Maxim Book 10_2075 Edition_Sunil_Final

Grammar Practice: Write the numbers of the sentences under the proper headings. 1. Bimala, whose daughter is ill, cannot come to the school. 2. Football players who need not follow these rules are very experienced. 3. Imran is the man who looks like the Prime Minister. 4. Anil was looking at the girl, who was running along the road. 5. I stopped at Dhulikhel, where my brother owns a shop. 6. Listen to the person whom you trust. 7. Mr. Khurana, who lives next door, always watches television. 8. My friend, who is forty years old, loves bungee jumping. 9. Sabnam met the old man who lives next door. 10. That’s my friend Kunal, who looks like the Prime Minister. 11. The book that I bought yesterday isn’t very good. 12. The boy who studies in Grade X is a good football player. 13. The company, which was established in 1904, has about two hundred branch offices. 14. The couple who live next door always watch television. 15. The girls who live downstairs are Chinese. Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses 1, 2, GRAMMAR STUDY: Uses of Relative Clauses Relative clauses are used immediately after the nouns being referred to. Here is the list of relative clauses with their uses and examples: refer to people (the subject of the verb) I told you about the woman who lives next door. who Yesterday she met Anil, who bought this house last week. Did you see anyone who has got long beard? refer to possession for people, animals Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? whose and things Anita, whose brother is a singer, has gone to the USA. The dogs whose puppies are in the kennel are well trained. refer to people (the object of the verb) I was invited by the girl whom I met at the airport. whom The man whom you saw is an inspector. The girl whom you talked to is a dancer. animals and things (’which’ is also The cat that ate that packet of biscuits is very clever. possible. ‘That’ sometimes refers to I don’t like the table that/which stands in the kitchen. people also.) All the students that passed the test are preparing for the final that exam. (All the students who………) after ‘all, everything, something, There is still something that needs to be discussed. anything, nothing, etc.’ You can take everything that you want. Is there anything that I can do for you? subject or object pronoun for animals Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? which and things The book, which was published last month, was about women empowerment. when time My best holiday was in 1997, when I met Anu in Darjeeling. He arrived on the day when the school was closed. why reason Can you tell me the reason why she began to weep? The reason why I have come here is to meet your brother. where place This is the village where the criminal was arrested. This is the hotel where we can eat Chinese food. Book 10 151

1Test Yourself Rewrite the following sentences choosing correct relative clauses from the brackets: 1. People…………..live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. (who, whose, whom) 2. Bibha prefers to watch movies…………..do not make her cry. (that, what, when) 3. The police questioned everyone…………..lived in the colony. (which, who, whose) 4. My brother Tom, …………..hates fishing, will stay at home. (who, whose, whom) 5. A man……...name I have forgotten came to see you yesterday. (who, whose, whom) 6. I put everything in my suitcase, …………..is under my bed. (which, who, what) 7. This is the lady…………..wants to talk to the Principal. (who, whose, whom) 8. Yesterday I saw a dress, …………..was really expensive. (what, where, which) 9. Miss Mona is the secretary…….....has just arrived from Japan. (who, whose, whom) 10. He bought all the books…………..are required for the course. (when, where, that) 11. Eat the bread…………..is on the big basket. (when, where, that) 12. Don’t believe people…………..say lies. (when, who, what) 13. An atlas is a book…………..is full of different maps. (what, where, that) 14. The teacher, ….....every student is afraid of, is really very nice. (who, whose, whom) 15. The bridge………..collapsed during the flood has been repaired. (what, where, that) 16. Is there another time…………..I can call you? (what, which, when) 17. In the park I saw Atul, ………....was reading a paper as usual. (who, whose, whom) 18. A compass is a device…………..shows direction. (what, when, that) 19. We can meet at the Everest Hotel, ………..is on the main road. (what, which, that) 20. The present…………..he bought me is beautiful. (what, which, when) 21. Anu, ……..I’ve never met, is coming from America next week. (that, whose, whom) 22. My students, …………..are all adults, are learning English to get a better job. (where, who, whose) 23. The textbooks, …………..the students like, have lots of helpful examples. (what, where, which) 24. Mr. Shrestha, …………..enjoys going to the theatre, has been invited to join our club. (who, whose, whom) 25. The piggy bank in…………..the little girl keeps her money has been stolen. (what, which, that) 2Test Yourself Rewrite the following sentences choosing correct relative clauses from the brackets: 1. Do you like the school…………..Anita studies? (what, which, where) 2. The hotel…………..we stayed was near the lake. (whose, which, where) 3. The dress…………..Raman is wearing is very expensive. (what, that, who) 4. The doctor…………..works in Bir Hospital is standing there. (whose, that, where) 5. The building…………..I live was built in 2001. (whose, what, where) 6. Can you tell me…………..I can buy wrapping paper? (that, what, where) 7. That is the building………..they shot the film ‘WANTED’. (whose, where, which) 8. Anita, …………..is Bhola’s sister, met the manager last week. (who, whose, whom) 9. The hotel…………..we stayed was very good for the price. (when, which, where) 10. The people…………..I was sitting with were very noisy. (who, whose, when) 11. Her parents, ……...are retired, come to Kathmandu every year. (who, whose, whom) 12. This is a film, …………..will be very popular with teenagers. (when, which, where) 13. Penguins are birds…………..cannot fly. (when, that, where) 14. My sister, ……..visited me last week, is very good at singing. (who, whose, whom) 15. This is the school…………..I used to study. (where, what, when) Book 10 152

16. I didn’t know…………..he was going to do next. (what, that, where) 17. Her grandfather died in 1984, by…………..time he had written more than ten books. (that, which, where) 18. I will stay in the hotel…………..we stayed last year. (which, where, what) 19. Do you remember the boy…………..was playing the guitar at the concert? (who, whose, whom) 20. Our friends, …………..we met at university, are coming to visit next week. (that, whose, whom) 21. My parents, …………..were born in a village, moved to Kathmandu last year. (who, whose, whom) 22. The city, …....football team lost the final, never wins anything. (who, whose, whom) 23. Riya wanted to show me her new dress…………..she had bought in Delhi. (when, which, where) 24. The pupils, …………..sang in the concert gave a wonderful performance. (who, whose, whom) 25. Valencia, …………..is Spain’s third largest city, is on the Mediterranean coast. (when, which, where) 3Test Yourself Rewrite the following sentences choosing correct relative clauses from the brackets: 1. Go and see the dentist, …………..will polish your teeth. (who, whose, whom) 2. The student…………..lost his bag is waiting in the office. (who, whose, whom) 3. The house…………..they live needs repairing. (where, what, when) 4. Go and find the guests…………..arrived here yesterday. (who, whose, whom) 5. This is the town…………..I was born. (where, what, when) 6. Look at the horses…………..are drinking in the river. (where, what, which) 7. I ate all the cake…………..you gave me. (that, when, whose) 8. Children…………..eat a lot of candy often get bad teeth. (who, whose, whom) 9. Give me a book…………..I gave you last week. (where, when, that) 10. I met Anita, …………..was wearing a black hat. (which, who, when) 11. Did you meet the boy…………..painted that picture? (who, whose, whom) 12. The man ………….. left his bag here didn’t come back. (who, whose, whom) 13. She likes to eat food…………..is too delicious. (when , that, where) 14. I have a cousin…………..is very good at knitting. (who, whose, whom) 15. That boy lived in a city…...we can see many ancient temples. (when , which, where) 16. Alan is going out with Tina, …………..is her classmate. (who, whose, whom) 17. The bag…………..the man is carrying is very heavy. (what, where, that) 18. This is the story…………..I read last month. (that, what, whose) 19. The students…………..we met were very intelligent. (that, whose, whom) 20. In 1998 I travelled to Paris, …………..I met my husband. (who, whose, where) 21. Can I borrow the book…………..was written by R. N. Joshi? (that, what, whose) 22. The students…………..were selected for the final test are very intelligent. (that, whose, whom) 23. I will arrive there on Sunday…………..nobody will be there. (when, what, where) 24. She’s the actress…………..he likes very much. (who, whose, whom) 25. The food…………..she is buying looks healthy. (who, that, when) Book 10 153

4Test Yourself Rewrite the following sentences choosing the best alternatives from the brackets: 1. The foreigner......…..you saw at the party last night is David Kerr. (who, whose, whom) 2. They have finished building a new library, …...will open in August. (that, which, when) 3. This test is for students…....……..native language is not English. (who, whose, whom) 4. The singer..…...we saw on television last night has won the award. (that, whose, whom) 5. People....…….....live on the mountain usually live for a long time. (who, whose, whom) 6. We invited the boy…....……..Tom had met yesterday to the party. (that, whose, whom) 7. A dishwasher is a machine…....……..washes dishes. (who, that, what) 8. That’s the professor…....……..spent 10 years in South Africa. (who, whose, whom) 9. The bat is the only mammal…....……..can fly. (who, that, whom) 10. I felt bad for the boy…....……..failed the exam. (that, which, who) 11. Jasmine is a flower…....……..is white and very fragrant. (which, who, that) 12. They are filming the girl…....……..birthday is today. (whose, that, who) 13. A kangaroo is an animal…....……..lives in Australia. (when, where, that) 14. Karen, …....……..surname is Johnson, is a beautiful model. (who, whose, that) 15. Mandira, .......comes from Janakpur, has been admitted in our school. (who, whose, whom) 16. Radium is a metal…....……..shines in the dark. (who, whose, that) 17. There’s the couple…....……..dancing you liked so much. (whose, whom, who) 18. That is the girl…....……..brother is a famous footballer. (who, whose, whom) 19. He lived in Kathmandu, …....……..he worked for a big company. (what, why, where) 20. Van Gogh was a painter....……..paintings are admired worldwide. (who, whose, whom) 21. A camel is an animal…....……..lives in the desert. (what, where, that) 22. Please take me to the hotel....…….....has the best service in town. (when, where, which) 23. Shakespeare was a British writer....…….wrote Romeo and Juliet. (who, whose, whom) 24. I think everybody....……..took part in the competition learnt a lot. (who, whose, whom) 25. What’s the name of the river…....……..flows through the valley? (which, when, where) 26. The ointment…....……..the doctor prescribed cured the rash on my arms quite quickly. (which, when , whose) 27. Look for the place…....……..the wild animals drink and try to take a photo. (what, where, which) 28. I haven’t seen Angela, …....……..brother is an engineer, for a long time now. (who, whose, whom) 29. The police have called in an expert to identify…....……..handwriting is actually on the ransom letter. (who, whose, whom) 30. The time…....……..I feel most stressed every day is 4 p.m. because we have to face many customers’ complaints. (where, when, what) 31. He showed me all the different colourful stamps..........he had collected. (where, when, that) 32. What is the name of the restaurant…....……..we had Chinese food last month? (what, that, where) 33. The student…....……..design won the competition had never entered such an event before. (whom, who, whose) 34. Amrita, …....……..article was published in last week’s issue of the school magazine, is in my brother’s class. (who, whose, whom) 35. The student…....……..topped the class will be awarded a prize of one lakh. (who, whose, whom) 36. Atul said something about a house in Janakpur, …....……..he goes every summer. (where, when, which) 37. Albert Einstein, …....……..put forward the theory of relativity, is considered by many as the most intelligent person in human history. (who, whose, whom) Book 10 154

Conjunctions Read the following text. Unemployed Rogan Sharma has applied for more than 20 jobs but he’s still out of work. He has been searching for a good job for himself for three months. Although he is intelligent and hardworking, he has not found any job yet. His brother and sister always read papers so as to help Rogan. They let him know if any vacancies come up. Either his brother or his sister is always there to help him apply for a post. Last week he posted an application in an English medium school for the post of an English teacher. He thought he would get the job this time because he was very impressive in the interview. Both his brother and sister were also very hopeful. He was absolutely desperate when he didn’t get a call from the Principal even after two weeks. In spite of his hard labour, he didn’t get that job. He has now decided to prepare himself. He is going to join a language centre so that he can improve his spoken English. He has started reading English newspapers as well as listening to news on BBC. He will apply for a job as soon as he feels quite confident. As a lot of candidates apply for a single post, the level of competition is very high. Unless you’re well prepared for any post, there is little chance of getting it. Here ‘but, although, and, either ... or, because, when, after, etc’ are conjunctions. They join words, phrases and sentences. Look at the following sentences once again. Unemployed Rogan Sharma has applied for more than 20 jobs but he’s still out of work. It expresses a reason. It expresses a conflicting idea. It joins two sentences. It joins two sentences. He would get the job this time because he was very impressive in the interview. It expresses a concession. It is a correlative conjunction. It joins two sentences. It joins two similar elements. In spite of his hard labour, Either his brother or his sister is always he didn’t get that job. there to help him apply for a post. Book 10 155

GRAMMAR STUDY: Kinds and Uses There are three kinds of conjunctions- coordinating, subordinating and correlative. Ü Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two words, two phrases or two clauses. and join two words He bought a jug, a basket and a hammer. or ideas Ali and Anu met the Principal and the Director. He writes slowly and neatly. He wrote a letter and posted it. but show opposite or She likes oranges but her sister doesn’t. conflicting ideas He was poor but happy. She is small but strong. He wrote a letter, but didn’t post it. or show choice or Have you fried or steamed it? Do you like tea or coffee? possibilities He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. Is she laughing or crying? so show result The bus was crowded so we had to stand. Sony was sick, so she went to hospital. yet however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool. He lost the match, yet he is very happy. nor and neither I did not see it, nor did they. She cannot play chess, nor can her sister. Ü Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs.They join similar elements. both...and two She is both intelligent and good looking. Both my sister and my brother play the piano. either...or one or the other of They play both basketball and volleyball. two Either Mona or her sister will dance. He bought either a pen or a pencil. not one nor the We will either go for a swim or visit a park. neither...nor other of two things Neither Anita nor Sunita was in the park. She neither danced nor sang in the party. or people: I will meet them neither here nor there. show that He was not only scolded but also punished. not only...but also something else is She is not only clever but also hard working. also true He not only bought a doll but also a toy. Ü Subordinating conjunctions allow us to show which idea is more and which is less important.They supply a time, reason, condition, and so on for the main clause. As it is raining, I will not go out. She was absent because she was sick. The match was postponed because of the rain. Since you are not well, you should take a rest. Reason Nina learnt computer so that she could get a good job. and purpose He saved a lot of money in order that he could buy a house. He went to market in order to buy some vegetables. He saved a lot of money so as to buy a house. We wondered why Anu was absent. Although he was poor, he was happy. Though he was poor, he was happy. Even though he was poor, he was happy. Concession He was happy in spite of his poverty. Despite his poverty, he was happy. Book 10 156

Time I will call you after I come to Kathmandu. Meet me before you leave. Place You have not changed a lot since we last met. Condition I always switch off the light when I go to bed. Manner Return this book when you next meet me. Whenever she comes here, she calls me. I broke my leg while playing football. We went on playing until Mother shouted angrily at us. We stayed outside talking till the sun went down. Cross the road as soon as the light turns green. We were all in tears as the film came to an end. You’d better join the queue where they are standing. Where there is a will, there is a way. Go to the place where you are supposed to be. Wherever he led, we followed. Everywhere we travelled, the same guide was with us. If he is here, I will see him. Unless you invite them, they won’t come. You’d better take the keys in case I’m out. They would pass the test provided that they took some tuition classes. I’ll get there, even if I have to walk. They did as they were instructed. He talks as if he knew everything. It looks as though there will be a storm. Do you know how she did it? You can do it however you like. You look like you haven’t eaten anything for two days. I want to speak English the way Sony speaks. Note: ‘Because of’ and ‘in spite of’ come with noun phrases. ‘In order to’, and ‘so as to’ come with to-infinitives. Other subordinating conjunctions often come with complete sentences. Ü Some connecting adverbs She is my neighbour; she is also my best friend. also: in addition I like the job. Besides, I need the money. besides: in addition consequently: so She had a fever; consequently, she stayed at home. We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed however: but by traffic. moreover: in addition She is very intelligent; moreover, she is very ambitious. nevertheless: but They are proud. Nevertheless, I like them. The ascent was dangerous. Nonetheless, he decided to nonetheless: but attempt it. We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset. otherwise: if not, or else We went shopping, then we had lunch. If you are sure, then I must believe you. then: next, afterwards, so I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best. He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached therefore: for that reason Boston the next day. thus: so, in this way Book 10 157

1Test Yourself Rewrite the following sentences choosing the best alternatives from the brackets: 1. Ali could………….read but also write before he was four. (either, both, not only) 2. Reema failed the exam………….her stupidity. (because, because of, in spite of) 3. ………….I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that, Since) 4. I shall wait here………….you finish your work. (until, if, when) 5. Asha got up late………….she came to school on time. (yet, because, although) 6. You’d better take a taxi. …………., you’ll arrive late. (Otherwise, However, Therefore) 7. ………….Anil is rich, he walks in bare feet. (Although, So, Unless) 8. The kids didn’t study. ………...., they failed the exam. (Although, However, Therefore) 9. I didn’t sleep well last night, ………….I felt very tired today. (so, as, so that) 10. ………….the bell rang, the students came out at once. (If, As soon as, Before) 11. Neha worked hard………….she could win the race. (to, because, so that) 12. Switch off all the lights………….you leave the house. (when, after, before) 13. The boss wanted to know the reason………….his secretary was late. (because, why, as) 14. ………….it is cold, he goes for swimming. (Although, Because, Yet, But) 15. I won’t invite my classmates to a party………….I know them well. (if, until, so) 16. Sunita climbs the stairs fast………….her leg is broken. (though, however, since) 17. Gunjan could find that book neither at the library, ………..at the bookstore. (or, nor, so) 18. We keep food in the fridge………….it will not go bad. (because, so that, as) 19. Tina is shorter than me………….taller than Pushpa. (and, but, because) 20. I will join you, ………….that the weather is fine. (provided, than, if) 21. I went to see the play………….it had good reviews. (because, because of, when) 22. He could………….read and write before he was four. (either, both, neither) 23. They cancelled the match……..a lot of players were ill. (because, because of, although) 24. Make sure you close all the windows………….it starts to rain. (after, before, until) 25. We waited………….the bus came. (if, till, for) 26. They were surprised………….pleased. (as well as, both and, nor) 27. We stayed up late, ………….we were tired. (although, despite, in spite of) 28. ………….you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until, Unless) 29. Niraj got the job, ………….he had no experience. (even though, because, since) 30. The beds were wide, soft………….comfortable. (and, but, or) 31. Move off………….the light turns green. (before, as soon as, until) 32. Atul could not come here on time………….the rain.(because, because of, so that) 33. Slow………….steady wins the race. (and, but, or) 34. Jasmine had to wait………….her husband became ready. (till, unless, as) 35. I didn’t buy the dress………….it cost too much. (because, although, so that) 36. She’s going to marry………….she finds the right man. (before, as soon as, unless) 37. I left home early………….I had to do several errands. (because, because of, although) 38. ………...I’ll have written a letter, it will be quarter to nine. (Since, By the time, Before) 39. We looked everywhere. ……..., we could not find the keys. (However, Thus, Therefore) 40. Anita didn’t eat anything, ……..she was very hungry. (because of, in spite of, although) 41. He’s…....an angry man…...nobody likes to be with him. (such...that, such...as, so...that) 42. The little child stood on the chair………….see out of the window. (because, so that, in order to) Book 10 158

2Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with correct conjunctions: 1. Did you go out……………stay at home last night? (nor, or, but) 2. ……….my warning, they went ahead with their plan. (Although, Despite, Even though) 3. I play a kind of music……………nobody likes it. (and, but, both) 4. The sun is warm this afternoon, ……………the air is still quite cool. (or, nor, but) 5. The weather was terrible……………, we decided to delay our trip. (Although, However, Therefore) 6. I went to see the play, …………….it had good reviews. (because, because of, however) 7. …….…Suman was not thirsty, he drank ten glasses of water. (Although, As, In spite of) 8. We will not go skiing……………the weather is good. (as if, unless, because) 9. Anurag went crazy……………his wife burnt his breakfast. (though, when, before) 10. I went for a walk……………the sun was shining. (because, otherwise, so) 11. ……………the bad weather, I didn’t go for swimming. (Because, Though, Because of) 12. Meet me…………..her friend broke her leg in an accident. (because, because of, when) 13. ……………I was in trouble, I helped my friends. (Because, Because of, Although) 14. ……………you do not keep quiet, you can’t hear what I’m saying. (If, Until, Unless) 15. I can’t stop to chat……………I’m already late. (because, although, so that) 16. I didn’t go for swimming………..…the weather was bad. (because, though, because of) 17. I would like to come, ……………I do not have time. (but, nor, so) 18. ……………today is Tuesday, Thursday is the day after tomorrow. (If, Until, Unless) 19. ……………his weight, he was quite an active person. (In spite of, Though, Because of) 20. Gita went to school……………her illness. (though, because of, in spite of) 3Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with correct conjunctions: 1. …………..you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty. (If, Until, Unless) 2. Do you know his address……………telephone number? (but, or, nor) 3. ……………hard he tries, he can’t get success. (Therefore, However, Although) 4. She earns a lot……………she borrows money from others. (and, yet, so) 5. ……………the train was late, we arrived on time. (Although, As, In spite of) 6. Pukar didn’t earn enough money……………, his wife decided to get a job. (However, Therefore, Nor) 7. They are happy…………….they have won the match. (because, because of, in spite of) 8. I must leave now……………I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than, so) 9. I opened the door……………looked out. (and, yet, not) 10. They lost the match……………carelessness. (because, because of, in spite of) 11. …..loud you talk to him, he won’t hear you , he’s deaf. (However, Therefore, Although) 12. I couldn’t buy the book……………the shop didn’t have a copy in stock. (because, although, so that) 13. They won the match……………their best players were unable to play. (although, because, despite) 14. It will rain either today……………tomorrow. (or, nor, and) 15. Whether he comes here……………not, he will be given the share. (or, nor, and) 16. Sudan couldn’t join the army……………his illness. (because of, as, because) 17. I invited him……………his friends. (and, but, nor) 18. ……………I wrote a letter, I posted it. (As soon as, Because, Before) 19. Angela arrived home………her husband had finished cooking. (until, by the time, until) 20. I have both respect……………admiration for them. (and, but, or) Book 10 159

Grammar Type I (Reproduction) 1. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Their new house is very comfortable, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Either Mohan or Sunil will call you this evening. (Change into negative.) c. The party lasted all night. (Change into ‘how long’ question) d. Yesterday evening at 11.30 we (dance) at the party. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. Taniya said to Bipin, “I’m sorry to come around without phoning you first.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. Rosy gave Pukar a nice present. (Change into passive voice.) 2. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. It’s so lovely sitting here in the sun, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Has he not written any letters? (Change into affirmative statement) c. I paid five hundred rupees for this shirt. (Change into ‘how much’ question) d. Pukar (read) 20 pages so far. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. The secretary said to the manager, “That remark was uncalled-for.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. She will have finished her work by nine o’clock. (Change into passive voice.) 3. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Those handwritings aren’t very clear, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Has our flight been announced yet? (Change into affirmative statement) c. Mina is frying some onions in the kitchen. (Change into ‘what’ question) d. Sudha (work) here between 2003 and 2006. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. Miruza said to me, “Why did you come to Kathmandu?” (Change into indirect speech.) f. Did anyone answer your question? (Change into passive voice.) 4. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He has not been proved guilty yet, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. He has not finished his work yet. (Change into affirmative) c. There are sixteen classrooms in my school. (Change into ‘how many’ question) d. Anna’s father (buy) a car next year. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. “I received a letter from my friend,” said Anita. (Change into indirect speech.) f. They have already removed two cars from the street. (Change into passive voice.) 5. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. You think you’re really intelligent, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Do they want to join us? (Change into affirmative statement) c. They are coming to visit tomorrow. (Change into ‘when’ question) d. …………… she (like) tomato juice? No, she doesn’t. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. He said, “Children must obey their teachers.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. People generally assume that the USA is the richest country in the world. (Change into passive voice.) Book 10 160

6. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Say something to me in Chinese, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. She didn’t do anything last week. (Change into affirmative) c. Mandira is learning computer because she wants a better job. (Change into ‘why’ question) d. Please don’t make so much noise. I (study). (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. “I am working in a factory,” his father said. (Change into indirect speech.) f. Anita may invite them to her next birthday party. (Change into passive voice.) 7. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Nobody helped them, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Have they studied hard? (Change into affirmative statement) c. His father works as a cashier in a bank. (Change into ‘where’ question) d. I (climb) quite a lot of mountains. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. He said, “Let me read this book.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. Priyanka slipped a postcard under the door. (Change into passive voice.) 8. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Seema put the camera in the drawer, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Can his brother drive this car? (Change into negative) c. I don’t get up early because I like to sleep late. (Change into ‘why’ question) d. In 2001, Kabir (visit) China with a group of friends. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. Angela said to me, “May God bless you with long life and prosperity!” (Change into indirect speech.) f. They called in the troops to repair the major embankment. (Change into passive voice.) 9. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Let’s go for a walk, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Goma does some housework. (Change into negative) c. His uncle gets home at 6 o’clock every night. (Change into ‘what time’ question) d. In all his career, Himesh never (miss) one day of work. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. Imran said, “She was sick last week.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. People say that the president will arrive on Monday. (Change into passive voice.) 10. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. You won’t be late, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. They know my brother Rahul. (Change into negative) c. Anita has dance classes every Friday. (Change into ‘how often’ question) d. It (not rain) a lot in November. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. He said to me, “Tell me your name.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. The accident was reported by a witness. (Change into active voice.) 11. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Let’s go out now and eat afterwards, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. He mopped his forehead with a handkerchief. (Change into interrogative) Book 10 161

c. They like to visit their grandmother on weekends. (Change into ‘what’ question) d. John is playing a game of tennis. He (play) for 2 hours. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. Sudha said, “I am writing a letter now.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. The book will be read by the students. (Change into active voice.) 12. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Sign here, please, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. I care about what he says. (Change into negative) c. The park is only two kilometres far from my house. (Change into ‘how far’ question) d. Last year Nina’s uncle (travel) all over Australia. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. “I’ve read the book you lent me,” said Kiran to Pukar. (Change into indirect speech.) f. A piece of plastic has been swallowed by the child. (Change into active voice.) 13. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He’s still sleeping, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. The DVD player comes with a year’s guarantee. (Change into negative) c. Her favourite kind of music is Jazz. (Change into ‘what’ question) d. Kumar (not give) me anything two days ago. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. They said, “It’s getting late. We really have to go.” (Change into indirect speech.) f. Our dog is frightened by loud thunderstorms. (Change into active voice.) 14. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Sit down a moment, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. Pukar will be playing football. (Change into yes/no question) c. I didn’t bring my story book today because my brother is reading it. (Change into ‘why’ question) d. Mum can’t come to the phone because she (have) a shower now. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. She said, “May all your dreams come true!” (Change into indirect speech.) f. The ball is hit straight into the bleachers by the batter. (Change into active voice.) 15. Reproduce the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. Somebody threw tomatoes at the minister, …………………………? (Add a question tag.) b. You will have to buy us some more. (Change into negative) c. They are eating Chinese food. (Change into ‘what kind’ question) d. Mary is still watching TV. She (watch) TV all day. (Change the form of the verb given in the bracket.) e. “May God look over you from the heavens!” said Angela. (Change into indirect speech.) f. A good film will be shown in the cinema tomorrow. (Change into active voice.) Book 10 162

Grammar Type II (Contextual Passages) 1. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. Dolphins are marine mammals that are related to whales and porpoises. .......... (A, An, The) marine animal is one that.......... (live, lives, is living) in water. Dolphins.......... (have found, are found, are being found) all over the world’s oceans, big rivers and marshes. They are carnivores and feed.......... (in, by, on) fish and squid. They have powerful eyesight and hearing, .......... (and, although, but) do not have a sense of smell. Dolphins come in different sizes, ..........? (aren’t they, do they, don’t they) Some are smaller than the average person whereas others are more than five times as long as the average person. Marine zoologists say that dolphins.......... (communicate, communicated, had communicated) with each other using clicks and whistles. This is one of the reasons that.......... (have, gets, makes) them look close to human beings. Whether big or small all.......... (is, has been, are) powerful swimmers. If you chance to be at the shoreline, you.......... (see, will see, will have seen) dolphins bobbing in and out of waves. 2. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet: (Rewriting is not compulsory) Do you know what ...............? (does opera mean/opera means/will opera mean). It refers............... (by/to/from) a dramatic art form, originated in Europe, in............... (what/ which/that) the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental; as it............... (is/was/has) through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor’s dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. ............... (A/An/The) drama in opera ............... (is presented/are presented/have been presented) using the primary elements of the theatre. Some of which............... (have/is/ are) scenery, costume and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto are sung rather than spoken, ...............? (isn’t it/aren’t they/wouldn’t they) The huge accompaniment of the singers sometimes makes the opera............... (sound/sounded/to sound) like a full symphonic orchestra. One feels the real flavour of the orchestra if one............... (watch/ watches/ will watch) it in person. 3. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. Penguins are among the most popular....... (in/of/on) all birds. They only live in and around....... (no article/a/the) South Pole and the Antarctic. No wild penguins....... (are living/live/has lived) in the Antarctic. There....... (is/are/have) believed to be different kinds of penguins. The largest penguin ............. (is being called/has been called/is called) the Emperor Penguin and the smallest is the Little Blue Penguin ................ (Because/Although/In spite of) there are 17 different kinds of penguins in all, none of them can fly. What makes penguins............. (survive/survived/to survive) in the coldest and the windiest weather conditions? If they............. (did not have/had not/would not have) thick layers of fat, they would never survive in the bitter cold. It is said that they............. (have to/will have to/had to) watch out for predators like killer whales and seals even in their freezing cold habitats. No one knows nature’s mystery, .......... ....? (isn’t it/do they/don’t they) 4. Choose and copy the best answers: One day two intimate friends were walking through a desert. ......... (At, In, From) a point during the trip they started arguing and one of the friends hit the other in the face. ......... (A, An, The) one that had been hit was hurt, but without a further word, wrote down in Book 10 163

the sand: “Today my best friend hit me in the face.” They kept on walking............ (after, when, until) they came across an oasis, where they decided to freshen up and bathe. But the one who............ (had hit, had been hit, hit) before got caught in the mud and was about to drown, but the friend saved him. This event got him............ (write, written, to write) down on a stone: “Today my best friend saved my life.” The friend who had hit his best friend and then saved him asked why............ (did he write, he has written, he had written) in the sand and then on stone. The other friend answered, “When someone hurts us, we............ (had to, has to, have to) write it down in sand so that the wind can forgive us by blowing it away. But if someone............ (does, did, had done) something nice for us, we can engrave it on stone, where no wind can ever blow it away, ............?” (can’t it, don’t it, can it) Doesn’t this text............ (give, gives, are given) us sweet lesson? 5. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. Woodpeckers are found all over the world except in.......... (the, a, no article) the North and South Poles, Australia and New Zealand. The studies have shown that there.................. (lives, live, have lived) over 200 different kinds of woodpeckers. The Imperial Woodpeckers and the Ivory-billed Woodpeckers; the largest of their kinds.................. (is, are, have) most likely to be extinct. They will soon be no longer found.................. (in, on, into) the earth. Woodpeckers have sharp bills and short stiff tails.................. (who, which, whose) help prop them up against tree trunks. Their long tongues help them catch insects deep within trees. We often.................. (hear, are, hearing, heard) them drumming loudly on trees. This.................. (makes, have, gets) us feel we are in a forest. They.................. (can become, become, would become) pets if they learn to drum on siding of a house. They can easily.................. (attract, will be attracted, be attracted) to backyards with sunflower seeds or suet. Suet is a kind of animal fat that is very tasty to woodpeckers and other birds, ..................? (aren’t they, isn’t it, don’t they) 6. Choose the correct options from the brackets to complete the text below: Once there was............. (the, an, a) honest man in a village. He was poor and dull. His name was Govinda. He took a loan from a ‘Mahajan’ and went in search............. (at, in, of) a goat for Dashain. He found a red goat. He thought himself, “I should buy this, .............? (should I, shouldn’t I, should have I)”. He thought............. (he, his, him) children would be very happy at Dashain. He was returning home through a jungle. While he..................... (is walking, was walking, walked), he met a man............. (whom, who, whose) was standing under a tree. The man tricked him saying he was carrying a dog. Govinda said, “..............................” (This is a goat, That was a goat, It was a goat). After 15 minutes he met another man. He also told him it was a dog not a goat. At that time Govinda did not say anything. But he stopped and looked at the goat carefully. He was sure it was a goat. Half an hour later he met another man. He also told him that he was carrying a dog. Now Govinda was very angry. He cursed the man. Now he was in confusion. In this way Govinda............. by all. (fooled, was fooled, is fooled). He thought it was true. So he left the goat in the jungle and walked to his home. The men were thugs. They took the goat. They made Govinda............. (to abandon, abandon, abandoned) the goat. If he were wise enough, the thugs............. (can’t cheat, wouldn’t cheat, wouldn’t have cheated) him. 7. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. Once there was......... (a, an, the) old jackal......... (in, on, at) a jungle. He was very bad. One day, he saw a goat grazing in the field. He quickly approached the goat and said to himself, Book 10 164

“It is a delicious meal, ..............?” (is it, isn’t it, wasn’t it). The goat.............. (were, was, be) afraid of the jackal but she controlled herself and decided to struggle for life. The jackal said to the goat, “I’ll eat you.” The goat said to him, “You……….......... (can’t eat, couldn’t eat, didn’t eat) me because I can jump down from the cliff and run away. “The goat looked at the jackal in such a way than she was challenging him.............. (because, so, although) the jackal told her that he could also jump down from the cliff. The jackal realized that he ............ (challenged, was challenged, challenges). He, to show the goat his strength, immediately.............. (jumps, jumped, is jumping) down from the cliff and died. If the goat had not used the trick, the jackal.............. (will kill, would kill, would have killed) him. This makes us.............. (remember, to remember, remembered) the proverb ‘Wisdom is greater than strength. 8. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. When you are invited to a meal in Thailand, the words of invitation literally mean ‘come and eat rice’. Indeed nearly all Thai dishes are eaten with rice, which.......... (grow, grows, grew) there very easily as.......... (a, an, the) climate is warm and there is plenty of rain. Rohman, a Thai, said, “........................... (The food is served, The food was served, The food had been served) in neatly cut-up pieces.” In the past, the Thais used to eat.......... (by, from, with) their hands but most of them use knives and forks these days. Following their traditional way of eating, they.................. (wash, washes, are washing) their right hand in a bowl of water and eat the food. After the meal, the hand.......... (is carefully cleaned, was carefully cleaned, was carefully clean) The meal mostly consists of different spicy dishes. They have the meal.......... (serve, served, to serve) in bowls which everyone shares.......... (because, though, despite) each person doesn’t have own bowl of rice. Thailand has a coastline, ..........? (hadn’t it, doesn’t it, isn’t it). If fish and shellfish.......... (are, were, had been) not found in abundance, the meal won’t be complete. 9. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. Science has told us so much........ (on, about, to) the moon that it is fairly easy to imagine what it ........ (was, will be, had been) like to go there. It is certainly not a friendly place, .............. (isn’t it, is it, does it)? There can be no life of any kind on the moon........ (because, therefore, although) there is no air or water. For mile after mile, there........ (are, has, is) only the dust with mountains around. Above, the sun and stars shine in............. (a, an, the) sky. If you step out of the mountain shadow........ (you were, you will, you would) move from severe cold to great heat. The moon is also a very silent world for sound waves can only travel through air. But beyond the broken horizon, a friendly sight................... (is seen, be seen, to be seen). The astronauts say, “........................... (The earth shines, The earth shone, The earth will shine) more brightly than the stars.” From the distance, our earth looks like an immense ball, clouded blue and green and brown. The sight of the heavenly bodies makes us.............. (wonder, wondered, to wonder) about the universe. 10. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. One day...... (a, an, the) university student was driving home from college. As he was driving, a small girl appeared...... (on, in, at) the middle of the road. He tried to stop his car, ................? (didn’t he, doesn’t he, don’t he). His brakes...................... (was not, be not, were not) working and thus the girl...................... (was hit, hit, had been hit). The girl’s legs were broken and she was seriously injured. The boy, then, ...................... (is taking, took, takes) her to hospital. As soon as they reached hospital, the hospital staff asked...................... Book 10 165

(what is her name, what her name was, what her name is). She was taken to hospital in time...................... (so, because, although) she was saved. If she had not been taken to hospital, she...................... (would die, she will die, would have died). The boy was arrested and was made...................... (to pay, paid, pay) for the girl’s treatment. 11. Choose the correct answers from the brackets to complete the following text and copy it in your answer sheet. As I was leaving my friend’s office............ (at, on, in) noon, I had no idea where I............ (parked, had parked, park) my car. I went to police station and reported that I had lost............ (a, an, the) small red car somewhere. One of the policemen said that if he were me, he............ (will look, would look, would looked) for it himself. Walking down the street, I examined each car closely and was greatly relieved to see a small red car just behind a cart. I was disappointed to discover that............ (although, because, however) the car was exactly like mine, it............ (belongs, belong, belonged) to someone else. Turning the corner, I nearly jumped for joy; my car was right in front of me, ............? (was it, is it, wasn’t it) Pasted on the windscreen was a litter ticket which informed me that the car............ (had visited, had been visited, was visited) by a policeman in my absence. This made me............ (feel, to feel, felt) shocked. It was written on the ticket that I had to visit the police station to pay the fine. This taught me the lesson that parking rules............ (is, was, are) to be obeyed. 12. Choose and copy the best answer: One day I was with my friends. They...................... (had discussed, were discussing, are discussing) some social and political problems. But I....... (was not interested, is not interested, interested) in them. Suddenly I saw my brother coming............ (on, with, at) a newspaper. He informed me that ............(a, an, the) SEE result had been sent to every school. I took my bicycle and reached the school in a few minutes. I saw the Headmaster............ (when, which, who) was sitting in his office. He congratulated me for my grand success. When I came home, my parents asked me if I............ (had passed, has passed, pass). I replied “Yes!” Then my father said to me, “You have scored 80%, ............? (don’t you, haven’t you, hasn’t he). I told him that none of the students............ (have, had, has) scored 80%. If I didn’t work hard, I............ (can’t, couldn’t, couldn’t have) get success. At last, he got me............ (bring, to bring, brought) a kilo of sweets. 13. Choose and copy the best answer: One evening........... (a/an/ the) cowboy gathered his cattle to go back home. He................. (notice/noticed/notices) that a calf was missing. He had to look for it, .................? (hadn’t he, didn’t he, did he). Yes of course, he searched it for a while but all in vain. So he prayed to God that he.................(will offer/would offer/ offered) an egg if the God caught his calf thief. A few minutes later as he passed................. (by/through/from) the forest, he came upon his lost calf. But the calf was dead and it................. (is eaten, was being eaten, would be eaten) by a cruel lion. The cowboy found out that the lion was his calf thief................. (However/Therefore/As soon as) he saw the lion, he shook with fear and prayed to the God again. “Lord. I vowed that................. (he would offer/I would offer/ he had offered) you an egg if I came upon the calf thief. Now I vow that I will offer you a hen if you ................. (help/helped/ would help) me escape from this thief’s claws.” Hearing his vow, the God made the lion................. (go, to go, gone) toward its den. 14. Choose and copy the correct answer: There was once........... (a, an, the) old farmer. He........... (has, have, had) three sons. They were lazy. They didn’t work in the field. He feared that his sons............... (will suffer, would suffer, suffer) much after his death. ...................... (Because, So, However), he thought of Book 10 166

a plan to make his sons work in the field. One day he called his sons and told them that the treasures..................... (buried, were buried, has been buried) somewhere in the field. He told his sons, “If you dug up the field, you ............... (will get, would get, would have got) them.” They were tempted to the treasures. They began to dig the field, but could not find the treasures anywhere. ............... (At, On, To) the same time they sowed seeds in the field. There was a fine crop. The sons............... (became, become, becomes) rich. Thus, the old father made his sons............... (to work, work, worked) hard, ............... (did he, didn’t he, was he)? 15. Choose and copy the correct answer: Once there lived…… (a, an, the) cruel lion in a forest. The lion used to kill the animals recklessly. The animals were very worried….……… (as, because, because of) his ruthless behaviour. One day, they all….……… (hold, held, holding) a meeting with the lion and made a compromise with him to send one animal a day in turn. The lion agreed it happily at once. In turn, when an old but clever hare’s turn came, he asked himself if he….……… (can, could, may) bring out any solution to this problem. He made a plan to trick the lion. So he went late to the lion’s den. The lion said, “Why ….………(were you, are you, weren’t you) late?” In response, the hare told the lion that he met a new lion….……… (in, on, at) the way. The lion said, “You are telling a false story, ….………? (isn’t you, are you, aren’t you). The hare insisted that he was telling the truth. The hare said that the new lion was claiming him the king of the jungle. The lion roared that he would kill the new lion. Then, the lion….……… (was taken, is taken, had taken) to a deep well. The hare asked the lion to look into it. The lion saw his own shadow in the water. He thought of the shadow to the new lion and jumped into the well. In this way, the hare….……… (had, got, made) the lion to jump into the well. If the hare had not tricked the lion, the rest of animals in the jungle….……… (will lose, would lose, would have lost) their life. 16. Choose and copy the best answer: One day a young donkey saw a wolf coming towards him. ................ (A/An/The) donkey was very much frightened. But he at once thought................ (of/in/at) a trick. Walking away slowly, he began to limp badly. The wolf came up and asked him................ (why he is/why am I/why he was) so lame. The donkey said he had a thorn in his hind-foot. The wolf................ (requested/was requested/is requested) to pull it out for him. If the donkey had not pretended so, the wolf................ (had attacked/ would attack/ would have attacked) him. The wolf, on the other hand, was thinking he could in this way get the donkey’s foot between his teeth and................ (have/ has/had) a delicious meal. The wolf ran round behind the donkey................ (because/ because of/in spite of) happiness. But as soon as he................ (comes, came, has come) near the donkey’s heels, the donkey kicked the wolf in the mouth. This made the wolf................ (ran/ run/ to run) away. The donkey was really clever, ................? (was he/wasn’t he/wouldn’t he). Book 10 167

BSECTION Writing 1. Directions Write the heading or title that says what your paragraph is about. Study the following sample paragraph. How to reach Everest Computer Centre? It is easy to get to Everest Computer Centre from Form a topic sentence for your Lagankhel Bus Stop. It is about a mile from there. paragraph mentioning how far the When you get off the bus at Lagankhel Bus Stop, place is from the starting point, or walk to the entrance of the bus stop and you will see how easy or difficult it is to reach a chautari with a small tree in the middle of the road. there. Cross the road and pass Sajha Complex on your left. Write the supporting sentences Go ahead straight until you see Patan hospital. Again giving specific directions from cross the road and pass the hospital and some drug the starting point to the final stores on your left. When you reach at the corner of destination. Mention the names of landmarks in your instruction the road, exactly at Milan Pharmacy Store, turn left at and in which directions they the junction. After that, go pass a café and you reach are located. Use imperative a dental clinic. Everest Computer Centre is opposite sentences with linking words (first, after that, when, finally, the clinic on your right. You can’t miss it; it’s a big ..........). building painted in light green. End your paragraph with a sentence or two describing the Tips for students: place or some of its special • Directions can be in point form or in a paragraph. features for easy recognition. • Use imperative sentences and prepositions of directions. • Mention how far is the place from the starting point. • Mention the names of landmarks while giving directions. • Use the linking words (first, then, next, after that, and then, when, finally,...) to show sequence in your writing. • Follow a good structure of paragraph writing ( a title, a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence). Expressions for giving directions: • How far is the place? It’s not far. It’s quite close. It’s quite a long way. It’s a long way on foot. It’s a long way to walk. It’s about a mile from here. It’s about a ten-minute walk. It’s about five minutes from here. It’s easier if I can show you on the map. The bus stop is a few minutes’ walk away. We live just a few minutes’ walk from the bus stop. There is a good restaurant, just a few minutes’ walk from here. • Specific directions Take the first turning on the left. Take the second turning on the right. Turn right at the crossroads. Continue straight ahead for about a mile. Continue past the fire station. You’ll pass a book store on your left. Book 10 168

Keep going for another 200 meters. Go across the roundabout. Walk two blocks. It’s on New Road. It’s across from the cinema hall. Keep walking for another 500 meters. Go straight until you reach the roundabout. Take the second turning on your left. Pass the police station on your right. Turn left and continue for about 200 meters. You’ll see it on your left/right. Walk along/down Main Street. Walk two blocks. You can’t miss it! Keep walking until you see the park on your right. It’s on the left. It’s on the right. Follow this road until you come to the main road. Just follow this road until you come to the main road. It’s straight ahead of you/ on your left/on your right. Go one block down Main Street. It’s next to the town hall. Walk straight on until you get to the entrance of the school. Walk down Main Street to the traffic lights. It’s on your right. Go up Milan Street for three blocks. It’s between the bakery and the cafe. Turn left when you get to New Road. You will see the post office in front of you. Starting at the bus stop, first go left and then walk down the road towards the book store. Go past - continue past something Go across - cross something Go along - continue down a road Go straight on - don’t turn left or right Go up - walk up a hill Go down - walk down a hill or a road Go through - pass through something, such as a tunnel or a town Go out of - exit EXERCISE a. Write a paragraph giving directions to your new neighbour how to reach a grocery store. b. Write a paragraph giving directions to your friend how to reach a library. c. You are sick in bed and a friend wants to visit your house. Give him/her directions from your school to your house. You must include landmarks, distances and specific directions. d. Study the following map and give directions to reach any two places from the bus stop. Restaurant Bicycle Toy Store Pool Shop Hotel Cleaner’s Bank Clinic Post Movie Flower Greeenhouse Office Theater House Coffee Shop Supermarket Pet Bus Stop Store Book 10 169

2. Instructions Write the heading or title that says Study the following sample paragraph. what your paragraph is about. How to change a light bulb Form a topic sentence for your Changing a light bulb is easy and safe if you paragraph. follow these steps. Firstly, turn off the electricity. After that, remove the old light bulb and keep it in a Write the supporting sentences safe place. You can stand on a tool or table if the bulb giving specific instructions in is fixed at a high place. Then, screw in the new light logical order. Use imperative bulb in the holder. Remember to check the bulb when sentences with linking words (first, after that, when, finally, ...). you buy it from the store. Finally, turn the electricity on and switch on the light. Follow these steps in End your instruction mentioning order to get the task done safely. how useful and how much fun this will be. This will work as the Tips for students: concluding sentence of your • Write your instructions in about 75 to 100 words. paragraph. • Instructions can be written in the form of a numbered list or in a paragraph. • Write first the topic sentence mentioning what your instructions are for. • Create your sequence of numbered steps. • Use active voice, present tense and imperative sentences. • Use connectives (firstly, after that, then, next, finally,…) to link each step of your instructions. • Follow a good structure of paragraph writing ( a title, a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence). Read the following sample paragraphs on instructions. How to clean up a messy room Here is a list of know-how for cleaning up a messy room. • First of all, prepare tools for cleaning such as a broom, a vacuum cleaner and a rag. • Next, open all of the windows and doors in your room to air. • After that, collect all of your scattered clothes and carry to the washing room. • Then, start to clean up from the top place to the bottom such as desk and bed. • Next, pick up big rubbishes and sweep or vacuum the floor. • Then, wipe every nook and corner using a clean rag. • Finally, you can find your cleaned room like a new! Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation The procedures for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation are to be done safely and carefully. First, place the patient on his or her back on a firm surface. Then clear out anything (for example, food) from the mouth. After that, pinch the patient’s nose with your fingers to prevent any leakage. Seal the patient’s mouth with your mouth so that no air escapes. Then blow air into the patient’s mouth until the chest is seen to expand. The process should be repeated 10-15 times per minute (for an adult) until the patient’s breathing begins again. Book 10 170

How to use a public pay phone Using a public pay phone is easy and simple. • First, pick up the phone from the cradle. • Then insert the correct change into the coin slot. • Listen for the dial tone. • Dial the area code and the phone number of the person you want to call. • After that, wait until someone answers and then identify yourself. • If you want to extend the time, insert more coins. • Finally, hang up the phone after you are finished talking. How to mend a bicycle puncture Follow the following procedures to mend a bicycle puncture. • First, remove the wheel from the bicycle. • Then, release the air from the tube. • After that, remove the tyre from the rim and pull the inner tube out. • Next, find the hole in the tube. • Blow the tube up. You can find a puncture by listening for the hiss of escaping air or immerse the tube in water and look for bubbles. • Locate what caused the puncture and take out sharp objects from the tyre. • Patch the hole and put everything back together. • Finally, fill air in the tyre and you are ready to move. How to fill an ice cream cone Filling an ice-cream cone is easy if you choose a good scooper. • Dip the scooper in warm water. It makes it easier to glide through the ice cream. • Using the side edge of your scooper, scoop in an ‘S’ shaped motion. • Don’t take too long; it will melt! • When you have scooped out the ice cream, place it in a cone. • And then drop that scoop back into warm water and grab the other. • Enjoy your cone. EXERCISE Write a set of instructions or step-wise procedures for one of the following topics. • How to make a bed? • How to mend a bicycle puncture? • How to make rice pudding? • How to play ludo? • How to make mo mo? • How to make a paper plane? • How to fill an ice-cream cone? • How to make juice with a juicer? • How to boil an egg? • How to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation? • How to brush your teeth? • How to make a paper boat? Book 10 171

3. Obligations and Prohibitions Public and private places run smoothly with the help of some rules and regulations. These rules and regulations include obligations and prohibitions. We use some special verbs (allowed, forbidden, permitted, prohibited, supposed to, expected to) and modal verbs (must, have to, may, might, should, ought to, will,...) to express obligations and prohibitions. Here are some useful structures for writing obligations and prohibitions: • Use simple present tense to show timetable: The park remains open from 2 pm to 6 pm. The club welcomes only the Nepalese players. The library remains close on Saturday. • Use auxiliaries like must/must not (strong obligation/duty), have to/do not have to (poor obligation), should/should not (suggestion/ reminding rules), will/will not (permission/future timetable) and may/may not (permission), etc. Students must provide their own pens or pencils. All cell phones must be turned off and stowed away during the exam. Students should bring their student ID cards with them to the examination. No other food or drink will be permitted. Students arriving late will not be allowed any extra time. You should wear trousers in the club. You have to stand in a queue to get your work done. • Use the verbs of permission and obligation like ‘permitted, allowed, prohibited, etc’. Smoking is prohibited in the exam room. Calculators are not allowed unless indicated on the examination paper. You are not allowed to pluck the flowers. You are not allowed to feed the animals in the zoo. Trespassing is not allowed here. • Use verbs like ‘advised, required, expected, etc’ and phrases like ‘responsible for, supposed to, intended to, requested to, etc’ to show any particular rules. Students are advised not to bring valuables to the examination room. Students are required to bring along their I. D. cards. Students are responsible for bringing their I. D. cards with them. Read these rules and regulations (obligations and prohibitions) of a zoo: ZOO 1. Zoo visitors must have an entrance ticket for that day. 2. Children aged ten and under must be accompanied by an adult. 3. You are not allowed to feed or poke zoo animals. 4. Picking or destroying floral and tree decoration is strictly prohibited. 5. Polythenes are not allowed in the zoo premises. Book 10 172

6. Littering or destroying the park property is prohibited. 7. Smoking is not allowed inside the park. 8. You should keep trash in dustbins or designated places. Read these rules and regulations (obligations and prohibitions) of a school hostel: SCHOOL HOSTEL 1. Students’ luggage must be inspected by the house master before they enter the room. 2. Students’ personal belongings must be well marked for easy identification. 3. Only the admitted students are allowed in the hostel. 4. Students are not allowed to take any school property out of the hostel. 5. Students who damage any of the school property would be surcharged. 6. Students are responsible for cleaning their rooms. 7. Students are strongly advised not to write or paste on the walls of the hostel. 8. Bullying and use of foul language is not allowed. Read these rules and regulations (obligations and prohibitions) of a park: PARK 1. You must buy tickets at the main gate to enter the park. 2. You are allowed to enter or leave the park through the park entrance. 3. Glass containers are prohibited in the park. 4. Littering or destroying the park property is prohibited. 5. You are not allowed to pick flowers and destroy any bushes and trees. 6. No picnicking is allowed in the morning park area. 7. No person shall engage in a criminal activity. Read these rules and regulations (obligations and prohibitions) of a park: LIBRARY a. The library remains open from ten to four and it remains close on Sunday. b. Only active members can borrow library materials. c. Only two books can be borrowed at a time for 15 days. d. Certain books and documents are intended to be used only in the library premises. e. Library materials borrowed must be returned on or before the due date. f. Silence must be observed strictly in the library. g. Users are requested to leave the books on the reading table after consultation. h. Readers and visitors are requested not to bring their belongings in the library. EXERCISE Now write a set of rules and regulations (obligations and prohibitions) for any one of the following places: a. Gym club b. School or College c. Zoo d. Temple e. Museum f. School hostel g. School library h. Hospital i. Swimming pool j. Health Post Book 10 173

4. Posters A poster is a kind of announcement or advertisement. It contains a large printed picture or notice or message to announce or advertise a product or spread a social message or create awareness. A poster should have a catchy line and attractive visuals to grab the attention of the target group. Usually there are two kinds of posters. 2 Non-event Poster: It includes social issues or advertisements of any 1 Event Poster: It includes events like products. It usually has the following book fairs, school fetes, health camps, points: etc. It usually has the following M Slogans points: M Statement or announcement M Slogans M Convincing reasons M Venue and date M Special features M Important information M Name of the organizer M Special features M Concluding statement M Name of the organizer Sample posters By taking a little care Roads can be made safer Come one, come all to SAFETY RULES 17Th Asian Book Fair 1. Follow traffic signals. 2. Don’t cross speed limits. Man can deceive but books can never. 3. Use seat belts. These are your true friends; value them. 4. Don’t talk on mobile phones while driving. 5. Don’t drink and drive. Features 6. Use the zebra crossing to cross the road. 1. Books for all age groups and on all BE OBEDIENT AND BE SAFE subjects Issued by: Transport Department, Govt. of Nepal 2. Computer software and educational Let’s unite together... CDs 3. Audio-visual teaching aids Join Join Join 4. Heavy discount 5. No entry fee Date: December 10th to 15th BBotloreoeoiksaksussurtoetroe n Are you a concerned citizen? Time: 10 am to 5 pm n Does corruption bother you? n Does the lack of amenities disturb your mind? n Is women’s safety your concern? Venue: Bhrikuti Mandap (Stall No. 10) IF YES, THEN WE HAVE A SOLUTION- Organised by: International Book Fair Authority, Kathmandu. Join the MAHILA SAMAJ PARTY NEPAL today and make the difference. Book 10 174

Tips for students: M Use interesting and eye catching headings. M Use slogans and jingles that rhyme for a melodic effect. M Use simple drawings to make your poster attractive. M Use different size fonts that are attractive. M Use bullets, numbering, and headlines to make it easy to read. M Your text should be clear and to the point. M The text structure must be logical and the argument has to be convincing. M Put the most important information in the largest print and position it close to the top of the poster. M The name of the issuing authority should be mentioned below a line. Save Lives. SAVE WATER, SAVE EARTH Stop Red-Light Running. No water, no life No greenery, no vegetation Save every drop of water Conserve water by rain water harvesting Kathmandu is one of the deadly Dos and Don’ts cities in nation for red-light- 1. Close your tap after use. Don’t allow water to flow uselessly. running crashes. By the simple 2. Don’t use a hose pipe to wash cars and watering plants. act of stopping on red, you can 3. Don’t keep your tap running for cleaning floors, washing make a difference. The life you clothes, shaving and brushing your teeth. Use buckets. save my be the one you love. 4. Collect rain water and allow it to seep in the earth. Issued by: Kathmandu Traffic Police, Putalisadak, Kathmandu Issued by: Water Conservation Authority, Lazimpat, Kathmandu EXERCISE a. Suppose your school is organizing a drawing competition. Prepare a poster to inform all the students and parents about it. (Come on, come all……… rules to participate……… entry fee……… prizes……… special guest ……… fun activities ……… venue……… date and time……… organizer) b. Design a poster in not more than 70 words for school library on the value of books and good reading habits. Use catchy slogans and make it more informative. c. You want to create awareness that old people are an asset to society and they should be taken care by the society. Prepare a poster to be displayed in different places in your neighborhood. d. Suppose your uncle has a factory that makes school bags. Prepare an impressive poster to advertise his products. e. Draw a poster on ‘Save Water’ for spreading awareness among general public. f. Prepare a poster on a blood donation programme to be organized in your area by the Red Cross Society, Nepal. g. Prepare a poster warning the people of the Kathmandu valley against the danger of pollution and appealing them to keep their surrounding clean. h. Design an attractive poster for anti-smoking campaign in about 50 words. Book 10 175

5. Postcards A postcard is a small card for sending a message by post without an envelope, typically having a photograph or other illustration on one side. Study the following sample postcard. N aga rko t POSTCARD Draw a stamp and May 10 write the word Dear Jiya, postcard. Write the date. We’re now at Nagarkot. Dad took me to Angela Shakya Write the greeting. the tower this morning. We’re staying in House No. 16 Write the person's initial. a hotel. The weather is not clear. We’re Buddha Street waiting to see the sunrise. We’re having Thamel, Kathmandu Make two columns. a great time. The local yogurt is yummy! We’re enjoying sightseeing and trekking. Write the ending. Wish you were here! Say my hello to all. See you soon. With regards, Angela Tips for students: • Writing a postcard is like writing a short note. You don’t have a lot of room so just write a few lines. • Use short sentences when writing a postcard. Write about simple topics like weather, food and vacation activities. Instead of writing ‘I am having a lovely time’. You could write: ‘Having lovely time’. • Write your message on the left side of the card. Write the address on the right side of the card. Don’t forget to write down the country if you are sending it to a foreign country. • Your message should include: ü Where are you? For what purpose are you there? ü How is the weather? What about food and people? ü What activities have you already done? ü What are you doing and will be doing? ü How long will you stay? What is the exciting part? • End your message with a subscription and your signature. Book 10 176

Sample postcards Goa POSTCARD Dear Amit, Jan 26 Amit Jha 6, Janakpur Dham I’m having a great time here in Goa! We Jankapur arrived 2 days ago. Yesterday we went to Dhanusha Galjibag Beach, Dudhsagar Waterfalls. The water was cold, but it was clear and beautiful. We had lunch on the beach. Our hotel is fantastic-very modern and clean. At night we went into town and walked around to see the sights. Tomorrow we’re taking the boat to Hollant Beach and other different beaches. See you soon! Yours Pukar Pokhara Apr 20 POSTCARD Hi Raj, Raj Shrestha House No. 8 I hope you’re having a fantastic summer! Shanti Marga Thought I would send you a postcard from my Patan, Lalitpur holiday to let you know I’m thinking of you and missing you a lot! I’m in Pokhara with my school friends. We’re enjoying sight seeing and trekking. Today we’re going to do boating on Fewa Lake. We’ve already visited Mahendra Cave and Davis Falls. They’re amazing. Looking forward to seeing you in May 5. See you soon! Karan Book 10 177

Dear Anup, Phuket POSTCARD March 15 Greetings from Thailand. We’re in Phuket. This is the Anup Singh most wonderful city I’ve ever been to and I’m having Maisthan - 6 the best time of my life here! So far, we’ve visited Birgunj Island Hopping, we’ve walked through night markets Nepal and have swum at Phi Phi Island. It’s marvelous! I’ve tried a lot of local dishes. They’re delicious. My favourite is sea food pasta. We haven’t visited any museums yet because Kumar doesn’t like them. He finds them boring. Tomorrow we’re going on helicopter tour over the city. Can you believe it? Have you ever been on a helicopter? I’m so excited that I can’t sleep and I’m writing this postcard to you now. See you next week! Karan Hi Suman, Bangkok POSTCARD May 07 I’m in Thailand with my parents. Now we’re in Suman Rai Bangkok. Everything is so different here - weather Lakeside Street animals and plants. It’s terribly hot. Last week Pokhara we went to the safari land and saw different wild animals - elephants, giraffes, lions, zebras, and many more. It was amazing! The best holiday ever we’re leaving in four days. And how’s your holiday? Bye for now! Nepal Jeewan EXERCISE a. Write a short message for a postcard from one of the famous places in Nepal. Include your personal experience about the place. b. Write a postcard to your cousin or friend wishing him/her Happy New Year or Happy Birthday. c. Write a postcard to your family member telling him/her about your vacation in any foreign country. d. Write a postcard to your friend telling him/her about your visit to a historical place in Nepal. e. Write a postcard to your friend telling him/her about your visit to a national park in Nepal. Book 10 178

6. Advertisements An advertisement is a public notice or announcement that carries information about a product, event, or job. It is usually published in public media like radios, newspapers, televisions, Internet, etc. Components of an advertisement: • Headline and sub-headline: They introduce the topic, product or event and make the promise statement. • Slogan: It should be short and catchy. It should get the attention of the audience. • Body: When the headline usually makes a claim, the body elaborates upon it and provides supporting proof. Use short and simple sentences. • Layout: The layout of an advertisement includes the various elements of designing. Make its layout visually attractive. • Advertiser: The advertisement also has the name of the advertiser. Study the following sample advertisements. BOOK SALE TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal V Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 A WED APRIL 20th e-mail: [email protected] C THUS APRIL 21st www.readmorenp.com A FRI APRIL 22nd N WE ARE RECRUITING C noon-7pm Y SAT APRIL 23rd for professionals with passion, dedication and commitment to 8 am - 3 pm excellence and innovation and who (Free Entrance) are interested in writing, editing and proofreading school textbooks. There will be no pre-sales! Post: Textbook writers/editors (2) Huge selection is used books, video, magazines, rare finds and old favourites Experience: At least 4 years  at bargain prices. Get there before the MSUAEBXJTEPTCERTETRS good ones get away! Rs. 200 hardbacks, Rs. 100 oversized Even if you have already, or have paperbacks, Rs. 50 regular paperbacks and previously been a part of our publication, send your updated children’s books. resume to the email address listed above so that we can Cash Heavy discount review your information. or on Cheque children's books! only Book Exhibition Hall, Putalisadak The last date of sending your Tel: 008009006 resume is May 10 by 4 pm. Make your writing career with our publication! Book 10 179

HOTEL VACANCIES We are looking for qualified staff with over five years of experience for the following departments in the hotel trade: Kitchen Front Office and Accounts n Executive Sous Chef n Receptionist n Demi Chef De Partie n Reservation Officer n Commis I, Commis II, Commis III n Accounts Clerk All Rounder n Rice and Curry Cook Maintenance Housekeeping n Electrician with all round knowledge n Room Boy n Storekeeper n Laundry Worker Please post or email your resume to reach the following address within 7 days of this advertisement with the post applied for written on the top left corner of the envelope. Hotel Resort, No. 204, Dhulikhel [email protected]/[email protected] MISSING RIGHT PRICE, RIGHT PLACE Where is Raju Rai? A CELEBRATORY CHOICE!! PLEASE HELP AMAZING PROPERTY AT AN Raju Rai, 9 years old was never more ASTOUNDING PRICE. seen riding the bicycle he got at Dashain. Neighbours saw the child for the last time Near Bajrabarahi Temple on the football ground riding his bicycle. in plot sizes 500 and 1000 sqaure yards in a Gated When childhood is lost, a child is lost. Community. Denounce Child Labor. Smart amenities Property in a vantage If you find him, please inform us: with privileges location Phone: 01884326 Mobile: 9839482578 n Swimming pool n Hi-Tech corridor Email: [email protected] n Club house n Outer ring road EXERCISE n Enchanting n APPA junction within city landscapes limits Green House Real Estate Company Kupondole, Lalitpur Email: [email protected] Write one of the following types of advertisements. a. Vacancy of a teacher in your school e. New toothpaste in market b. Opening of a new shop f. Missing person advertisement c. School admission advertisement g. Travel and tour advertisement d. School bags on Sale h. New shampoo launch advertisement Book 10 180

7. Messages of Condolence Condolence messages are often written to express sympathy and condolences to the bereaved family. Condolence messages are very common in newspapers and magazines, and are prepared with some designs. They follow different structures and patterns and look distinct from other pieces of writing. Tips for students: a. Express your grief and sympathy in the first sentence. b. Give a short introduction of a dead person with his/her relationship with you. c. Express your condolence to the bereaved family. d. Pray for the departed soul. e. Write some sentences to overcome the grief of the relatives. f. Enclose your condolence notice wishing for the departed soul. g. Write your name and address. Study the following sample messages of condolence. CONDOLENCE Death : 2018 PHOTO Birth : 1985 Late Mrs Anita Tuladhar We express our deep sympathy and grief at the sudden and untimely demise of Mrs Anita Tuladhar, a senior draftsperson of our member firm (Architects Collaborate Nepal Pvt Ltd) We extend our heartfelt condolences to her bereaved family and relatives and pray that her departed soul will rest in peace in heaven. She will always remain in our hearts and memories. Society of Consulting Architectural and Engineering Firm (SCAEF) Nepal. Tripureshwor, Kathmandu. With Sincere Sympathy I was very sorry to learn about Sudha’s death. It is difficult to know what to say. As you know, I worked with her for twenty years. She was a wonderful person….She was always ready to help everyone. She’ll be sadly missed. I know how you must feel. May God give you strength to overcome your grief. Yours sincerely, Amrita. Book 10 181

Read the following condolence notice: HEARTFELT CONDOLENCE Birth : 1960 PHOTO Death : 2016 Late Mr. Anup Bhetwal We are grieved by the sudden and untimely demise of Mr. Anup Bhetwal, the manager of Blooming Hotel. He was hardworking and sincere. He contributed a lot to make the hotel popular in the city. We express our heartfelt condolence to his bereaved family and relatives and pray for the departed soul to rest in heaven in peace. He will remain in our hearts forever. Blooming Hotel Family Kathmandu EXERCISE 1. Imagine that one of your friends had a bus accident and died in hospital. Write a formal notice of condolence in a newspaper using the clues given below: Hari Kanta Sharma, 47 years old, a political leader, popular, social and helpful member of the community. 2. Suppose one of your friends died in a road accident. Write a formal message of condolence to be appeared in a newspaper. 3. The April 25 Earthquake in Nepal took many lives and many became homeless. Write a message of condolence to be appeared in a newspaper. 4. The students of your class had been learning Maths for many years from Mrs. A. K. Shrestha. Unfortunately she was killed in a plane crash. Using the clues given below, compose a formal message of condolence to be published in a newspaper: Mrs. A. K. Shrestha - 50 years old - wonderful person - talented, strict and sociable - a senior Maths teacher at Minerva Secondary School, Kathmandu - died on 9th of Chaitra 2060. 5. Mr. B.K. Sharma, an old teacher of Nepali subject of your school, worked for 40 years. Unfortunately he was killed in a train accident on an annual pilgrimage to Benaras. Using the clues given below, compose a formal message of condolence to be published in a newspaper: Mr. B. K. Sharma - 60 years old - sincere, strict and sociable - an Assistant Headmaster of Bhrikuti Secondary School, out - died on 12th of Chaitra, 2060 Book 10 182

8. Messages of Congratulations Write the heading 'Congratulations' or 'Hearty Hearty Congratulations Congratulations' or 'Heartiest Congratulations' in boldface. The State Sports Council would like to congratulate all the athletes and coaches of Begin your message by congratulating the the first State Football Championship recipient on their hard for their outstanding performance, dedication and work and achievement. efforts. The championship has strengthened communities by Write how proud you are bringing everyone together and embracing a healthy and what you are proud of. This is the portion of positive life. the card where you can We encourage each and every one of you to continue share a special message. to strive towards improvement and be role models in Offer well wishes for the your community. recipient's future. You can Best wishes for continued success! be specific or generally wish them a bright future. The State Sports Council Authority Pokhara Tips for students: A congratulatory message usually has three parts: 1. Express your congratulations in a sentence. 2. Write a sentence or two to express how glad you are to know about his/her success or achievement or good news. 3. Express your good wishes for his/her future. Expressions for writing the messages of congratulations: • I am overjoyed with your success. • We are amazed to know that… • My happiness knew no limit when... • I can’t tell you how happy I am ...... • It was great to hear about … • Congratulations. Well done. • I’d like to congratulate you on … • I must congratulate you on… • Heartiest congratulations on your success! • Congratulations on reaching your goals… • Congratulations for always evolving and inspiring others. • It was a splendid performance/great triumph/brilliant speech. • Good work. Your hard work has truly paid off. • Congratulations for making your dreams come true. Dream on and achieve on. • Wish you a bright future! Success is delivered only to the deserving. • Promotions will come and go but your hard work will always shine. I must say your future is looking bright. • Good grades are life’s way of saying that there is a bright future in store for you. • I hope everything else in your life is going as well. • My best wishes to you for a bright and happy future. Book 10 183

• Be assured of our continued support, and do not hesitate to call on us if we can do anything to help. A sample message of congratulations: Congratulations!!! Our special thanks to Mr. Mahabir Pun (President, ENRD) being awarded with The Ramon Magasaysay Award for his outstanding contribution to Community Leadership and bringing in unprecedented changes in the rural livelihoods through the use of Internet Technology. E-Network Research and Development, Nepal EXERCISE a. Suppose one of your school friends has won the Interschool Debate Contest recently. Write a formal message of congratulations to be appeared in a newspaper expressing your happiness and best wishes and praising his/her hard work. b. Write a formal message of congratulations to be appeared in a newspaper for a social worker who has done great deeds for your community. c. Suppose your friend got a grand scholarship to study aboard. Write a message of congratulations to be published in a daily newspaper. d. Suppose your school team won the district level inter-school volleyball championship. Write a message of congratulations to be published in a daily newspaper. e. Suppose a friend of yours won a national level swimming championship. Write a message of congratulations to be published in a daily newspaper. f. Suppose one of your family members got a promotion to a higher position. Write a message of congratulations to be published in a national daily. g. Write a congratulatory message to be appeared in a newspaper to your friend who stood first in the final term exam and won many prizes. Book 10 184

9. Invitation Cards We need an invitation card or letter to invite someone or any organisations when we are conducting a particular event and want their presence. Tips for students: • Design your invitation card in a box. • Write the heading on the top in boldface. Invitation Save the Date Time to Enjoy Birthday Party Wedding Marriage Ceremony Happy Anniversary Bratbandha • Make your invitation card short, clear, and complete. • Include the names of the party hosts or sponsoring organization so that the guests will know who are inviting them to the event. • Include the type of event (birthday party, wedding, dinner party, family gathering, business meeting, etc.) to which your guest is being invited. • Write the place, date, day and time of the function clearly. • Keep the tone of the letter either formal or informal. In a formal invitation card, be polite, cordial and maintain a formal tone. If it is a casual event, the invitation should be written in a casual tone. • How to write RSVP? The term RSVP comes from the French expression ‘répondez s’il vous plaît’, which means ‘please respond’. If RSVP is written on an invitation card or letter, it means the invited guests must tell the host whether or not they plan to attend the party. Here are some common ways to write RSVP: M Please RSVP before May 10. M RSVP - The favour of your reply is requested by May 10. M RSVP to 004152365 or [email protected] M RSVP Mr and Mrs Basnet at [email protected] before May 10 • Mention the dress code if there is any. • Use the following expressions or similar ones to inform the guests about special attractions or programmes of the event. Reception to follow Dinner, dancing and fun to follow Fun games to follow Music concert to follow • Additional information: e.g. parking arrangements, children allowed, special requests/dietary, dining options, end times, etc. Expressions to write an invitation card: • Robin Dangol and Maya Dangol invite you to a dinner celebrating the 10th birthday of their daughter Priya Dangol on............... Book 10 185

• Anup Shakya and Reshma Shrestha invite you to join in the celebration of their marriage anniversary on........................at.......................... • Anil Yadav and Manisha Yadav are celebrating their 50th anniversary on....................Their children Raju and Kunal would like to invite you to join them for a reception at.............. • You are cordially invited to a bridal shower in honour of Hemraj Subedi on November 10 at Milan Party Palace, New Baneshower, Kathmandu • You are cordially invited to the wedding celebration of Mr .................and Mrs................on September 10, 2018 at 4 pm at ...................... • Please join us for the bratbandha of our son................ on........................... at......................... • Together with their families Mr Kamal Basnet and Mrs Sudha Basnet request the honour of your presence at the marriage ceremony of.......................... • Mr Jeevan Sharma and Mrs Anita Sharma request the honour of your company at the marriage of their daughter Sunita Sharma to Manish Aryal on Study the following sample invitation cards: Save the Date INVITATION Together with their families Mr Kamal Basnet and Mrs Sudha Basnet Birthday Party request the honour of your presence and blessings at You’re Invited! the marriage ceremony of their daughter Come celebrate with us Karuna Basnet Angela is Turning 5! to Come celebrate with us June 5th at 2 pm, Sunday Arjun Subedi at the Super Star Party Palace Kupondole, Lalitpur Date: Friday, April 24, 2018, at 2 pm Reception at 4 pm Venue: Everest Party Palace, Patan, Lalitpur “Bless the couple for today’s happiness and love Yesterday’s sweet memories... And future’s dreams...” RECEPTION TO FOLLOW We will have pizza, cake and ice cream RSVP Mr and Mrs Basnet at basnetfamily@gmail. and plenty of tokens for rides and games RSVP by June 1st Maya Rai (00416224) com before April 18 EXERCISE Prepare an invitation card for one of the following occasions. a. A wedding ceremony b. A dinner party for guardians in your school c. A birthday party d. A school picnic e. Bratbandha f. A wedding anniversary g. A job promotion party h. A rice feeding ceremony Book 10 186

10. Menus A menu is a small booklet or page that contains a list of food items and drinks available in a restaurant. Writing a menu in an exam usually contains the following components: • the name, address and contact number of a restaurant • a list of food items with their prices • special offers and facilities for customers • main attractions or daily attractions • short descriptions of special food items • notes or regulations for visitors Tips for students: • Design your menu in about 75 to 100 words. • Draw some pictures and use different size fonts to make your menu visually attractive. • Highlight the main points , special offers and daily attractions. • Use adjectives with food items (crispy chicken, vanilla icecream, sweet corn, steamed momo, fired rice, grilled chicken, hot and sour soup, sea food, cheese cracker, boiled egg, chilled cucumber soup, etc). • Categories food items under different headings (appetizer, snacks, main course, drinks, deserts, Newari food, kids’ meal, Friday Special, beverages, mo mo, burgers, etc), in different columns. • Write some sentences to express special information, offers and daily attractions. • Write a short description for some special food items. Slogans for menu: A bite that makes you smile They never get old You’ll never forget it The sound of happiness in your mouth Our taste is the best You’ll melt of pleasure Taste it. Love it. Return to it The greatest people eat the greatest lunch The smell that you’ll never forget A good taste will never be forgotten Stop wondering. Come and taste it Make your tummy happy Book 10 187

Study the following sample menu. 1 Lake House Family Restaurant MENU … where guests want to return to week after week After 10 years of excellence, we have five branches in Kathmandu and we serve different kinds of dishes. Soup Main Course Chicken Soup.....................Rs. 80 Plain Rice............................Rs. 90 Mushroom Soup.................Rs. 70 Fried Rice......................... Rs. 110 Veg Soup..............................Rs. 60 Egg Fried Rice..................Rs. 130 Tomato Soup..................... Rs. 55 Chicken Fried Rice...........Rs. 200 Mo Mo Hot Drinks Chicken Mo Mo..................Rs. 200 Milk Tea..............................Rs. 25 Buff Mo Mo........................Rs. 150 Black Tea........................... Rs. 20 Veg Mo Mo.........................Rs. 100 Lemon Tea..........................Rs. 20 Hot Lemon......................... Rs. 20 Burger Chicken Burger..................Rs. 120 Today’s special Cheese Burger...................Rs. 130 offer Veg Burger.........................Rs. 90 Ham Burger........................Rs. 100 10% on discount Veg Burger Yomari “You don’t have to like it, Call but you have to taste it.” 0155455455 Note: for free • Please check prices on the menu before visiting or ordering. home • If you have a food allergy, please speak to your server before you order your meal. delivery. EXERCISE a. Prepare a breakfast menu or lunch menu or hot drink menu for a restaurant. b. Prepare a small menu for a newly opened cafe in your neighbourhood. c. Suppose one of your neighbours is going to open a restaurant in your neighbourhood. Prepare a menu for his restaurant. d. Suppose there is a school fete next month and your class is going to have a food stall. Prepare a menu for your stall. Book 10 188

11. Recipes A recipe is a set of instructions telling you how to prepare and cook food, including a list of ingredients and equipment you need. Five parts of a recipe: 1. Title: Write the name of your recipe in boldface (centered above the recipe). 2. Servings: Mention the number of servings your recipe produces. 3. Total Time: Mention the amount of time both to prepare ingredients and to cook the dish. 4. Equipment: List the names of kitchen equipment and tools you need prepare your recipe. Use size words (large, small, square,...) to specific their sizes. 5. Ingredients: Ingredients should be listed in the order they are used in the recipe in order to prevent leaving out any ingredients. Ingredients are listed in the exact amount as needed. 2 large eggs 4 tablespoons butter 1/2 cup sugar 1 tablespoon baking powder 2 cans of corn 100 grams green beans 2 cups melted butter approximately ½ kg mutton 6. Directions: • The recipe should have directions for how to prepare it. • The steps need to be listed in the order they should be done. • Numbered steps are easy to follow and help to prevent steps from being skipped. • However, some recipes are written in paragraph form, and should be read and followed very carefully. • Use imperative sentences to write directions. Use the following cooking verbs. add bake beat blend combine chill until set boil coat crush reduce heat fry remove seeds chop cover slice set aside pour separate drain fold in stir whip toast grate mince mix peel simmer steam strain refrigerate • Describe serving, storing, or any additional information for the recipe.   Book 10 189

Sample recipes: How to make apple muffins Servings: 1 dozen Total time: 1 hours Ingredients: 2 cup flour ¾ tsp. salt 1 egg, beaten 4 tsp. baking powder 1 cup milk ¼ cup sugar 1/3 cup shortening, melted ¾ tsp. cinnamon ¾ cup apples, chopped Directions: 1. Preheat the oven to 4000 F. 2. Grease muffin pans. 3. In large mixing bowl, sift together the flour, salt, baking powder, sugar and cinnamon. 4. Make a well in the dry ingredients. 5. In separate mixing bowls, blend together egg, milk, and shortening, and add to dry ingredients. 6. Stir until ingredients are just moistened. 7. Fold apples into batter. 8. Fill muffin pans 2/3 full and bake for 25 minutes, or until golden brown. 9. Serve them fresh. How to make carrot cake Servings: 5 people Total time: 1 hours Equipment: cup, bowl, cake tin, spoon Ingredients: 2 large eggs ½ cup oil 1 cup brown sugar 2 teaspoons cinnamon 2 cups carrot, grated 1 teaspoon grated lemon rind ½ teaspoon baking soda 1 cup white flour 1 cup flour, shifted 2 teaspoons baking powder Descriptions: • Firstly, beat the eggs, oil and brown sugar in a bowl until thick and smooth. • Then add the cinnamon, lemon rind and grated carrot. • After that, mix the mixture well. • Add the sifted flour, baking powder and baking soda. • Stir until just combined. • Rub the bottom of a cake tin with oil. • Pour mixture into the cake tin. • Bake at 180°C for 45 minutes, or until the centre is firm or a fork comes out clean. • Leave to stand for 5 minutes in the tin. • Cool on a cake rack and sprinkle with icing sugar. • Serve it as a dessert. Book 10 190

How to make a jam sandwich You need: bread, butter, jam, plate Making a jam sandwich is easy 1. First pick up the knife. 2. Spread the butter across the bread. 3. Next spread the jam across the butter. 4. Put the second piece of bread on top. 5. Cut the sandwich in half with the knife. 6. Place the sandwich on a plate. 7. Serve the sandwich. How to make a cup of tea To make a cup of tea is not a hard matter. • First, fill the kettle with cold water and heat it. • Next, put tea leaves into the hot water. • When the water has turned into red colour, pour it into the cup through a strainer. • Pour milk in the cup and add required amount of sugar. • Finally, stir and drink slowly. How to make rice pudding Rice pudding is easy to make if you follow these simple steps. • First cook white rice in a separate pot. • After that, mix the cooked rice with sugar and milk in another pot. • Cook it over medium heat and stir the pudding often. • Cook until the pudding has thickened. This should take about 20 minutes. • Put in dried or fresh fruit, toasted nuts or spice as per your taste. • Cook it for two minutes and your pudding is ready. • Serve warm or chilled. EXERCISE Choose one of the following dishes and write a complete recipe for it. Include all the five parts (title, servings, total time, equipment, ingredients and directions). 1. How to make a cup of tea? 2. How to make fish curry? 3. How to make rice pudding? 4. How to make carrot cake? 5. How to make egg fired rice? 6. How to make vegetable soup? 7. How to make mo mo? 8. How to make mixed vegetable? 9. How to make orange cake? 10. How to make dhidhoo? 11. How to make vegetable pakora? 12. How to make jaulo? Book 10 191

12. Interpretation of Charts and Diagrams Points to remember: Graphs supply us with information in the form of a diagram. There are different types of graphs- Bar charts, Line graphs, Pie charts and Tables. Generally charts are described in three paragraphs: Paragraph 1: Introduction Describe what type of chart it is. (Bar chart, pie chart, table, diagram, picture, etc.) Write what it is about. (It shows ..............) Paragraph 2: Main Body Write interesting and relevant information from the graph. Describe the sections of the graph. (The first section says ..............) Paragraph 3: Conclusion Write a short conclusion giving an overall view of what the chart is about. You can also include your opinions on the basis of the data in the chart. Look at this pie chart: SLC Result 2064 BS (2008) Total students: 307074 Passed students: 195689 Third Division: Distinction: (5508) (9882 ) Second Division: First Division: (105592) (74707) Paragraph 1: Introduction The chart shows the grades obtained by the passed students in the SLC examination in 2008. Overall, almost 64% of the students passed the SLC this year. Paragraph 2: Main Body More than half of the students (53.96%) passed the SLC exam with the second division. Almost 38% of the students passed in the first division. Likewise, the number of the students who obtained the third division is 5508, that accounts for 2.81%. Similarly, the number of students passed in the first division with distinction is 9882. Paragraph 3: Conclusion In general, we can say that the SLC result in 2064 is satisfactory. Book 10 192

Helpful words and expressions for describing charts and diagrams: M Introduction: shows illustrates points out explains presents describes classifies is about focuses on informs deals with gives This chart shows us…………………………………………. The pie-chart gives information on…………………………………………. The information given in the chart is about…………………………………………. The percentage of…………………………………………is shown on the chart. The graph shows how…………………………………………. Each section on the chart represents…………………………………………. M Main Body: R Verbs go up increase rise grow drop fall hold steady decline save invest give decrease recover go down spend pick up a growth an improvement R Nouns an upsurge an upward trend a decline a drop an increase a rise sharp significant an upturn a surge slight abrupt a fall a decrease quick steady R Adjectives: dramatic considerable substantial moderate sudden rapid gradual slow R Adverbs slightly dramatically considerably sharply significantly a little a lot suddenly steeply gradually gently steadily R Prepositions a rise from 660 to 900 an increase of 7.5 per cent over last year to increase by 10% between 1980 and 1995 to fall by 20% from 2001 to 2008 M Conclusion: In general………………………….. In summary………………………….. In brief, we can say that………………………….. On the basis of this chart, it can be said that………………………….. In conclusion………………………….. As can be seen………………………….. We can see on this graph how………………………….. There are two other points to note from this graph…………………….. The unemployment-income curve on the graph has a negative slope. It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. Using this chart, I’d like to conclude that………………………….. Book 10 193

Sample 1: Pie Chart Mr. Aryal’s Annual Expenditure This pie chart tells us about how Mr. Aryal spends his Saving annual income. The chart says his total income is spent on ten categories and he saves10% out of it annually. Household (10%) Recreation expenses (5%) The highest percentage is spent on household chores: 18% of his total income every year. Housing expenditure (18%) Clothes, accounts for 15% followed by transportation with 10%. Medical care, clothing and jewellery, and recreation Jewellery ranged from 6% to 9%. 8% of the total was spent on travelling and only 3% was spent on education. He saves (9%) 10% of his total income every year. At the bottom end 2% of his total income is given to charity. Housing Education (15%) (3%) Transport Travelling (10%) (8%) Medical care Charity (6%) (2%) Food and drink (14%) This chart shows us that over half of the money spent by Mr. Aryal was in consumer durables such as food and drink, and homes and house maintenance. He is a good person as he saves some money every year and gives some money to charity. Sample 2: Pie Chart World Population in 2001 The pie-chart gives information on the world population figures in 2001. Overall, almost three-quarters of the Oceania, 31 North America, 317 world’s population live in Asia and Africa. Latin America, 527 Asia is by far the biggest region, with 3721 million Europe, 726 people. The second largest area is Africa, with 813 million, less than a quarter of Asia’s population. Europe Asia, 3721 Africa, 813 has three quarters of a billion people. Together, Latin America and North America have about 840 million. As can be seen, the greatest concentration of the world’s population is in Asia, with Africa far behind. Sample 3: Line Graph Age of marriage, USA Men Here is a line graph. It shows changes Women in the age of marriage in the USA 28 over the last 100 years. Overall, although there have been big changes 27 in the average age of marriage, and although the difference has narrowed, 26 men still tend to be older than women when they make their vows. 25 The biggest change was in the age of 24 marriage for women. For the first 50 years it changed very little, ranging 23 between 21 and 22 years, but by 1960 it had fallen to a low of just over 20. 22 21 20 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Book 10 194

However, then it shot up dramatically, rising to 22 in 1980 and 25 in 2000, just two years younger than men, compared to four years in 1900. The age of marriage for men followed a similar pattern, falling from 26 at the start of the century to a low of just over 22 between 1950 and 1970. During the last forty years, however, the age jumped sharply, reaching 27 in 2000, one year older on average than at the start of the period. In conclusion, there have been big changes in the age of marriage. However, men still get married later than women, and women tend to get married much later than in the past. Sample 4: Bar Chart Literacy Rates, by Country, 1990 and 2000 Male 1990 100 Male 2000 Female 1990 90 Female 2000 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bangladesh Brazil China Egypt Kuwait Pakistan The chart shows literacy rates for men and women in selected countries in 1990 and 2000. The graph shows changes in literacy rates in different countries between 1990 and 2000, for men and women. Overall more and more people are able to read, and there have been significant improvements for women, although they lag behind men in literacy. The most obvious trend in the graph is that women have lower literacy rates in most of the countries in the graph. For example, in Bangladesh in 1990, 45% of men could read and write, but only 25% of women. The difference was even bigger in Pakistan, with 50% of men being literate but only 20% of women. Even in Kuwait and China, slightly more men than women could read and write. The second biggest trend in the graph is the improvement in literacy between 1990 and 2000. In all countries shown, figures for both men and women improved. The biggest change was in Pakistan, from 50% of men in 1990 to 57% over the ten year period. Even in countries with relatively high literacy rates, such as China or Brazil, there were significant increases for men. However, the increases in literacy rates for women were much higher. In Egypt, the percentage of non-illiterate women jumped from 35% to 44%, and in Pakistan from 20% to 28% over the decade. In conclusion, almost all the countries in the graph have a long way to go before achieving 100% literacy rates, and women in particular need support in order to increase their reading ability. However, all countries improved over the ten years, and women appear to be catching up even in the lowest countries. Book 10 195

EXERCISE Describe the following charts and diagrams. Estimated number of current drug users in Nepal, 2063 1800 17458 1600 1400 1200 1000 9274 8000 6000 5112 4000 2000 3523 3186 0 2588 2071 1316 1301 481 Kathmandu Valley Kaski Jhapa Sunsari Rupeandehi Chitwan Morang Parsa OtheMrarkewstanarpeura Religions in Nepal, According to 2001 Census SLC Result 2063 Muslim, 4.2 Kirant, 3.6 Others, 0.9 Total Regular Exempted Buddhist, 10.7 Appeared 347185 274210 72975 Pass 267991 160802 23009 Pass Percent 77.19 58.64 31.53 Distinction 7498 7498 0 Hindu, 80.6 First Division 56408 56153 255 Second Division 107377 89662 17715 Third Division 12528 7489 5039 KATHMANDU DISTRICT, 2011 District Kathmandu Total Population 1,744,240 Male 913,001 Female 831,239 No. Of House Hold 436,355 Average Household Size 4.0 Book 10 196

SN Area Number of hard drug users by sex 1 Kathmandu Valley Total Male Female 2 Kaski 3 Jhapa 17458 15580 1878 4 Sunsari 5 Rupandehi 5112 4794 318 6 Chitwan 7 Morang 3523 3378 145 8 Parsa 9 Makwanpur 3186 2854 332 10 Other rest areas 2588 2454 133 Total 2071 1880 191 1316 1267 50 1301 1212 89 481 462 19 9274 9074 200 46309 42954 3356 Number of Students in SB Int’l School 450 440 400 400 350 350 360 300 300 305 250 250 200 200 201 Boys Girls 150 150 100 50 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Mr Sahani’s monthly expenses Litres Per capita per day water consumption in Kathmandu 80 by type of toilet in use by the households Charity (2%) Saving (10%) 70 60 71 Medical (8%) 50 40 Clothes (12%) 30 20 Travelling (8%) 10 35 0 28 23 21 Food (35%) Education (20%) Flush Simple Simple No toilet All households Telephone (5%) with without drainage drainage Book 10 197

13. Story Writing A story is a short or long narration where there are characters who carry out actions in a certain place or time. Stories are told by a narrator who talks about things that happen to the characters or to himself/herself. Every story must have a beginning, middle and an end. Beginning a story There are many different ways to start a story. Here are some story openings: Ü Description of a character Once there lived an old lady in a small town. Her name was Mrs Brown. In spite of her old age, she was living there alone. The villagers often talked about her cleverness and prosperity............................ Description of setting: In a small town, there lived an old lady in a small house which was quiet as she lived there alone. Her house was full of precious furniture............................ Ü Description of setting and character: An old lady lived in a small town. Her name was Mrs Brown. She had a beautiful house with full of precious furniture. In spite of her old age, she was clever and ............................ Ü Action: Mrs Brown sat on her beautiful sofa and remembered her grandchild pulling her white hair and making fun of her poor eye-sight. Since yesterday she couldn’t see anything and was thinking to get............................ Ü Dialogue: “I’m going to get my eyes checked,” Mrs Brown said to herself, sitting on a beautiful sofa in her room, “but how do I get an honest doctor?” Mrs Brown, who recently lost her eye-sight feared of hiring a doctor as the town was full of fake doctors. Finally she decided to call in a doctor on condition that ............................ Ü A question: Mrs Brown, who lived all alone in a small town, became blind all off a sudden. Would she get her eye-sight restored? Would she find an honest doctor who could cure her? Middle of the story This is where the plot begins. The plot answers the questions what happened? When did it happen? In what order did the events happen? What is the story about? The plot states the problem the characters have to resolve. These problems are followed by solutions. In most stories the problem or conflict is solved at the end of the story, this is called the climax. You can have a happy or sad solution or you can leave the problem unresolved. The time factor and the sequence of events are important in the development of the plot. While describing the sequence of events, you need to change paragraphs when there is the change of: Ü setting: The action in the story happens in another place. Ü time: The story moves on to another time that day or the next day, etc. Ü person: A new character is introduced, they may say something or just be described. Ü event: Something new happens in the plot. Ü speaker: Include some direct speech in your story. Use speech marks to show where someone is speaking. A new speaker needs a new line. Ending a story The conclusion of a story is really important. Here are three ways to end a story: Ü Conclusive: Draw to an end all the events that have happened in the story. Ü Cliff – hanger: Leave the reader in suspense, wondering what will happen next. Ü Reflective: The narrator or character thinks about something that has happened in the story, this can be done with direct speech. Book 10 198

Here are some expressions for beginning and ending a story: Beginnings Endings Once upon a time……………………… …and they lived happily ever after. Once upon a time, when the world was young… …it had finished, at last. In the beginning… …and that was the end of that. It all started when… …so it had turned out alright in the end. Long ago in the mists of time… …I never want to stay alone in the house again! One day, not too long ago… …and so we’ll never know what really happened. This is a story I heard a long time ago… …we had supper and went to bed, tired but happy. It had all happened so quickly… …the horror was over and we were all safe. It was a dark and dismal night… …and it was a wonderful way to end things. We were alone in the house one morning when… …and I can’t wait to do it again! I’m going to tell you a tale about… …and as the night drew in, I was glad it was all over. There was nothing I could do to stop it happening… It was a fresh and bright early morning in summer when… Writing a story using guidelines or skeleton: Look at the skeleton of a story: an old lady becomes blind – calls in a doctor – agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not – doctor calls daily – puts eyes on lady’s furniture – delays the cure – everyday takes away furniture – at last cures her – demands his fees – lady refuses to pay – saying cure not complete – doctor brings a court case – judge asks why she will not pay – she says sight not properly restored – she cannot see all her furniture – judge gives verdict in her favour – moral. Ask yourself the following questions while you go through the guidelines: Who or what is the main character? Who is going to be in the story? What sorts of characters are they? Where and when is the story going to take place? (setting) What is going to happen in your story? What type of story is it? What are the important events? (plot) How is the problem solved? How does it end? What type of ending does it have? Happy? Sad? Read the beginning, middle and ending of a story and think carefully about the following points while writing a story: Story writing in the SEE examination is not simply a gap filling exercise. Guidelines are usually given in the present tense. Use the past tense to describe the events in a story. Describe them in sequence. Write an interesting title that explains the main theme of the story. Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem, an ending. Think of a good starting in the first paragraph. Introduce the main characters; use some adjectives to describe them. To bring your characters to life, you must describe them: their appearance; their personalities; their strengths and weaknesses. Think of a good setting that expresses the time, place, and even the weather in which a story occurs. Keep the sentences in inverted commas if it is needed to quote directly. Write a moral of the story. Book 10 199

Read the sample story: Adjectives A Clever Old Lady Title Exclamation First fghfghf Paragraph Once there lived an old lady in a town. Her name was Mrs Adverb Brown. In spite of her old age, she was living there all alone. Mid The villagers often talked about her cleverness and prosperity. Paragraphs One day she became blind all of a sudden. She sat on her Dialogue beautiful sofa and remembered her grandchild pulling her Last white hair and making fun of her furrowed face and toothless Paragraph mouth. Now she could just smell the flowers in the Italian Moral vase that she had kept two days ago, but couldn’t see. The old woman feared of hiring a doctor as the town was full of fake doctors. Yet she decided to call in a doctor on one condition. “Condition!” the doctor, whom she called in, said doubtfully, “What’s it!” Mrs Brown replied, “I’ll pay a large amount if I’m cured, but nothing if not.” The doctor agreed and visited her house daily for treatment. The furniture in Mrs Brown’s house lured him. He delayed the cure and began to take away an item of furniture everyday he came there. Finally he cured her and demanded his fees. Although the old lady got her eyesight restored, she refused to pay to the doctor. She just said, “I still can’t see well.” The doctor was sure that she could see well. So he brought a court case. The judge asked the lady, “Mrs Brown, why are you not paying to the doctor?” “Your Honour! My eyesight is not properly restored. I still cannot see all my furniture,” the lady said to the judge. The judge understood and gave verdict in her favour. Mrs Brown won the court case with her honesty and wit, and got her eyesight restored as well. Moral: To know when to be generous and when firm- that is wisdom. A good story has title moral adjectives adverbs exclamations dialogues words that appeal all the senses of the readers Book 10 200