. lron the cloth out to smoothen it. h. Your cloth printed in the'tie-and-dye' design is ready! $ Life Skills and Values Learning through obserriation Observe carefully how silk and woollen clothes are stored at home. Share the information with your classmates. What do you think will happen to silk and woollen clothes if we do not store them properly? Help your parents the next time you find them storing away their woollen or silk clothing. I

Our Festivals Mind opener Jil*tnrAhead Do you like celebrating festivols? .ln this lesson you will learn obout: Which is your fovourite festival? How do you celebrate it? Do all your class- The different kinds of festivals mates celebrate this festival or do celebrated in lndia they celebrate different festivals? J. . . . National festivals Religious festivots Horvest festivals great people , The birthdoys of A festival is a time for fun, joy and celebration. India is a land of festivals. Not a single month goes by without a festival. Some festivals are common to the whole country while others are celebrated only in some states. Festivals are mainly of three kinds. These are national days, religious festivals and harvest festivals. I