ມ.2_ພູມສາດ_ ຄູ່ມື_GEO

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D r6,lkfglf4tdyf IIID lndj koIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76 ;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomujme,t-kf0v’xtgmf/ia’j D { |;j p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8jk’M mjudjP;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -qj;3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmjuIPozkj o,k !D oe.-hczomuj { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko ({) 7qo vvd,kvtmy[kp16gj my’czomudj jP;da[muj8A’0v[g0f -kpcfo0v’xtgmf/ia’j D { oadIPoz6hvnjoM la’gdf c]t 8yf8k,dkovtmy[kp0v’\\6jD { 76lvooe.-hczomjume,t-kf0v’3]d s^n 0v’xtgmf/iaj’ grnjvvtmy[kp c]t la’];,djP;da[mu8j A’0v[g0f c]t -kpcfo0v’xtgmf/ia’j D @D lqomtokgxao76j { 76.shoadIPolqomtokgxao76jda[grnvj ooaj’0hk’D { 761kp7e4k, s^n 9qf.ldj tfko.shoadIPoD !? muj8A’r6,lkf c]t ltrk[me,t-kf0v’xtgmf/iaj’,u0=hltf;d c]t sp5h’ pkdco;.f.shcdjdkorafmtokglf4tdyfL @? r6,lao4ko0v’xtgmf/i’ja ,u]adltotco;.fL #? r6,vkdkfF c,joE c]t -[a rtpkdvo0v’xtgmf/iaj’,]u da ltotco;.fL { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8j]t760j Bo]kp’koD { 76la’];,7no7e8v[0v’oadIPo3fpsp=hc8.j sh7q[4h;oD #D ;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPo[vd-nj-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfmuj,u16.j omhv’4yoj 0v’oadIPo,uspa’ cfjL 8q;1jk’G c,joEF [+cIFj xkj w,h ly’j gs^qjkoU-j;p.odkorfa mtokglf4tdyffkh o.fcfjL 47

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ-q;j 3,’mu @ $D d;f;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPo]kp’ko;Pd[hkomujoadIPodP,,kD { le]a[oadIPoz6hmu[j +wfh0Bo]kp’ko.sh76gda[gvqk[qf0Po0v’g0qkg9Qkc]h;d;f.sh 7tcooD &D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[’j oadIPovvdgxaod5,j pvj prhv,da[c8j’8A’sq;|hkdj5,.shg\\ktlq, grnjvlqomt ok c]t 7Qo7;hkI;j ,daoD { 76cotoe;ymudko[aombd.shoadIPowfh[aombd7;k,7yfgsao8kj ’M .od5j,grjnv]kp ’koD { 761kp7e4k,.shoadIPoc8j]td5,j s^n 0Po.ldj tfko.sh4nd8hv’D 7e4k,G !? ltrk[dkogru,j 0Bo c]t dkog7nvj ophkp0v’xt-kdvoxtgmf/iaj’gxao co;.fL @? 95fryglf0v’dkorafmtokglf4tdyf0v’/iaj’gxaoco;.fL 9q’j lq,mP[ .ljiafg-pgxaoco;.fL { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8j]td5,j 0Bo]kp’ko8+|hk-AoIPoD { oadIPo.oshv’xtdv[7egsao c]t 4k,8k,7;k,lqo.90v’c8]j t7qoD { 76la’];,7nodjP;da[goNv.o[qf]kp’ko0v’c8j]tdj5, c]t goAo|ad[aoskmjule 7ao grnvj .shoadIPode[qfIPowfh c]t IPog0Qk.9gxaogvdtrk[daoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,D { dko,ul;j oIj;,.odkolqomtokD { 8u]k7kdko8A’7e4k, c]t 7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo[k’7qoD { d;fdkzqoleg]fa 0v’dkogIfa ;Pd[kh og-ajoG dko0Po[fq ]kp’koF dkol’a ];, 0=h,6o8jk’MD 48

rkd IV mt;u[vkg,iydk [qfmu !& r6,lkfme,t-kf g;]k @ -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { 9ecod95fryglffhkor6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk Xvkg,iydkg|nv c]t vk g,iydk]k8yo?D { vtmy[kpdPj ;da[c,joE]eg- c]t -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { la’gdf c]t vtmy[kpwfhdjP;da[g0fr6,vkdkf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { ;yg7ktdPj ;da[-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyoD IID goNv.o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 95fryglffhkor6,lao4ko0v’vkg,iydk { ltrk[];, { r6,lao4ko0v’vkg,iydkg|nv { r6,lao4ko0v’vkg,iydk]k8yo @D r6,vkdkf { r6,vkdkf1j6vkg,iydkg|nv { r6,vkdkf16jvkg,iydk]k8yo #D c,oj E c]t |v’mjule7ao $D -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo IIID lndj koIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomju3]d s^n czomjur6,lkfme,t-kfltgrkt0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { czomujr6,vkdkf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { |j;p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8jk’M mjudPj ;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD 49

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIVD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo -qj;3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmjuIPozkj o,k !D [aopkp { 76lvo.-hczomjugrnvj vtmy[kp c]t la’];,djP;da[95fryglffhkog’njvow0r6,lkf me,t-kf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD • mt;u[vkg,idy kwfh4nd7oQ rq[.omkh plt8t;fa mu xv sn^ vkfg;kQ wf;h kj gxoa mt;[u .\\0j v’3]dF gxaomt;u[muj,u7qovq[rtpq[g0Qkwxvkwls^kp 3fpltgrktc,jo 7qogvuiq[D 4hkmP[.ljmt;u[vnjoMF mt;u[vkg,iydk,urNomjupk;1Pf]q’8k, glAoc;’ c]t d;,gvqks^kpglAo0t|kooa[c8jg0f0Q;3]dg|nv9qog4y’g0f 0Q;3]d.8hD @D lqomtokgxao76j { 76.shoadIPolqomtokgxao76jda[grnvj ooa’j 0hk’D { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfko.shoadIPoD 7e4k,G .shoadIPola’];,0=h,6odjP;da[r6,lao4ko0v’vkg,iydkg|nv c]t vkg,iydk ]k8yoD { 76.sh8k’|hk76joadIPo0Bo]kp’koD { 76lts^5[ c]t la’];,7no7e8v[0v’oadIPo.sh4nd8hv’D -q;j 3,’mu @ #D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 76.shoadIPovvd,k-Umuj8A’0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk16jgmy’czomujD { 76vtmy[kp7no 3fpoe.-hczomuj.sh4nd8hv’D $D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j pvj pD { 761kp7e4k,.shoadIPo s^n 0Po.ljdtfkoD 7e4k,G d5j,mu !G ]adltotr6,lao4ko0v’vkg,iydkg|nv c]t vkg,iydk]k8yo7ndao c]t c8d8jk’doa co;.fL X9qj’pdq .sgh soa lkpr86 oQ 8=.omt;u[oU? 50

d5j,mu @G phvolkgsf.fr6,vkdkf0v’vkg,iydkg|nv9jb’,adgduf,udkoxjPocx’ 1kj ’IhkpcI’L d5j,mu #G 9q’j vtmy[kp]adltot0v’r6,vkdkf0v’vkg,iydk]k8yoD d5j,mu $G 9qj’[vd-ncj ,oj E c]t |v’mujle7ao1j6mt;u[vkg,iydkD d5,j mu &G -a[rtpkdvo.8hfyo1j6mt;u[vkg,iydk,uspa’cfLj { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPo0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { oadIPo.oshv’xtdv[7egsao c]t -ad4k,8k,7;k,lqo.9c8j]t7qoD { 76la’];,7nodPj ;da[goNv.o[qf]kp’ko0v’c8]j td5j, c]t goAo|ad[aoskmjule 7aogrnvj .shoadIPode[qfIPowfh c]t g0Qk.9gxaogvdtrk[daoD &D ;Pd[hko { 7.6 soh da IPoc8,h 8k8t]k’c];h 8nj,goNv.o.l.j o8k8t]k’grvjn lq,mP[ c]t vtmy [kp7n]5,j oUG ]}f -ncj ,oj E 7;k,pk;0v’c,joE ws^zkj oxtgmf.fcfjສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ! @ # $ VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k, { dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokD { dko8A’7e4k, c]t 7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo[k’7qoD { zqoleg]af0v’dkogIaf;Pd[hkog-aoj G [qf0PoF dkogIaf;Pd[hkoD 51

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfmu !* xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydk g;]k ! -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { vtmy[kpxts;af7;k,gxao,k0v’xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydkD { vtmy[kpltrk[dkoc9d1kp c]t dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvoD { ;yg7kt37’lhk’0v’xt-kdvoD IID goNv.o !D dkoc9d1kp0v’xt-kdvo.omt;u[vkg,iydkD @D dkogruj,0Bo0v’xt-kdvoD #D 37’xtdv[lhk’fhkog-Nv-kf c]t rklkD IIID lndj koIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,7j6,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomuj3]d s^n czomjuxt-kdvoltgrkt0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { czomujdkoxqd7v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { |;j p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8jk’M mjudPj ;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo !D d;f;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPoxt,ko #{$ 7qo]kp’ko;Pd[hkomujoadIPodP,,kD { 76lts^5[7no c]t phv’p=-q,g-upoadIPoz6hmugj IafwfhfuD @D 7Qo7;hkd5,j { 76.shoadIPovkj ogonNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPoF 9kdooA .soh da IPol’a ];,goNv.osp=.h o c8j]t0=h8k,7e4k,mu7j 6dP,.shD 7e4k,G !? la’];,djP;da[9eo;orqo c]t ltrk[dkoc9d1kpxt-kdvoD 52

@? la’];,dPj ;da[ltrk[dkogru,j 0Bo0v’xt-kdvoD #? la’];,37’lhk’fhkog-Nv-kf c]t rklkD #D ;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPog/ydxt8y[afdkoc8h,czomujxt-kdvomt;u[vkg,iydk8k,xB,c[[ IPovkfgIafgxao3xltg8uczjo.spgj rnjvoe.-hg0Qk.odkolvo0v’76D VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k, { dko,ul;j oI;j ,.odkolqomtokD { d;fdkzqoleg]fa 0v’dkogIfa ;Pd[kh og-aoj G dkoc8,h czomujF dko0Po[fq ]kp ’kogxao8QoD [qfmu !( ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6mt;u[vkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g;]k @ -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { ;yg7ktltrk[dko0tspkpglf4tdyf16jmt;u[vkg,iydkD { vtmy[kp[aofk0tc|’glf4tdyf1j6vkg,iydkg|nvD { vtmy[kp[aofk0tc|’glf4tdyf16jvkg,iydk]k8yoD IID goNv.o !D ltrk[glf4tdyf1j6vkg,iydkg|nv { dkov5flkstde { dkodtlyde @D ltrk[glf4tdyf16jvkg,iydk]k8yo 53

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ dkodtlyde { dkov5flkstde IIID lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomuj3]d { czomjuglf4tdyf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { |j;p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8jk’M mujdjP;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -q;j 3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmjuIPozjko,k !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 76.soh da IPovvd,k-U[vdmu8j ’A c]t 0v[g0f0v’mt;[u vkg,iydk3fpoe.-hczo mumj t;u[vkg,iydkD @D lqomtokd5j, { 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j pjvp { 761kp7e4k,.shoadIPo s^n 0Po.ldj tfko.shoadIPo 7e4k,G !? gxaospa’v5flkstde16jvkg,iydkg|nv9bj’0tspkp8q;w; c]t ,uxtlyfmyrk[ l6’L @? ltrk[dko0tspkpglf4tdyf16jvkg,iydkg|nv c8]j t0tc|’gxaoco;.fL { 76cotoe;ymudko[aombd.shoadIPowfh[aombd7;k,7yfgsao8jk’M .od5j,grnjv ]kp’koD { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8]j td5j,0Bo]kp’koD { oadIPod5j,vnjoM-j;pxtdv[7;k,gsaogruj,g8u,D { 76la’];, c]t lts^5[7no.sh4nd8hv’D 54

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D ;Pd[hko { 7.6 soh da IPo0Po]kp’kodjP;d[a dko0tspkp8;q mk’fkh ovf5 lkstde16j.omhv’ 4yoj c]t c0;’muoj adIPovkwl16Dj -qj;3,’mu @ $D d;f;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPo]kp’ko;Pd[hkomuoj adIPodP,,kD { le]a[oadIPoz6hmuj[+wfh]kp’ko.sh76gda[gvqk[qf0Po0v’oadIPoc]h;d;f.sh7t cooD &D lqomtokgxao76j { 76.shoadIPolqomtokgxao76jda[grnjvooa’j 0hk’D { 76vjko7e4k,.shoadIPo s^n 0Po.ldj tfkoD 9q’j lq,mP[dko0tspkpglf4tdyf16jmt;u[gvuiq[da[mt;u[vkg,iydk,u7;k, c8d8jk’daoco;.fL { 76.sh8k’|hk76oj adIPo0Bo]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD { le]a[oadIPoz6hvnjoM.shxtdv[7;k,7yfgsaogruj,g8u,D { 76la’];,7nodPj ;da[goNv.o[qf]kp’ko0v’c8]j t76joadIPo c]t goAo|ad[aosk mujle7ao grnvj .shoadIPode[qfIPowfh c]t g0Qk.9gxaogvdtrk[daoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,D { dko,ulj;oI;j ,.odkolqomtokD { dko8A’7e4k,g9kt9U, c]t dko,u7;k,gsao0v’oadIPo[k’7qoD { zqoleg]af0v’dkogIaf;Pd[hkoD 55

[qfmu !) 8q;g,nv’16jmt;u[vkg,iydk g;]k ! -q;j 3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { xP[mP[]tf[a dko0tspkp8;q g,nv’1v6j kg,iydkg|nv c]t vkg,iydk]k8yoD { vtmy[kp8q;g,nv’mujle7aoD { ;yg7kt[qf[kf0v’8q;g,nv’.omt;u[vkg,iydkD IID goNv.o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’.omt;u[vkg,iydk { dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’16jvkg,iydkg|nvD { dkodkpgxao8q;g,nv’16jvkg,iydk]k8yoD @D 8q;g,nv’mjule7ao #D [qf[kf0v’8q;g,nv’ III. lndj koIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomugj lf4tdyf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { I6[rk[dPj ;da[dkorafmtokglf4tdyf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo mq[m;o[qfmujIPozkj o,k !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 768A’7e4k,G 8q;g,nv’ c]t -qoot[qfc8d8jk’daoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPovklklt,ad8v[xt,ko ({) 7qoD { 7l6 ts[5^ 7on .s4h dn 8vh ’ sn^ ,Iu [6 rk[mugj xoa 8q;g,nv’ c]t -qoot[fq .soh da IPog[y’j D 56

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D vkj ogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPo { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o16.j oxB,c[[IPoc]h;xP[mP[dPj ;da[dko0tspkp8q; g,nv’16jvkg,iydkg|nv c]t vkg,iydk]k8yogxao7nco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoc8]j t7qovjkofh;p8qogv’ c]t la’];,gxao[qf]kp’kosp=h grnvj oe ltg|u.oshv’IPoD { 76vkf.shoadIPovklklt\\ad8v[fh;p8qogv’3fp[+,udko[qj’8q;D { 76lts^5[ c]t 1A’1no7no7e8v[0v’oadIPo.sh4nd8hv’D #D lqomtokgxao76j { 76.shoadIPolqomtokgxao76jda[grnvj ooaj’0hk’D { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfko.shoadIPo7Qo7;hkD 7e4k,G .shoadIPola’];,dPj ;da[8q;g,nv’mjule7ao0v’vkg,iydkg|nvD { 9q’j ;yg7kt[qf[kf0v’8q;g,nv’16jmt;u[vkg,iydkD $D ;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPola’gdfI6[c[[0v’8q;g,nv’ c]t -qoot[qf16.j o[hko c]t c0;’muj oadIPovkwl16,j u7;k,c8d8jk’daoco;.fL { 76.shoadIPoc8j]t7qo0Pogxao[qf]kp’koD &D d;f;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPo0Bo]kp’ko;Pd[hkomuoj adIPodP,,kD { le]a[oadIPoz6hmuj[+wfh0Bo]kp’ko.sh76gda[gvqk[qf0Po0v’g0qkg9Qkc]h;d;f.sh 7tcooD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,D { dko,ul;j oIj;,.odkolqomtokD { dko8A’7e4k,g9kt9U, c]t 7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPoD { zqodkogIaf;Pd[hko X[qf0Po0v’oadIPo?D 57

[qfmu !_ ltst]afvkg,iydk g;]k @ -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { -U[vdmju8A’r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkD { vtmy[kpdjP;da[r6,lao4koF r6,vkdkf0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkD { ;yg7ktltrk[xt-kdvo0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkD { ;yg7ktglf4tdyf0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkD IID goNv.o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D r6,lkfme,t-kf { fhkomuj8A’ { 0v[g0f { goNvmuj { r6,lao4ko { r6,vkdkf { c,joE]eg- { -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf @D r6,lkfla’7q, #D r6,lkfglf4tdyf { dkov5flkstde { dkodtlyde { dko7hk c]t dko[=]ydko IIID lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t 76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomju3]d s^n czomujr6,lkfglf4tdyfltgrkt0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { czomjuglf4tdyf0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkD 58

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ |j;p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8kj ’M mjudjP;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -q;j 3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmjuIPozjko,k !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 76.shoadIPovvd,k-U[vdmj8u A’ 0v[g0f c]t -kpcfo0v’ltst]afvkg,iydk 3fpdkooe.-hczomu3j ]dD @D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j grnjv7Qo7;hkD { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfko.shoadIPoD d5,j mu !G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[r6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk d5j,mu @G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[r6,vkdkf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk d5,j mu #G vtmy[kpdjP;da[c,oj E]eg-0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk d5j,mu $G vtmy[kpdjP;da[-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk { 76.sh8k’|hkd5,j oadIPo0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { oadIPoz6hvnoj M xtdv[7;k,gsaogruj,g8u,D { 76lts^5[ c]t la’];,c8]j t0=h c]t goAo|ad95fle7ao.shoadIPoD -q;j 3,’mu @ #D lqomtok4k, { 8v[ { 76.shoadIPovjkogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPoD { 768A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[xt,ko ({) 7qoD ltrk[dko0tspkp8q;0v’xt-kdvo.oltst]afvkg,iydkgxao7nco;.fL { 76la’];,7no7e8v[.sh4nd8hv’ c]t goAo|ad[k’95fmulj e7aoD $D lqomtokgxao76j { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfko.shoadIPoD 7e4k,G 59

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!? ltst]afvkg,iydkdkpgxaoxtgmf,tskveokffhkoglf4tdyf3]dwfhco; .fL @? g0f.f0v’ltst]fa vkg,iydkmujlk,kfzt]yfdtlydewffh ud;kj \\6jL pvh ospa’L #? zt]yf8traofhkov5flkstde0v’ltst]afvkg,iydk,uspa’cfjL $? 9qj’pqd.shgsaoltrk[dko7hk c]t dko[=]ydko0v’ltst]afvkg,iydkgxao co;.fL &D ;Pd[hko { 7.6 soh da IPol’a ];,dPj ;d[a muj8’A F 0v[g0f c]t -kpcfo.omhv’4yjo s^n c0;’muj oadIPovkwl16gj xao7nco;.fL VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,D { dko,ul;j oI;j ,.odkolqomtokD { dko8A’7e4k,g9kt9U, c]t 7;k,lqo.90v’oadIPo.oshv’D { zqoleg]af0v’dkogIaf;Pd[hkoD 60

[qfmu @W xtgmfg[i-yo g;]k @ -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { -U[vdmju8A’r6,lkfme,t-kf0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD { vtmy[kpdPj ;da[r6,lao4koF r6,vkdkf0v’g[i-yoD { ;yg7ktltrk[xt-kdvo0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD { ;yg7ktglf4tdyf0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD II. goNv.o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D r6,lkfme,t-kf { fhkomuj8A’ { 0v[g0f { goNvmuj { r6,lao4ko { r6,vkdkf { c,oj E]eg- { -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf @D r6,lkfla’7q, #D r6,lkfglf4tdyf { dkodtlyde { dkov5flkstde { dko7hk c]t dko[=]ydko IIID lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomuj3]d s^n czomjur6,lkfglf4tdyfltgrkt0v’mt;u[vkg,iydkD { czomujglf4tdyf0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD 61

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ |;j p3]d9e]v’D { I6[rk[8kj ’M mujdPj ;0hv’da[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD { [af7e4k, IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -qj;3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmjuIPozjko,k !D la’gdfczomuj { 76.shoadIPovvd,kvtmy[kp16gj my’czomudj Pj ;da[mu8j A’ 0v[g0f c]t -kpcfo 0v’xtgmfg[i-yoD { 76 c]t oadIPoz6hvnoj M la’gdf c]t 8yf8k,dkovtmy[kp16gj my’czomuj { 761A’1no7no.sh4nd8hv’ 3fpdkooe.-hczomuj3]dD @D 7Qo7;hkd5,j { 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5,j rhv,da[c8’j 8A’sq;|hkd5j,.shg\\ktlq, grnjvlqomtok c]t 7Qo7;hkI;j ,daoD { 76cotoe;ymudko[aomdb .soh da IPowfh[aomdb 7;k,7yfgsao8jk’M .od,5j grnvj ]kp ’koD { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfko.shoadIPoD d5j,mu !G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[r6,lao4ko0v’xtgmfg[i-yo d5,j mu @G vtmy[kpdjP;da[r6,vkdkf0v’xtgmfg[i-yo d5,j mu #G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[c,oj E]eg-0v’xtgmfg[i-yo d5j,mu $G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf0v’xtgmfg[i-yo { 76.sh8k’|hkd5j,oadIPo0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { oadIPoz6hvnoj M xtdv[7;k,gsaogruj,g8u,D { 76lts^5[ c]t la’];,c8j]t0=h c]t goAo|ad95fle7ao.shoadIPoD -q;j 3,’mu @ #D lqomtok4k, { 8v[ { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPoD 62

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ 76.shoadIPola’];,sp=hgoNv.odPj ;da[ltrk[dko0tspkp8q;0v’xt-kdvo 0v’g[i-yoD { 76.shoadIPovklklt,ad8v[D { 76la’];,7no.sh4nd8hv’8k,goNv.o0v’xB,c[[IPoD $D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[’j oadIPovvdgxaod5,j pjvpD { 761kp7e4k,.shoadIPoc8]j td5j, s^n 0Po.ljdtfkoD 7e4k,G !? gxaospa’16gj 0f]hv’c,oj Evk,k3-o 9bj’,uxt-kdvovkwl1j6|hvpL @? ltrk[dkorafmtokglf4tdyf0v’g[i-yogxaoco;.fL ,uvao.fcfmj jugfajo d;kj \\6jL { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8j]td5j,0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { le]a[oadIPod5j,vnoj M -j;pxtdv[7;k,gsaogru,j g8u,D { 76la’];,7nodPj ;da[goNv.o[qf]kp’ko0v’c8j]td5j, c]t goAo|ad[aoskmjule 7oa D grjvn .soh da IPode[fq IPowfh c]t .soh da IPog0kQ .9gxoa gvdtrk[doa D &D ;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPo-vdI6[rk[8jk’M mujdPj ;raoda[xtgmfg[i-yog-aoj G dkodtlydeF vf5 lkstdeF I[6 rk[me,t-kfDDDgrjvn l’a ];,gxoa 0=,h o6 0kj ;lko0v’svh ’IPoD VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,F dkooeltg|uD { dko,ul;j oIj;,.odkolqomtokD { dko8A’7e4k,g9kt9U, c]t dkoxtdv[7;k,7yfgsao0v’oadIPo.oshv’D { zqoleg]af0v’dkogIaf;Pd[hkoD 63

rkd V mt;u[3vg-vkou g;]k # -qj;3,’ [qfmu @! mt;u[3vg-vkou ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ID 95fxtlq’ grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG { vtmy[kpr6,lao4ko0v’mt;u[3vg-vkouD { -U[vdg0fr6,vkdkf0v’mt;u[3vg-vkouD { vtmy[kp-a[rtpkdvo.8hfyoD { vtmy[kpdjP;da[xt-kdvo16mj t;u[3vg-vkouD { vtmy[kpglf4tdyf16jmt;u[3vg-vkouD II. goNv.o !D r6,lkfme,t-kf { muj8A’F 0v[g0fF -kpcfo { r6,lao4ko { -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf @D r6,lkfla’7q, #D r6,lkfglf4tdyf IIID lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,76j,n76;y-kr6,lkf ,D@ { czomujmt;u[3vg-vkou s^n czomu3j ]dD { I6[rk[mudj jP;raoda[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -qj;3,’mu ! 64

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດmq[m;o[qfmujIPozjko,k !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 76.shoadIPovvd,k-U[vdmu8j A’F 0v[g0f -kpcfo0v’mt;u[3vg-vkouD { 76lts^5[ c]t 1A’1no7no7e8v[.sh4nd8hv’D @D vkj ogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPo { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPo8k,sq;0=hfa’j oUG r6,lao4koF r6,vkdkfF -a[rtpkdvo0v’mt;u[3vg-vkouD { 76.shoadIPola’];,goNv.o0v’c8]j t0=hgrnjvdP,]kp’koD { 76.shoadIPo0Bo]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD { 76lts^5[ c]t 1A’1no7no7e8v[.sh4nd8hv’D -q;j 3,’mu @ #D g/ydxt8y[af { 7.6 soh da IPoc8,h I[6 czomjmu t;u[3vg-vkou3fp\\kp-jxn tgmf c]t \\6jgdkt8jk’M .lj.sh4nd8hv’D { 76cotoe c]t vtmy[kplyj’mujoadIPo[+g0Qk.9D -qj;3,’mu # $D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 768A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[xt,ko &{* 7qoD xaf95[aoxt-kdvo3vg-vkou,uxt,kogmqjk.fL { 76la’];,7noxt-kdvo3vg-vkou,uxt,ko * ]hko7qoD &D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5j,pjvpD { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ljdtfkoD d5j,mu !G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[xt-kdvo16jmt;u[3vg-vkougxao7nco;.fL d5,j mu @G vtmy[kpdjP;da[glf4tdyf16mj t;u[3vg-vkouD { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8]j td5,j 0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { 76lts^5[ c]t la’];,7nom5d7e8v[0v’oadIPo.sh4nd8hv’D *D d;f;Pd[hko { 76.shoadIPooeltg|uczomuj mujoadIPowfhc8h,.o-qj;3,’djvoc]h;d;f.sh7tcooD 65

VD dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,0v’oadIPoD { dkoxtdv[lj;o.odkogIafdyf9tde8kj ’MD { dkoc8h,czomuj0v’oadIPoD czomuj xk-u2yd 66

[qfmu @@ xtgmfvqflt8ik]u g;]k # -qj;3,’ ID 95fxtlq’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ grnvj .shoadIPolk,kfG { -U[vdmuj8A’0v[g0f-kpcfoF goNvmuj0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD { vtmy[kpdjP;da[r6,lao4ko c]t r6,vkdkf0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD { ;yg7ktxt-kdvo.oxtgmfvqflt8ik]uD { ;yg7ktglf4tdyf0v’vqflt8ik]u.oc8j]t0tc|’dkoD II. goNv.o !D r6,lkfme,t-kf { mu8j A’ -kpcfo goNvmuj { r6,lao4koF r6,vkdkf { -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf @D r6,lkfla’7q, #D r6,lkfglf4tdyf { 0tc|’dtlyde c]t v5flkstde IIID lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo { xB,c[[IPo c]t xB,76,j n76;y-kr6,lkf-Ao ,D@ { czomumj t;u[3vg-vkou s^n czomuxj tgmfvqflt8ik]uD { I6[rk[mudj jP;raoda[goNv.o0v’[qfIPoD IVD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo -q;j 3,’mu ! mq[m;o[qfmujIPozkj o,k !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ 67

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ 76.shoadIPovvd,k-U[vdmuj8A’F 0v[g0f -kpcfo0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD { 76lts^5[ c]t 1A’1no7no7e8v[.sh4nd8hv’D @D lbdlkgoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPo { 76.shoadIPovkj ogoNv.o9kdxB,c[[IPo8k,sq;0=hfa’j oUG r6,lao4koF r6,vkdkfF -a[rtpkdvo0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uD { 76.shoadIPola’];,goNv.o0v’c8j]t0=hgrnvj dP,]kp’koD { 76gvUooadIPo0Bo]kp’ko8+|hkshv’IPoD { 76lts^5[ c]t 1A’1no7no7e8v[.sh4nd8hv’D -qj;3,’mu @{# !D ]tfq,lt\\v’ { 768A’7e4k,.shoadIPo8v[xt,ko &{* 7qoD xtgmfvqflt8ik]u8A’16mj t;u[.fL { 76.shoadIPo8v[xt,ko @{# 7qoD @D 7Qo7;hkd5j, { 76c[’j oadIPovvdgxaod5j,pjvpD { 761kp7e4k, s^n 0Po.ldj tfkoD d5j,mu !G vtmy[kpdPj ;da[xt-kdvo16xj tgmfvqflt8ik]ugxao7nco;.fL d5,j mu @G vtmy[kpdjP;da[glf4tdyf0v’xtgmfvqflt8ik]uc8]j t0tc|’gxao7n co;.fL { 76.sh8k’|hkoadIPoc8j]td5,j 0Bo]kp’kozqodko7Qo7;hkD { 76lts^5[ c]t la’];,7nom5d7e8v[0v’oadIPo.sh4nd8hv’D #D g/ydxt8y[af { 76.shoadIPoc8h,I6[czomujxtgmfvqflt8ik]u 3fp\\kp-njxtgmf c]t 0v[g0f -kpcfo.lj.sh4nd8hv’D { 76cotoe c]t vtmy[kplyj’mujoadIPo[+g0Qk.9D VD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqo la’gdfoadIPo9kdG { dko8v[7e4k,0v’oadIPoD 68

{ dkoxtdv[l;j o.odkogIafdyf9tde8kj ’MD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { d;fzqoleg]af.odkogIaf[qfg/ydsafD goNv.ogru,j g8u, czomjumt;u[vk2iydk XAfrica? 69

-njxtgmf c]t g,nv’le7ao.omt;u[vk2iydk X Africa ? -njxtgmf -njg,nv’s^;’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3d3,3il (Comoros) 3,3iou XMoroni? dq’3d XCongo? [ik-k;yo XBrazzaville? dk[q’ XGabon? ]ug[iy;yo XLibreville? de[u XGambia? [a’95o XBanjul? dkok XGhana? vaddik XAccra? dygo XGuinea? 3dokdiu XConakry? dqffu;q; XCote d’ivoire? 1k,5f-63di XYamoussoukro? gdo1k XKenya? wo3I[u XNairobi? dygo[yf3- XGuinea bissau? [yf3-XBissau? dkg,ui5o XCameroon? 1kv5ogf XYaounde? g7[g;d XCap vert? wxivk XPraia? 9u[68u XDjibouti? 9u[68uXDjibouti? -kf XChad? gvo9kg,aook XN’djamena? g-c-o XSeychelles? ;yd8=iyvk XVictoria? -6fa’ XSudan? dkd85, XKhartoum? 3-,k]u XSomalia? 3,dkfu-6 XMogadishu? g-pikg]3vo XSierraleone? 2iymk; XFreetown? -;k-u]a’ XSwaziland? gv,[k[ko XMbabane? -y,[kg; XZimbabwe? Ik]kgi XHarare? -eg[p XZambia? ]6-kdk XLuzaka? -kgvp XZaire? dyo-k-k XKinshasa? g-godko XSenegale? fkdk XDakar? -k;38c, XSaotome? -k;38g, XSaotome? 8a’-kou XTanzania? fkgvllk]kcv, XDares Salaem? 70

383d XTogo? 3]g, XLome? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 85poy-u XTunisia? 86oyl XTunis? oyg- XNiger? oyvkg, XNiamey? oyg-iu XNigeria? ]k3dl XLagos? oe,u[u XNamibia? ;yoI5d XWindhoek? [5ddyook XBurkina? vq;dkf6d6 XOuagadougou? 3[l;kok XBotssawana? dk[k3io XGabarone? g[goa’ XBenin? xvd383o3; XPorto-Novo? ,k]u XMalie? [k,k3d XBamako? 3,iu8kou XMauritania? o;ddvfXNouakchott? 3,iqd3d XMorcco? ik[kf XRabat? 3,-e[yd XMozambique? ,k[638 XMaputo? ,=iugml XMauritius? xvd]5pl XPortlouis? ,k]k;u XMalawi? ]u]q’g;XLilongwe? ,kfkdkldk XMadagascar? va’8kokiu3;XAntanarivo? ]u[u XLibya? 8iu3x]u XTripoli? ]ug[iuvk XLiberia? ,qo3i;u XMonrovia? g]3-3m XLesotho? ,kg-i6 XMaseru? it;aofk XRwanda? dudk]u XKigali? vk2iydkdk’ XCentrafrique? [a’du XBanngui? ]6vaofk XLuanda? va’3d]k XAngola? w73i XCairo? gv1y[ XEgypt? vkog- XAlger? vkog-iu XAlgeria? vkfylvk[k[k XAddis Ababa? gvmy3vxu XEthiopia? ,k]k3[ XMalabo? gvd;k8=iyvkodygo XEquatorial Guinea? dexk]k XKampala? v6daofk XUganda? xiy38iu XPretoria? vk2iydk.8h XSouth Affrica? 71

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດxts;af0v’mt;u[vkg,iydk mt;u[vkg,iydkg|nv4nd7Qorq[3fp mkj o 7ify lt38g2u 3d],q XChristophe Colomb? -k; vu8k]u wfhgfuomk’,krq[ g,njv 7Dl !$_@ c8jg0Qk.9;kj fyocfomujrq[gxaolj;o|bj’0v’ mt;u[vk-u 8+,k.o 7Dl !$__ vkg,iy3d g;fx5f-u -k;vu8k]u wfhgfuomk’les^;ffyocfo muj 3d]q,g7uples^;f,kc]h; 9b’j I6h;kj fyocfooUgxaomt;u[.\\j[+c,jol;j o|b’j 0v’vk-u8k,muj 3d],q g0kQ .99bj’,udko8’A -ngj rnvj gxoa dPfcdvj kg,iy3d g;fx5f-u .shmt;u[.\\oj U;kj <vkg,iydk< fyocfo c]t r6,urkd czjofyozno.spj0v’mt;u[xtdv[f;h p # xtgmf.spj7nG dkokfkF ltst]fa vkg,iydk c]t g,ad-u3dD rNomujmk’.8h0v’mt;u[g-yj’,urNomujohvpd;jk g-yj’gvUo gxaor6,urkd;jk vkg,iydkdk’F .or6,urkdvkg,iydkdk’oUxtdv[fh;pxtgmfg[]yfF 7vflt8k]ydkF gv] -ko;kf=F dq;g8,k]kF Ivof6iafF oudk]kdq; c]t xkok,kD ovd9kdrNomujgmy’ mt;u[c]h; pa’,u\\6gj dkt9eo;os^kpg-yj’16.j dhda[czjofyo.spj0v’mt;u[F fyocfo \\6jgdktmuj 16mj k’8kg;aovvdlP’.8h0v’czjofyo.spj,ad4ndgvUo];,dao;jkG dk]y[xPog-y’j xtdv[wfh fh;pxtgmfgvdt]kfG cvo8ydk c]t [k[6fkF [kvk,klF [kg[3flF d5p[kF 3f,uoudkF lkmk]tot]af 3f,uoucdoF cdiookfkF gI8yF 9kw,dkF c-o7yf c]t go;yfF c-o]5pg-pF c-o;yoc-o c]t cdiookfyoF 8iuoycff c]t 38c[d3d c]t fyocforkp.8hdko75h, 7v’g-aoj G cv’dt;yo]k Xfyocfo0v’va’dyf?F vkI6ok Xfyocfo 0v’gogmuc]o?F \\6jgdkt g7pc,o Xfyocfo0v’va’dyf?F d;kgfy]6[ Xfyocfo0v’/iaj’?F ,k8yoyd Xfyocfo0v’ /ia’j ?F ,vog-Ifa Xfyocfo0v’v’a dyf?F gdktok;k-k Xfyocfo0v’ltst]fa vkg,iydk?F gogmuc]ocvomyo]y[ Xfyocfo0v’gogmuc]o?F gxu38iu3d Xfyocfo0v’ltst]fa vkg,iydk?D \\6jgdktg8yd c]t \\6gj dktg77vf Xfyocfo0v’va’dyf?F \\6jgdkt[iy8yfg;y9uo Xfyocfo0v’ va’dyf?F \\6jgdktg;y9uo Xfyocfo0v’ltst]afvkg,iydk?D \\6jgdktg-yj’16.j o,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydd=4ngxaolj;o|bj’.omt;u[vkg,iydkg|nvg-aoj G g[u,q;fk Xfyocfo0v’va’dyf?F diyoc]o Xfyocfo0v’gfao,kd?F c-’xucp c]t ,ugdu]q’ Xfyocfo0v’/iaj’?D 72

czomju vkg,iydkg|nv ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 73

czomju xtgmfltst]afvkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 74

czomju vkg,iydk.8h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 75

czomuj vkg,iydkdk’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 76

czomju dkokfk 77 ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

czomuj xtgmfg[i-yo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 78

-njxtgmf c]t g,nv’le7ao.omt;u[vkg,iydk X America ? -njxtgmf -njg,nv’s^;’ dkokfk XCanada? vqf8k;k XOttawa? d6[k XCuba? Ik;kok XHavana? gdiaookfk XGrenada? c-a’9vdg-u Xsaint George’s? d5p1kok XGuyana? 1vdmk; X Georgetown ? dq;g8,k]k XGuatemala? dq;g8,k]k-u8u XGuatemala city? dqflt8kiydk XCostarica? -a’39g- XSanjose? 3d]q,[u XColombia? 3[3d8k XBocota? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9kw,dk XJamaica? 7y’l8vo XKingston? ltst]afvkg,iydk XUnitet States? ;=-u’8ao XWashington D.C? -6]uok, XSuriname? xkik,kiu3[ X Paramaribo? -u]u XChilie? -a’8uvk3d Xsantiago? 3f,uoydk XDominica? 3i3- XRoseau? 8iuoycff cvo38[k3d XTrinidad and xvdvv2ltgxo XPort of Spain? Tobago? oydkikdq; XNicaragua? ,kokdq; XManagua? g[i-yo XBrazil? [ik-yog]p XBrazilia? 3[3];u XBolivia? -6]kxkl XSucre la paz? g[]ul XBelize? c[o3,xa’ X Belmopan? [kd[k3fl XBarbados? [iyfmk; XBridgetown? [kIk,k Xbahamas? oaf3- XNassau? gxi6 XPeru? ]u,k X Lima ? xk]kd;kp XParaguay? vk-a’-uvq’ XAsuncion? 79

xkok,k XPanama? xkok,k-u8u XPanama city? g;go-6gv]k XVenezuela? dk]kdkl XCaracas? v6i6d;kp XUrugua? ,q’g8;ugf3v XMontevideo? g,ad-yd3d XMexico? g,ad-yd3d-u8u XMexico city? gvo-ao;kf= XEl Salvador? -a’-ko;kf= XSan Salvador? gvdkf= XEcuador? dy38 X Quito ? [5p3olcvgil XBuenos Aires? vkd-a’8yo XArgentina? Iq’f6iaf XHonduras? g8d6-udkoxk XTegucigalpa? wI8y X Haiti ? xvd3vcxi’g-u XPort au Prince? -nxj tgmf c]t g,nv’le7ao.omt;u[gvuiq[ ( EUROPE ) -njxtgmf -njg,nv’s^;’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gdiad XGrecce? vkc8o XAthens? lt;ugfao XSweden? lt8vd37, XStockholm? lt;yfg-uc]o XSwitzerland? g[uo XBern? -a’,kiy3o XSanmaino? -a’,kiy3o XSanMarino ? g-ad3dlt3];kdu XCzechoslovakia? xiad XPrague? 163dlt]k;u XYucoslavia? g[odikf XBelgrade? gfao,kd XDenmark? 37gxaoIkd XCoenhagen? ovdc; XNorway? 3vlt3] XOslo? gogmuc]o XNetherlands? veltc8dfe XAmsterdam? c[o-yd XBelgium? [i5fc-o XBrussels? 80

[5odkiu XBulgaria? 3-g2p XSofia? xvd85pdko XPortugal? ]ul[vo XLisbon? 3x3]p XPolande? ;kd3-;u XWarsaw? /ia’j X France ? xkiu XParis? c2a’]a’ XFinland? cIo-y’du XHelsinki? 3,ok3d XMonaco? 3,ok3d;yo XMonaco-Ville? ,ko8k XMalta? ;kog]f8k XValletta? g1p]t,ao8kg;ao8qd XGermany West? [vo X Bonn? g1p]t,ao8kg;aovvd XGermany East? c[dc]a’ XBerlin? ]y[8a’ltc8a’ XLiechtenstein? ;kf5l XVaduz? ]5d-e[;d XLuxembourg? ]5d-e[;d XLuxembourg? iafg-p XSoviet Union? 3,ld6 XMoscow? i6,kou XRoumania? [67kcil XBucharest? ;k8uda’ XVatican city? ;k8uda’ XVatican? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cvfltxkp XSpain? ,kfiyf XMadrif? vu8k]u XItaly? 3i, XRome? vPd]a’ XIreland? f6[^yo XDubline? wv-c]o XIceland? gidpt;yd XReykjavik? 3v8iyl XAustralia? ;Pook XVieena? va’f=ik XAndorra? va’f=ik]kc;o]k XAndorra Lavella? vko[kou XAlbania? 8u]kok XTirana? va’dyf XUnited Kingdom? ]vofvo XLondon? Iq’dkiu XHungary? [6fkcxl XBudapest? 81

czomju mt;u[gvuiq[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 82

.o]ts;jk’xu !__W wfh,u ## xtgmf.\\mj uwj fhcpd8q;vvdgxaogvdt]kfD dkocpd8q; vvd0v’vtfufltstrk[3-;Pf Xxtgmfiafg-p.og,nvj djvo? c]t xtgmf163dlt]k;.oxu !__W g-yj’gxaolkgsf|bj’mugj Iaf.shdkocpd8q;0v’c8]j t]afdkpgxaoxtgmf.\\jgduf0Bo16j.o 3]dD vtfufltstrk[3-;Pf.og,jvn djvo,u !& ]afwfhcpd8;q vvdgxoa !& xtgmf.oxu !__! ]}f -njxtgmf ot7vos^;’ xt-kdvo @WW) X]hko7qo? ! vkdg,ou Armenia g1ik;ao Yeravan @D_(!D*&W @ vkc-d[kp-ko Azerbaijan [kd6 Baku )D!@WD@$( # g[]ki5f Belarus ,yoltgdy Minsk _D(@$D(@# $ cvflt38ou Estonia 8ko]yo Tallinn !D#!&D_!@ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ & 9=g9p Georgia 8t[u]u-u Tbilisi $D*$*DWW# * dk-adlt4ko Kazakhstan vaflt8kok Astana !&D@)$D_@_ ( dPddyflt4ko Kyrgyzstan [yfltcdad Bishkek &D@)$D!$_ ) ]af;u Latvia iudk Riga @D&&_D)!W _ ]yf8q;ou Lithuania ;yooyv5f Vilnius #D&(&D$#_ !W ,qofk;k Moldova dy-y3o Chisinau $D#@WD$_W !! iafg-p Russia 3,ld6 Moscow !$!D#((D(&# !@ 8kf9udyflt4ko Tajikistan f6-aoc[ Dushanb (DW(*D&_) &DW_(DW@) e !# 8;dg,oult4ko Turkmenistan vk-7k[kf Ashgabat !$ v6cdio Ukraine dycva2 Kiev $*F@__D)*@ !& v6-tg[addyf Uzbekistan 8afltgdo Tashkent @(D()WD!#@ lt4ko 83

czomuj xtgmf iafg-p ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 84

.oxu !__W xtgmf163dlt]k;uwfhcpd8q;vvdgxao & xtgmf7nG ]}f -njxtgmf xt-kdvo ;aoxtdkf ot7vos^;’ @WW) gvdt]kf X]hko7qo? ! [vlgop c]t Bosnia and -kikg93; $D&&@D!_) @_ d5,rk !__@ gIug-3d;yook Herzegovina XSarajevo? @ 3digvgmp Croatia -kcdi[ $D$_#D#!@ @& ,u45ok !__! XZagreb? # g-u[u c]t Serbie and g[odikf !WD!&WD@&& !( g,lk !__@ ,q’g8go3di Montenegro XBelgrade? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $ ,kg-3fou Macedonie ltdv[9u @DW&&D_!& ) daopk !__! XSkopje? & lt3]g;gop Slovenia 9a[9kok @DWW_D@$& @& ,u45ok !__! XLjubljana? 85

czomuj xtgmf vqflt8ik]u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 86

-njxtgmf c]t g,nv’le7ao.omt;u[3vg-vkou X Oceania ? -nxj tgmf -njg,nv’s^;’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyiy[k8u XKiribati? 8kik;k XTarawa? -k,q;8kg;ao8qd XWestern Samoa? vkxuvk XApia? 3-3],vo XSolomon? 3Ioyvkik XHoniara? 86;k]6 XTuvalu? 26ok268u XFunafuti? 8q’dk XTonga? o6d6vk3]2k XNukualofa? oy;-uc]o XNew Zealand? g;o]y’8aoXWelllington? okv6]6 XNauru? 1kgio XYaren? xkxq;oy;dygo XPapua Newguinea? xvd3,gil[u XPortMoresbi? 2u9y XFiji? -6;k Xsuva? ;ko6vk86 Xvanuatu? xvd;yo]k XPort-Vila? vqflt8ik]u XAustralia? c7og[uik XKanberra? 87

-njmtg] ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mtg]dkfltxPo XMer Caspienne? mtg]9uo XMer de Chine? mtg]9uo8kg;aovvd XMer de Chine Orientale? mtg]gs^nv’}39o XMer Jaune? mtg]pujx5oj XMer du Japon? mtg]fe XMer Noire? mtg]cf’ XMer Rouge? mtg][ko8yd XMer Baltique? mtg]g[]y’ XMer Bering? mtg]g,fuc8ikgo XMer Méditeranée? mtg]vkiko XMer Aral? mtg]va’8u XMer Antille? mtg]3v7qf XMer O’khotsk? mtg]g|nv XMer du Nord? 88

-nmj tg]lk[}|v’ -nj xtgmf goNvmuj 7;k, dia’]ugvu XLac de Grand-lieu? /iaj’ d,@ g]yd X,? #&{)W $ 7aodk XKhanka? 9uoF iafg-p $D$W# !W -kf XTchad? vk2iydk !#WDWWW{@*DWWW ) -5[gxiugvu XSuperieur? dkokfkF )@(DWWWສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$W* 8u8udkdk XTiticaca? ltst]afvkg,iydk )D#$W #W& gxi6F 3[3];u 38gio XTorrens? vqflt8ik]u &D((* ! 85ddkok XTurkana? vk2iydk )&DWWW (# 8a’dkoydkXtanganyika? vk2iydk #!_DWWW !D$## oydkikdq; XNicaragua? oydkikdq; )D@*@ (W ouxudq’ XNipigon? dkokfk $D$)W !*& cof8y]y’ XNettilling? dkokfk &D&$# !#@ w[dko XBaikal? iafg-p #!&DWWW !D*@W 89

[kodad XBalkhach? dk-adlt4ko !(#DWWW @* [;dg-af XBourget? /ia’j $& d !$& ,tg;yi5o XMwerul? -kgvpF -eg[p $D#$W !) ,k]k;u XMalawi? vk2iydk #W)DWWW (W( ,kikwd3[ XMaracaibo? g;go-6gv]k !#D@*W #! ,kou383[ XManitobo? dkokfk $D(WW $ ,u-ucdo XMichigan? ltst]afvkg,iydk &)D#WW @)! ,=[68u XMobutu? vk2iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$D&WW $_ ]k3fdk XLadoga? iafg-p !((DWWW @@& g]u,a’ XLemang? lt;yfF /ia’j &)@ #W_F( ciogfp g]adXReindeer Lake? dkokfk *D*&! @!_ w;gouo XVainern? -6cvf &D&)& !WW ;yd8=iyvk XVictoria? vk2iydk *)D!WW )@ ;yoougxad XWinnipeg? dkokfk @$&DWWW !) ;yoougxu3dlyf XWinnipegosis? dkokfk &D$($ !@ 90

vk8k[kf-k XAthabasca? dkokfk (D_#* !@@ vu-ydd5o XIssyk-Koul? dPddyflt4ko *D@#* (W@ cviX Eyre ? vqflt8ik]u !WDWWW $ 3vgodk XOnega? ]afg-p _D_WW !!& 3vHd XL’ours ? dkokfk #!D!WW $!# vkogo-u XAnnecie? /ia’j @( $! Xg]ydl5f )@? cviygv XErie? ltst]afvkg,iydk @&_DWWW *$ vq’8kiy3v XOntario? dkokfk cvld^kg;u XL’esclave? !))DWWW @$$ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ltst]afvkg,iydk dkokfk I6]q’ XHuron? vkg,iydk c]t @)D_#W *!$ dkokfk &_)DWWW @@) 91

|v’mulj e7ao.omt;u[vk2iydk -nj|v’ Chad 7;k,g]yd Xc,af? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ Mai-Ndombe -kf Rudolf 229 ,kp{fv, Nyasa 335 I6fv[ Albert 381 o6vk-k Tanganyika 501 vkoc[d Ngami 618 8a’dkoyddk Mweru 800 ’k,,u Edward 899 ,tg;ui6 Banweulu 914 cvfg;uf Victoria 916 [aog;u]6 Abaya 1.128 ;yd8=gip Kivu 1.134 vk[k1k Tsana 1.280 du;6 Naivasha 1.472 8t-kok 1.734 okp;aflk 1.870 92

-ncj ,oj Emulj e7ao.o3]d -nj xtgmf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7;k,pk; dk,k XKama? @DW#@ d, dk3io XGaronne? iafg-p *&W d, 3d]y,k XKolyma? @D!@_ d, 3d]eg[p XColumbia? /iaj’F cvfltxkp !D_#W d, 3d3]ik3f XColorado? @D@&W d, 7q’7k XGange? iafg-p #DW_W d, 0v’ XMekong? $D@WW d, 9kx6ik XJapura? dkokfkF @D)WW d, ltcodiug;u Xcodiyg;u? ltst]afvkg,iydk !D*WW d, -k]6cvo XSalouen? ltst]afvkg,iydk @D)WW d, -kgvp XZaire? c]t g,ad-yd $D(WW d, -u XSi? vk-u @D*W! d, vk-u vkg,iydk.8h ltst]afvkg,iydk vk-u vk2iydk 9uo 93

-ufkg]p XSyrdarie? vk-u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#DW!_ d, dkokfk !D*WW d, g-y-yo XChurchill? vk2iydk @D@*W d, dkokfk !D_#_ d, -ec[ XZambeze? vk-u !D)!_ d, /iaj’ -afltdafg-u;ao dkokfk c]t ((* d, XSaskatctchewan? ltst]afvkg,iydk !D!$W d, -5odk]u XSoungari? g[i-yo @D*@$ d, vqflt8ik]u @D(WW d, c-o XSeine? gvuiq[ @D)&W d, v6cdioF 3,ofk;u @D@WW d, c-a’3igiao XSaint-laurent? gvuiq[ @D@WW d, iafg-p !D)(W d, -k;/ia’-yflt3d cvfltxkpF xvd85pdko !D!@W d, XSaw Francisco? va’dyf fk]y’ XDarling? ##) d, 94 fko5[ XDanube? gfuoyl XDniestr? gfyoP[ XDniepr? fq’ XDon? 8kg-y XTage? 8k,ug-y XTamise?

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