DK Children’s Encyclopedia)_clone

Children’s ENCYCLOPEDIA



Children’s ENCYCLOPEDIA The book that explains everything

Senior editor Lizzie Davey Experts Senior designers Joanne Clark, Jim Green Editorial Anwesha Dutta, Satu Fox, Marie Greenwood, Simon Adams has written and Phil Hunt has written, edited, and Jolyon Goddard, Radhika Haswani, Deborah Lock, contributed to more than 80 books on acted as consultant on a wide range Ishani Nandi, Sam Priddy, Allison Singer, Kathleen Teece, a wide range of topics: from history to of travel and transportation Shambavi Thatte, Megan Weal, Amina Youssef the arts and politics. illustrated reference books and US editorial Karyn Gerhard, Shannon Beatty magazines for adults and children. Design Ann Cannings, Rhea Gaughan, Rashika Kachroo, Peter Bond has written 12 books and Shipra Jain, Anthony Limerick, Fiona Macdonald, Nidhi Mehra, contributed to, or edited, many more. Sawako Irie has taught the Bettina Myklebust Stovne, Seepiya Sahni, Victoria Short, He also writes for the European Japanese language at the Space Agency and is consultant University of Sheffield and has Lucy Sims, Mohd Zishan editor for IHS Jane’s Space Systems & run training programs at SOAS Educational consultants Jacqueline Harris, Industry. He was formerly a press University of London. Currently, officer for the Royal Astronomical she provides Japanese cultural Christina Catone Society. and language services. DTP designers Vijay Kandwal, Vikram Singh Dr. Marina Brozovic is a physicist at Klint Janulis is a former US Army Jacket designer Amy Keast NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. She Special Forces operator, medic, and Jacket coordinator Francesca Young has written many research papers, primitive skills survival instructor. and works on asteroids, satellites of He provides expert information to Picture researcher Sakshi Saluja the giant planets, and was involved in the UK television show 10000 BC Managing editors Laura Gilbert, Alka Thakur Hazarika the New Horizons mission to Pluto. and is currently completing an Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones, Romi Chakraborty archeological Doctoral program Peter Chrisp is an author of children’s at Oxford University. Production manager Pankaj Sharma history books, with over 80 titles to Pre-production producer Nikoleta Parasaki his name. He specializes in ancient Rupert Matthews has written Rome, ancient Greece, and myths and more than 170 books about history. Producer Isabell Schart legends. He writes for newspapers and Art director Martin Wilson magazines, and is a public speaker Emily Dodd is a screenwriter for the at events and in schools. Publisher Sarah Larter CBeebies science television show Publishing director Sophie Mitchell Nina and the Neurons. She is Sean McArdle was a headteacher passionate about science, wildlife, and primary school educator, Design director Philip Ormerod and storytelling, and is an author of specializing in math. He has written fiction and nonfiction books. and contributed to many publications First American Edition, 2017 and mathematics websites. Published in the United States by DK Publishing James Floyd Kelly is a writer from 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Atlanta, Georgia. He has written over Dr. Angela McDonald is an 35 books on a range of subjects that Egyptologist based at the Centre for Copyright © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited include 3-D printing, robotics, and Open Studies at the University of DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC coding. Glasgow. She has a PhD from Oxford University, and is an expert on 17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 E.T. Fox is an author and historian, Egyptian texts. She led tours to Egypt 001-298820-Oct/2017 with particular expertise in the areas for many years, and has published of British and Atlantic maritime books and articles on ancient Egypt. All rights reserved. history and piracy, among others. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this He is a lecturer, has published books Bill McGuire is an academic, publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or and articles, and has advised on broadcaster, and popular science transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, numerous television productions. and fiction writer. He is currently recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Professor Emeritus of Geophysical Kirsten Geekie is a film programmer and Climate Hazards at University Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. and writer specializing in short films College London. and cinema for young people. She is A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. the Film Programming Manager at Marcus Weeks is a musician and ISBN 978-1-4654-6207-7 Into Film, co-curator of the Into Film author. As well as contributing to Festival, and was the lead writer of numerous reference books, he has DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales the Children's Book of the Movies. written several books on philosophy, promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: psychology, and music. DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Cat Hickey is the learning manager at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo. She has [email protected] worked in zoos for eight years and spent a year working as a research Printed and bound in Hong Kong scientist in Madagascar, collecting data on lemurs. All images © Dorling Kindersley Limited For further information see: www.dkimages.com Dr. Emily Hunt is a professor of engineering at West Texas A&M A WORLD OF IDEAS: University. She has a background in SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW mechanical engineering, with a particular interest in innovative www.dk.com nanotechnology.

Contents Aztecs 35 Bicycles 36 How this book works 10 Big Bang 37 Biology 38 Africa 12 Birds 39 Aircraft 13 Black holes 40 American West 14 Body cells 41 Amphibians 15 The story of storytelling 42 Ancient China 16 Books 44 Ancient Egypt 17 Brain 45 Ancient Greece 18 Bridges 46 Ancient India 19 Bronze Age 47 Ancient Rome 20 Buildings 48 Animal families 21 Carbon cycle 49 Animal groups 22 The story of the changing world 50 Animal homes 23 Cars 52 Antarctica 24 Castles 53 Arctic 25 Cats 54 The story of color 26 Caves 55 Art 28 Cells 56 Asia 29 Changing states 57 Asteroids 30 Chemistry 58 Astronauts 31 Circuits 59 Astronomy 32 Climate change 60 Atmosphere 33 Clocks 61 Atoms 34 The story of clothing 62 Clouds 64

Coding 65 Europe 94 The story of codes 66 Evolution 95 Comets 68 Explorers 96 Communication 69 Factories 97 Compass 70 Farming 98 Computers 71 Feelings 99 Conservation 72 Film 100 Constellations 73 Fish 101 Coral reefs 74 Flags 102 Crafts 75 Flowers 103 Dance 76 The story of eating 104 Day and night 77 Food 106 Deserts 78 Food chains 107 Digestion 79 Forces 108 Dinosaurs 80 Forests 109 Dogs 81 Fossil fuels 110 Early humans 82 Fossils 111 Earth 83 Fractions 112 Earth’s surface 84 French Revolution 113 Earthquakes 85 Friction 114 Eggs 86 Fruit and seeds 115 Electricity 87 Galaxies 116 The story of energy 88 Gases 117 Elements 90 Gems 118 Engineering 91 Genes 119 Engines 92 The story of water 120 Erosion 93 Glaciers 122

Governments 123 Magnets 151 Grasslands 124 The story of pets 152 Gravity 125 Mammals 154 Habitats 126 Maps 155 Hearing 127 Mars 156 Heart 128 Materials 157 Hibernation 129 Maya 158 Human body 130 Measuring 159 Imperial Japan 131 Medicine 160 Incas 132 Mercury 161 Industrial Revolution 133 Metals 162 Insects 134 Metamorphosis 163 Inside Earth 135 Meteorites 164 The story of inventions 136 Microscopic life 165 Internet 138 Migration 166 Invertebrates 139 Milky Way 167 Iron Age 140 Mixtures 168 Jupiter 141 Money 169 Knights 142 Monkeys and apes 170 Lakes 143 Moon 171 Language 144 Mountains 172 Law 145 Muscles 173 Life cycle 146 Mushrooms 174 Light 147 Musical instruments 175 Liquids 148 The story of music 176 Lungs 149 Myths and legends 178 Machines 150 Native Americans 179

The story of exploration 180 Reptiles 210 Navigation 182 Rivers 211 Neptune 183 Robots 212 North America 184 Rock cycle 213 Numbers 185 Rocks and minerals 214 Oceania 186 Satellites 215 Oceans and seas 187 Saturn 216 Orchestra 188 Science 217 Philosophy 189 The story of the sciences 218 Photography 190 Seashore 220 Photosynthesis 191 Seasons 221 Physics 192 Shapes 222 Pirates 193 Sharks 223 Plants 194 Ships 224 Plastic 195 Sickness 225 Pluto 196 Sight 226 Polar habitats 197 Sinking and floating 227 Pollution 198 Skeleton 228 Precious metals 199 Skin 229 The story of gold 200 Slavery 230 Prehistoric life 202 Sleep 231 Radio 203 Smell 232 Rain forests 204 Solar system 233 Recycling 205 Solids 234 The story of festivals 206 Sound 235 Religion 208 South America 236 Renaissance 209 Space travel 237

Spiders 238 Volcanoes 268 Sports 239 Volume 269 The story of games 240 Water cycle 270 Stars 242 Weather 271 Stone Age 243 The story of school 272 The story of homes 244 Work 274 Storms 246 World 275 Sun 247 World War I 276 Symmetry 248 World War II 277 Taste 249 The story of war 278 Telephone 250 Writing 280 Television 251 Zoo 281 Temperature 252 Theater 253 Reference 282 Tides 254 Glossary 294 Time zones 255 Index 298 Touch 256 Acknowledgments 304 Trade 257 The story of transportation 258 Trains 260 Trees 261 Turkish Empire 262 Universe 263 Uranus 264 Venus 265 Vertebrates 266 Vikings 267

How this book works Ever wonder what a planet is? Do you know the difference between frogs and toads? Every page in this encyclopedia is packed with fun facts and amazing photographs. Dive right in or jump to a page that catches your eye to discover all about our wonderful world. The helpful tips here will guide you through using this book. Alphabetical pages See also The book’s pages are arranged If you enjoy reading a page, you can use the alphabetically. You can look up topics “see also” box to find similar pages in the book using the contents list, which starts and see where they are. This lets you make links on page four, or flip through the across topics and subject areas and create your pages in whichever order you like. own journey through the encyclopedia. Amphibians SEE ALSO In the “see also” box, Follow the suggestions ▸▸ Eggs p.86 “p.” stands for page in the “see also” box to Amphibians are animals that spend their lives in and and “pp.” for pages. get to related topics around water. They hatch in water from eggs. As they ▸▸ Water pp.120–121 elsewhere in the book. grow they develop lungs that let them breathe on land. Amphibian skin must always be wet, so they stay close ▸▸ Invertebrates to water. There are three main groups of amphibian. p.139 ▸▸ Metamorphosis p.163 ▸▸ Reptiles p.210 ▸▸ Skin p.229 Newts and salamanders Caecilians Forever young Metamorphosis SEE ALSO Reptiles SEE ALSO ▸▸ Amphibians p.15 ▸▸ Amphibians p.15 These long-tailed amphibians can Though they look Axolotls are unusual, Some animals go through amazing changes between birth ▸▸ Animal groups Reptiles are scaly-skinned, cold-blooded animals. Most ▸▸ Antarctica p.24 replace injured body parts by growing like worms, caecilians because they stay in water and adulthood. Their appearance changes so much that reptiles lay soft, leathery eggs. A baby reptile grows inside ▸▸ Deserts p.78 new ones. An eye, leg, or tail takes (se-sill-yens) are amphibians. all their lives. They keep their fully grown shape is completely different to the p.22 the egg and then, when it’s ready, breaks its way out. ▸▸ Dinosaurs p.80 just weeks to replace. They live underwater or in their tadpole-like fins and newborn one. This process is called metamorphosis. ▸▸ Eggs p.86 There are four main groups of reptile. ▸▸ Eggs p.86 underground burrows on land. feathery gills even as ▸▸ Insects p.134 ▸▸ Evolution p.95 Bright yellow markings an adult. ▸▸ Life cycle p.146 ▸▸ Sun p.247 warn attackers that the fire salamander is poisonous. Birth of a butterfly 2. Caterpillar All reptiles have Some lizards Becoming a beautiful butterfly is a A hungry caterpillar scaly skin. can move their long process involving many stages emerges from the egg. eyes to look in and different forms. The process It eats leaves and begins two directions takes between a month and a year. to grow. Although it at once. starts life small, the Congo caecilian caterpillar develops Metamorphosis quickly. is a Greek word Fire salamander meaning “change in Frogs and toads shape.” The most common group of amphibians includes Large, bulging Axolotl 1. Eggs 3. Chrysalis Lizards frogs and toads. Frogs are eyes help toads Butterflies start out as tiny The caterpillar wraps These reptiles have many skills. usually wetter, smaller, and and frogs to see Amphibians can eggs, laid on plants. The itself in a protective layer This chameleon can change the smoother than toads. in all directions. breathe through size, shape, and color of the called a chrysalis. Inside, color of its skin. Other reptiles can their skin. egg depends on the type of the caterpillar completely run up walls, or break off their tails butterfly. changes its body shape. to escape danger. The chrysalis is Tortoises have attached to a hard shells. branch or leaf. Frogspawn Tortoises Crocodiles Crocodiles and Tadpole 4. Butterfly and turtles and alligators alligators have Once the changes are Turtles live in water These giant reptiles have strong jaws. complete, a butterfly and tortoises live on existed since before dinosaurs. emerges from the the land. Their shells They hide under water, then Basking chrysalis. In a few hours, protect them, but are spring up to catch their prey the butterfly can fly, and heavy, so they move and drag it under. Reptiles are cold-blooded the life cycle begins again. very slowly out animals. They get the heat of the water. their bodies need from the Adult frog Reptiles live on world around them, lying in every continent the sunshine to warm up. They hide in the shade to keep except Antarctica. themselves from overheating. Toads have dry, bumpy Green tree frog Froglet The chrysalis skin, unlike frogs that is left empty. have wet, smooth skin. Becoming a frog The wings need to The life cycle of a frog has many stages. A female dry out before the Snakes lays many eggs, called frogspawn, usually in butterfly can fly. All snakes swallow their prey water. These hatch into tiny tadpoles with gills for whole. They smell using their Webbed feet on the breathing. Tadpoles grow bigger and develop legs. tongues. Some snakes have back legs help frogs Over a few more weeks, a froglet loses its tail, poisonous bites, but most and toads to swim grows a frog’s tongue, and becomes an adult. are not dangerous to people. in water. 163 210 Oriental fire-bellied toad The color at the top and bottom of 15 the page shows which type of subject the page is about. This turquoise color shows that the amphibians page is about nature (see below). Subject areas Art People History Earth Nature Science Technology Space Human The encyclopedia covers body nine different subject areas. Each one has its own color, which is shown at the top and bottom of the page. 10

The story of... Helpful pets Guide dogs The story of... are specially Pets Dogs are good at keeping trained to help These pages bring together people company. They are also people who need information from the different Pets have become an important part of humans’ lives. easy to train, and can be used to help seeing. subjects, to get you thinking Many animals are kept as companions, for work, or to help people with disabilities. about things from lots of help people go about their daily lives. It is estimated A dog can be a person’s different angles. These pages that 44 percent of homes in the world have a pet. eyes or ears, and help are not arranged alphabetically. them get around. Canaan dog Pets Budgie Pets in space big and small First pets For years, animals have helped Pets aren’t just dogs and scientists answer questions about Dogs were the first animals cats—we keep all sorts of how humans would survive in space. to be kept as pets. They were animals as pets. They vary from Dogs Belka and Strelka (above) were used for hunting—helping early big dogs and horses to small sent into space on the Sputnik 5 in humans to catch food. Ancient snakes and hamsters. Each 1960. They returned safely to Earth species needs a special diet art from 12,000 years ago using a parachute. shows humans and and room to exercise. dogs together. Dog Cat Bronze statue Bearded dragon of a cat from ancient Egypt Holy cats Goldfish The ancient Egyptians Rabbit Guinea pig Not pets loved cats. They caught mice, Tarantula rats, and snakes, which kept Hamster It is illegal to keep some animals. people’s homes clean. Cats were Gerbil Wild animals, such as monkeys, can also believed to have special even be dangerous. Before getting a powers for guarding children. pet, make sure you know that the animal has come from a good home The punishment for killing a cat was death. and has not been taken from the wild. Snake 152 153 Tree of life Multiplication Reference The tree of life shows how Origins of life If you times two numbers Find the second number The reference section closely related different together you are multiplying (2) on the top row and contains useful lists, groups of living things are. Bacteria them. You can use this table to follow the column down diagrams, and tables. You can follow the branches Fungi quickly work out the answer to where it meets the row to see, for example, that to multiplying any two sharks evolved before numbers between 1 and 20. 1 2 3 for the first number. amphibians. Plants 11 2 3 22 4 6 10 Animals When we multiply a To work out what By following down the For example, there is a number by itself, we say 3 x 2 equals, find the map of the world, and there million species are Sponges it has been “squared.” first number (3) on 3 3 6 9 column across from 3 and thought to live on the lefthand column. down from 2, you can see that 3 x 2 = 6. the Earth. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 are lists of great artists,Jellyfish 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 scientists, and writers. Vertebrates Starfish 55 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 66 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 Mollusks Roundworms 77 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 Glossary 88 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 Jawless GlossaryArthropods fish 9 9 18 27 cr3a6ter 45 54 63 72 8e1clips9e0 99 108 117 126exo1s3k5ele1to4n4 153 162 171 fu18ng0i Earthworms Sharks burrow cold-blooded The glossary is a list of some Hole or tunnel dug in the ground Animal with a body temperature Bowl-shaped dent on the surface When an object in space Hard outer casing of animals Group of living things, including by an animal, to live in that goes up and down t1o0mat1ch0 20 30 of4a0plane5t0or oth6e0r body7in0spac8e,0 90passe1s0in0to t1h1e0shad1o2w0 130 140suc1h5a0s art1h6ro0pod1s 7th0at d1o8n0ot 190 m2u0sh0rooms and molds, that break calendar Bony fisthhe surrounding air or water caused by a collision with a rock of another object have an inside skeleton down dead plants and animals to Breakdown of the year into 33 cr4im4e 55 66 77 88 temperature 11 11 22 99elect1i1o0n 121 132 143 154exp1e6r5ime1n7t6 187 198 209 m2a2ke0their food days and months; used to work colony Activity that is against the law Event where people vote to Test to see how something galaxy Index miotenhfxeetptahhlganeelnsobm,aeatTIIsfoonytlsvhootoioaeokdehrnkurrenneg.iyeynocIrd.otfwaxedwihfyfneiiifwostnaxilhcuobgahluiooinawsctlkuytsttoosttfwvapuh,oaeawyolirlrdngporeiogtdehludirskiaydnnciebuonuaeasunmtenthwlibdoceeaaobrnlk.loytok 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airacirratfrtan1s3p,o3raaV3tnaabtirrmiieoeaentlyd;2fooo5ffr9adeopxgeatmoprlefa, rampeudg oeScarhauvarsokteihlncdqagbnuoyiacfmktahecoetviivEniatgryttehc’stsounricfapclccceaoootmmmespppuuoutteenrrdsgsa7tPe5mh1lx8aae,on,1ns1pe3t66tl7ha8,9te1hn,9sa7eu2t1tn,o, 22rb412i1t,s2a8s0tar astronomy engines 92 isAannzinomionasgti,2oMn8a11ruWcy0os0re2ditd1et9einnacocommmpauntdesr,porrolgarnagmubbbaiiigrogdelcos,agt2ys23,53849,sPc2o,ola71muc87ere,to2wn6he6ehreasitbirsodkeecnidtehde cars 52, 92, 97, 259 Deimos 15f6uel circuits o5u9t of an egg fins 101 it up here. Study of space othedr emocracySu1b2s3tance that is burned if cartilage 266 to conducthinegm1i5s7phere fire 82, 105 lawcarts 258 Denmark 1c0re2ate heat or power insulatorTsop15o7r,b1o9t5tom half of the Eartfhish 22, 74, 101, 120, 181, 266 solar-powered 181 Antarctica 24, 197 display 26 cash machines 150 circuit boards 59 denominators 112 power stations 110 eggs 86 World War II 277 aannttisbi2o21t9,ic74s8,11337,4218 eggs 86 Cassini-Huygens spacecraft 216 coding 65, 66 ddeersmer2ist9s257289, 126, 270 electronics, recycling 205 farming 98 algebra 185 flightless 186 castles 53, 244 Internet 69, 138 electrons 34, 58 sharks 223 allergies 105 apes 170 migration 166 caterpillars 163 condensation 57 diamonds 118 elements 58, 90 fishing 72 alligators 210 apples 115 nests 23 cats 54, 152, 153 conduction 157 diaphragm 149 elephants 12, 19, 154 flags 102, 193 alphabets 280, 284 aqueducts 20 birds of prey 39 cave dwellings 244 conductors 188 dictatorships 123 elliptical galaxies 116 flammability 157 aluminum 90 Arabic 144, 284 black holes 40 cave paintings 28, 243 conifers 109, 126, 194 digestion 79, 130 email 69 Fleming, Alexander 218 Amazon rain forest 204, 236 arachnids 139 Blackbeard 193 caves 55 conscientious objectors 279 digital clocks 61 emojis 280 flight 137, 209, 259, 277 American West 14 Archimedes 269 blind people 256 cells 56 conservation 72, 281 digital money 169 energy 60, 88–89 floating 227 ammonites 95, 202 architecture 245 blood 128, 149 human 41 Constantinople 262 digital radio 203 electricity 87 floods 60 amphibians 15, 22, 86, 266 Arctic 25, 197, 245 blood cells 41, 225 cell phones see mobile phones constellations 73 dinosaurs 80, 111, 184, 202 food 106, 107 flowers 103, 194 Amundsen, Roald 24 Aristotle 218 blood vessels 229 Central Powers 276 constitutions 123 directions 70 fossil fuels 110 fog 271 ancient civilizations art 28, 131, 179, 209, 243, 262 Blue Mosque 262 ceratopsians 80 construction 48 Diwali 207 engineering 91 food 104–105 ancient China 16 arteries 128 blue supergiant stars 242 cereal crops 98 container ships 224 DNA 67, 119 engines 52, 89, 92, 260 digestion 79 ancient Egypt 18 artists 282 board games 240 Charon 196 continents 50–51, 275, 293 doctors 160, 274 English language 144, 280 farming 98 ancient Greece 18 Asia 29 boats see ships cheetahs 154 Cook, James 96 documentaries 100 Enigma codes 67 nutrition 106 ancient India 19 assembly lines 97 body systems 130 chemical engineering 91 cooking 104–105 dogs 81, 95, 152, 153 environment 121, 198, plants 191 ancient Rome 20 asteroids 30, 164, 200 Bollywood 76 chemistry 58, 217 copper 47 dolphins 154 205, 258 taste 249 Aztecs 35 astronauts 31, 83, 171, 237 bones 82, 127, 228, 266 chess 240 coral reefs 74 dormice 129 epidermis 229 food chains 89, 107 Incas 132 astronomy 19, 32, 73, 167, books 43, 44, 201 children 133, 146, 277 core, Earth’s 135 dragons 178, 206–207 equality 189 football 239, 241 Maya 158 218–219 botany 38 chimpanzees 170 cornea 226 drawing 28, 219 erosion 93 forces 108 Native Americans 179 athletics 239 Brachiosaurus 80 China 29, 42, 102, 188, costumes, traditional 63 dreams 231 erratics 122 buoyancy 227 Andes 51, 172, 236 atmosphere braille 256 279, 280 countries 275, 292 drinks 97, 106, 148 eruptions, volcanic 268 friction 114 Andromeda galaxy 167 Earth 33, 49, 50, 83, 164, 270 brain 45, 99, 127, 148, 231, ancient 16, 178, 272 courts 145 droughts 60, 143 esophagus 79 gravity 125 angles 222 planets 183, 264, 265 232, 256 Chinese New Year 206–207 crafts 75, 132 dust mites 165 Europa 141 magnets 151 animals atoms 34, 37, 58, 90, 192 brass instruments 188 chloroplast 56 cranes 48 dwarf planets 196 Europe 94, 276, 277, 292 forests 72, 109, 126, 202, 204 amphibians 15 auroras 33, 247 breathing 130, 149 Christianity 208 craters 164 Ee evaporation 57, 168 Formula 1 52 animal families 21 autumn 221 bridges 46 Christmas 206 crayons 280 evergreen trees 261 fossil fuels 51, 60, 88, 110 animal groups 22 avalanches 93 broadcasting 251 chrysalises 163 creation 37 ears 127, 225, 235 evolution 82, 95, 286 fossils 80, 95, 111, 202, 219 birds 39 axes 136, 243 bronchi 149 cinder cones 268 creation stories 42, 178 Earth 83, 233, 263, 289 exercise 173 foxes 81 cells 56 axolotls 15 bronchioles 149 circles 222 crocodiles 124, 210 atmosphere 33 exosphere 33 fractions 112 colors 26 Aztecs 35 Bronze Age 47 circuits 59 cruise ships 224 changing 50–51 experiments 218 French Revolution 113 conservation 72, 281 bubbles 117 circulation 128, 130 crust, Earth’s 85, 135 gravity 125 exploration 180–181, 267 friction 108, 114 evolution 95 Bb Buddhism 208 cities 275 crustaceans 139 inside 135 explorers 96 Frobisher, Martin 96 farming 98 babies budgies 153 civil engineering 91 cubed units 269 magnetic field 70, 135, 151 exports 257 frogs 15, 78, 129, 163, 236, 266 fish 101 animals 21, 154 buildings 48 civil wars 279 cuneiform 47, 280 moon’s orbit 32, 171 expressions, facial 99, 173 fruit 98, 106, 115 food chains 107 human 146 bullet train 260 classical music 176 currency 169 orbits the sun 32 eyes 54, 119, 226 fungi 38, 174 298 299 11

Africa SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Egypt Africa is a very hot continent, and a lot of the landscape is made up of deserts and dry plains. Its central region is p.17 covered in rain forest. This continent was home to the ▸▸ Conservation p.72 first people on Earth millions of years ago. ▸▸ Deserts p.78 ▸▸ Early humans p.82 ▸▸ Language p.144 ▸▸ World p.275 The Tuareg live in Temple of Zeus the desert. They wear traditional blue robes. Pyramids Tamarisk tree Addax Tuareg Bedouin camel train Bedouin people use people Jerboa camels to move goods across the Sahara Desert. The horns Zebra of this rare antelope can African Benin Okapi Lion grow to 47 in elephant bronzes (120 cm) long. African animals Bonobo Diamonds Acacia Lemurs live on About Mount Kilimanjaro tree the island of Africa Africa is home to many Grey Madagascar. types of animals. Large parrot Population: areas have been set up 1.216 billion where they can roam freely and safely. Tourists go to watch them Leopard in the wild. Highest point: Giraffes are the Mount Kilimanjaro world’s tallest animals, with males reaching 18 ft (5.5 m). Victoria Falls Lemur Lowest point: African Giraffe Fossils of human Ancient pyramids Lake Assal elephants are ancestors the heaviest The pyramids in Egypt were Biggest desert: land animals. built 4,500 years ago. Inside Sahara Desert are the tombs of Egyptian Table Mountain rulers called pharaohs. Longest river: The pyramids are made Nile of millions of stone blocks that were cut and dragged into place. 12

Aircraft SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atmosphere p.33 Aircraft are types of transportation that let us travel ▸▸ Birds p.39 through air. They take people on vacations and are also ▸▸ Forces p.108 used by fire crews, doctors, and farmers. Types of aircraft ▸▸ Gravity p.125 include planes, helicopters, and hot air balloons. ▸▸ Transportation pp.258–259 Plane This 79 ft (24 m) high tail section The Airbus A380 is the world’s has a flap called a largest passenger plane. It can rudder that steers carry more than 800 people on the aircraft. two decks and fly nonstop from the US to Australia. This part of the tail helps to keep Ailerons are flaps on the aircraft flying each wing that move straight. up and down to turn the aircraft. The cockpit is where the pilot The A380 is powered by and copilot fly the aircraft. four huge jet engines, each as long as a family car. Helicopter How aircraft fly A helicopter uses fast-spinning blades, called rotors, to fly through the air. These rotor blades The green arrows show the four pushes and pulls, or raise the helicopter and move it forward. Smaller forces, acting on an aircraft during flight. The weight rotors on the tail keep the craft straight. of gravity pulls it down, lift raises it up, thrust moves it forward, and drag pulls it back. The pilot uses the Main rotor blades controls to manage these forces to take off, fly, and land safely. Tail rotor Gravity Cockpit Drag Thrust Lift Landing skis 13

American West SEE ALSO ▸▸ Gold pp.200–201 Between the years of 1840 and 1900, many people living in the eastern United States moved west to find adventure ▸▸ Native Americans and start new lives. Some, called settlers, set up farms and p.179 cattle ranches. Others dug mines in search of gold. ▸▸ North America Wagon train Wagons were pulled by p.184 horses or oxen. They Settlers traveled west in carried people, supplies, ▸▸ Transportation groups of wagons called and farming equipment. pp.258–259 wagon trains. They took with them everything ▸▸ Trains p.260 they needed to make their new homes. A wagon train could have up to 250 wagons. Native American wars Early railroads Steam from the burning fuel came out of the Wars were fought between the settlers and the local People built railroads into the train’s smokestack. Native American tribes. Despite winning some battles, American West in the years the tribes ultimately lost the wars and their land. from 1869 to 1893. The railroads brought in lots of farmers and settlers, and carried out goods to be sold in cities. Painting of Custer’s Last Stand, a Native American victory Union Pacific Railroad No.119 14

Amphibians SEE ALSO ▸▸ Eggs p.86 Amphibians are animals that spend their lives in and around water. They hatch in water from eggs. As they ▸▸ Water pp.120–121 grow they develop lungs that let them breathe on land. Amphibian skin must always be wet, so they stay close ▸▸ Invertebrates to water. There are three main groups of amphibian. p.139 ▸▸ Metamorphosis p.163 ▸▸ Reptiles p.210 ▸▸ Skin p.229 Newts and salamanders Caecilians Forever young These long-tailed amphibians can Though they look Axolotls are unusual, replace injured body parts by growing like worms, caecilians because they stay in water new ones. An eye, leg, or tail takes (se-sill-yens) are amphibians. all their lives. They keep just weeks to replace. They live underwater or in their tadpole-like fins and underground burrows on land. feathery gills even as Bright yellow markings an adult. warn attackers that the fire salamander is poisonous. Congo caecilian Fire salamander Large, bulging Axolotl eyes help toads Frogs and toads and frogs to see Amphibians can in all directions. breathe through The most common group their skin. of amphibians includes frogs and toads. Frogs are usually wetter, smaller, and smoother than toads. Toads have dry, bumpy Green tree frog skin, unlike frogs that have wet, smooth skin. Webbed feet on the back legs help frogs and toads to swim in water. Oriental fire-bellied toad 15

Ancient China SEE ALSO ▸▸ Eating Chinese culture is thousands of years old. By 200 bce, China was united under a family of emperors called the pp.104–105 Han Dynasty from the city of Hanzhong. China produced many new inventions that spread to the rest of the world. ▸▸ Inventions pp.136–137 ▸▸ Exploration pp.180–181 ▸▸ Trade p.257 ▸▸ Writing p.280 This silk costume was Inventions Writing worn by a woman in a Chinese opera. The Chinese first made Chinese writing dates silk clothes about 5,500 to about 1400 bce. Each The Great Wall years ago. They also of the 4,000 symbols invented paper, represents a word or Chinese emperors built gunpowder, printing, part of a word. The text strong walls to keep out mechanical clocks, the is read from top to northern tribes. The Great compass, porcelain, bottom and right to left. Wall of China is 5,500 miles and umbrellas. (8,850 km) long and The top of the 500 years old. The wall has 25,000 wall is wide watchtowers. Soldiers enough for used them to look out soldiers to for the enemy. march along. Hilltop walls were easier to defend. Rice-growing Rice was first grown in China about 10,000 years ago. It is still farmed today. Rice grows in flooded fields, such as these terraces. 16

Ancient Egypt SEE ALSO ▸▸ Buildings p.48 Thousands of years ago, between 7000 bce and 395 ce, ▸▸ Governments Egypt was led by powerful rulers called pharaohs. The Egyptian people farmed the land next to the Nile river and p.123 built amazing monuments for their pharaoh and the gods. ▸▸ Life cycle p.146 ▸▸ Rivers p.211 Nile River ▸▸ Ships p.224 ▸▸ Weather p.271 The Nile was very important in Trading ships Egyptian life. Farmers grew food sailed the Red Sea, along the river’s banks and people bringing back used it to travel up and down the exotic treasures. whole country. Pyramids The Sphinx of Giza The pyramids were tombs built Giza (a lion statue to protect the pharaoh when he with a man’s head) People fished died. They were filled with guards the pyramids. in the waters treasure for the pharoah to use in of the Nile. the afterlife. The largest pyramid Every year, rain causes is nearly 460 ft (140 m) tall. the river to flood, watering the land The mummy and all its crops. was put in a painted wooden Egyptian society mummy case. The Pharaoh ran Egypt with Some pharaohs the help of rich people called were buried noblemen. Everyone else in in the Valley Egyptian society worked very of the Kings. hard for them. Luxor Pharaoh Pharaoh Ramses II carved Houses Words were Noblemen two great temples out of were built of written with rock at Abu Simbel. He made mud-bricks, picture signs, himself one of the gods baked in called worshipped the sun. hieroglyphs. inside. Living forever Abu Simbel The Egyptians Farmers and other workers turned their bodies into mummies when they died. The body was dried out using salt, then wrapped in bandages. This way, they hoped they would live forever. 17

Ancient Greece SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Rome The ancient Greeks were among the most creative people in history. They were great builders and artists who invented p.20 theater, politics, history, writing, science, and sports. Some of the words they created are still used today. Greek ▸▸ Buildings p.48 civilization was at its best between 510 and 323 bce. ▸▸ Crafts p.75 ▸▸ Religion p.208 ▸▸ Games pp.240–241 ▸▸ Sports p.239 Parthenon The Parthenon stands Greek pottery on the Acropolis, a hill The most famous Greek temple is overlooking Athens. Greek vases were often the Parthenon in Athens. It was built painted with scenes from for the goddess Athena, protector The Parthenon myths. This vase shows of the city. was built with one of 12 labors, or tasks, white marble. carried out by the mythical hero Hercules. There were 46 main columns. Vases like this were all-purpose containers, for oil, wine, honey, or other foods. Gods and Olympics goddesses The Greeks held the first The Greeks athletic competitions, worshipped such as the Olympic Games. dozens of gods. This lifelike statue shows Here are six of the someone throwing a round most important weight, called a discus. ones, who are all members of Zeus, Aphrodite, Apollo, Poseidon, Artemis, Hades, the same family. king of goddess god of god of the the gods of love music god of goddess Underworld the sea of hunting 18

Ancient India SEE ALSO ▸▸ Art p.28 Great cities were built in India 5,000 years ago. This ▸▸ Asia p.29 ▸▸ Astronomy p.32 marked the start of a unique civilization. In the years ▸▸ Buildings p.48 ▸▸ Religion p.208 1526–1857, India was united as the Mughal Empire. ▸▸ War pp.278–279 The Mughals made scientific breakthroughs and Emperor Babur commanded his beautiful works of art. Mughal Empire troops from an elephant. The central The Mughal Empire was founded dome is 115 ft by Babur, a ruler from Central Asia (35 m) tall. who conquered northern India in 1526. The Empire was ruled by Babur’s family for more than 300 years. Elephant driver, or mahout Taj Mahal Built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan in 1632, the Taj Mahal is the tomb of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The huge white marble building took 20,000 men more than ten years to finish. This globe is marked War elephants used with the positions their trunks and tusks of the stars. to kill the enemy. Science Babur’s army had more than 80,000 men. The Mughals studied the stars and made brass globes to map their positions. Scientists invented shampoo and new ways to work with metal. 19

Ancient Rome SEE ALSO ▸▸ Buildings p.48 ▸▸ Europe p.94 About 2,000 years ago, the ancient Romans ruled a great ▸▸ Governments p.123 empire, including all the lands around the Mediterranean ▸▸ Law p.145 Sea. The Roman Empire was well organized, and it lasted ▸▸ Maps p.155 for hundreds of years. ▸▸ Slavery p.230 Roman society ▸▸ War pp.278–279 Emperor Within the empire, there were different Asia The ruler of the groups of people, with different rights. Europe empire, who was Citizens had more rights than non-citizens, all-powerful. and slaves had no rights at all. Rome Citizen Freed person Mediterranean Sea Only citizens were able A former slave, freed to vote and become by their owner. Roman Empire government officials. Slave A person owned as property. The Roman Empire started as just one city, Rome, in what is now Italy. Over time it grew across Europe. Only Roman Roman soldiers citizens and above The Romans conquered their were allowed empire using well-trained armies, called Legions. This is a to wear togas. centurion, an officer in charge of 80 legionnaires (foot soldiers). Centurions wore a helmet crest. Armor was made from metal links called chain mail. Roman buildings Shin guards The Romans were expert builders, and many of their buildings still stand. This is the Pont du Gard, an aqueduct that carried water to Nîmes, a Roman city in France. 20

Animal families SEE ALSO ▸▸ Animal groups Animals live in many different types of family groups. Some animals live in big groups, called colonies. They work p.22 together to bring up their babies. Other animals form male and female pairs. Family groups help animals to survive. ▸▸ Animal homes p.23 ▸▸ Birds p.39 ▸▸ Insects p.134 ▸▸ Mammals p.154 ▸▸ Homes pp.244—245 Pair After mating, a pair of emperor penguins take turns looking after the egg and then feeding the baby. They live with up to 5,000 other penguins. Herd Zebras move around in large groups, called herds. When babies are born, the large numbers help protect them from other animals’ attacks. Colony Ant families can be very large. The queen is the leader of the colony and lays the eggs. The other ants work to protect and feed the colony. Small family After giving birth, a female river otter cares for her pups for two to three years until they are ready to hunt and look after themselves. 21

Animal groups SEE ALSO ▸▸ Animal families Animals can be divided into groups, depending on their body features. Animals that look and act in similar ways p.21 are grouped together. This is called classification. ▸▸ Fish p.101 Amphibians Birds These animals have Birds have feathers, ▸▸ Insects p.134 wet skin. They live in which keep them warm or near water. The and help most to fly. They ▸▸ Invertebrates babies hatch from have beaks to catch or p.139 eggs, and change pick up food. ▸▸ Spiders p.238 body shape to become adults. ▸▸ Vertebrates p.266 The green band shows which animal groups are vertebrates. Invertebrates Animal groups Fish There are many groups Fish live in water. They Animals are divided into of invertebrates, two main groups. are covered in bony including insects, slugs, plates, called scales, spiders, and shellfish. Vertebrates have spines, invertebrates don’t. and have special organs called gills There are more groups inside these two for breathing. main groups. Reptiles Mammals Reptiles have scaly Mammals have fur or hair on their bodies. skin. They are cold-blooded, which They feed their babies on milk made means they must warm up in the sun by the mothers. before they 22 can move.

Animal homes SEE ALSO ▸▸ Animal groups Animals need homes for shelter and to keep their young safe. Animal homes are built in many different p.22 places and in all shapes and sizes. Some animals work ▸▸ Birds p.39 together to build large structures. Others move ▸▸ Insects p.134 every night, making new homes as they go. ▸▸ Mammals p.154 ▸▸ Homes Weaver bird nest Termite mound pp.244–245 Male weaver birds loop leaves Termites work together to build ▸▸ Work p.274 and grass together to build large mounds. The chimney shape their nests. The entrance is of the mound helps to keep the Termite mounds at the bottom to stop other termites inside cool. can reach more than animals from getting in. Soldier termites 6 ft (2 m) protect the mound high! from ants. Turrets are built for different entrances and exits. The termite workers store grass in the outer areas. The queen termite lives in the center of the colony. New mud and Beaver lodge sticks are added each year. Beavers build their homes from branches and mud. The entrance is underwater, to stop other animals from finding it. 23

Antarctica SEE ALSO ▸▸ Arctic p.25 Antarctica is the fifth largest and most southern continent. It is very cold and windy. Most of the land is buried under ▸▸ Birds p.39 huge ice sheets, which stretch far out into the sea. In winter, it can be as cold as –130ºF (–90°C), and windspeeds during ▸▸ Changing world storms can reach an incredible 200 mph (320 kph). pp.50–51 ▸▸ Climate change p.60 ▸▸ Explorers p.96 ▸▸ Glaciers p.122 Antarctica Blackfin is a great place to icefish Patagonian find meteorites. Research toothfish These dark space ship rocks stand South Gigantic icebergs polar skua break off from the out against the Antarctic ice sheet white snow. and float northward. Snow petrel Iceberg Minke whale Weddell Wandering Antarctic krill seal albatross Fossil ferns found in Scientists are Antarctica show us Fossil fern South drilling into that it was once a Pole Lake Vostok, much warmer place. Mount 2.5 miles (4 km) Vinson Scott Base below the ice, About research station looking for new Antarctica life forms. Lake Vostok Population: 4,000 Highest point: Race to the pole Leopard Mount Mount Vinson seal Lowest point: In 1911, Norwegian explorer Erebus Bentley Subglacial Roald Amundsen beat Britain’s Adélie Trench penguin Robert Scott in the race to be Biggest desert: Emperor penguin The whole the first to the South chicks are raised continent on the sea ice. Pole. Sadly, Scott’s Big penguins team died on the Emperor penguins are return journey. Amundsen the largest kind of used dogsleds penguin. They eat fish to reach the and squid and dive as South Pole. deep as 1,640 ft (500 m) when hunting for food. Longest river: Onyx 24

Arctic SEE ALSO ▸▸ Antarctica p.24 The Arctic is a cold region that surrounds the North Pole. It is mostly sea, which is frozen for much of the year, but ▸▸ Climate change it also includes most of Greenland and the northernmost p.60 parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. ▸▸ Oceans and seas p.187 ▸▸ Polar habitats p.197 ▸▸ World p.275 Chilly circle The Arctic Circle is about twice the size of the US. The animals Chukchi Reindeer that live there need to be Arctic snowy owl able to survive in the cold. Land animals have thick Alaska Sea ice Walrus Lemmings are fur or fluffy feathers, line fishing small rodents. and sea animals have They eat plants Arctic tern Brown and live in burrows. a thick layer of fat. lemming The Nenets Narwhal people of Arctic Russia are reindeer Musk ox herders who live in tents made of About the Submarine Nenets reindeer skin. Arctic Arctic North 55 million years poppy Pole ago, the Arctic was Population: Inuit ice Arctic fox Arctic so hot that there At least 500,000 fishing Ocean in summer, but was no ice, and fewer in winter Gas alligators lived Highest point: Iron ore Ice breaker Oil Gunnbjørn Fjeld, Arctic cod in the sea. Greenland Lowest point: All change Polar bears Arctic Ocean Our planet is getting warmer, Polar bears live in the Biggest desert: and the Arctic sea ice is melting. Arctic and roam the sea Arctic Polar This means that ships can now ice, hunting seals. The Desert travel across the Arctic between bears are at risk from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. climate change because the sea ice is melting. This makes it harder for the bears to find seals to eat. 25

The story of... Paint Color Artists make paint by mixing something called Our world is full of beautiful colors. a pigment with water. The colors we see around us are A pigment is a material actually different types of light that changes the color of bouncing off objects and into our reflected light by absorbing eyes. Colors also have meanings. some colors and reflecting For example, a red light means “stop” in traffic, and a white flag means other colors. “surrender” in war. Artists mix paint on a palette. Rainbow colors White light is made from all the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. When white light from the sun passes through rain, it can refract (split) to make a rainbow. The male peacock is brightly colored compared to the female. Animal colors Male birds are often colorful to attract female birds. Some animals use bright colors as a warning, and some can change color. Others use their coloring to blend in with their surroundings. Male peacock Female peacock 26

All the colors of light Green light except for green are reflects into absorbed by the leaf. our eyes. Eye The green light is not absorbed and bounces off the leaf. Reflecting colors A plant looks green because green light reflects off it into our eyes. The other colors of light from the sun are absorbed by the plant’s leaves. Yellow Yellow and (Primary) red make orange. Yellow and blue make green. Blue Red (Primary) (Primary) Silk dress Mixing colors Blue and from 1750 red make purple. Fashion Primary paint colors can be All around the world, different styles and colors mixed to make secondary colors. are used in clothing to help people express themselves. The primary colors are red, yellow, Fashion changes over time. Clothes are very different and blue. Secondary colors can now from those worn also be mixed to make new 250 years ago. colors—for example, mixing orange and green makes brown. 27

Art SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Rome When you create a picture or sculpture, you are making art. Art can show something from real life or the imagination, p.20 and is made of different materials. Throughout history, ▸▸ Color pp.26–27 people have drawn or painted pictures of the world around ▸▸ Buildings p.48 them. Art helps us show our feelings about the world and ▸▸ Crafts p.75 creates beautiful objects to look at. ▸▸ Photography Painting Bedroom in Arles by Vincent van Gogh, 1888 p.190 ▸▸ Stone Age p.243 Painters use an object such as a brush loaded with Landscape at Ceret colored paint to create an by Juan Gris, 1911 image on paper, board, or canvas. Paintings can be detailed or simply show lines and shapes. Stone Age handprints at Cueva de las Manos Cave painting Lifelike painting Abstract painting The first paintings were made on Many paintings show lifelike images from the Abstract art uses colors and cave walls around 40,000 years world. This could be an indoor or an outdoor shapes to show amazing pictures ago. They showed handprints, view, a person, or an object. that aren’t lifelike, but could people, and animals. show something real. Sculpture Dancer Adjusting her Shoe The Great Wave by Hokusai, c. 1831 by Degas, c. 1890 Sculptors work in clay, wood, stone, metal, or other materials to create objects. These might show people or abstract shapes. Sculpture of a man, Drawing Printing from ancient Rome. Artists use pencils, colored Pictures can be cut out of a material crayons, chalk, charcoal, and ink such as wood and covered in ink or to draw beautiful images on paper. paint. The ink or paint on the cutout Drawing is quicker than painting, picture is then transferred onto so it is a good way of recording paper, to create a print. real-life scenes. 28

Asia SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient China The biggest continent on Earth is Asia. More than 60 percent of the world’s population live here. p.16 Asia has many landscapes, from snow-capped mountains and sun-scorched deserts to ▸▸ Ancient India lush rain forests and sandy beaches. p.19 ▸▸ Buildings p.48 ▸▸ Mammals p.154 ▸▸ Maps p.155 ▸▸ World p.275 India and China Much of northern Asia has a rocky are both home landscape, with few to more than people living in it. one billion Flying squirrel Yakuts people. Cross-country skiing in winter Baikal seal Kamchatka hot About springs Asia Weightlifting Saiga Raccoon Tokyo Population: antelope dog Skytree 4.427 billion Bactrian Forbidden Highest point: camel City Mount Everest Sand cat Lowest point: Dead Sea, Israel Yak Rice Biggest desert: Caracal Giant panda Golden Rice is one of Arabian Desert larch the main foods Burj Khalifa in most Asian Longest river: countries. Yangtze, China Sand dunes Taj Mahal Taj Mahal Indian Shwedagon elephant Paya India’s most famous building is the Taj Mahal. It is made of white Orangutan marble and was completed in 1648. The Taj Mahal is the burial Toraja house place of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of the emperor Shah Jahan. Rafflesia Pandas These rare black-and-white bears live in the mountains of China. They spend most of their time eating bamboo. Pandas are a symbol of peace and friendship in China. 29

Asteroids SEE ALSO ▸▸ Gravity p.125 Asteroids are rocky or metallic objects that travel ▸▸ Metals p.162 around the sun. They formed at the same time as the ▸▸ Meteorites planets. Most asteroids are covered in craters, or dents, from where they have smashed into each other. p.164 ▸▸ Rocks and Asteroid shapes The craters on an asteroid’s surface are made by bumping minerals p.214 Most asteroids have uneven shapes, into smaller asteroids. ▸▸ Solar system but the biggest asteroids are round. The biggest asteroids are also called p.233 dwarf planets. The asteroid Toutatis is 3 miles (5 km) long. Scientists think Toutatis is It takes Toutatis made of two separate pieces four years to travel held together by gravity. around the sun. Venus The main belt Asteroid mining Mercury Most asteroids travel Scientists think that in the future around the sun in the people will mine asteroids for their “main belt” between metals, minerals, and water. Spaceships Mars and Jupiter. may stop off on asteroids as they There are millions travel around the solar system. of asteroids in this Sun Mars belt, but they are very far apart. Earth Jupiter The asteroid belt 30

Astronauts SEE ALSO ▸▸ Explorers p.96 Astronauts are people who are specially trained to take ▸▸ Moon p.171 part in missions in space. They help us learn more about ▸▸ Exploration the universe we live in. Fewer than 600 people have been into space, and only 12 have walked on the moon. pp.180–181 ▸▸ Solar system The helmet visor has a special filter that shields p.233 sunlight, as it can be ▸▸ Space travel p.237 extremely bright in space. ▸▸ Universe p.263 Solar panels A camera Tools can be The International records what attached to the Space Station the astronaut front of the is seeing. spacesuit. The International Space Station is a permanent The backpack The suit is base for astronauts. holds oxygen made of many The station is 250 miles supplies for layers of fabric (400 km) above the breathing. that keep the Earth. It can house six astronaut safe astronauts at a time. In 1961, Russian and warm. space explorer Becoming an astronaut Yuri Gagarin It takes many years of work to become an became the first astronaut. Astronauts have to learn many human to go new skills. They also train hard to make into space. sure they are fit and healthy. Astronaut suit Astronauts train underwater because they float weightlessly, like in space. Space can be both very hot and very cold. To keep themselves safe, 31 astronauts wear special suits with helmets, gloves, boots, and an air supply.

Astronomy SEE ALSO ▸▸ Earth p.83 Astronomy is the science of studying space. The first ▸▸ Light p.147 ▸▸ Science p.217 astronomers looked at the night sky with just their eyes. ▸▸ The sciences Modern astronomers use binoculars and telescopes to pp.218–219 look at things too far away to be seen with the naked eye. They look at space to learn about our ▸▸ Sun p.247 ▸▸ Universe p.263 planet and the universe around it. Telescope The “eyepiece” has Rays of light a small lens that enter the Telescopes collect light and magnifies the image. telescope’s magnify images of distant tube. objects. They are made of A mirror reflects specially shaped glass surfaces light towards called mirrors and lenses, which the eye. can bounce (reflect) or bend (refract) rays of light. Light is reflected off The biggest this curved mirror. telescope on Earth is the Gran Telescopio Canarias in Spain. It has a mirror 34 ft (10 m) wide! Earth in space Until the 16th century, people believed that the Earth was at the center of the solar system. We now know this is not true. Galileo Galilei Earth Moon Sun Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was the first scientist to use a telescope to study space People used to believe that the sun and moon objects. However, his findings weren’t always moved around the Earth. accepted by other people. He was put in prison for saying that the sun, as opposed to the Earth, was at the center of the solar system. Now we know that the moon moves around the Earth, which moves around the sun. 32

Atmosphere SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atoms p.34 An atmosphere is a blanket layer of gases that surrounds a ▸▸ Earth p.83 planet or moon. The Earth’s atmosphere gives us the air we ▸▸ Gases p.117 breathe. It also keeps our planet warm, blocks harmful rays ▸▸ Meteorites p.164 from the sun, and stops space rocks from hitting us. ▸▸ Sun p.247 ▸▸ Temperature p.252 ▸▸ Weather p.271 Earth’s atmosphere The Hubble Space Telescope travels around The Earth’s atmosphere has five Earth in the exosphere. layers, each of a different thickness. It takes amazing photos The atmosphere gets thinner as of space. it gets higher and closer to space. Exosphere The exosphere is the last layer International Space Station before outer space starts. It reaches halfway to the moon. Thermosphere The temperature in this layer can change a lot. The thermosphere contains glowing lights, known as auroras. The first human in Mesosphere Aurora space, Yuri Gagarin, This is the coldest part traveled around of Earth’s atmosphere. It When a bit of space the Earth in the stops falling space dust dust burns up in the thermosphere. from striking the Earth. Earth’s atmosphere it is called a meteor. Highest Stratosphere skydive The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which protects us from the sun’s rays. The highest Troposphere Airplanes fly in skydive started The troposphere begins at the the troposphere. Earth’s surface. It is where all 24 miles (39 km) of our weather takes place. above the Earth’s surface. 33

Atoms SEE ALSO ▸▸ Carbon cycle p.49 Atoms are tiny, round building blocks that build everything in the universe. They are so small we can’t see them and ▸▸ Changing states are mostly made of empty space. Humans, cars, stars, and p.57 everything else around us are all made from tiny atoms. ▸▸ Chemistry p.58 ▸▸ Elements p.90 ▸▸ Solar system p.233 Inside an atom? Atom The atoms in a molecule share Atoms are made of even An oxygen electrons. smaller particles. There are molecule is three types of particles made from two inside atoms: protons, oxygen atoms. neutrons, and electrons. Nucleus Oxygen The center molecules of the atom is called its Molecules nucleus. Two or more atoms Protons stuck together are called a molecule. Neutron Molecules can be long chains of atoms, or Electrons arranged in shapes. Electrons circle the edges of There are every atom. 7 billion atoms in the period at the end of this sentence—more than there are people on Earth. Carbon atoms Carbon joins with other atoms in molecules to form all living things. Carbon atoms can be arranged in different ways to make different materials. Diamond Pencil 34

Aztecs The turquoise stone SEE ALSO symbolized the ▸▸ Buildings p.48 breath of the gods. ▸▸ Crafts p.75 ▸▸ Farming p.98 The Aztecs were a people who lived ▸▸ Incas p.132 in Central America. They had a huge ▸▸ Maya p.158 empire between 1400 and 1519 ce, ▸▸ Religion p.208 during which time they built great stone cities. Farmers produced corn and avocados, and bred turkeys. Aztec city Priests sacrificed Mask animals and humans At the center of each city stood using knives of flint. The Aztecs used masks in a group of temples. Most temples religious ceremonies or to display were set on top of enormous in temples. This wooden mask is stepped pyramids that could be covered with pieces of a precious more than 197 ft (60 m) tall. blue-green stone called turquoise. Pyramids and Many pyramids had palaces were twin temples on top. made of stone. Only priests and those who were to be sacrificed climbed the pyramid. Markets were held once a week. Boats were Crowds sang used for during sacrifices. transporting goods. Most cities were built beside lakes or rivers. Merchants traveled 35 huge distances to sell their goods.

Bicycles SEE ALSO ▸▸ Inventions A bicycle is a two-wheeled vehicle. There are many types of bicycles. Some are for cycling on the road, others for pp.136–137 riding up and down mountains, and others for racing around a track. Cyclists wear helmets to ▸▸ Metals p.162 protect their heads. ▸▸ Sports p.239 ▸▸ Games pp.240–241 ▸▸ Transportation pp.258—259 How a bicycle works The hard outer covering and spongy inner material To move a bicycle forward, a of bicycle helmets protect cyclist pushes down on the pedals. riders’ heads if they fall. These move a chain connected to the rear wheel. The bike is steered The right lever applies with a set of handlebars, which the front brake, and the have brake levers to help the left lever applies the rider to slow down. rear brake. This racing bike has The curved very thin tires for handlebars on this extra speed. bike allow the rider to crouch down for an easier ride. The derailleur Bicycle wheels Cycle racing is a part of the bike that moves Most bicycle wheels have In the fastest type of bike the chain to a traditional spokes (wire racing, riders compete on different cog rods) that join the hub at bicycles without brakes for going up the center of the wheel or gears. They ride on or down hills. to the rim at the edge. sloped tracks in arenas Racing wheels have just called velodromes. Other Traditional a few large spokes. types of races take place spoked on mountain tracks and wheel on roads. The most famous of these races is the 2,175 mile (3,500 km) Tour de France. Carbon-fiber racing wheel 36

Big Bang SEE ALSO ▸▸ Atoms p.34 Scientists believe that the universe began in a ▸▸ Elements p.90 dramatic event called the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ▸▸ Gases p.117 ago. The universe was tiny at the start, but it has ▸▸ Light p.147 been expanding ever since. ▸▸ Solar system p.233 ▸▸ Universe p.263 1. The Big Bang Creation ▸▸ Volume p.269 The universe was tiny and very hot. It started to grow. The universe started as a tiny Re-creating the point of pure energy. It then Big Bang 2. Atoms After 380,000 years, began to quickly expand and Scientists try to create the conditions tiny particles formed, cool down. Over time it got of the Big Bang in huge machines called atoms. bigger and bigger. called accelerators, which smash tiny particles together. 3. First stars and galaxies Scientists think The first stars and clusters of the first stars were Particle stars, called galaxies, appeared probably very big accelerator 100 to 200 million years after and very bright. the Big Bang. Most scientists Light from distant galaxies travels think our universe for billions of will keep years before it reaches Earth. expanding forever. 4. Our solar system The sun and the rest of the solar system formed nine billion years after the Big Bang. The space between galaxies keeps expanding. The universe may keep expanding forever. 5. Today’s universe The universe is still expanding. Scientists study this stretching of space by measuring how fast other galaxies are moving away from us. 37

Biology SEE ALSO ▸▸ Cells p.56 Biology is the science of living things. It studies how ▸▸ Evolution p.95 plants and animals interact with each other and their ▸▸ Food p.106 surroundings. It includes grouping and labeling living ▸▸ Food chains p.107 things and investigating how they live. ▸▸ Habitats p.126 ▸▸ Human body p.130 Each part of a plant has a Botany ▸▸ Plants p.194 name. This is the petal. This is the study of plants, from tiny Ecology The human body is mosses and algae The study of how made up of many plants and animals connecting parts. all the way to depend on each other massive trees. and their environment, Human biology to survive. This investigates how the human body works—how it’s put together, and what it needs to stay healthy. Biology Biology covers lots of different areas. It can be broken down into smaller sections that often overlap. Zoology Living things Zoology is the are made of study of animals— tiny parts how their bodies called cells. work and develop and how they Microbiology This is the study of behave. tiny living things like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. 38

Birds SEE ALSO ▸▸ Aircraft p.13 Birds are animals that have feathers and beaks. They lay ▸▸ Animal groups hard eggs, which their chicks hatch out of. Most birds can fly, and they are found all over the world. p.22 ▸▸ Dinosaurs p.80 Brightly colored ▸▸ Eggs p.86 feathers stand ▸▸ Fruit and seeds out among the trees. p.115 ▸▸ Rain forest p.204 Short beak to pick up nuts and seeds. Hooked beak for Yellow picking food. warbler Macaw Songbirds Parrots Strong claws Most birds in the world are part to move along of a huge family called songbirds. These tropical birds are branches. Each type of songbird has its colorful and often very own special song. noisy. They are strong fliers and eat fruit, nuts, and seeds. Long tail feathers help with steering. Large wings Curved beak There are almost help to fly high. tears food. 10,000 different Birds of prey kinds of birds. Birds of prey hunt Bald eagle for their food. They have sharp beaks, fly fast, and grab food, such as fish, with their feet. Long, curved bill Swimming birds used to find food. Not all birds can fly. Wading birds Webbed Penguins swim feet for underwater instead. These long-legged birds walking Their feathers are wade around in the mud. in water. waterproof, and they They search for small use their wings to steer. animals, such as crabs, in the water to eat. Emperor penguin Scarlet ibis 39

Black holes SEE ALSO ▸▸ Galaxies p.116 Black holes are the universe’s most mysterious objects. ▸▸ Gravity p.125 They form when a star much more massive than the sun ▸▸ Light p.147 runs out of fuel. It explodes as a “supernova,” then ▸▸ Physics p.192 collapses under its own gravity, creating a black hole. ▸▸ Stars p.242 ▸▸ Sun p.247 ▸▸ Volume p.269 The enormous The edge of a gravity of a black black hole is called hole distorts space an event horizon. and time. Invisible monster We can’t see black holes, as even light gets trapped by their gravity. However, many are surrounded by hot discs of gas and dust, which give off high-energy radiation that can be seen using special telescopes. Black holes can collide with other black holes and get larger. Supermassive black hole The center of a black hole is called The most massive black holes are found at the a singularity. center of galaxies such as the Milky Way. They may form when massive clouds of gas collapse. Spaghettification Things that fall into black holes are stretched out, or “spaghettified.” An imaginary astronaut would feel a stronger pull on one end of their body than the other, stretching them apart. 40

Body cells SEE ALSO ▸▸ Cells p.56 Body parts are made up of tiny things called cells. Cells have important jobs to do, like sending messages, turning ▸▸ Genes p.119 food into energy, and fighting off germs. Every cell has a particular job to do to keep the body healthy. ▸▸ Human body p.130 ▸▸ Microscopic life p.165 ▸▸ Sickness p.225 ▸▸ Skin p.229 Inside a cell Nucleus The nucleus is the control All our body cells have an center of the cell. It outer shell with a liquid contains instructions inside. In the very center called genes. of the cell is a core, called the nucleus. Mitochondria Cell membrane These tiny structures The membrane is release energy to the edge of the cell. power the cell. It allows things to move in and out. Cytoplasm There are Cytoplasm is a approximately liquid inside the cell where chemicals 37.2 trillion mix together to cells in the bring the cell to life. human body! Types of cell Red blood cells Fat cells store and Nerve cells have pick up oxygen release energy. long stems. They Cells come in many from the lungs They protect the carry electrical different sizes and and transport it body from bumps messages to shapes. Each one is around the body. and knocks. the brain. perfectly suited for the job it does in White blood cells Intestine cells the body. Cells can change shape and are frilly. The divide to make more squeeze in frills absorb of themselves. between other useful nutrients cells to kill germs. from food. 41

The story of... Animal stories Storytelling Many stories feature animals as their main characters. These Storytelling is the activity of telling or writing animals speak and dress like real stories. They can be real or made up, can be of any length, and can be about any subject. people, although they often People have always told stories to entertain live in animal homes. Br’er each other or to inform people about, and Rabbit is a character make sense of, their world. from the South. Oral history Br’er Rabbit wears human Because early people clothes. couldn’t read or write, they passed on stories by telling Br’er Rabbit them to each other. The storyteller often acted out bits of the story. People still tell stories in this way today. In ancient India, Storytelling in a library people recited all What is a story? 10,600 verses of the sacred A story is a fictional (made-up) hymn book, Rigveda, account of imaginary or real from memory. events and people. A story has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The Chinese story of Pangu explains the creation of the Earth. Beginning Middle End In the beginning, there was chaos. Out As Pangu grew up, he created the Earth When Pangu died, his breath became of chaos came an egg, and out of this and the sky, and stood between them the wind, his voice became thunder, egg hatched Pangu, the first creature. to force them slowly apart. and his bones became valuable minerals. 42

Poetry Fairy tales Poetry is a type of A fairy tale is a story that literature. It often has short, contains magic and characters rhyming lines joined together such as fairies, witches, goblins, in verses. A poem uses words or giants. Fairy tales tell the story of good versus evil, and usually very carefully to suggest have a happy ending. Sleeping different meanings or ideas. Beauty, Aladdin, and The Boy It can be any length and Who Cried Wolf are about any subject. all examples of fairy tales. Beowulf is a very In the fairy tale long poem about Aladdin, a genie an ancient hero. magically appears from a lamp. Novels Magical lamp A novel is a long With more than story about people and their lives. Novels can be set in 8,000 pages, the imaginary or real worlds, and can take place at any point in time. world’s longest novel is There are many different types of Men of Goodwill by novel. For example, a historical French author Jules novel would be set in the past Romains. and teach about history. Filming Films Romeo and Juliet Films are a visual form of stories. Actors Children’s stories perform the story in from around a real-life setting. The actors the world speak the lines of the story and try to make the film as realistic and lifelike as possible. 43

Books SEE ALSO ▸▸ Storytelling Books are collections of written words put together to tell stories or give you information. Before books were pp.42–43 invented, people shared stories by remembering and telling them to each other. Millions of books have been ▸▸ Inventions created since paper was invented, and many are now read pp.136–137 on electronic devices such as tablets. ▸▸ Language p.144 ▸▸ Materials p.157 ▸▸ Writing p.280 Early books Medieval prayer book Books have been written and decorated by hand for thousands of years. Pages were often made from parchment, which is the thinned skin of an animal. These books took a long time to make. J.K. Rowling’s Golden book first Harry Potter In Europe, monks wrote book has sold more the first books in Latin. They decorated them with real gold. than 100 million copies since 1997. Printing In around 1440 in Germany, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. He carved single letters onto metal blocks, then put them together as words, and printed them onto pages. 1900s Fiction Non-fiction printing press A book of fiction is a story in A non-fiction book contains facts which the author writes about about the real world. Dictionaries, imaginary people and events. atlases, cookbooks, and books Fiction books can also be about history and animals are all called novels. examples of non-fiction books. 44

Brain SEE ALSO ▸▸ Body cells p.41 The brain controls the whole body. Every time we think, ▸▸ Feelings p.99 feel, or move, the brain is at work. It even keeps working ▸▸ Human body when we’re asleep. The brain is the most complicated organ in the living world. p.130 ▸▸ Robots p.212 ▸▸ Sight p.226 ▸▸ Sleep p.231 Mov Brain ement Nerves Touch Planning Thinking Speaking Judging Nervous system Understanding words Feeling Nerves connect the brain to the rest of the body in a Sound Taste network called the Smell nervous system. Nerves Recognizing Feelings carry information between Vision faces different body parts. Brain map Memory Different areas of The brain has an Brain areas the brain are in area especially for Senses charge of different storing memories. Thoughts jobs in the body. Language This area controls Movement coordination, Understanding helping different the world parts of the body Feelings work together. Coordination The spinal cord sends signals to and receives signals from the rest of the body. Thinking Neuron Acting alone passes The brain is made up of on signal. The brain does some things tiny cells called nerves, or without us having to think. neurons. They look like For example, it keeps our little trees. When we hearts pumping blood think, tiny electrical and around our bodies at the chemical signals move right speed and controls quickly through the cells. our breathing. 45

Bridges SEE ALSO ▸▸ Cars p.52 Bridges are structures that carry people and vehicles ▸▸ Engineering p.91 over obstacles. They are usually built over rivers, ▸▸ Materials p.157 valleys, and roads. Bridges are designed to hold ▸▸ Rivers p.211 heavy loads and survive bad weather. ▸▸ Storms p.243 ▸▸ Transportation Bridge types pp.258–259 Engineers design different types of bridges depending on the size of the gap to be The wires used crossed, the type of land around it, and for the cables on the weight of the crossing traffic. the Golden Gate Suspension bridges Bridge could go A suspension bridge can carry heavy loads. Steel cables are around the Earth anchored to strong supportive three times. towers, spreading the weight. Tall towers at each Cables provide end of the bridge support from above. are anchored deep in the ground. Golden Gate Bridge, Road or San Francisco, CA walkway made from strong concrete. Arch Truss Beam Arch bridges are usually made of stones A truss bridge is built from triangles called A beam bridge is the most simple design. cut into exactly the right wedge shapes trusses. Triangles are the strongest shapes, All the weight is placed directly on top. to form an arch. so this bridge can carry heavy weights. It is built to be stiff and not bend. 46

Bronze Age SEE ALSO ▸▸ Buildings p.48 The Bronze Age is a period of history after the Stone Age ▸▸ Crafts p.75 and before the Iron Age. It began about 5,500 years ago ▸▸ Iron Age p.140 when societies first learned to make a metal called bronze. ▸▸ Metals p.162 Bronze is a mix of the metals tin and copper. Combined, ▸▸ Stone Age p.243 these metals are stronger than they would be alone. ▸▸ Trade p.257 ▸▸ Writing p.280 Br onze Age bracelets Bronze weapons Bronze Age spear tip were used by the Bronze first armies during Early writing Using bronze tools allowed the Bronze Age. The first written language societies to clear more land was invented in the Bronze for farming, and to grow, store, Age. It was called cuneiform. and trade more food and goods. Writers used pointed reeds Bronze was also used to make called styluses to make marks weapons and jewelry. in soft clay tablets, which then hardened. Settlements People traded more with During the Bronze Age, other societies during the people lived together in Bronze Age. Some traders large groups for the first used their money to buy time. Settlements were bronze jewelry. bigger than earlier villages had been. Bronze Age cuneiform There were even tablet from Iraq towns and cities. These buildings The houses have in Germany are wooden frames and copies of Bronze are built on stilts. Age houses. 47

Buildings SEE ALSO ▸▸ Ancient Greece A building is a solid structure fixed in one place. It has walls and a roof to shelter us from the weather. The shape of the p.18 building depends on its purpose. Buildings can be many different things, including hospitals, schools, and houses. ▸▸ Ancient India p.19 ▸▸ Bridges p.46 ▸▸ Castles p.53 ▸▸ Engineering p.91 ▸▸ Factories p.97 Types of buildings Older buildings, The world’s like this cathedral, Many towns and cities have a mix of are less tall but are tallest building, buildings from across history. These often designed buildings have different designs and to look very the Burj Khalifa in are made from a variety of materials. impressive. Dubai, is 2,716 ft (828 m) tall—which Skyscrapers are Modern buildings is more than 100 tall buildings with are often made many floors. They of glass. Glass is houses tall. are used as offices strong and lets in or apartments. lots of light. Stone has been used for building for thousands of years, because it is strong and lasts a long time. London skyline Construction Machines are used to put up large buildings. Foundations are dug deep into the ground to stop the building from falling down. Cranes lift heavy building materials such as steel beams and panes of glass for windows. 48