Maxim Book Four_Sunil_2075_final

Read the sentences. Self Pronouns 6 I can polish my We do our homework shoes myself. ourselves. The babies are too young. They cannot look after themselves. Tom is very small. He cannot walk himself. Riya is older than Tom. She can walk herself. Can you clean your room yourself ? Can you polish your shoes yourself ? Do you do your homework yourself ? Here himself, myself, herself, ourselves, itself, themselves are self- form personal pronouns. Self-form personal pronouns refer to the subjects in the sentences. I hurt myself. She hurt herself. He hurt himself. We hurt ourselves. They hurt themselves. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 51

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. I can do it myself. Can you do it yourself? We can do it ourselves. Can she come here herself? You can do it yourself. Do they cook food themselves? You all can do it yourselves. Do it yourself. She can do it herself. She did it herself. He can do it himself. Anil can do it himself. It can do it itself. Anita can do it herself. They can do it themselves. These boys can do it themselves. ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in correct self-form pronouns. a. She has cut her finger ....................... I myself b. They polish their shoes ....................... we ourselves c. I can polish my shoes ....................... d. She can cook food ....................... yourself e. The cat climbed the tree ....................... you f. She cleans her room ....................... g. We do our work ....................... yourselves h. Riya will draw a picture ....................... he himself i. She made this curry ....................... she herself j. She is looking at ....................... in the mirror. they themselves k. Can you polish your shoes .......................? l. Has he done it .......................? m. They do their homework....................... Speaking Practice: Say what they can do themselves. Anil Jenny Mohan Kumar Writing Practice: Write what they can do themselves. Now write down three things that you can do yourself and three things that you cannot do yourself. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 52

7Possessive and Apostrophe Read and act out the conversation. Teacher : Whose pen is this? Student : It is not my pen. It is Tina’s pen. It is hers. Teacher : Is this your book? Student : Yes, it is mine. Teacher : Is this your bag? Student : No. Teacher : Is this Riya’s bag? Student : No. It is not her bag. Teacher : Is this Rahul’s bag. Student : Yes, it is his bag. The words my, your, mine, his, her, hers, etc are possessive pronouns. They show possession. n Pronouns that show possession or belonging are called possessive pronouns. n We also use apostrophe (’) to show belongings. Possessive Pronouns This is Riya’s book. This is her book. my mine This is hers. your yours his This is Anil’s pen. her his This is his pen. our hers This is his. their ours its theirs It is our school. its It is ours. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 53

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. This is my house. This is mine. This is hers. This is our house. This is ours. This is his. This is your house. This is yours. This is theirs. This is Tina’s house. This is her house. This is Alan’s house. This is his house. This is Ali and Anu’s house. This is their house. ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the possessive pronouns in these sentences. our mine a. I have washed my clothes. hers her b. This is my tie and that is yours. c. We love our school. their theirs d. That house is ours. e. The red car is theirs. your his f. This bag is his and that book is hers. g. This pen is not yours; it is mine. yours myh. Anil has a brother. His name is Sunil. i. My book is on the table. Yours is in the bag. ABC Grammar Practice: Read the examples and change the sentences in a similar way. Whose house is this? Whose camera is this? This is Tina’s house. This is Anita’s camera. This is her house. This is her camera. This is hers. This is hers. Whose dog is this? Whose cat is this? This is Mahesh’s dog. This is Ali and Anu’s cat. This is his dog. …………………………….. This is his. …………………………….. Whose doll is this? Whose rabbit is this? This is Neha’s doll. This is Harry’s rabbit. …………………………….. …………………………….. …………………………….. …………………………….. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 54

Grammar Study: Apostrophe ( ’ ) Add (’s) to a singular noun to show its belonging. Mina’s uncle. It is John’s bicycle. Riya’s pen. This is Harry’s dog. A boy’s cap. This is Mohan’s uncle. A girl’s dress. It is Mina’s bag. A doctor’s box Have you seen Anil’s father? Add (’) to a plural noun to show its belonging. The boys’ toilet. The girls’ bicycles are in the repair shop. The girls’ school. All the students’ books were torn. His sons’ toys. The babies’ clothes are in the box. These students’ bags. The doctors’ rooms are clean. ABC Grammar Practice: Add (’s) or (’) to these nouns. the boy’s pen the boys’ pens singular plural the girl ...... school the girls ....... school the cat ....... tail the cats ......tails the baby .....food the babies .....food the doctor ....room the doctors .....rooms the boys ..... toilet the girls ...... toilet Writing Practice: Look at the table and write sentences. a. book Riya a. This is Riya’s book. b. comb Neha b. .………………………………… c. ball Rahul c. .………………………………… d. doll Anita d. .………………………………… e. guitar Pasang e. .………………………………… f. bag Kumar f. .………………………………… Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 55

Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions to your friends. Albert Mona Anjan Archi whistle camera bat radio A : Whose whistle is this? B : This is Albert’s whistle. ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in possessive words. a. That bag belongs to her. That bag is ......................... . b. He owns this house. This house is ......................... . c. That cap is not yours. It is......................... . d. That house is not theirs. It is ......................... . e. This is your pen. This pen is ......................... . f. This is our school bus. It is.......................... g. She owns a computer. It is ......................... . h. That is Peter’s camera. It is......................... . ABC Grammar Practice: Complete the sentences with possessive words. a . This is my bag. (I) b. It is ......................... school. (we) c. They’re ......................... shoes. (he) d. It’s ......................... camera. (I) e. This is .........................suitcase. (they) f. Have you got ......................... pencil? (you) g. Is this .........................radio? (she) h. What’s......................... name? (it) i. Have you eaten .........................apple? (you) j. She has lost .........................book. (she) k. It’s ......................... umbrella. (I) l. Have you got .........................radio? (you) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 56

8This, That, These, Those Look and read. This is my book. I am reading it. That is your book. It is there on the table. This is my dog. That is your dog. Look, over there! These are pigeons. These are bicycles. Those are crows. Those are motorcycles. The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns. n Demonstratives are used to point out a particular item. They are as follows: This indicates a singular noun close to the speaker. this/that + singular That indicates a singular noun away from the speaker. these/those + plural These indicates a plural noun close to the speaker. Those indicates a plural noun away from the speaker. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 57

Be sure to use this/that with singular and uncountable nouns and these/those with plural countable nouns. This is a comb. These are combs. this these This is an egg. These are eggs. That is a bench. Those are benches. That is a box. Those are boxes. that those Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. This is a leaf. These are leaves. This is a shirt. These are shirts. That is an apple. Those are apples. Is this a pen? Are these pens? Is that a cow? Are those cows? What is this? What are these? What is that? What are those? Speaking Practice: Ask and answer. A: What is this? B: This is an ostrich. A: What is that? B: That is a crow. A: What are these? B: These are shoes. A: What are those? B: Those are trousers. A: What are these? B: These are cocks. A: What are those? B: Those are rats. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 58

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with this, that, these or those. a. ………………… is a Riya’s cap. (This, These, Those) b. ………………… are Riya’s caps. (This, Those ,That) c. ………………… are my shoes. (That, These, This) d. ………………… is a Chinese radio. (That, Those, These) e. ………………… is a red apple. (These, Those, That) f. ………………… are Indians. (Those, That, This) g. ………………… is an expensive watch. (This, Those, These) h. ………………… are very dangerous animals. (This, That, Those) i. ………………… is a parrot. (That, Those, These) j. ………………… are my old boots. (This, These, That) k. ………………… is an ostrich. (These, That, Those) l. ………………… are his English books. (Those, This, That) m. ………………… is an umbrella. (These, That, Those) Writing Practice: Write sentences with this, that, these or those, two for each. a. ........................................................................................................... b. ........................................................................................................... c. ........................................................................................................... d. ........................................................................................................... e. ........................................................................................................... f. ........................................................................................................... g. ........................................................................................................... h. ........................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 59

Test Yourself 1 Fill in the correct pronouns in the blank spaces. a. Anita hurt her leg .................. (himself, herself) b. .................. are your books. (This, These, That) c. Sabnam is a student .................. is from Birgunj. (He, She) d. Rahul is my friend. .................. is from Bhojpur. (He, She) e. Aryan kicked the ball .................. (herself, himself) f. The man saw .................. outside. (them, they) g. How old are .................. ? (you, your) h. Are these .................. pens? (you, your) i. .................. school is far from there. (Me, My) j. Rajesh is an actor. .................. has acted in a lot of movies. (He, His) k. Kumar is my friend. .................. lives at Birendranagar. (He, She) l. Bring .................. a cup of tea. (my, me) m. Can you give .................. your pen? (me, my) n. This book belongs to.................. (she, her) o. Ask a question to .................. (he, him) Test Yourself 2 Fill in the correct pronouns in the blank spaces. a. Dina is a girl. .................. . likes to watch cartoons. (He, She) b. .................. went to the park yesterday. (He, Him) c. ................... brother speaks English well. (Me, My) d. These are .................. family photographs. (me, my) e. I like watches. This nice watch is for .................. (I, me) f. Where do .................. live? (you, yours) g. How many members are there in .................. family? (your, yours) h. .................. are red apples. (This, These) i. Ask .................. a question. (he, him) j. Give the balloon to.................. (he, him) k. .................. is my bed. (This, These,Those) l. Grandmother was telling .................. a story. (they, them) m. Nina is a nurse. .................. works in a hospital. (He, She) n. His dress is red but .................. is black. (she, her, hers) o. .................. is my best friend. (She, Her) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 60

Test Yourself 3 Fill in the correct pronouns in the blank spaces. a. I have a book. ............... is thick. (He, It) b. I saw ............... at the park. (she, her) c. Kumar is a boy. ............... studies in Grade four. (He, She) d. Lend ............... some money. (I, me) e. Milan is a boy. ............... is five years old. (He, She) f. The tree fell ............... . (himself, itself) g. ............... sister has a new skipping rope. (My, I) h. He teaches ............... English. (my, us) i. Pukar has hurt ............... (herself, himself) j. Ravi and Anu are friends. ............... read in Grade five. (He, They) k. This is ............... book. (him, he, his) l. She cut her finger ............... (yourself, herself) m. I did the washing ............... (myself, ourselves) n. ............... are my old boots. (This, That, Those) o. She knows ............... well. (they, them) Test Yourself 4 Fill in the correct pronouns in the blank spaces. a. They are looking at ………….........…... (ourselves, themselves) b. She likes looking at ………….........in the mirror. (yourself, herself) c. My old boots. …………..... are black in colour. (They, It) d. Can………….........…... do it yourself? (you, yours) e. Mr. Gokul is a teacher. ………….......... teaches us English. (He, His) f. ………….........…... are swimming in the pool. (They, Them) g. Tell ………….........…... a story. (she, her) h. Riya cooked food ………….........…... (himself, herself) i. The child is clapping ………….........…... hands. (him, his) j. They love sweets. These packets of sweets are for ............... (they, them) k. Mina………….........…... told me about it. (himself, herself) l. This is Anu. ….....….is my neighbour. (He, She) m. The noise outside awakened ………….........…... (us, we). n. We ………….........…... went to the town. (ourselves, themselves) o. How many students are there in…………........class? (you, your) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 61

Test Yourself 5 Correct the following sentences. a. Mary lived on a farm. He had a little lamb. Eg. Mary lived on a farm. She had a little lamb. b. Mr. Smith has gone to Washington. I’ll give her the message. ..................................................................................................... c. Riya is a nurse. His father is a doctor. ..................................................................................................... d. Anil lives in a village. Her village is beautiful. ..................................................................................................... e. Sabnam can draw this picture himself. ..................................................................................................... f. Rahul is an intelligent boy. Everybody likes her. ..................................................................................................... g. Maya is a good teacher. His hair is very long. ..................................................................................................... h. Anita and Aryan are good friends. She can play the flute. ..................................................................................................... i. Hari has two dogs. It can run fast. ..................................................................................................... j. Did Mina cook food himself? ..................................................................................................... k. Anjali is my friend. This is his house. She lives here. ..................................................................................................... l. “How old is Mina?” “He is ten years old.” ..................................................................................................... m. Where are your from? ..................................................................................................... n. Suresh studies in Grade X. She is very tall. ..................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 62

Vocabulary Practice A. Replacing nouns Put these words into the right columns. widow gentleman photographer doctor cook daughter nephew aunt lady waiter stewardess waitress steward cleaner teacher husband bride president He She Either He or She (man) (woman) (either a man or a woman) gentleman widow photographer B. New words Look at the pictures and fill in the blank spaces with suitable pronouns. a. They are strong men. ........... are playing arm wrestling. b. We are students. ........... sing the National Anthem at the assembly. c. Mohan is a student. ........... has badge on his uniform. d. This is a cupboard. ........................ is bare. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 63

e. Mina is hungry. ............ is eating noodles with chopsticks. f. Rosy is a pretty girl. ............ is wearing a dress with a white collar. g. Anu and Ali study in Grade four. ............ are doing their homework. h. Look at that man! ............ is tacking a poster on the wall. i. This is Maya’s house. ............ is latching the door. j. Pemba is a funny boy. ............ is squirting the children with a water gun. k. Subin is doing his homework. ............ is rubbing out the mistake with an eraser. l. The man is a fire fighter. ............ is putting out the fire with a fire extinguisher. m. The kids are having fun. ............ are yelling in the roller coaster. n. Mona is going out ............ is spraying perfume on herself. o. This is a frying pan. We fry eggs on ........... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 64

Grammar in Context 1. Read the story and do the activities that follow. A son and his father are walking on the mountains. Suddenly his son falls. He hurts himself and screams: “AAAhhhhhhh!!!” To his surprise, he hears the voice repeating, “AAAhhhhhhh!!!” He cries again: “Who are you?” He receives the answer: “Who are you?” And then he screams, “I can hear you!” The voice answers: “I can hear you!” Angered at the response, he screams: “Coward!” He receives the answer: “Coward!” He looks to his father and asks: “What’s going on?” The father smiles and says: “My son, pay attention.” Again the man screams: “You are a champion!” The voice answers: “You are a champion!” The boy is surprised, but does not understand. Then the father explains: “People call this ECHO.” A. Write down any six pronouns from the above text. ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ B. Complete these sentences with suitable pronouns. a. He hurts .............................. . b. “Who are ...........................?” c. “I can hear ............................!” d. “............................ are a champion!” e. He looks to .............................father and asks “What’s going on?” C. Answer the following questions. a. Who hurts himself? b. Who are walking on the mountains? c. Write down the sentences that the voice repeats after the boy. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 65

2. Read the text and do the activities that follow. My name is Pukar. I have a sister and a brother. My sister’s name is Anu and my brother’s name is Raju. I have a pet cat. Her name is Chhoyna. Yesterday Father gave us some new clothes. He gave me a shirt. I thanked him. Then Anu asked, “What’s for me?” Father gave her a skirt and a T-shirt. She said, “Thank you!” Then Father called Raju, “Come here, Raju!” Father gave him a cap and a pair of trousers. Raju said, “Thank you, Daddy!” At last Chhoyna came. Father gave her a red ball. We were happy. We said, “Thank you, Daddy!” Father said, “You’re welcome.” A. Underline any six pronouns in the above text. B. Replace the underlined words with suitable pronouns. a. I thanked Father. b. Father gave Anu a skirt and a T-shirt. c. Father gave Raju a cap and a pair of trousers. d. At last Chhoyna came. Father gave Chhoyna a red ball. C. Tick () the right nouns for the underlined pronouns. a. He got a shirt. Pukar Anu Raju Chhoyna Chhoyna b. She got a skirt. Pukar Anu Raju Chhoyna Chhoyna c. He got a cap. Pukar Anu Raju Chhoyna d. She got a T-shirt. Pukar Anu Raju e. She got a ball. Pukar Anu Raju D. Answer the following questions. a. Who is Pukar’s sister? b. Who is Pukar’s brother? c. Whose name is Chhoyna? d. What did father give to Raju? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 66

Guided Composition Read and write. Neha's classroom This is Neha’s classroom. It is big and spacious. It is airy and clean. There are forty students in Neha’s class. It has two doors and six windows. There are ten desks and ten benches in her classroom. There is a blackboard on the wall in the front of the class. There are two chairs in her classroom. There is a map of Nepal on the wall. There is a dustbin. They keep their classroom clean. She likes her classroom very much. Now write about Rahul’s classroom. small….....one door….....three windows….....clean….....fifteen students….....six desks and six benches….....blackboard….....one chair….....poster of the English alphabet….....dustbin. Now write a similar paragraph about your classroom. My classroom is ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 67

9 Adjectives Read the story and underline the adjectives. Long ago there was a deep river near a small village. One day an intelligent boy named Tabeez saw an old woman sitting under a large coconut tree. Her hair was white and long. She looked unhappy. She was weeping. The boy went near her. Tabeez : Why are you so sad? Woman : My magic box fell into the river. There were three golden rings in the box. They were magical rings. Tabeez : What will you do now? Woman : Can you bring my rings back? Tabeez : I’m a little boy. How can I help you? Woman : I can enlarge my hands with magic. I will hold your legs and let you go down the river. My magic does not work when I touch water. Tabeez : Really! Can I see your large hands? Woman : I can pick up some sweet coconuts for you. The woman picked up a lot of coconuts for Tabeez. He also helped the woman. The words small, deep, intelligent, old, large, sad, golden, little, two, etc are describing words. They are called adjectives. n The words that describe nouns and pronouns are called adjectives. n Adjectives tell us about number, colour, quantity, shape, size, and kind of nouns. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 68

a small village three golden rings It tells the size of the village. It tells the number of the rings. old woman intelligent boy It tells the age of the woman. It tells the quality of the boy. a lot of coconuts white hair It tells the quantity. It tells the colour. Listening Practice: Repeat these words after your teacher. Types of adjectives: Quality : beautiful, ugly, rich, poor, brave, bright, clever, intelligent, old, young, cold, hot, happy, sad, thin, honest, dark, difficult, fat, cruel, dangerous, comfortable, soft, optimistic. Quantity : some, any, much, more, a little, many, a few, a lot of, several. Numeral : one, two, three, four, first, second, third, fourth. Colour : red, black, blue, brown, white, green, yellow. Material : golden, silver, wooden, cotton. Size and shape : round, large, small, big, oval, rectangular. ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the adjectives in the following sentences. 69 a. Bipin is a clever boy. b. A small bird is in the cage. c. Archi is patting her cute dog. d. Sabnam is an intelligent girl. e. The tall girl is wearing a lovely dress. f. An old man gave me some books. g. There are six pencils in the red bag. h. There is a round table in the room. i. She has not bought many books. j. A black dog was chasing a white cat. k. Once a little crow was very thirsty. l. The sky is blue and the ocean is green. m. The old book was lying in the wooden drawer. n. The tall boy with the red cap is a famous actor. o. The tall mountains are covered with white snow. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions. Is he young? Is she sick? Is he thirsty? Is he young? Is she healthy? Is he sad? Vocabulary Practice: Learn the following describing words. Her hair is curly. His hair is spiky. Her hair is long with a side parting. Her hair is shoulder-length. Her hair is long with a center parting. Use any two adjectives in your own sentences. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 70

ABC Grammar Practice: Write the opposites of the underlined adjectives. a. She is a pretty girl. .S..h..e.…is …an…ug…ly …gir…l. ……………...……. b. She is a clever woman. ......……………………………...……. c. She is an intelligent girl. ......……………………………...……. d. He is a silly boy. ......……………………………...……. e. They are honest workers. ......……………………………...……. f. He is a strong man. ......……………………………...……. g. Subir is a rich man. ......……………………………...……. h. This is a big animal. ......……………………………...……. i. She is a helpful girl. ......……………………………...……. j. These are my old shoes. ......……………………………...……. Writing Practice: Here are some adjectives. Put a suitable noun after each one. beautiful ________________ old ____________________ blue ___________________ cold ___________________ brave __________________ cheap __________________ red ____________________ dirty ___________________ round __________________ expensive ______________ sweet __________________ thin ___________________ hot ____________________ happy__________________ interesting _____________ soft ___________________ large__________________ strong __________________ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 71

Writing Practice: Underline the adjectives in the following passage. An old man lived in a small hut. His clothes were dirty and old. He never washed his clothes. One day he saw a tall man in a nice suit. He asked how his suit was so clean and beautiful. The man said, “Take this small piece of soap and wash your dirty clothes with it.” The old man washed all his clothes. They looked tidy. He was very happy. Next day he found a beautiful hat lying in the street. It was wet and dirty. He became sad to look at it. He brought it home and washed it well. The hat looked new and pretty. Now tick () the correct adjectives. young a. The man was .............................................. . old big dirty b. The hut was .............................................. . small dirty sad c. His dresses were ....................................... . clean d. The tall man’s suit was ................................ . clean e. Finally the old man was ............................. . happy Use any four adjectives in your own sentences. old small clean happy young big dirty sad ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 72

Comparison 10 Read the sentences and underline the adjectives. Nishchal is the tallest boy in his family. Nishchal Tina Anil Sona He has three cousins. They are Tina, Anil and Sona. Sona is taller than Tina. Anil is shorter than Tina. Anil is the youngest of all. Tina has got short hair. Sona has also got short hair. Tina’s hair is shorter than Sona’s. Nishchal has got a watch. It costs four thousand rupees. Anil has also got a watch. It costs five hundred rupees. Nishchal’s watch is more expensive than Anil’s. Mohan is tall. Rohan is the tallest of the three. Sohan is taller than Mohan. The bicycle The motorcycle The car is the most is expensive. is more expensive expensive of the three. than the bicycle. Here tall, taller, tallest, expensive, more expensive, most expensive, etc are different forms of adjectives. Adjectives have three forms to show comparison. They are: n Positive: fat, beautiful n Comparative: fatter, more beautiful n Superlative: fattest, most beautiful Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 73

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Bina is a tall girl. Riya is taller than Bina. Neha is the tallest girl in her class. Rahul is an intelligent boy. Anant is more intelligent than Rahul. Aryan is the most intelligent boy in his class. Grammar Study: Degrees of adjectives Add -er to form comparatives and -est to superlatives. Positive Comparative Superlative big bigger biggest brave braver bravest clever cleverer cleverest fat fatter fattest heavy heavier heaviest high higher highest hot hotter hottest large larger largest lazy lazier laziest long longer longest rich richer richest short shorter shortest strong stronger strongest tall taller tallest thin thinner thinnest wise wiser wisest young younger youngest Add more to form comparatives and most to superlatives. beautiful more beautiful most beautiful difficult more difficult most difficult expensive more expensive most expensive intelligent more intelligent most intelligent useful more useful most useful Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 74

Grammar Study: Showing comparison Use ‘comparative+ than’ to compare two people, places and things. A horse is bigger than a dog. He is shorter than his brother. She is more helpful than her sister. Use ‘the + superlative’ to compare more than two people and places. He is the tallest boy in his class. Rs. 4500/- Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. The ostrich is the largest living bird. He is the most wonderful man I have ever met. ABC Grammar Practice: Look and write. The watch is ................................ . Rs. 500/- The radio is ................................ than the watch. The mobile is the................................ of the three. Rs. 3000/- An ox is a ................................ animal. A rhino is ................................ than an ox. An elephant is the ................................ animal. The marble is ................................ . The apple is ................................ than the ball. The ball is ......................... than the apple. The marble is the ........................ of the three. expensive, more expensive, most expensive large, larger, largest small, smaller, smallest, big, bigger, Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 75

Speaking Practice: Look and compare. Who is taller? Who is shorter? Who is the tallest? Who is the shortest? Anik Sunit Binit Spelling Practice: Complete the table. Positive Comparative Superlative clever old strong rich clean dirty small cold noise fast high low expensive intelligent interesting harmful useful difficult comfortable beautiful Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 76

Test Yourself 1 Fill in the suitable adjectives. Everybody likes Albert because he is ........................ and kind. He likes to help his friends and others. Yesterday he met an ............. man who was trying to cross the road. The man was not able to walk properly. He was ............. and helpless. Albert helped the man cross the road. The old man thanked the boy and said, “You’re really a ................ boy.” old, very helpful, good, tired Test Yourself 2 Choose the correct word. a. My house is ................................ than yours. (small, smaller) b. She is ................................. than her sister. (tall, taller) c. A .......................... man can walk alone in the forest. (brave, braver) d. A ..................... man cannot climb a high mountain. (weak, weaker) e. The lion is a ...............................animal. (powerful, more powerful) f. A decagon has ................................ sides. (one, ten) g. How.................................. meat can he eat? (much, many) h. Who is the ........................... person in your family? (older, oldest) i. A tiger is ................................. than a deer. (fast, faster) j. The cobra is the ......................... snake in the world. (poisonous, most poisonous) Test Yourself 3 Choose the correct word. a. Aman is ........................... than his friend. (clever, cleverer) b. Sita is ....................... than her friend. (intelligent, more intelligent) c. These books are very ........................... (expensive, more expensive) d. He is ............................... than his friend. (smart, smarter) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 77

e. Sita is ................. than her friend. (prettier, pretty) f. My room is ................. than yours. (clean, cleaner, cleanest) g. Mina is an ................................ girl. (intelligent, more intelligent) h. Kathmandu is the ................. city of Nepal. (big, bigger, biggest) i. Which is the ................. bird in the world? (small, smaller, smallest) j. She is the ................. girl in her class. (tall, taller, tallest) Test Yourself 4 Choose the correct word. a. ................. friends are playing football. (He, His) b. ................. house belongs to me. (This, These) c. Anjana has not eaten ................. apples. (many, much) d. ................. food makes us healthy. (Good, Bad) e. ................. water makes us sick. (Clean, Dirty) f. He is the ................. boy in his group. (stronger, strongest) g. A ................. man always helps others. (kind, cruel) h. An ................. man never cheats others. (honest, dishonest) i. The sky is ................. at daytime. (blue, red) j. We have got ................. fingers. (ten, twenty) Test Yourself 5 Choose the correct word. a. These dresses are dirty. We need to wash them. (clean, dirty) b. He is a ................. man. He has a lot of money. (rich, poor) c. The ostrich is the ................. bird. (largest, smallest) d. The ................. month of the year is March. (second, third) e. She is the ................. girl in her group. (intelligent, most intelligent) f. Mt. Everest is the................. peak in the world. (high, highest) g. Honey is ................. than sugar. (sweet, sweeter) h. The Dharahara was the ................. structure in Nepal. (tall, tallest) i. Kabir is ................. than Shyam. (strong, stronger) j. The ................. month of the year is November. (tenth, eleventh) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 78

Vocabulary Practice A. Nationalities Match the countries with the nationalities. America Australian Argentina Chinese Australia Brazilian Bangladesh French Bhutan Indonesian Brazil German Canada Italian China Japanese England Argentine France English Germany Malaysian India Nepalese Indonesia Pakistani Italy Bangladeshi Japan Bhutanese Malaysia Canadian Nepal American Pakistan Indian Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 79

B. Height He is very tall. He is short. He is medium height. He is tall. C. Types of hair She has very long hair. She has short hair. She has long, black hair. She has short, black hair. She has long, straight, black hair. She has short, straight, black hair. She has medium length hair. He has no hair. She has medium length , blonde hair. He is bald. She has medium length, straight, blonde hair. She has medium length hair. She has long hair. She has medium length, black hair. She has long, blonde hair. She has medium length, wavy, black hair. She has long, curly, blonde hair. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 80

D. Fill in the blank spaces with the opposites: a. My bag is light but his bag is ........................................ . He can’t lift it. b. I’m short but my brother is very.................................... He can touch the ceiling. c. My dress is dirty but her dress is .......................... . It looks beautiful. d. Keep the door shut but the window .......................... . e. He is poor but his brother is ........................ . He has an expensive car. f. This dog is tame but that dog is .......................... . g. I’m happy but she is .......................... . She has failed the exam. h. This is a thin book but that is a .................... book. It has three thousand pages. i. This is a cheap shirt but that is an .......................... shirt. I can’t afford to buy it. j. The low hills are surrounded by .......................... mountains. k. The baby slept all day but kept awake at .......................... . l. This is an easy question but that is a .......................... question. I can’t solve it. m. I always drink hot water but my brother prefers .......................... water. n. I’m not sick; I’m .......................... . o. I can carry a light box but I can’t carry .......................... box. p. Miss Rai is a kind person; she is not .......................... . q. His bag is full but my bag is .......................... . You can keep your book in it. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 81

Grammar in Context Read the text and do the activities that follow. London is the largest city in Europe. It is the capital of the United Kingdom. One in ten people, who live in the United Kingdom, live in London. London is dry all year. Although it is dry, London is often very cloudy. On average it rains mildly just about every other day. There are a lot of beautiful places in London. This is the picture of Big Ben. Big Ben is the name of the large bell inside the clock. Natural History Museum is the national museum. It contains a large collection of over 68 million plants, animals, fossils, and minerals from around the world. This is the picture of Trafalgar Square. It is one of the most popular meeting spots in London. Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s house in London. The Tower of London is located on the northern bank of the River Thames. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 82

A. Note down any six adjectives from the above text. B. Write the opposites. a. largest city .................................. b. large bell .................................. c. beautiful places .................................. C. Write true or false. a. London is the largest city of Asia. b. London is the capital city of the United Kingdom. c. London is very dry. d. The River Thames lies in London. D. Answer the following questions. a. What does ‘UK’ stand for? b. What is Big Ben? c. Which is the Queen’s house? E. Tick () the right answers. 1. London is the capital city of what country? a. United States b. France c. United Kingdom 2. Which of the following is true about London? a. it’s very wet b. it’s very cold c. it’s very dry F. Write four sentences about one of the cities in Nepal. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 83

Guided Composition 1. Read and write. My best friend Sabnam is my best friend. She is kind and helpful. She helps me and my friends. She helps me with mathematics. She is good at mathematics. She likes to wear sky blue dresses. She likes to play hop scotch. She speaks Nepali, English and Maithili. Now write about your best friend. 2. Read and write. Our English teacher Our English teacher is Januka Basnet. She is a good teacher. She is tall. She has got long black hair. She wears a blue sari. She always speaks English with us. She is kind and helpful. All the students obey and respect her. She loves all her students. We all love and respect her. Now write about your English teacher. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 84

Look and read. Yes/No Questions 11 A: Is he a football player? B: No, he isn’t. He is a cricket player. A: Is he a cricket player? B: Yes, he is a cricket player. A : Is she a nurse? B : No, she isn’t. She is an airhostess. A : Is she an airhostess? B : Yes, she is. n We use yes/no questions to get the answer in YES or NO. n Yes/no questions always start with auxiliary verbs. Is he a student? Are you a boy? Auxiliary verbs Was he dancing? Can he ride a bicycle? is am are Are they clever? Was she at home? was were Can you play? Are there books? has have Do you eat meat? Is this a parrot? does do will can Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 85

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Is he a doctor? Do you speak English? Are they teachers? Is this a book? Was he in the park? Are these parrots? Can you sing a song? Are there any boys in the hall? Grammar Study: Forming yes/no questions Keep the auxiliary verbs before the subjects to form yes/no questions. She is reading a book. He can sing a song. subject subject auxiliary auxiliary Is she reading a book? Can he sing a song? auxiliary subject auxiliary subject ABC Grammar Practice: Change the sentences into yes/no questions. a. She is a teacher. ………………………………... b. They are football players. ………………………………... c. They are putting out the fire. ………………………………... d. She can run fast. ………………………………... e. Tom is eating a banana. ………………………………... f. They are happy. ………………………………... g. She is weeping. ………………………………... h. Riya is eating an ice-cream. ………………………………... i. She can draw a picture. ………………………………... j. There are six books on the table. ………………………………... k. This is an old dress. ………………………………... l. You can play the flute. ………………………………... m. These are oxen. ………………………………... n. Sita is a dancer. ………………………………... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 86

Speaking Practice: Ask and answer. A : Is she a nurse? B : ______________ A : Is she a dancer? B : ______________ A : Is he a butcher? B : Yes, he is. A : Is he a farmer? B : No, he isn’t. A : Is he a policeman? A : Is he a singer? B : ______________ B :______________ A : Is he a doctor? A : Is he a barber? B : ______________ B :______________ Grammar Study: Short questions Questions Answers Am I happy? Yes, I am. Are you happy? No, I am not. Yes, I am. Is he happy? No, I am not. Yes, he is. Is she happy? No, he is not. Yes, she is. Are they happy? No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 87

ABC Grammar Practice: Write short answers to these questions. a. Is Mr. Rai a doctor? Mr. Rai ........................................................................ Arun b. Is Mr. Rai a photographer? Nehal ........................................................................ Nujaan c. Is Nehal a doctor? ........................................................................ d. Are Arun and Nehal teachers? ........................................................................ e. Is Nujaan a photographer? ........................................................................ f. Is Nehal an engineer? ........................................................................ g. Is Nehal a pilot? ........................................................................ h. Is Nehal a photographer? ........................................................................ i. Is Arun a doctor? ........................................................................ j. Is Arun a photographer? ........................................................................ k. Is Mr. Rai a policeman? ........................................................................ l. Are Mr. Rai and Nujaan photographers? ........................................................................ m. Are Nujaan and Nehal doctors? ........................................................................ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 88

WH Questions 12 Act out the conversation. A : What day is tomorrow? B : It’s Saturday. A : What will you do tomorrow? B : I’ll help Mom with the housework. A : When will you do it? B : In the afternoon. A : What will you do after then? B : I’ll go to the National Zoo. A : Where is it located? B : It is located at Jawalakhel. The words what, when, where, etc are WH words. They are used to make WH questions. WH questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. Whose dog is this? Yesterday It asks for a person. Tina’s 6 How old are you? It asks for the age of a person. At3Kirtipur When did you buy it? It asks for a time. How many books are there? It asks for a number. Where do you live? It asks for a place. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 89

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Who wrote this letter? Amit wrote this letter. Whose house is this? This is Amit’s house. Where does Amit live? He lives at Kirtipur. How old is he? He is twelve years old. How many brothers does he have? He has one brother. How many sisters does he have? He has no sister. What is the name of his school? SB Academy. Where is his school located? It is located at Kirtipur. ABC Grammar Practice: Read the answer and fill in the blanks with suitable WH words. a. ............................. old is Anushka? Eight. b. ............................. does she live? At Kalanki. c. .............. many members are there in her family? Six. d. ......................... many brothers does she have? Two. e. ............................. is the name of her school? Kantipur Academy. f. ............................. book is this? Riya’s. g. ............................. do we play games? On the playground. h. ............................. was she born? In 2001. Writing Practice: Write questions for the following answers. 1 A: .............................................................................................? B: I’m ten years old. 2 A: .............................................................................................? B: I live at Patan. 3 A: .............................................................................................? B: There are six members in my family. 4 A: .............................................................................................? B: This is Neha’s doll. 5 A: .............................................................................................? B: My name is Deepa. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 90

Test Yourself 1 I got back last week. Match the questions with the answers. He is ten. Bread and butter. a. How old are you? She is twelve. b. What did Anita eat yesterday? In the garden. c. How old is Anita? My old boots. d. When did you get back? She ate an ice-cream. e. How old is Rahul? I’m eight. f. Where is the dog? g. What are those? h. What did you eat yesterday? Test Yourself 2 This is Riya’s bag. She is nine. Match the questions with the answers. Rice and curry. Ten. a. How many fingers do you have? Mahendranagar. b. What did Neha have for lunch? Under the bed. c. What is that? Six. d. How old is your sister? That is an octopus. e. Where are you from? f. Where is the cat? g. Whose bag is this? h. How many members are there in your family? Test Yourself 3 At the bus stop. This is a ruler. Match the questions with the answers. He is ten. Twenty- five. a. How many students are there in your class? Bread and jam. b. How many toothpicks are there in the box? At a supermarket. c. Where did you go yesterday? Snake and ladder. d. Where is John? I visited my aunt. e. How old is your brother? Two hundred. f. What did Rahul have for breakfast? g. What did you do last Friday? h. What do you want to play today? i. What is this? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 91

13 Be Verbs Read the sentences. I am Kumar. I am eight years old. I was seven last year. I am from Pokhara. I was in Pokhara yesterday. Today I am in Kathmandu. I came here to meet my uncle. He is a lawyer. Susan/ Biratnagar My friend Susan is from a student /10 years Biratnagar. She’s ten years old. long and black hair/fat She’s a student. Her hair is long and black. She is tall. Sahil/ Pokhara /8 My friend Sahil is from Pokhara. years old/ a student/ He’s eight years old. He’s a curly hair /very fat student. His hair is short and straight. He is short. The words is, am, are, was, etc are Be Verbs. They are helping verbs. Be Verbs have both present and past forms. Present I am fine today. I was sick yesterday. is, am, are She is six years old. She was five last year. We are in Grade four. Last year we were in Grade three. Past was, were He is in Birgunj today. He was in Pokhara yesterday. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 92

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. I am from Jhapa. She is from Lahan. He is from Birgunj. They are from Bhojpur. We are from Darchula. She was sick. I was in Pokhara. They were in Grade three. Grammar Study: Forming Yes/no questions Is comes with a singular subject in the present tense. She is a student. Anita is a cook. He is ten years old. Binod is eight years old. She is a nurse. Kabir is a farmer. Am always comes with I in the present tense. I am ten years old. I am not tired. I am a student. I am happy. I am very hungry. I am busy now. Are comes with a plural subject in the present tense. We are hungry. We are students. They are twins. They are five years old. The boys are playing. Riya and Mina are singing. Was comes with a singular subject in the past tense. She was sick yesterday. He was in Grade three last year. Riya was ten last year. I was in Pokhara last week. Were comes with a plural subject in the past tense. We were in Grade three last year. These boys were in the park yesterday. I AM, WAS he, she, it, this, that IS, WAS a dog, the boy, the girl, Neha we, you, they, these, those, some dogs, the boys, the girls, Neha and Anil AR E, WERE Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 93

ABC Grammar Practice: Choose the correct BE verbs. a. David and Riya ........................ students. (is, are ) b. I........................ ten years old. (am, is ) c. The windows ........................ open. (is, are) d. The cows ........................ in the field. (are, is) e. There ........................ a pen in my pocket. (is, are) f. They ........................ in the park yesterday. (was, were) g. There ........................ a new book. (is, are) h. Kapil and Anup ........................ my friends. (is, are) i. The table ........................broken. (is, are) j. Her friend ........................ sad. (is, are) k. You ........................ from Pokhara. (is, are) l. His mother ........................ very happy. (is, are) m. The dress ........................ dirty. (was, were) n. Anita ........................ a good girl. (is, are) o. There........................ a parrot in the cage. It flew away. (was, were) Writing Practice: Read and write. Anjali, Birgunj, Anjali is from Birgunj. She is twelve 12 years old, a years old. She is a student. Her hair student, long hair, is long. She is slim. slim Anil, Pokhara, 10 .............................................................. years old, a student, .............................................................. curly hair, tall .............................................................. ..................................... Mona, Dharan, .............................................................. 8 years old, .............................................................. a student, .............................................................. straight hair, happy ..................................... Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 94

Test Yourself 1 Fill in the correct BE verbs. a. Manoj............... an intelligent boy. He gets good grades in each exam. b. Devkota ............... a famous poet. He wrote a lot of poems. c. Mandira ............... a doctor. She works in B and B Hospital. d. He ............... a policeman. He does his duty well. e. I ............... six years old. Last year I was five. f. I can’t find my notebooks. They ............... here yesterday. g. Kathmandu ............... the capital city. It is the biggest city of Nepal. h. Nancy ............... in the garden. Go and call her. Test Yourself 2 Fill in the correct BE verbs. a. Nepal ............... our country. b. You ............... right but they are wrong. c. She ............... home yesterday. d. The kids ............... in the park last week.. e. We ............... now in Grade four. We were in Grade three last year. f. I ............... not at school yesterday. g. Mona ............... well last week but she is sick again. Test Yourself 3 95 Fill in the correct BE verbs. a. She ............... hungry. Give her some food. b. That ............... your book but this is mine. c. Yesterday the school ............... closed. d. These tables ............... broken. Look at them. e. They ............... happy. They have won the match. f. We ............... in Pokhara last week. g. Yesterday she ............... sick. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

14 Verbs Read the instructions. How to make panpipes? To make panpipes, you will need scissors, wide drinking straws, modelling clay, card and sticky tape. n Cut the straws so that you have pairs that are 9 cm, 8 cm, 7 cm, and 6 cm long. n Block one end of each straw with a small piece of modelling clay. n Then, cut out the card to the same shape as shown in the picture. n Tape the straws into place with the modelling clay along the most slanted edge. n Now blow across the tops of the straws. You will hear melodious sounds. The words cut, blow, hear, need, etc are main verbs. They express different actions. n Action words are verbs. They tell us actions of the subjects. Different forms of verbs tell the time of an action. • go, goes, is going present • went, was going past • will go, shall go future Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 96

Listening Practice: Repeat these forms of verbs after your teacher. go goes went gone going will go eat eats ate eaten eating will eat write writes wrote written writing will write buy buys bought bought buying will buy cook cooks cooked cooked cooking will cook play plays played played playing will play jump jumps jumped jumped jumping will jump clean cleans cleaned cleaned cleaning will clean Grammar Study: Auxiliary verbs and main verbs Main verbs can come alone in sentences. They may come with auxiliary verbs. They play football. main verb They can play football. They are playing football. auxiliary verb main verb auxiliary verb main verb They will play football. They have played football. auxiliary verb main verb auxiliary verb main verb ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the main verbs and circle the auxiliary verbs. go sing is play write am dancing are cooked was buy has speak make take were have drink will rises eating can watch jumping Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 97

ABC Grammar Practice: Tick () the sentences that have only main verbs. a. Tina is waiting for the doctor. b. Anita is watching television. c. John can ride a bicycle. d. Cows eat green grass. e. The sun rises in the east. f. His father works in a bank. g. Dogs bark outside at night. h. Yesterday they went to the zoo. i. The stars shine in the sky. j. The girls are carrying baskets of fruit. Grammar Study: Regular and irregular verbs n Regular verbs add -d/-ed to change their forms. Irregular verbs do not take -d/-ed to change their forms. Present Past Past Participle regular play plays played played irregular jump clean jumps jumped jumped cook cleans cleaned cleaned cooks cooked cooked go goes went gone write writes wrote written buy buys bought bought eat eats ate eaten Grammar Study: -ing forms We use -ing forms of verbs after is, am, are, was, were to show actions that are going on at the time of speaking. The cow is grazing in the field. The baby was weeping. The monkey is climbing the tree. Tina and Riya are reading story books. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 98

How to form '–ing' forms of verbs? Verbs ending in -e remove -e and add -ing. take - taking write - writing make - making drive - driving dance - dancing come - coming Add just -ing. going watch - watching go - singing call - calling sing - playing buy - buying play - cooking read - reading cook - flying eat - eating fly - Double the last consonant and add –ing. run - running cut - cutting put - putting hop - hopping stop - stopping sit - sitting Vocabulary Practice: Complete the table. Present Past Past participle -ing forms broke broken breaking break bring cook cut dance drop eat go jump knock make paint play push Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 99

Present Past Past participle -ing forms read take talk write Vocabulary Practice: Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs from the brackets. a. The birds are …………………in the sky. (flying, jumping) b. Tina is …………………a story book. (eating, reading) c. Linda is …………………television. (watching, singing) d. The girls are …………………ice-creams. (singing, eating) e. Rahul is ………………… his hands. (driving, clapping) f. Dogs ………………… . (bark, mew) g. Mina and Sohan are ………………… food. (eating, sitting) h. An owl ………………… at night. (hoots, cries) i. A bird ………………… in the sky. (flies, swim) j. We ………………… our hair. (comb, have) k. She is a good dancer. She is ………………… now. (dancing, flying) l. I ………………… up at 6 o’ clock in the morning. (get, watch) m. The sun ………………… in the east. (rises, plays) n. We ………………… games in the playground. (stop, play) o. Do not ………………… flowers. (pluck, write) Speaking Practice: Look and write what they are doing. Rina Madan Ali and Rohan Suman Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 100