Maxim Book Four_Sunil_2075_final

Read the sentences. Simple Present 15 Everyday Sahil gets up at 6 o’clock. He is an early riser in his family. He washes his face and brushes his teeth. He then goes for a morning walk. He eats fruit in the morning. The above sentences have The sun rises in the east. the root verbs (v1) or the Cows give us milk. verb -s/es (v5). They show I brush my teeth twice a day. present time. They are in Shanti is a vegetarian. She does not eat meat. the simple present tense. The simple present tense has the structure ‘subject + v1/v5+ object’ V5 V1 A bird flies. Birds fly. He runs fast. They run fast. She cooks food. We cook food. A dog barks. Dogs bark. Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. He runs fast. They run fast. She runs fast. They run fast. A cat mews. Cats mew. A girl wears a skirt. Girls wear skirts. A doctor treats patients. Doctors treat patients. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 101

Grammar Study: Go or goes? A singular subject comes with v5. v1 go, play, sing A plural subject comes with v1. v5 goes, plays, sings He goes to school. She It Riya Rahul A boy I go to school. We You They Riya and Neha Rahul and Atul The boys ABC Grammar Practice: Make sentences from the table. He runs fast. .............................................. She .............................................. It .............................................. Rosa .............................................. Mohan .............................................. A girl .............................................. I run fast. .............................................. We .............................................. You .............................................. They .............................................. Rosa and Nina .............................................. Ali and Mona .............................................. The girls .............................................. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 102

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in the correct forms of verbs. A dog …………... Dogs ……….......…... (bark, barks) An owl …………. Owls ……….......…... (hoot, hoots) A baby …………... Babies ………….….... (cry, cries) He …………......... The kids ………….…….. (sing, sings) She …………....... They ………….……... (dance, dances) Ali ……….....…... Ali and Amit …….….. (play, plays) Spelling Practice: Add –s , –es or –ies to form singular verbs. go ________ push ________ make ________ say ________ wash ________ brush ________ pass ________ call ________ take ________ try ________ cry ________ study ________ play ________ sing ________ catch ________ punch ________ speak ________ do ________ Grammar Study: Use of the simple present tense The simple present tense is used: to say what we do regularly. Forms sub + v1/v5 + obj I eat an apple everyday. sub + do not / does not + v1 + obj She goes to the park every Saturday. do/does + sub + v1 + obj + ? They play football daily. to express truths. He plays well. He does not play well. The sun rises in the east. Does he play well? A cow gives milk. They play well. Apples grow on trees. They do not play well. Do they play well? to express habits. Susan drinks a lot of water. Rahul gets up early in the morning. They take rest in the afternoon. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 103

Writing Practice: Read and write. Every Monday Hari wakes up at 6.00 am. He then goes to the bathroom. He usually has a shower. Then he brushes his teeth. He eats breakfast at about 7.00 am. After breakfast he does his homework. At 9.30 am he goes to school. Now write what you do in the morning. a. What time do you get up in the morning? ........................................................................................................... b. What time do you go to school? ........................................................................................................... c. What do you often eat for breakfast? ........................................................................................................... d. What do you often eat for lunch? ........................................................................................................... e. What time does your school start and end? ........................................................................................................... Now write the sentences in a paragraph. My Daily Routine ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 104

Vocabulary Practice: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box. a. My sister cleans the house. b. I .......................................... a shower. c. My grandmother .......................................... TV. d. I .......................................... the dishes. e. I .......................................... my teeth. f. My mother .......................................... dinner. g. My brother .......................................... the guitar. h. I .......................................... dressed. i. My father .......................................... to news. j. I .......................................... my hair. k. My aunty .......................................... a newspaper. l. My grandfather .......................................... every day. cleaenxsercgiseetswwalsahistcthecneossmcbroeaodkssplatyaskebrush ABC Grammar Practice: Make simple present sentences. a. Our school .......................................... at 10. (start) b. I .......................................... with my friends. (play) c. Nightingales .......................................... sweetly. (sing) d. Miss Anna .......................................... in Germany. (live) e. I .......................................... football with my friends. (play) f. Birds.......................................... in the sky. (fly) g. The sun .......................................... in the west. (set) h. Miss Rai ..........................................us English. (teach) i. I .......................................... to school everyday. (go) j. The stars .......................................... at night. (twinkle) k. Snow .......................................... on the mountains. (fall) l. An aeroplane .......................................... high in the sky. (fly) m. We .......................................... to our school at 9:30. (go) n. I .......................................... my homework in the evening. (do) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 105

16 Simple Past Read the sentences. Yesterday Anish went to a stationery shop. He bought a pen. He wrote a letter. He put the letter in an envelope. He gave it to his father. His father posted the letter. What did Anish do yesterday? Did he write a letter? Yes, he wrote a letter. Did he write a poem? No, he did not write a poem. n Went, wrote, ate and bought are verbs that show action of the past time. n These verbs are in the simple past tense. n We use the simple past tense to tell about actions that took place some time ago. n The simple past tense has the structure ‘subject + v2+ object’. n The simple present tense has v1 or v5 but the simple past tense has v2. Simple Present Simple Past I eat an apple. I ate an apple. I play football. I played football. He writes a letter. He wrote a letter. She goes to the park. She went to the park. We drink milk. We drank milk. They wear red shirts. They wore red shirts. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 106

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. A : What did you do yesterday? B : I played football. A : What did you eat yesterday? B : I ate bread and butter. A : What did you watch yesterday? B : I watched a Tom and Jerry cartoon. A : Where did you go yesterday? B : I went to the zoo. A : What did you do there? B : I saw a lot of animals. Grammar Study: Use of the simple past tense The simple past tense is used to express past actions. It is often used with yesterday, last, ago and past time expressions. They went to Pokhara yesterday. yestaelgarosdtay Last week I met my uncle. Anita bought a new dress two days ago. Milan played cricket yesterday. Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. We ate a lot of ice-creams last weekend. Who invented the telescope? She did not eat anything yesterday. ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in correct forms of verbs. A : What did you eat yesterday? B : I ……………….. some fried rice and chicken. A : Where did you buy this dress? B : I ……………….. it at a supermarket. A : What did you play yesterday? B : I ……………….. football. A : What did you write yesterday? 107 B : I ……………….. a poem. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Writing Practice: Change the following sentences into the simple past tense. a. Anu always wears a blue dress. Yesterday she wore a pink dress. b. Ramu grows potatoes this year. Last year he ……………….. tomatoes. c. They always buy new books. Yesterday they ……………….. old books. d. Rahul always plays football. Yesterday he ……………….. basketball. e. They often meet me in the evening. Last week they ……………….. in the afternoon. f. Ravi and Ali always write with pens. Last week they………………………………with pencils. Speaking Practice: Look at the chart. Ask and answer these questions. A : What did Atul eat yesterday? A : What didn’t he eat? B : He ate some meat. B : He didn’t eat fish. Atul They ate: They did not eat: Ravi Mona meat fish Bibek apples bananas Pukar burger hotdog Rahul pizza noodles sandwich burger chicken mutton Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 108

ABC Grammar Practice: Make simple past sentences. a. Yesterday Atul ................................... me a ten rupee note. (give) b. Nina................................... a new shirt. (buy) c. His uncle ................................... some apples for him. (bring ) d. The dog ................................... the bone. (eat) e. We ........................................... cricket last week. (play) f. Rahul ......................................a mile. (run) g. Anita .......................................... a new dress last week. (buy) h. I ......................................... the noise at night. (hear) i. Last year Rabina ......................................... Biratnagar. (visit) j. Salona .................................... a watch for her birthday. (get) k. Riya ....................................... two poems last week. (write) l. A car ..................................... the bicycle from the back. (hit) m. The dog ......................................... a cat. (chase) n. Rahul ......................................... the vase yesterday. (break) o. Atul ........................................ the poem by heart. (remember) p. I ........................................... in Grade three last year. (study) q. I ......................................... him two weeks ago. (meet) r. I ........................................... Binod in the park yesterday. (see) s. All the students in the class ........................................ tired. (feel) t. The letter ...................................... out of her bag. (fall) u. Alexander Fleming ............................... Penicillin in 1928. (discover) v. She ........................................... school in 2001. (leave) w. My father ......................................... me to the zoo last month. (take) x. Shakespeare ........................................ in 1616. (die) y. I ............................................ my homework two hours ago. (finish) z. She ......................................... her room in pink. (paint) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 109

17 Present Continuous Look and read. What are you doing? I am standing. I am not sitting. I am not walking. What is he doing? What is she doing? Is he standing? Is she running? He is sitting. She is walking. He is not standing. She is not running. He is smiling. She is not sitting. What is he doing? Is he standing? He is running. He is not standing. What are they doing? Are they sitting? They are playing. They are not sitting. The above sentences are in the present continuous tense. The present continuous tense uses the -ing forms of verbs. He is playing. I am playing. She is playing. They are playing. We are playing. You are playing. Subject + is/am/are +v4 + object Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 110

The form of be is determined by the subject of the sentence. I am He is We are She You It They Ravi Ravi and Rina The dog The dogs Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Atul is writing an essay now. He is singing a song. I am going home. Look! Sabnam is dancing in her room. Pasang is eating at this moment. Riya is still reading a book. Kabir is listening to his grandmother. They are playing football now. They are sleeping in the room. Grammar Study: Use of the present continuous tense The present continuous tense says about something that is happening at the time of speaking. The action is not finished. Riya is speaking to her mother right now. Please keep quiet. The baby is sleeping. They are playing football. Kabir is watering plants. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 111

The farmer is digging the field. Mina is doing her homework. ABC Grammar Practice: Form present continuous sentences. a. Atul is sitting on a bench. (sit) b. Diya ........................................a new shirt. (buy) c. Pasang ......................................... a story book. (read) d. Kunal .......................................... to John. (speak) e. They ........................................ the room. (decorate) f. Neha ........................................ a newspaper. (read) g. Sabnam .......................................... a letter. (write) h. The baby ............................................. (cry) i. The dog ........................................... the bone. (eat) j. The girls .......................................... (play) k. They ........................................ their breakfast. (eat) l. They ............................................ in the garden. (sit) m. We ........................................... cricket. (play) n. They .......................................... to music. (listen) o. His father ....................................... a newspaper. (read) p . The birds ...................................... in the sky. (fly) Writing Practice: Look and write what they are doing. Sony Manoj Anu Anil Binod Sunil Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 112

Speaking Practice: Ask and answer. Sony What is she doing? She is skipping. Binod Angela Anil Rosy Vocabulary Practice: Fill in correct -ing forms of verbs. a. We are ....................................... the use of tenses. (learn) b. Are you ........................................ your teeth now? (brush) c. Are you ........................................ an apple now? (eat) d. Anna is ....................................... games on computer. (play) e. The stars are ......................................... now. (shine) f. Sheetal is ........................................ very fast. (run) g. The dog is ......................................... now. (bark) h. It is ........................................ outside heavily. (rain) i. Ali is ......................................... a picture. (draw) j. Her grandmother is ..................................... the Geeta now. (recite) k. The photographer is .................................... photos. (take) l. Her mother is ....................................... the clothes now. (stitch) m. The doctor is ..................................... the patient. (examine) n. The farmer is ......................................... the field. (plough) o. Shanta is .......................................... her face. (wash) p. Alan is ........................................ his car slowly. (drive) q. They are ........................................... to God now. (pray) r. The cows are ...................................... in the field. (graze) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 113

18 Simple Future Read whatTej and Riya will do tomorrow. Tej will get up early tomorrow. He will take breakfast at 6. Then he will go to meet his Aunt Mina. She will take him to some interesting places. They will first go to the zoo. They will see a lot of animals. Then they will go to the supermarket. She will buy some clothes for Tej. Tomorrow is a big day for Riya. Tomorrow is her birthday. She will be eight tomorrow. She will go to temple with her mother. She will meet her elders. They will bless her. She will invite her friends. Her parents and friends will give her a lot of gifts. In the above sentences, will get up, will take, will go, will see, will meet, will invite, etc express future actions. They are simple future tenses. The simple future tense has the structure ‘subject + shall/will + v1+object’ Look at the chart and find the differences: Present Past Future go, goes went will go, shall go play, plays played will play, shall play write, writes wrote will write, shall write cook, cooks cooked will cook, shall cook Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 114

Listening Practice: Read aloud the conversation with your teacher. A : What will you do tomorrow? B : I will go to the park. A : What will you do there? B : I will play games. A : Will you go alone? B : I will go with my friends. A : When will you return? B : I will return in the evening. ABC Grammar Practice: Change these sentences as shown in the example. a He/buy/a ball. He will buy a ball. …………not a bat. He will not buy a bat. …………gloves? Will he buy gloves? b. She/go/to Pokhara. ………………………………............ …………not Biratnagar. ………………………………............ …………Dharan? ………………………………...........? c. They/eat/apples. ………………………………............ …………not mangoes. ………………………………............ …………bananas? ………………………………...........? d. He/write/poems. ………………………………............ …………not stories. ………………………………............ …………letters? ………………………………...........? e. She/study/ English. ………………………………............ …………not Nepali. ………………………………............ …………French? ………………………………...........? f. She/meet/her father. ………………………………............ …………not brother. ………………………………............ …………sister? ………………………………...........? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 115

Speaking Practice: Tomorrow is the parents’ day in Anita’s school. Look at the programme schedule and say what she and her friends will do in the programme. Parents’ Day Programme Schedule 1 Anita : Welcome speech Nina and her friends : Welcome song Riya and Sabnam : Tamang Selo Grade III students : National Anthem “;ofF} yu'F f kmn\" sf xfdL===” Binod and Bhola : Newari dance Deepa and Purba : Bhojpuri Dance Kunal : Crack jokes Bipin : Song ‘Phool ko aankha ma..’ Grade I students : Rhymes ABC Grammar Practice: Form simple future sentences. a. I ……………….................…… a story book. (read) b. Riya ………….............…….…… some tea. (make) c. The boys ………............……….…… football. (play) d. I ……………….................…… my dog for a walk. (take) e. Plants …………….............….…… soon without water. (die) f. His father ……...............…….…… a party. (throw) g. Tina …………........…….…… her grandmother. (visit) h. I ……………..........…… you my photo. (show) i. The baby ……...…….......…….…… a new dress. (wear) j. Anita ……………….........…… her room. (decorate) k. We ……………….......…… the fair tomorrow. (go) l. They ……………......….…… the match tomorrow. (play) m. I .......................................... to the park. (go) n. The Chief Guest …………… away the prizes. (give) o. The children ……………….…… sweets. (eat) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 116

Present Prefect 19 Look and read the sentences. Deepak has cut his finger. They have eaten their food. It is bleeding. They are going to wash their hands. Raju has just broken the vase. We have painted the wall. His mother will be angry. It looks nice now. Here has cut, have eaten, has broken, have painted are in the present perfect tense. The present perfect tense shows that the action has been completed in the present. The present perfect tense has the structure ‘subject + has/have + v3+ object’. The form of be is determined by the subject of the sentence. I He We She have You has It They Riya The boys The boy The dogs The dog Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 117

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. I have already bought a toy. They have eaten some food. We have gone out. You have written a letter. They have not finished their homework yet. She has already gone out. He has broken the vase. It has jumped into the river. ABC Grammar Practice: Change these sentences as shown in the example. a. He/buy/a ball. He has bought a ball. …………not a bat. He has not bought a bat. …………gloves? Has he bought gloves? b. She/go/to Pokhara. ……………………………… …………not Biratnagar. ……………………………… …………Dharan? ………………………………? c. They/eat/apples. ……………………………… …………not mangoes. ……………………………… …………bananas? ………………………………? d. He/write/poems. ……………………………… …………not stories. ……………………………… …………letters? ………………………………? e. She/study/ English. ……………………………… …………not Nepali. ……………………………… …………French? ………………………………? f. She/meet/her father. ……………………………… …………not brother. ……………………………… …………sister? ………………………………? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 118

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in HAS or HAVE in the blank spaces. a. Alan ………................…… bought a house. b. Pasang ………................…… eaten his breakfast. c. Sabnam………................…… just gone out. d. I ………................…… broken my leg. I can’t walk properly. e. They ………................…… had three accidents. f. Mother ………................…… made a cup of tea for Riya. g. My uncle ………................…… bought new furniture. h. Dorje ………................…… bought a new bag. i. Sangita ……….............. failed the exam. She is weeping now. j. Neha ………................…… lost her book. k. The dog ………................…… eaten some biscuits. l. They ………................…… left the place just today. m. They ………................…… missed the bus. n. She ………................…… cut her finger. It is bleeding. o. They ………................…… worked hard. They are tired now. p. We ………................…… done our homework. Speaking Practice: Look and say what they have done. Anup “I’ve played football.” Sony “I’ve bought a shirt.” Milan “I’ve written a letter.” A : What has Anup done? B: He has played football. Ali and Anu “We’ve cooked food.” Manoj “ I’ve painted a picture.” Silpa “I’ve planted a tree.” Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 119

Test Yourself 1 Present Perfect Name the tenses. ………………………… ………………………… a. Keshab has visited London. ………………………… b. Kabir is looking at her. ………………………… c. Two prisoners escaped last night. ………………………… d. Hitesh will drive a car. ………………………… e. The workmen have already left. ………………………… f. Suman dialed the wrong number. ………………………… g. His father has bought a cow. ………………………… h. I am not writing a poem. ………………………… i. Karan lost his bag last week. ………………………… j. Pasang has not eaten an apple. ………………………… k. Her mother is cooking mutton. ………………………… l. Purba is watering the plant. m. The princess changed into a frog. n. He visited Pokhara last week. Test Yourself 2 ………………………… Name the tenses. ………………………… a. The plane landed five minutes ago. ………………………… b. Nina has gone out. ………………………… c. His father lost his glasses. ………………………… d. The programme has just finished. ………………………… e. Rahul is eating an apple. ………………………… f. Riya has been cleaning the room. ………………………… g. She hurried home after school. ………………………… h. Sikha is writing a letter. ………………………… i. They are working in the field. ………………………… j. I am working on computer. ………………………… k. They will not come to school. ………………………… l. I bought a T-shirt last week. m. We will go there the next day. n. Bibek is going to school. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 120

Test Yourself 3 Change the sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He is free now. He (complete) his work. (present perfect) b. Take the umbrella. It (rain) outside. (present continuous) c. The sun (rise) in the east. (simple present) d. Mum and Dad (collect) me from school today. (simple future) e. The old beggar (die) yesterday. (simple past) f. Mary (buy) a new computer. (Present perfect) g. His uncle (visit) Pokhara next week. (Simple future) h. The moon (get) its light from the sun. (simple present) i. They (sell) their house last year. (simple past) j. We (get) our exam results very soon. (simple future) k. Don’t make a noise. The baby (sleep) now. (present continuous) l. We (be) in Grade V next year. (simple future) m. Yesterday they (wake up) late. (simple past) n. Children ( love) chocolate ice-cream. (simple present) o. We (swim) across the pool. (present continuous) Test Yourself 4 Change the sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. They (take) their meal. (present perfect) b. Kunal (tie) a knot in his tie. (present continuous) c. Every day, she (clean) her living room. (simple present) d. I (buy) you an ice-cream. (simple future) e. They usually (take) the bus to the office. (simple present) f. Right now Susan (eat) her breakfast. (present continuous) g. They (work) in the bank. (simple present) h. Her grandmother (arrive) here this evening. (simple future) i. The film (begin) at 12:30. (simple present) j. He (take) his examination. (present perfect) k. Stop it! You (tickle) me. (present continuous) l. She (lose) her book yesterday. (simple past) m. My father (go) to Pokhara tomorrow. (simple future) n. They (play) football now. (Present continuous) o. The girls (dance) on the stage. (present continuous) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 121

Vocabulary Practice Action words Choose the correct verb. Deliver Play Shoes. Eat Letters. Polish Sing Cut Bring Watch Wet Wear Your face. Chop Cartoons on Tv. Wash Take Play Meet Mountains. Paint carrots. Climb chop Cook Repair Sing Guard The house. climb cars. Help Chop Wake up Call The TV. Meet Onions. turn on Cry Smell Listen To me. Rub the The mistake. Weep Walk call Walk Milk The plants. Die Your hair. Water Dye Wet Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 122

Jobs What do these people do? a. A postman …………………....................................................... b. A watchman …………………................................................... c. A doctor …………………....................................................…. d. A florist …………………....................................................…. e. A barber …………………....................................................…. f. An author …………………....................................................… g. A teacher …………………....................................................…. h. A tailor …………………....................................................…... i. A cobbler …………………....................................................… cuts hair delivers letters teaches children sells flowers writes books stitches clothes mends shoes guards the house treats patients Food for animals List out some food items that domestic animals eat. corns grass hay straw branches bread biscuits milk chillies fruits rice ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ Now write in sentences. a. A dog eats ........................................................................................... b. A parrot eats ........................................................................................ c. A cow eats ........................................................................................... d. A cat eats ........................................................................................... e. A horse eats ........................................................................................... f. A rabbit eats ........................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 123

Grammar in Context Read the text and answer the questions. Mr. Rai is our class teacher. He teaches us English. Yesterday he came into our classroom in the first period. He asked, “The Parents’ day programme is next week. What’re you going to do?” Riya said, “I’ll dance and sing a song.” Anu said, “I’ll recite a poem.” Kunal said, “I’ll tell a joke.” Tina and Anil said, “We’ll perform a one act play.” Mr. Rai asked, “All right. Did you remember the last year parents’ day?” We said, “Yes, we were in Grade III then.” Mr. Rai asked again, “Riya, what did you do in the last year parents’ day programme?” Riya said, “I recited a poem.” Anu said, “I sang a Nepali song.” Kunal said, “I told a story.” Tina and Anil said, “We performed a dance.” A. Underline any six main verbs in the above text. B. Complete the following sentences. a. Last year Riya recited a poem but she………..................................... ....................................in the next programme. b. Last year Anu sang a Nepali song but she……………………… ………………………….….in the next programme. c. Last year Kunal told a story but he……………………… ………………………….….in the next programme. d. Last year Tina and Anil performed a dance but they ……………… ………………………….….in the next programme. C. Answer the following questions. a. What is Mr. Rai? b. What does he teach? c. Who will sing? d. Who will perform a one act play? e. Who performed a dance last year? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 124

Guided Composition A. Read and write in a similar way. David Now Tomorrow apples grapes Yesterday bananas David loves fruit. He eats fruit everyday. He is eating an apple now. Yesterday he ate bananas. Tomorrow he will eat grapes. Mina Yesterday Now Tomorrow apples oranges mangoes ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Milan and Aryan Tomorrow badminton Yesterday Now football basketball ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..... B. Write any four activities that you do everyday. C. Write any four activities that you did yesterday. D. Write any four activities that you will do tomorrow. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 125

20 Prepositions Look and read. This is Ali’s classroom. He is in the classroom now. He is sitting on the bench. His friends are also in the classroom. Their bags are on the desks. There is a duster on the table. There is a chair near the table. There is a dustbin under the table. The table is in front of the blackboard. The blackboard is on the wall. Two pieces of chalk are lying on the floor. Their books are in their bags. There is a poster on the wall. There is a bulb over the table. There is a map on the wall. The words in, on, under, in front of and behind are locating words. They are called prepositions. n Prepositions are small words that tell us where the things are. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 126

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. A : Where is the bag? B : It’s on the table. A : Where is the ball? B : It’s under the table. A : Where is the bat? B : It’s near the table. A : Where is the chair? B : It’s behind the table. A : Where is the dog? B : It’s under the chair. A : Where is the cat? B : It’s on the chair. A : Where is the statue? B : It’s in front of the table. Academy Anu Binod Anil Anil, Anu and Binod are getting on the bus. The driver is sitting in the bus. Anil is between Anu and Binod. Anil is behind Binod. Anu is behind Anil. They are standing in a queue to get on the bus. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 127

Grammar Study: Location Prepositions in on The book is on the table. The apples are in the basket. under at The ball is under the table. The girl is standing at the door. above across Anil wrote his name above the line. He drew a line across the page. towards under She is walking towards the door. She is hiding under the table. within above Please mark only within the circle. The blackboard is above the bench. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 128

ahead of against The girl is ahead of the boy. She leans against the tree. along under There is lace along the dress. He is under the tree. around behind 2+2= 4 The boy is behind the girl. beneath Draw a circle around the answer. below He wrote his name below the line. He sat beneath the tree. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 129

beside in front of The girl is standing beside the boy. The girl is in front of the boy. from between He came from the house. She is standing between the two trees. inside nearby He is inside the house. There is a tree nearby the house. out of through She came out of the house. She is going inside the house through the door. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 130

ABC Grammar Practice: Match the following sentences with the pictures. a. The mouse is in the bag. b. The mouse is on the bag. c. The mouse is under the bag. d. The mouse is in front of the bag. e. The mouse is behind the bag. Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions. A: Where is the cat? A: Is the cat on the box? B: It is on the box. B: Yes, it is. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 131

ABC Grammar Practice: Look and write. in on in front of behind The books are ............... the bag. The dog is ............... the car. beside under in on The ball is ............... the bucket. The ball is ............... the bucket. over under above under The ball is ............... the table. The ball is ............... the bucket. in front of behind The dog is ............... the tree. among between The boy is ................... the two trees. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 132

in front of behind The horse is ............... the gate. The dog is ............... the gate. The dog is ............... the gate. among between The cat is ............... the two dogs. The rabbit is ............... the dogs. Speaking Practice: Ask and answer. Where is the balloon A? Where is the pillow? Where is the balloon C? Where is the chair? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 133

ABC Grammar Practice: Look and answer. a. What things can you see on the wall? ....................................................................................................... b. What things are on the table? ....................................................................................................... c. What is behind the table? ....................................................................................................... d. What is near the door? ....................................................................................................... e. What is above the table? ....................................................................................................... f.  What are below the table? ....................................................................................................... g.  Are there any bags on the benches? ....................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 134

Writing Practice: Look and complete the sentences. a. The boy is sitting between his mother and sister. (between) b. The books are .............................................................. (in front of ) c. The books are ............................................................................ (on) d. The pillows are ............................................................................ (on) e. The map is ............................................................................ (on) f. The clock is ............................................................................ (on) Writing Practice: Now answer about your classroom. a. What can you see on the wall? b. How many benches are there? c. Where do you keep your bag? d. Where is the dustbin? e. Are there any tables? Where are they? f. What other things are there? Where are they? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 135

20 Conjunctions Read the text. Rosy and Numa are sisters. They study in the same school. Rosy studies in Grade four and Numa studies in Grade one. Although they are sisters, they are very different. Rosy looks like her father but Numa looks like her mother. Rosy has got curly hair but Numa has got straight hair. Rosy has got an oval face but Numa has got a round face. Both Rosy and Numa are fond of dresses. Rosy likes blue dresses but Numa doesn’t. Numa likes pink dresses. Rosy likes skirts but Numa likes jeans. Rosy likes hats but Numa likes caps. Although they look different and wear different clothes. Their parents love them because they are good children. Now look at these sentences again. Rosy and Numa are sisters. It joins two words. Rosy looks like her father but Numa looks like her mother. It joins two sentences. Rosy has got curly hair but Numa has got straight hair. It joins two contrasting ideas. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 136

Read the following sentences. Anita has a camera and a radio. She likes her camera and radio. Kumar and Mina are talking to each other. Kumar is sad but Mina is happy. Kumar has failed the test but Mina has passed it. Do you like apples or bananas? Sony likes apples but Gopal doesn’t. The man can carry heavy load although he is old. He earns a little although he works hard. He cannot walk fast because his leg is broken. He is not happy because he cannot go to school. Here and, but, or, because, although, etc are conjunctions. They join words, a group of words or sentences. So conjunctions are called joining words. n A conjunction is a word that joins words, a group of words or sentences together. Kabir bought a horse. Kabir bought a cow. Kabir bought a horse and a cow. The tea is hot. The milk is cold. 137 The tea is hot but the milk is cold. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Anita and Anu are students. Do you like apples or grapes? He is poor but honest. Riya is tall but her brother is short. He is sad because he has failed the exam. Although he is sick, he goes to school. and but because if or although to until so when after before ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the conjunctions in the following text. Last week, Riya and her sister, Komal went to a birthday party. It was such good fun. They danced, sang and ate a lot in the party. Riya ate rice and meat but Komal did not eat meat. Komal does not like meat but Riya likes it. One of their friends, Nabin looked unhappy. Komal asked him, “Aren’t you happy?” He coughed, “I am sick.” Although Nabin was not feeling well, he came to the party. He did not want to miss it because the birthday boy was his best friend. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 138

Grammar Study: Joining sentences AND We use and to join two same ideas. Sabnam can write a letter. Sabnam and Kabir can write a Kabir can write a letter. letter. Rahul bought a toy. Rahul bought a toy and a doll. He also bought a doll. Neha reads nicely. Neha reads and writes nicely. She writes nicely. She drew a picture. She drew and painted a picture. She painted a picture. BUT We use but to join two contrasting sentences or ideas. Pasang is tall. Pasang is tall but Anita is short. Anita is short. Hitesh is fat. Hitesh is fat but his brother is His brother is thin. thin. Neha likes oranges. Neha likes oranges but Riya Riya likes mangoes. likes mangoes. He likes noodles. He likes noodles but his brother His brother does not like noodles. doesn’t. BECAUSE We use because to give a reason. Sabir is crying. Sabir is crying because he has lost his Sabir has lost his pen. pen. Anita does not go out. Anita does not go out because she is She is sick. sick. I am late. I am late because I missed the bus. I missed the bus. She cannot go inside the She can’t go inside the house because house. she has lost her key. She has lost her key. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 139

OR We use or to indicate a choice. It expresses a choice between alternatives. Would you like tea? Would you like tea or coffee? Would you like coffee? Pukar went there by bus. Pukar went there by bus or by taxi. Pukar went there by taxi. You can sit in this sofa. You can sit in this sofa or on that chair. You can sit on that chair. Do you like this book? Do you like this book or that book? Do you like that book? ALTHOUGH We use although to express the ideas of contrast. Puran is sick. Although Puran is sick, he goes out to work. He goes out to work. It is very cold. Although it is very cold, Ali goes swimming. Ali goes swimming. Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions. Is he a student or a teacher? Is this a jacket or a coat? Is he happy or sad? Is this new or old? Is his hair short or long? Is this clean or dirty? Are those shoes or socks? Are these hands or feet? Are these red or blue? Are these fingers or toes? Are these clean or dirty? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 140

Is this a door or a window? Is it red or brown? Is it small or large? Is this a watch or a clock? Is this new or old? Is this cheap or expensive? Is this a chair or a desk? Is this red or blue? Test Yourself 1 Choose the correct conjunction for each blank space. a. Lamina is a girl ……………. Pukar is a boy. (because, but) b. Milan is jumping ……………. Anita is skipping. (and, but) c. Kumar is absent ……………. he is sick. (because, although) d. They were sad ……………. they lost the match. (because, although) e. Do you eat bananas ……………. apples? (but, or) f. He cannot run fast ……………. his leg is broken. (because, but) g. Tina ……………. Nancy are my best friends. (and, but) h. Nikhil ……………. I go to the same school. (and, or) i. ……………. she is sick, she will take the exam. (Although, Because) j. Milan ……………. Anita are good friends. (and, but) k. Jenny has a cat ……………. a dog. (and, but) l. Riya likes oranges ……………. her sister does not like them. (because, but) m. Do you like to live in a town ……………. a village. (or, and) n. Do his father ……………. mother work in the same hospital? (and, or) o. She works hard ……………. her sister doesn’t. (and, but) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 141

Test Yourself 1 Choose the correct conjunction for each blank space. a. He is happy ……………. he earns a lot. (because, or) b. ……………. he works hard, he fails the exam. (Because, Although) c. Dina came to the party……………. he was sick. (because, although) d. Pukar fell off his bicycle ……………. was not hurt. (because, but) e. He enjoys reading novels ……………. dislikes history books. (but, or) f. He is absent ……………. he is sick. (and, because) g. Kunal ……………. Rishi are brothers. (and, but) h. Milk is white ……………. coffee is black. (and, but) i. Mohan ……………. Sita study in Grade four. (and, but) j. She writes slowly……………. neatly. (and, or) k. The game has not begun……………. it stopped raining ten minutes ago. (because, although) l. Mohan is carrying a bag ……………. a tiffin box. (and, or) m. Mom was angry ……………. I broke her favourite cup. (and, because) n. Both his father ….....… mother work in a hospital. (and, but) Test Yourself 2 Join the following pairs of sentences. a. Dorje studies in Grade four. Subir studies in Grade four. (and) .................................................................................................................... b. Alan is a boy. Nancy is a girl. (but) .................................................................................................................... c. It is very cold. She goes for swimming. (although) .................................................................................................................... d. Aryan is jumping. Sita is skipping. (but) .................................................................................................................... e. Binod is absent. He is sick. (because) .................................................................................................................... f. David is tall. Shyam is short. (but) .................................................................................................................... g. He failed the exam. He is careless. (because) .................................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 142

h. He is crying. He has lost his pen. (because) .................................................................................................................... i. It is raining. They are playing football. (although) .................................................................................................................... j. Rama bought a skirt. She bought a watch. (and) .................................................................................................................... k. He is thin. He is very strong. (but) .................................................................................................................... l. He sells apples. He sells bananas. (and) .................................................................................................................... Test Yourself 3 Join the following pairs of sentences. a. I am late. I missed the bus. (because) .................................................................................................................... b. Mohan likes apples. Sita likes oranges. (but) .................................................................................................................... c. Mohan wears jeans. Sita wears a skirt. (but) .................................................................................................................... d. She has not come to school. She is sick. (because) .................................................................................................................... e. Sita is in a hurry. She is late. (because) .................................................................................................................... f. The bus fell into the river. No passenger was killed. (but) .................................................................................................................... g. The match was postponed. It began to rain. (because) .................................................................................................................... h. They are rich. They wear torn clothes. (although) .................................................................................................................... i. We ate some bananas. We ate some apples. (and) .................................................................................................................... j. His leg is broken. He cannot run fast. (because) .................................................................................................................... k. Hemant is sick. He is working in the field. (although) .................................................................................................................... l. Tina invited Anish. She also invited Atul. (and) .................................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 143

Vocabulary Practice 1. Tick (√) the correct words for the pictures. eye ship ship I sheep sheep beer hare hare bear hair hair tail meat feet tale meet feat diary brake gate dairy break gait bee deer principle be dear principal July, 2014 road Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat rode weak story 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 week storey Use any two pairs in your own sentences. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 144

2. Choose the right nouns. a. A ..................... (dog, cat) barks and a ..................... mews. (dog, cat) b. A .................. (singer, dancer) sings and a .................. dances. (singer, dancer) c. An .................. (camel, elephant) has a trunk and a .................. has a hump. (camel, elephant) d. .................. (ice, water) melts and ..................flows. (ice, water) e. A .................. (library, zoo) is a place where we can watch animals and a ................ (library, zoo) is a place where we read books and magazines. 3. Choose the right verbs. a. The sun .............(sets, rises) in the east and ..............( rises, sets) in the west. b. Wood .............(swims, floats) on water but fish .............(swims, floats) c. Needles.............(cut, sew) but scissors.............(cut, sew) d. We........... (smell, hear) with our nose and ......(smell, hear) with our ears. e. He may .............(ring, blow) a bell or.............(ring, blow) a whistle. 4. Choose the right adjectives. a. The ceiling is very high. Only a ..................man can touch it. (tall, short) b. The stone is very heavy. Only a ..................man can lift it. (strong, weak) c. This dress is too small. Only a .................. person can wear it. (short, tall) d. He is an..................person. Everybody trusts him. (honest, dishonest) 5. Choose the right adverbs. a. A cheetah runs….....……(fast, slowly) but a tortoise walks……......... (fast, slowly) b. Susan writes ……………… . Her handwriting is very good. (neatly, badly) c. He gets up at 5 am. He gets up……………… . (early, late) d. I can’t hear you. Speak……………… . (loudly, slowly) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 145

6. Match the animals with their sounds. a. Asses bark b. Bears bellow c. Bees and flies bray d. Birds buzz e. Bulls cackle f. Cats caw g. Chickens chatter h. Cocks chirp i. Crows coo j. Dogs croak k. Ducks crow l. Elephants growl m. Frogs hiss n. Horses howl o. Mice meow p. Monkeys neigh q. Parrots quack r. Pigeons and doves roar s. Snakes sing t. Sparrows squeak u. Tigers and lions talk Read the examples and write similar four sentences. An ass brays. Asses bray. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 146

Grammar in Context 1. Read the text and do the activities that follow: Robin usually gets up at 7:15 am on Saturdays. He has a karate class at 8 every Saturday. Yesterday was Saturday. He got up at 8:45 am in the morning. He became late for his karate class. He looked for his karate uniform in the cupboard, but it was not there. He then searched it in the table drawer, it was not there. After that he looked for the uniform under the bed, on the table, behind the cupboard, beside the sofa, it was not there. He then went in the garden. He searched for the uniform between the trees, under the trees, behind the bushes, but it was not there. Finally he went into the bathroom. There he found his karate uniform. His dog was playing with the uniform. A. Underline any six prepositions in the above text. B. Tick () the places where Robin looked for his uniform. ___in the cupboard ___under the cupboard ___in the table drawer ___under the bed ___on the table ___on the bed ___behind the cupboard ___on the sofa ___beside the sofa ___under the sofa ___between the trees ___under the trees ___behind the bushes ___on the bushes ___into the bathroom ___behind the bathroom C. Answer the following questions. a. When does Robin get up on Saturdays? b. At what time is his karate class? c. Where did he find his uniform? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 147

2. Read the text and do the activities that follow. Riya and Mona are sisters. Riya is younger than Mona. Riya studies in Grade four and Mona studies in Grade seven. Mona helps Riya in her studies. They love reading story books. They have a lot of fairy tales and animal stories. Riya always asks her sister, “Let’s read a story. Do you read a fairy tale or an animal story?” Mona replies, “Fairy Tale.” Yesterday was Saturday. It was very cold. Although it was cold, Mona went for swimming. When she returned home, she was not feeling well. She became sick. Today is Sunday and Riya has gone to school. Mona has not gone to school because she is sick. A. Underline any four conjunctions in the above text. B. Complete the sentences. a. ………… and …………… are sisters. b. They like to read ……..… and …………… stories. c. Although …………… Mona went for swimming. d. Mona has not gone to school because…………………… C. Answer the following questions. _________________ a. Who is younger, Riya or Mona? _________________ b. Who studies in Grade four, Riya or Mona? _________________ c. Who studies in Grade seven, Riya or Mona? _________________ d. Who likes fairy tales, Riya or Mona? _________________ e. Who likes animal stories, Riya or Mona? D. Fill in correct conjunctions. a. Both Riya …………….. love reading stories. b. Riya studies in Grade four ……………… Mona studies in Grade seven. c. Do you like a fairy tale ……………………… an animal story? d. ……………………… it was very cold, Mona went for swimming. e. Mona isn’t going to school……………………… she is sick. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 148

Guided Composition 1. Read and write. Cow A cow is a domestic animal. It lives in a shed. Its baby is called a calf. It eats green grass and hay. A cow is a big animal. It has a large body. It has four legs. So it is called a four-footed animal. It has two eyes and two ears. It has two horns and one long tail. A cow is a useful animal. It gives us milk. Milk is good for our health. Milk is also used to make curd, butter, cheese and sweets. Farmers use its dung in farming. Now write about your favourite animal. 2. Read and write. My House I live with my family in my house. My house is small, but beautiful. There are two floors in my house. Each floor has three rooms. Each room has some furniture. The walls are pink in colour. There are three bedrooms. One room is used for living room. It also has a kitchen, a dining room and a bathroom. We have a TV in the living room. My parents talk to guests in the living room. I like my house very much. Now write about your house or classroom. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 149

3. Look and write. Bhuvan Mohan Uncle Father (42 yrs) (33 yrs) Rina (7 yrs) Sarita Govinda Kamala Goma Aunt (35 yrs) Grandfather Grandmother Mother (30 yrs) (65 yrs) (60 yrs) This is the picture of Rina’s family. There are seven members in her family. Rina is seven years old. Her father’s name is Mohan. He is thirty three years old. Her mother’s name is Goma. She is thirty years old. She has an uncle. His name is .................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 150