Maxim Book 10_2075 Edition_Sunil_Final

EXERCISE Construct readable stories with the help of the outlines (skeletons) given below: 1. Two neighbours – one, hardworking with a shop – the other, a gambler with no sense of economy – one day they go to town – to sell goods from the shop – while returning, the gambler kills friend for money – buries the corpse – after a fortnight, hears a rattle – comes from a skeleton dancing –it wants to help him get money –plays the flute – the skeleton dances – King hears – wants to see – no dancing in front of the king –tells the king that the flute player was his friend, who killed him to get his money –punishes the gambler – moral. 2. A boy – steals a book from school – mother very much pleased – next steals a watch – then a purse – the mother is very happy – the boy becomes a robber – one day caught and produces before a judge – on the day of hanging, the boy wishes to see his mother– prayer granted – bites off mother’s ear – explains why he did so– moral. 3. A greedy man – realizes he can’t hear very well – decides to buy a hearing aid –does not want to spend much – goes to the store – asks the price – the salesman: from ten rupees to ten thousand – “Let me see the ten rupees model” – the salesman hangs a string around the man’s neck – “Just put this button in your ear and stick this string in your pocket” – “How does it work?” asked the man – “It doesn’t work. But when people see it on you, they’ll speak louder.” – moral. 4. A king gets disappointed – his people lazy – to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of the road at night – next day merchants pass and go round it – an officer driving his car did the same – a young soldier came cycling, did the same – all cursed the stone and blamed the government for not removing it – then the king had the stone removed – many people watched it – under it was an iron box, marked, “For the man who moves away the stone” – inside was a purse full of money – the people were ashamed – moral. 5. An old lady becomes blind – calls in a doctor – agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not – doctor calls daily – puts eyes on lady’s furniture – delays the cure – everyday takes away furniture – at last cures her – demands his fees – lady refuses to pay – saying cure not complete – doctor brings a court case – judge asks why she will not pay – she says sight not properly restored – she cannot see all her furniture – judge gives verdict in her favour – moral. 6. A rich lady– a neighbour– offers to give him all the land he can walk around in one day – has to be back at the spot from which he starts by sundown –the next morning the man sets out – no food – plans to cover six square miles – finishes the first six, decides to make it nine, then twelve, and fifteen, more. By noon, covers thirty miles – no food or drink –legs heavier – the sun about to set –gathers all his energies– arrives on time to that lady – falls down – dead – gets a piece six feet by two for his grave – moral. 7. King Solomon –very wise – one day two mothers with two babies come to him – one baby living, one dead –say one baby smothered by accident – both mothers claim the living baby – each says dead baby belongs to the other – which is the real mother of living child? – Solomon thought – given decision – living baby to be cut in half – each woman to have half – one woman agrees – the other weeps– says baby must not be killed – let the other woman have it rather than that – Solomon smiles – says she is the mother – gives her the living baby– moral. Book 10 201

8. Three artists compete – one paints a wreath of flowers, a bee comes and sits on the picture –another paints a basket of fruit – an ox tries to seize it – the third paints a curtain – all the three pictures placed before the judge – the judge tries to raise the curtain – the picture judged the best – it deceives a man – other only insects and animals – moral. 9. An old woman’s cottage – a cock and some hens living there – cock proud – hens obedient – a hen has an evil dream – tells the cock – asks him to be careful – the cock does not care – a fox comes up – praises the cock for his kingly look and sweet voice – asks him to sing – cock raises his head, closes his eyes, and crows loudly – the fox jumps upon him – the old woman hears the hens make a noise – rushes out – moral. 10. Birds and beasts go to war – the bats remain neutral – tide of war turns against the birds at first – they request the bats to join – refuse saying they are beasts – they join the victors instead –soon the victors become vanquished – the bats desert the beasts – go over to birds – war comes to an end – a truce is made – both take revenge on the bats – moral. 11. A merchant riding home from a fair – a large some of money with him – sudden heavy rainfall – merchant gets wet – his grumblings – shortly after attacked by a robber – robber’s attempt to shoot – failure – powder damp – the merchant escapes – moral. 12. A miller – he and his son – going to a fair – their donkey for sale – a girl makes a remark – an old man makes a comment – another man says – they do as he says – the donkey falls down the bridge – moral. 13. A wolf swallowed a fishbone – stuck in the throat – went to a heron to pull out – to pull out promised a big reward – heron pulled out the bone – wolf thanked and went away – heron asked for reward – “You put your head in my mouth but I didn’t bite. What could be the best reward?”. 14. A woman’s only one son is dead– goes to Lord Buddha– begs to bring her son to life – Lord Buddha asks to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a house where nobody has died – she gets no such house – moral. 15. A hard working ant and a grasshopper – ant worked all summer and collected food for winter – grasshopper spent by singing – went to the ant – to beg food in the winter – the ant told him to go and dance – moral. Read the beginning of each story and complete it. 1. Once a merchant was riding home from a fair. He had a large sum of money with him. After some time, he reached a dense forest. All of sudden, it started raining heavily and the merchant got wet. He took shelter in a hut. Shortly after he heard the sounds of gun firing………………………………..... ………………………………............................... ............................................................................................................................................. 2. Long ago an old cat lived on a farm. He was too old to catch any mice. He got no food to eat. He was weak and tired. He made a plan to trap rats. One day he hid himself under a rag and scattered some pieces of cheese on it. Then he started ringing the bell………... ………………………………………….............................................................................. ……………………………….............................................................................................. 3. Once two goats came to a narrow bridge. They came from two opposite directions and wanted to cross the river at the same time. Both reached in the middle of the bridge and say ‘let me go first’… …………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………..................................................................................... Book 10 202

4. A mother and a daughter were lazy and did not like to work. One day the daughter said to the mother, “Let’s not work next year, I’ll get married and you’ll die.” Mother also agreed. Both of them finished eating everything and sold everything. Neither the daughter got married nor the mother died………… …………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………..................................... 5. Long ago, two brothers lived in a village. They were farmers and grew a lot of grain. The elder brother was careful to use up the grain, whereas the younger brother unwise to use up the grain.................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. Read the ending of each story and complete it. 1. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………….. ………………………………………After the fox praised the appearance of the crow, he requested the crow to sing a song. The crow was much pleased and started to sing. The cheese fell down from the crow’s beaks and the fox ate it happily. 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………….. …………………………………………his father thought he had a lot of money. He started spending it uselessly. He also started gambling and drinking. He thought that his magic pot would give him money every time he asked. But it disappeared because of his bad habit. He became poor again! 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……..……………………………………………………..many tried but failed to make the king’s daughter laugh. They didn’t get prizes. But when the king’s daughter saw Tom carrying a donkey on his shoulder, she could not stop laughing. The king gave Tom a box of golden coins as a reward. 4. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………..…………………………the shepherded thought the tiger would gobble him up. Then he heard the shouting, “Kneel down, kneel down!” It was a soldier, running towards me, pointing his gun at the tiger. I knelt down quickly and he fired. The bullet didn’t hurt the tiger but it ran away. I thanked the soldier for saving my life. Write a readable story for each of the following titles. 1. The cruel monster and the brave warrior 2. The wise monk and the angry farmer 3. The magic porridge pot 4. The magic paint brush 5. The lion and the mouse 6. The stupid donkey 7. The brave farmer 8. The dove and the ant 9. The boy who cried wolf 10. The lazy son Write a readable story for each of the following morals. 1. Work is worship. 2. Wickedness ruins. 3. Look before you leap. 4. Excess of anything is bad. 5. Hard work pays off. 6. Honesty is the best policy. 7. Never be ungrateful. 8. A willful person ever suffers. 9. Always be prepared for the worst. 10. Friendship is a strong weapon. 11. Take as much as you can hold. 12. United we stand; divided we fall. Book 10 203

14. News Stories News writing is a key skill for journalists, but it helps with other types of writing as well. Most newspapers in the world follow the ‘inverted pyramid’ structure for writing news stories and articles. This means that the facts in the news story are presented from most important to least important. INVERTED PYRAMID The lead paragraph which contains who, what, where, when, why and how. Main points of the article - the 5 WH questions plus the hook More important information about the topic. Additional essential information Less essential details that may be cropped by the editor (to fit in the newspaper) without losing meaning. Less essential details Here are the major parts of a news story: Headline Ü The purpose of any newspaper headline is to grab the readers’ attention and brief the contents of the news story. Ü News headlines often consist of nouns and verbs. They do not need to be sentences. Ü Generally the first letter in the first word of the headline is capital, and all other words in the headline are lowercase, except for proper names. Ü Headlines can contain punctuation, but a full stop should never end a headline. Twelve killed in bus accident Teen returns home to find village buried Submerged Manila faces disease threat Damage highlighted from Indian floods Five more die in winter related cases Auto Fair begins in Hetauda First Paragraph or lead paragraph Ü When writing a news story and article, there are five questions that ultimately need to be answered ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’ and ‘why’. The first four are generally given in the first or lead paragraph while the ‘why’ is generally addressed in the mid paragraphs. Ü The first paragraph should grab the reader’s attention and make them want to know more. It includes the most important bit of information in the news article. Mid or Body Paragraphs Ü Mid paragraphs explain the first paragraph in detail and provide information from primary resources such as interviews, quotes, statistics, and document citation. Last Paragraph Ü The last paragraph should give a good summary and ending to the news story. Use a quote or a catchy phrase to make good impression on readers. Like essays and paragraphs, don’t use the expressions like ‘In conclusion’, ‘To finish’, ‘At last’, etc. Book 10 204

Study the sample news story: Catchy Words Mount St. Helens steams and swells Title Subtitle Rise of crater floor means molten magma is rising Author Date MSNBC staff and news service reports Oct. 7th, 2004 Place Lead Statistics MOUNT ST. HELENS NATIONAL MONUMENT, Wash: Mount St. Helens blew another cloud of steam skyward Body Thursday shortly after scientists said its crater floor had risen Paragraphs 50 to 100 feet since Tuesday, indicating that molten magma was moving upward without encountering much resistance. Quotes A news helicopter hovering over the crater captured the latest venting, which sent gray and white clouds of steam billowing upward beginning about noon (3 p.m. ET). Tom Pierson, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, or USGS, told NBC News that no ash was in the release, attributing the darker colors of some clouds to the presence of magma near the surface, which made the steam appear darker. The steam release came shortly after Jake Lowenstern, another USGS scientist, told reporters that “the skids are greased” for magma to reach the surface of the mountain’s crater. With the latest rising, an area of the crater floor just south of the nearly 1,000-foot lava dome has risen about 250 feet since the mountain began stirring two weeks ago, Lowenstern said, adding that there was no way to tell when magma might reach the surface. On Wednesday, scientists lowered the alert level for the volcano in southwest Washington, saying earthquake activity was down to the lowest level since before the mountain started venting steam last week. USGS scientists downgraded the “volcano alert” to a “volcano advisory,” indicating that the probability of an eruption that could endanger lives and property had decreased significantly since Saturday, when thousands of people were evacuated from the mountain. Book 10 205

Study some more news stories: Accidental 26 missing in Jammu and Kashmir bus accident 7th June 2009: JAMMU: At least 26 people were missing after a mini bus swerved off a mountain road and plunged into a swollen river in Jammu and Kashmir’s Doda district on Sunday, a police officer reported. Two women, a child and the conductor fell out of the bus as it rolled down into the Chenab River, and were seriously injured. Police said chances of survival of the missing passengers were ‘remote’. The missing passengers could have been drowned, but no dead body was recovered as the “current of water in the river is very fast and it is swollen also”, a police officer said. According to the injured passengers, there were about 30 people, including the driver and the conductor in the bus when the accident occurred at Karara in Doda district, about 180 km northeast of Jammu. District police chief Prabhat Singh said, “The bus is completely submerged and we cannot see it. The Indian Army has been pressed into rescue, but the rapid current and deep water are hampering the operation.” The accidents are mostly attributed to overloading of passenger buses, poor maintenance of vehicles, and shabby road conditions coupled with lack of mountain driving skills. Four killed in Philippines private plane crash Agence France-Presse Manila, October 17th, 2009: Four people were killed when a private plane crashed on Saturday into a warehouse in a suburb of the Philippines capital, witnesses and radio reports said. The propeller-driven DC-3 plane, owned by Victoria Asia Air Services, was trying to make an emergency landing when it struck a wall and then crashed into the warehouse and burst into flames in the Marikina suburb, the air transport office said. “It hit the wall of a house and then crashed and hit the warehouse,” witness Rudy Garcia said in a radio interview. Civil aviation official Angel Atutubo said four bodies had been retrieved from the plane after the crash. There were no immediate reports of casualties on the ground. The plane had just taken off from Manila airport for the western island of Palawan when the pilot suddenly called the control tower, saying he had to make an emergency landing, the officials said. Police, firefighters and rescue teams rushed to the scene to put out the blaze and secure the area. The cause of the crash has not yet been determined. Book 10 206

Natural calamities Strong earthquake rocks Afghanistan October 22nd, 2009: KABUL, Afghanistan (CNN) - A strong earthquake rumbled deep beneath mountainous regions northeast of Kabul early Friday, waking residents and sending some into the streets. But no serious damage has been reported from the magnitude 6.2 quake, which struck about 12:30 a.m. about 50 miles southeast of Feyzabad, Afghanistan, in a sparsely populated area. Centered nearly 170 miles down, the earthquake’s power was muted on the surface, although was felt lightly as far away as northern India. CNN’s Thomas Evans and Chris Lawrence, both in Kabul, said the quake lasted for nearly 30 seconds and seemed to increase in intensity. “I had gone to bed about an hour ago and had fallen asleep,” Lawrence said. “Woke up instantly to the shaking, which was considerable. I could feel our whole house here in Kabul moving.” “I went out on the roof very soon after,” Evans related. “I could hear people gathering outside of their homes but no obvious signs of damage, no smoke or sirens, at least not in the Sherpur district of Kabul.” Games and sports Australia beat India despite Tendulkar’s 175 AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE Hyderabad, India, Nov 5th: Australia defeated India by three runs despite a scintillating 175 by Sachin Tendulkar in the fifth one-day international here on Thursday. Tendulkar, 36, smashed 19 fours and four sixes for his 45th one-day century before India were bowled out for 347 in 49.4 overs while chasing Australia´s imposing 350- 4 in 50 overs. Tendulkar shared a 137-run partnership with Suresh Raina (59) to take India close in the day-night encounter. But his dismissal in the 48th over proved the turning point of the game and handed Australia a 3-2 lead in the seven-match series. Debutant fast bowler Clint McKay picked three wickets, including that of Tendulkar, while Shane Watson took 3-47 to cap a fine all-round performance, having scored 93 earlier. Australia were also indebted to Shaun Marsh, who struck a career-best 112 and shared 145 runs for the opening wicket with Watson after the world champions won the toss and elected to bat at the Rajiv Gandhi stadium. India began their chase in rollicking fashion with openers Virender Sehwag (38) and Tendulkar putting on 66 runs in 53 balls but lost their way in the middle with three quick dismissals. Book 10 207

Culture 2009-10-17: Goddess Laxmi worshipped Himalayan News Service KATHMANDU: Deepawali, -- the second day of Hindu’s festival of Tihar, which is also known as festival of lights, was observed today with the worship of goddess of wealth Laxmi and illuminating entrance ways of houses and surroundings. The five-day Tihar celebration began yesterday with the worship of crows. In the morning, the human’s faithful companion dogs were revered and fed with delicacies. Tihar, the second greatest festival of Hindus after Dashain, is commonly a five-day festival. However, this year it is celebrated only for four days. On the occasion of Deepawali, Hindus light candles, lights and diyos (earthen lamps) to welcome Goddess Laxmi. On the occasion, people also clean their homes and surroundings for her special welcome. Day time saw the valley’s streets hustle and bustle with people busy buying and selling flowers and candles. “It’s a unique festival in itself as birds, animals, nature, mountain, human being and gods are worshipped during this festival,” said Bhattarai. The auspicious time for the Bhaitika is at 11:53 am. Sisters put on Tika on the forehead of brothers and vice versa on this day. They pray long life and prosperity of their brothers. Science and technology China builds quake monitoring station at Everest THE ASSOCIATED PRESS BEIJING, Oct 19th: Chinese scientists have begun operating an earthquake monitoring station at the foot of Mount Everest in a bid to learn more about the world´s highest peak, an official said Monday. The station, which began operating over the weekend, is located at about 14,000 feet (4,255 meters) in Tibet’s Tingri County, said Shang Rongbo, a deputy director with the regional seismology bureau. The station will support real-time collection of data about seismic events along the China-Nepal border, sending it by satellite to research centers elsewhere, Shang said. Everest sits where the Eurasian plate abuts the Indian plate, the collision of which, over the ages, formed the soaring Himalayas. Severe earthquakes have hit the region in the past. The Tibetan plateau is frequently hit by minor quakes, and a massive 7.9-magnitude quake struck the Himalayan foothills in Sichuan province in May 2008, leaving nearly 90,000 people dead or missing. An 81-mile (130-kilometer) dirt track from Tingri to Everest base camp has been paved, and a cell phone tower now provides coverage all the way to the summit. The area also has a high-rise hotel, a police station — and a rising crime rate. Book 10 208

EXERCISE 1. Write news stories using the following clues: Three die in Detroit marathon October 18, 2009 – three runners died– police told CNN – deaths occurred between 9 and 9:20 a.m. – a man in his 60s fell and hit his head – the cause of the fall unknown – the man was transported to Detroit Receiving Hospital – pronounced dead –two other men (ages 36 and 26) – collapsed during the race – were dead at the hospital. Eye camp at Banepa A week-long eye camp at Banepa – opened among a huge mass by the director of Til Ganga Eye Hospital – nearly 1500 eye patients were treated – team of 30 experts and helpers from Kathmandu – an active involvement of Til-Ganga Eye Hospital – various awareness programmes – ‘we are grateful to organizers, and it was really a very nice programme,’ the eye patients, who were benefitted, said. Dental camp at Rukum A week – long dental camp at Rukum – inaugurated by RHD (Regional Health Director) – nearly 1000 local citizens got treatment of teeth problems – a team of 20 experts, sponsors and helpers from Kathmandu – an active involvement of local youth club various awareness programmes – ‘we are grateful to organizers, and it was really a very nice programme’, the dental patients, who were benefitted, said. Japan gives aid for increasing food production The Government of Japan – a grand assistance of Rs.324 million to Nepal – Japanese ambassador Zenji Kaminaga and Bhanu Prasad Acharya, Secretary at the Ministry of Finance – signed and exchanged notes – behalf of their respective governments – to increase food production –utilized for the development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries – efforts would help in the socio-economic development of Nepal. 12 killed in bus accident in Arghakhanchi, toll likely to go up 12 people killed – the bus fell off the road at Lambhir of Hansapur in Arghakhanchi district, Nepal TV reported – 20 passengers were injured – police said the death toll could increase –the accident at 7 a.m. –the bus ( Lu 1 Kha 3987) – hurtled some 200 meters off the road – the number of passengers travelling still unknown. Student lost in jungle rescued Mr. Dinesh B. K.-lost in the jungle – a student of Bageswori School – rescued by a cowboy – on way to his school through the jungle – parents heartily thanked him. Food crisis in Mugu Source (RSS) – SURKHET (place) – due to flight delay at Birendranagar airport – Mugu facing a food shortage – not flown to the district for the past 2 weeks– passengers also stranded in Birendranagar – According to Mugu Chambers of Commerce and Industry– the district under food shortage– not a single flight over the past one month– no food from Surkhet to Mugu– Mugu locals with an agitation– demanding subsidized air tickets and subsidized cargo of foodstuff. Book 10 209

Flights to eastern hilly region cancelled Flights to eastern hilly region – cancelled – bad weather condition – passengers, stranded at Biratnagar Airport – flights to Suvetar, Bhojpur, Lamidamada, Okhaldunga – also cancelled – dense fog in these districts – regional office of NAC reported – Rumjatar airport most affected by fog – chief of N.A.C. said. Plane crash Sky Line Airways (Dilatus Proter IAN-CWC) plane from Janakpur to Kathmandu - crashed at Dhulikhel hill - thick clouds - poor visibility - hit the telecom tower - all dead including the crew - Rs. 100000 each as compensation. Swine flu panic spreads KUSMA/BENI – Parbat in panic – nine people tested positive – According to the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD), the total number of swine flu cases ,60 – viral fever broke out 10 days ago – around 2,500 patients have made rounds of government and private health centres–terrified – buying masks – An all- party meeting at Kusma – decided to shut down educational institutions for one more week – the number of patients – suffering from viral fever – increasing daily –panic has spread to neighbouring districts (Kaski and Baglung). University Opened University of Information Technology - opened among a big crowd at Patan - built from the grand financial support of China - project started from 1995 - ended in 2004 - has the capacity for 200 students a year - best wishes from the Minister of Education. Bus Mishap 15 dies in bus mishap -- a night bus (B 2860 Kh) -- Kathmandu to Bhadrapur -- collided with a truck loaded with buffaloes at Bhimphedi turning -- many buffaloes ran away -- 13 killed on the spot, one on the way to hospital and one in the hospital -- 14 injured hospitalized in Makawanpur hospital -- drivers in custody. 2. Write news stories with the help of the given clues and supply suitable news headlines: a. A wave in Phewa lake - a tourist boat upset - two of them drowned - three swam across - four still missing - no information - search is still on. b. Plane crashed- flying to Kathmandu from Pokhara - thick clouds -- hit the TV tower -- caught fire -- all people died -- compensation to the passengers announced Rs. 5,00,000 each. c. A week of heavy rain - Rivers Mechi, Koshi, Kankai, Kamala overflowed - affected areas: Terai (Jhapa, Morang, Saptari and Rautahat) - Damage: 50 dead, thousands homeless, paddy crops, crores of rupees, relief works - Rs. 5000/- a family given by the government. d. A passenger bus (Lu. 1 Kha 3261) - Bhairahwa to Kathmandu - Krishna Lama of Nuwakot died while undergoing treatment at Kawasoti - 18 others injured in a road accident at Tamsari VDC ward No. 9 - in Nawalparasi district on Wednesday morning - of the hospitalised passengers in Bharatpur and Butwal, 6 serious, according to the Police. Book 10 210

15. Paragraphs Begin your paragraph with a good topic sentence that covers the content of the entire paragraph. All the supporting examples and details of the paragraph must fit under the topic sentence. When you are writing a paragraph, first decide what your topic sentence is and what sentences and ideas you are going to write to support your topic sentence. Never include more than one idea in one paragraph. Topic There are a number of things to keep in mind when you visit a sentence temple. The first thing is that you make sure that you are not wearing any leather things. If you are wearing leather things, you need to take Supporting them off before you enter the temple. The second thing you need to Sentences consider is that you should take some flowers with you to worship. You may sometimes do not get chance to buy flowers at the temple. Topic Thirdly, you have to stand in queue if there are many people waiting sentence for worshipping. Supporting Pollution means substances that make our water, air and soil dirty. Sentences Our surroundings get polluted from many factors. Our rivers are polluted with dirty water from our homes and factories. Smoke coming out of vehicles and factories pollute the air we breathe. Polluted water causes water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, etc. Air pollution leads to breathing problem. Chemical pollution affects the soil. Polluted fruits and vegetables that grow pollution must, therefore, be checked urgently, only then we can lead a healthy and happy life. Sample paragraphs: Why Should Children Go to School? Children should go to school for various purposes. First and foremost is education. At school, they learn reading, writing, maths, science, history, physical education and more. They learn languages and necessary life skills. School education even complements the things children learn at home from their family members. Another purpose behind sending children to school is socialization. At school, children learn to get along with peers and adults. They learn to get adjusted with students from different communities. They make new friends and learn new things. Moreover, children should go to school to learn to stay away from home. When they are at school, their parents do not have to look after them. This allows their parents to do their jobs even staying away from home. Thus, school is a very important place for children. Book 10 211

Preparation for the Final Exam The hostel students are working hard to get through their final exams with good grades. They are spending most of their time revising their subjects, ignoring all other activities, no matter how important they are. Whenever they have any difficulty at any point, they are consulting their friends. If there is no solution, they consult their teachers. At the end of the day, they evaluate themselves how many lessons they have learned. All of them have made their study plan and they are moving according to it. In short, the hostel students are burning the midnight oil to pass their final exams with high marks. My Favourite Hobby Although I have several hobbies, painting is my most enjoyable pastime activity. While I am painting, this is the time I express my deep love to natural things. My paintings often show the essence of saving nature for the existence of human life. People are destroying natural elements like forests, rivers, lakes, etc. Whenever I am free, I visit to an area with outstanding natural beauty and spend my spare time there. I usually visit such places on Saturdays and do a painting sketch. While I am drawing, I feel very relaxed and happy. My happiness increases when my friends see my paintings and realize the message that I want to convey through my painting. I have been painting for three years and have made a lot of paintings. Most of my paintings have often attracted the attention of visitors in the art exhibitions. In this way, I also get a chance to make some money. I am convinced that painting will always be a great leisure-time activity for me. EXERCISE 1. Do you live in a town or village? Write about life in your town or village, using the following clues: Town : facilities, entertainment, opportunities, noise, pollution, rush. Village : peace, co-operation, leisurely life, illiteracy, poverty, lack of facilities. 2. Write a short paragraph about how you will spend your holidays. You may take the help of the clues given below or add your idea also. When holidays begin? - what do you do? - where do you go? - whom do you go with? -how long - how much do you spend, etc. 3. Write a couple of paragraphs about your teacher, use the clues: Name and age: Physical Features: height, colour of eyes, etc. Other attributes: intelligent, hopeful, liking and disliking in him/her. 4. Write a couple of paragraphs about ‘The Rising Nepal’, a national daily newspaper. Use the clues: Carries news and views from all directions; gives entertainment, public awareness, politics, economics, education and knowledge; people can say to the government and direct it; it should not be controlled by the political parties; no misleading and twisted news. Book 10 212

5. Write a short description of Bharatpur with the help of the following hints: Bharatpur - headquarters of Chitwan district - Narayani river - about 148 km southwest of Kathmandu - passes Mahendra Highway - hot and dry - fertile land - exports mustard, rice - religious spot Devghat - population about 70 thousands. 6. Write a short description of ‘Mahendra Highway’ with the help of the following hints: Mahendra Highway -- Mechi to Mahakali -- about 1000 km -- various parts of the Terai --Gandaki, Koshi, Karnali--several bridges--late King Mahendra -- many countries mainly India -- a milestone in the field of national development. 7. Write a short description of your village with the help of the following hints: Some of the houses made of bricks -- tiled roof -- more shops -- wider street linked to a main road -- beautiful park -- telephone booth -- technical school including computer learning facility -- public piped water supply but often irregular -- disposal of garbage -- sanitation a problem - public awareness. 8. Write an introduction of ‘Nepal Rastria Secondary School” using the following clues: 6 miles west from Butwal - lovely and open space - in 2012 B.S. - primary level at the beginning - secondary level in 2050 - 725 students and 36 teachers and other staff - large ground - library, science lab - good SEE result - awarded by the Ministry of Education - famous in the region. 9. Write a short description of “Fiji Land Supermarket” with the help of the following hints: In Ghattekulo - 5 Kilometers east of Ratna park - 1998 A.D. - 6 storeyed building - about 150 shops - spacious underground parking area - about 800 customers daily - more than 1000 people work - transaction of Rs. 1 million daily - three international standard cafes - branches in different districts - open 24 hours a day. 10. Write an introduction of “Modern Language Institute” using the following clues: In the heart of Mahendranagar - 2056 B.S. - English and German - teachers native speakers - language lab - audio and visual aids - canteen - park - library and computer facilities - e-mail and internet - always full of seats - a model in the region. 11. Write a short note on “The Uses of Natural Resources in the Development of a Country”. 12. Write a short note on “Importance of Transportation”. 13. Write a paragraph on ‘Tribhuvan Highway’ with the help of given outlines: Birgunj - Kathmandu - 179 km. - Terai - Siwalik Hills - Mahabharat Range - Highest point 2,500 m. 1953 to 1956 - black - topped - King Tribhuwan - assistance - India. 14. Write a short paragraph describing about ‘Dashain Festival in Nepal’. 15. Write a couple of paragraphs to support or oppose on ‘Village Life is better than City Life’. 16. Have you ever gone on an educational tour? If yes, where did you go? Who did you go with? How was your journey and what did you see there? Express your feeling and impressions. Write a few paragraphs describing them in about 200words. 17. Have you ever attended a marriage ceremony? If yes, whose marriage was it? Where did the ceremony happen? What were the procedures of the marriage? Did the bride’s parents offer her good dowries? Express your feeling and impressions. Write a few paragraph describing them in about 200 words. Book 10 213

16. Dialogue Tips for students: • You need at least two people to talk to each other in a dialogue. • Identify the topic or situation on which you have to write a dialogue. • After that, choose characters and setting. • Decide the number of exchanges. • Write like you talk. • Write your dialogue in about 75 to 100 words. • Get to the point and make your dialogue realistic. • Include the following things in your dialogue. M Greetings and pleasantries (hello, good morning, nice to see you, …) M Colloquial expressions, interjections, filler words (Well, um, so, no, really, oh, er, ugh, yuck, shh, yes, uh, yippee, hurray, like, actually, absolutely, sort of, kind of, …) M Short responses (Yes, I did. No, no. Several times before,….) M Farewells (bye, good bye, see you, thank you,…..) Sample dialogue 1 Pujan: Hey, I really like your shoes. Where did you buy them? Prami: At that new shop in town. Pujan: Oh, yeah? Next to the post office. Prami: Yes. Pujan: If you don’t mind, how much did they cost? Prami: Rs. 1,200 in the sale. It was reduced from Rs. 2,200. Pujan: What a bargain! Would you meet me some time later? Prami: Sure. Sample dialogue 2 Waiter : Hi, how are you, Sir? Customer : Fine, thank you. Can I see a menu, please? Waiter : Certainly, here you are. Customer : Thank you. What’s today’s special? Waiter : Grilled tuna and cheese on rye. Customer : That sounds good. I’ll have that. Also fetch a cold drink, please. Waiter : Sure! In five minutes. Sample dialogue 3 Bhusan : Hello, Bidya, how are you getting on with your job? Bidya : I’m used to it now. Bhusan : What about that Arabian girl? She speaks English, doesn’t she? Bidya : No, she doesn’t. We communicate through laughter. Bhusan : Isn’t it tiring? Bidya : Yes, it is. I’m exhausted at the end of each day. Book 10 214

Bhusan : What do you do in the evenings? Just go home and relax. And you? Bidya : I often go out with my friends. Sample dialogue 4 Receptionist : Hello, it’s Yeti Airlines, Kathmandu. May I help you, please? Mr. Sharma : Oh, may I talk to someone from the ticket counter? I want to book two tickets for Biratnagar. Receptionist : Yes, of course, I’m speaking. Well, when are you flying there? Mr. Sharma : Tomorrow morning. How much do I have to pay for the tickets? Receptionist : Let me see. You need to pay Rs. 10,000 for the two tickets. Mr. Sharma : Can I book them now? I’ve some kind of urgency. Receptionist : Of course, you can. May I know your name, please? Sample dialogue 5 Receptionist : Good morning. Dr. Prawin’s clinic. How can I help you? Patient : Good morning, can I make an appointment with Dr. Prawin this afternoon? Receptionist : I’m afraid, it’s all filled up for this afternoon. Patient : How about tomorrow afternoon? Receptionist : Is 5 pm all right, madam? Patient : Mm, is it possible to see him a little earlier? I mean at four? Receptionist : Would you like to come in at 4:30? Patient : Ok. Receptionist : Can I have your name, please? Patient : It’s Kalpana. Receptionist : Thank you. At 4: 30 on 23rd March is confirmed. Patient : Thank you so much. EXERCISE 1. Write a short conversation between two friends talking about one of the following topics: a. Weather b. Shopping c. Hobbies d. Favourite book e. Favourite movie f. School g. Future Plans h. Holiday plans i. A tourist and a tourist guide j. A shopkeeper and a customer k. A policeman and a criminal l. A journalist and a social worker 2. Write a dialogue between two friends about a movie they have recently watched. 3. Write a conversation between a shopkeeper and a customer on getting some discount while buying a pair of shoes. 4. Compose a dialogue between a father and a son about the importance of reading a newspaper. 5. Write a short dialogue between two friends talking about a birthday party or marriage ceremony or any social event. 6. Suppose you had a quiz contest in your school last week. Write a short conversation between you and your friend talking about the contest. Book 10 215

17. Views and Attitudes Study the following essay that expresses views on using the Internet. Internet - Good or Bad Introduction: The first It is now easier than ever to access the Internet, paragraph introduces the whether you are using a computer or a phone or a topic and has a thesis tablet. There is no doubt that many young people statement. The last sentence are spending more and more time online, with both in the introductory paragraph positive and negative consequences. that contains the central idea of the essay is called the Using the Internet has many benefits. One advantage thesis statement. of the Internet is that young people can do research for their schoolwork and homework. Another positive Body paragraphs: The aspect of the Internet is that people can practise foreign body paragraphs support the languages by chatting to friends from other countries. idea in the thesis statement. This is also a good way of keeping in touch with Write down at least 2 body friends and family members around the world. paragraphs. Each body paragraph should have a On the other hand, there are also some negative topic sentence and supporting consequences. Some young people become addicted sentences to support your to online gaming and this can mean that they waste views. The topic sentence says too much time playing these games. This can have a what the paragraph is about. negative effect on their schoolwork, and their social lives. In addition, excessive Internet use can mean Concluding paragraph: This that some young people hardly talk to their families is the last paragraph of your because they are always on the computer. essay and summarizes the main points of the essay or To sum up, personally, I think the Internet is an restates the thesis statement incredible tool and the benefits of Internet access using different words. outweigh the dangers. However, we should be careful not to use the Internet excessively. Tips for students: • Expressing your views on a topic is a kind of opinion essay or argumentative essay. • Read the section ‘Essay Writing’ of this book to know more about the parts of an essay. • Write this essay in more than three paragraphs in about 100 to 200 words. • Write your introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, body paragraphs with topic sentences and a concluding paragraph. • Use transition words (firstly, secondly, besides, moreover, on the other hand, also, however, etc) to show cohesion in your writing. • Common phrases for expressing views and attitudes are: In my opinion/view… To my mind,... As far as I am concerned… Speaking personally… From my point of view,... As for me / As to me,... I hold the view that ... I would say that... It seems to me that... I am of the opinion that ... I have the feeling that... I have no doubt that... Book 10 216

I am sure/certain that ... I hold/form the opinion that... I guess/bet that... It goes without saying that... It is generally accepted that…. What I mean is…. From my perspective… Personally, I think…. I’d like to point out that… Generally it is thought that…. Some people say that…. Well, it is considered that…. My own feeling on the subject is that ... My view/opinion/belief/conviction is that ... I think/believe/suppose/consider /feel/presume / assume that ... Study the following sample essays: Mobile Phones A mobile phone is an electronic device that we use to make phone calls. It can make and receive phone calls to and from any public telephone network across the world. Its use has both advantages and disadvantages. Having a mobile phone has many advantages. We can communicate with our family and friends no matter where we are. It helps a lot in emergency. It is a time saver and we feel less worried about our nearer ones by being in constant touch with them. Besides, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, Bluetooth, business applications, gaming, music, video and camera. On the other hand, there are also some disadvantages. Some people get so much addicted to mobile phones that they waste most of their time in unnecessary things. Mobile phones are irritating in calm and silent places like schools, hospitals, clinics, libraries, etc. The blast of cell phones is another fatal issue. It can also be harmful while driving. Mobiles are said to cause many health problems like brain tumours, cancer, ear problems, memory loss, dizzy, and sleeplessness. To sum up, mobile phones are one of the biggest boons humanity ever had. If used properly and sensibly, they can be a wonderful piece of utility in life and most of its disadvantages will simply be insignificant. Sex Education in Schools Introducing sex education for school children is highly debated in many countries. Many parents believe that it should not be approved in school curriculum. However, I believe that sex education should be included in school curriculum because of three important reasons. First of all, sex education teaches school children to accept their bodily changes in a positive way. School children are physically in the period of change. They experience changes in their bodies and feelings. Providing sex lessons will enable them to understand why and how their bodies develop, for example, the change of their sex organ. In addition, they will realize some strange feelings that emerge such as passion toward the opposite gender. Second, sex education helps to solve social problems among school children. It teaches them to avoid sex abuse and how to deal with early marriage, pregnancy, abortion, etc. Book 10 217

By getting lessons of sex education, they can get control over their passion and know why these social problems are not good for their future life. Moreover, sex education provides school children with information and skills that help them to attain good reproductive health in the future. It teaches them about safe sex relationship, the use of contraception and other sexual measures. It also informs them about pregnancy and safe motherhood. In conclusion, I strongly say that sex education should be taught to senior school students as it guides them about sexual development, sex related social issues and various reproductive health problems. Should Minority Languages Be Protected? Some languages are in danger of extinction because they are spoken by very small numbers of people. It is true that some minority languages may disappear in the near future. Although it can be argued that governments could save money by allowing this to happen, I believe that these languages should be protected and preserved. There are several reasons why saving minority languages could be seen as a waste of money. Firstly, if a language is only spoken by a small number of people, expensive education programmes will be needed to make sure that more people learn it, and the state will have to pay for facilities, teachers and marketing. This money might be better spent on other public services. Secondly, it would be much cheaper and more efficient for countries to have just one language. Governments could cut all kinds of costs related to communicating with each minority group. Despite the above arguments, I believe that governments should try to preserve less widely spoken languages. A language is much more than simply a means of communication; it has a vital connection with the cultural identity of the people who speak it. If a language disappears, a whole way of life will disappear with it, and we will lose the rich cultural diversity that makes societies more interesting. By spending money to protect minority languages, governments can also preserve traditions, customs and behaviours that are part of a country’s history. In conclusion, it may save money in the short term if we allow minority languages to disappear, but in the long term this would have an extremely negative impact on our cultural heritage. (Source: www.bbc.com) Science as a Boon or Curse Everything in the universe has its uses and abuses. The same applies to science and it is given two kinds of thoughts. Science is responsible for all progress, prosperity and comfort in human life, but it is also responsible for the chief cause of the suffering of humanity today. Science has made man’s life happier and more comfortable. Agriculture, business, transport, communication, medicine and many more are the wonders of science. It has Book 10 218

discovered electricity, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. Science has given man the means of travelling like cars, trains, aeroplanes, ships etc and man has even travelled to the moon. Moreover, science has enabled people to find essential facts about earth, satellites, planets and stars. The computer, television, video, radio, computer, internet, etc have enabled man to get knowledge about various things. We have become scientifically more advanced from our ancestors. This is because of rapid progress in science and technology. However, science is also destructive for humankind. It has also led to the discovery of many disastrous things like bomb, missiles and other fatal weapons. If science is misused, it can be the ruin of mankind and can threaten to bring about the extinction of the human race. To sum up, science is like a knife. A knife can be used to cut vegetables. The same knife can also be used as a deadly weapon. In the same way science can be used as a tool for the development, but it can be disastrous when it is in wrong hands or is abused. EXERCISE Write essays expressing your views and attitudes on any five of the following topics. a. Should animals be kept in zoos? b. Money is all powerful. c. The pen is mightier than the sword. d. Beauty contests should be banned. e. Dogs make better pets than cats. f. Too much money is a bad thing. g. Students should have less homework. h. Short hair is better than long hair. i. Recycling should be mandatory for everyone. j. Cell phones should never be used while driving. k. We should provide food for the poor. l. There should be one world currency. m. Television has several positive effects on children. n. Life is better than it was 50 years ago. o. Co-education is the need of the day. p. Letter grades should be replaced with number grades. q. Children under 15 shouldn’t have Facebook pages. r. Should the voting age be lowered to thirteen? s. Should boys and girls be in separate classes? t. Should students be allowed to eat during class? u. Vegetables should be grown by everyone at home. v. Should your family make the move to a large city or to a village? w. Suppose your family won the lottery of huge amount. What should the money be used for? x. Should students be permitted to have their cell phones with them during class? y. Your winter vacation is coming up and you are going away with your family. Do you like to visit Kathmandu or Pokhara? Explain why you would choose that place. Book 10 219

18. Letters and Emails Both letters and emails are text messages. Letter writing is the exchange of written or printed messages, whereas an email message is a text message that is sent or received over a computer network. There are two types of letters and emails- formal and informal. Most business letters or emails are formal ones. Informal letters are also called personal letters or friendly letters. Personal or Informal Letters An informal letter or email is usually between people who know each other fairly well. It is sent between family members, friends, or acquaintances. In addition to giving news, informal letters or emails are often used to request information, congratulate people, give advice, ask questions, express apology, condolence and sympathy, and thank or complain for something. The layout of a personal letter Sender’s address and Baneshower, Kathmandu. Use capital letters to write addresses and date 13th August, 2018. names of people. Greeting or salutation Dear Atul, Use punctuation marks correctly. What’s up! I hope you’re doing great Use the contracted in Kathmandu. I thought I’d drop you forms of negative auxiliary verbs First paragraph a line to let you know I’m back in Write your letter in Kathmandu from my village and we three paragraphs. could start our work from tomorrow. Use a comma (,) with the ending. My journey back here was fine, though it was quite a long one. I wanted to travel by a night bus but guess what; Main body all the night buses were full! So I had no choice but to travel by a small day bus. The journey took more than ten hours. By the time we reached here, my legs were tired. But now I’m fine. You’ve typed all the documents, haven’t you? If not, cool! I’ll get them Final paragraph completed as I’ve had a new laptop. Hey! Atul, let’s meet tomorrow at Kirtipur, shall we? See you! Closing Best regards, Kunal Book 10 220

Tips for students: • The sender’s address is put at the top right hand side and the date below it. • Arrange the parts of your address from the smaller to bigger ones (ward no, street, district, province, country). • Write the first letter capital of each part of the address and separate the parts with commas. (Ward No 23, Milan Street, Patan, Lalitpur) • General greetings for personal letters are usually ‘Dear………’ or ‘Hi………’ or simply the name of the person (only initial name) to whom you are writing. • The first paragraph generally expresses a greeting, followed by wishes of good health and what’s going around. • Mid paragraphs contain the main message. Use active sentences, contractions, questions, exclamations, tag questions, etc to make your letters colloquial. • Use some friendly remarks like ‘Best wishes, Love, Best regards, Ever yours, Yours, With love, etc and only your first name to close your letter. Expressions for writing personal letters: Greetings Dear Suman, Atul, Hi Tina, Dear Father, Dear Aunt, Dear Mr Sharma, My dear Uncle, Respected Father, etc. First and mid How are you? I hope you’re fit and fine… I hope you are feeling better… paragraphs It’s been long I haven’t heard anything from you… How are you my dear sister? I hope... How are you? Hope everything’s OK………. It’s been a while since we wrote,………. Endings Thank you very much for your last letter………. It was interesting to read………. You might be surprised to hear from me………. Well, I thought………. I can’t wait to come visit you in………. What’s up dude! Hope you’re………. I am so glad to hear that you have decided to…. I am very grateful for………. It feels like such a long time since the last time I..... I will not be able to attend the………. I am sorry to inform you that………. Why don’t we………. Unfortunately, we will have to postpone………. I look forward to hearing from you………. I’m really sorry I………. We had a little bit of luck………. Give my regards to………. I’d better get going………. Let me know as soon as………. Please let me know………. That reminds me,………. Write soon………. Thanks for your letter………. Did you know that………. Could you do something for me? I’m happy to hear that………. All the best, All best wishes, Be well, Best regards, Best wishes, Bye for now..., Cheerio, Good wishes, Goodbye Kind Regards, Lots of love, Love, Many thanks, Take care, Take good care, Thank you, Very truly yours, Warm regards, Warmest Regards, Wishing you the best, With kind affection, With warmth, With all best wishes, With love, With all good wishes, Your friend, Yours always, Yours ever, Yours, Ever yours, Your loving son, Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, etc. EXERCISE a. Write a letter to a friend whom you haven’t seen or spoken to for a long time. Tell him about what you have been doing and ask him how he is and what he has been up to recently. b. Write a letter to a friend who has been having some problems. Ask him/her how she/ he is doing and if you can help. c. Write a letter to your pen friend telling him/her about the SEE examination in Nepal. d. Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit Nepal next month. Write a letter to inform him/her about the types of clothes he/she needs to bring with him/her. Book 10 221

Letter to Relatives Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Birgunj Jan 16, 2018 My dear Father, I got your letter yesterday and I’m really very sorry to have disappointed you with my grades in the second term exam. Not only you, all my teachers said I fared badly in this terminal examination. I admit that I didn’t do well in the examination as I had neglected my studies and the result is obvious. I’m really very sorry Papa. But, I’ve resolved to study very seriously for the final term examinations which are due after three months. I’ll not waste my time and study all the subjects making a good plan. I’ll not let you down and work hard to compensate for the loss. I kindly request you to forgive me this time for my negligence and bless me to do well in the final exam. Pay my regards to Mother and kindly assure her that I’ll do better in my next exam. Your loving son, Prem Baneshower, Kathmandu 13th May, 2018 Dear Uncle Shyam, You might be surprised to hear from me as this is my first letter to you, Uncle. Dad gave me your address before he left for Delhi. Hope you’re doing great in your business, and Father always tells me that you’ve always enjoyed good health with good exercise and balanced diet, haven’t you? Uncle, actually my exam is quite at hand and I need to buy some books for my project work. I’m a bit short of money at the moment and Father may stay more than two weeks in Delhi. Will you please send me five thousand rupees so that I can buy the books I need? I’ve already sent an e-mail to Father about it. In fact, he has suggested me to ask money with you. He will return the money when he comes back from Delhi. I hope you don’t mind doing this help to your nephew. Please let me know the soonest about it. I appreciate any help you can offer me. With kind regards, Ishan EXERCISE a. Write a letter to your father telling him about your preparation for the final exam and asking him for some money to buy some winter dresses for yourself. b. Write a letter to your mother telling her that you will come home next month. c. Write a letter to your uncle asking him about his new motorbike he bought last week. d. Suppose your aunt is very conscious about good health. Write a letter asking her about the quantity and variety of food needed for good health. Book 10 222

Invitation Letters Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: 4, Baneshowar, Kathmandu 19th Jan, 2018 Dear Kumar, What’s up? I hope you’re going on well with your studies. I read your poem that appeared in yesterday’s Kantipur. What a nice writing on child rights! Congratulations, keep it up! Kumar, next Saturday is my birthday and I’m inviting a few friends, the usual group, to my birthday party that evening. I would be glad if you could join us. The party is supposed to start at 5 pm. If you’re free to come, will you come about 2 pm so that you can help me in the preparation of my birthday party? We haven’t met for a long time, have we? I think my birthday party is a good way for us to sit together and talk about our future plans. My parents are also very eager to see you. Kumar, if you don’t come, I think we will miss you and won’t have much fun. I do hope you can come. With love, Suraj How to write an invitation letter? • The tone of an invitation should be always positive. • Extend the invitation, naming the event and including the date, time, and place. If the event has a special purpose, such as honouring someone or celebrating an anniversary, state this. • Indicate the appropriate dress, if there is any reason for question. • Express anticipation. • Ask for a response by a specific date. EXERCISE a. Choose a special event and write a letter inviting a friend. What do you need to include in the letter so that they have all the necessary information? You need to be clear on the date and the time, as well as the location. Remember to ask them to reply saying yes or no. Give a date by which you must have their reply. b. Write a letter to your cousin who lives in a neighbouring country and invite her to your birthday party. c. Write a letter to your friend inviting him/her to a ceremony in your family. d. Write a letter of invitation to your school friends to attend your uncle’s wedding party. Book 10 223

Thanks Giving Letters Address Date Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Express your Janakpur thanks. May 20 Dear Kushal, Say why you are thankful Thank you very much for the ipod; it really was just what I to him/her. wanted! I wanted to take the time to write my thanks and I will call you soon to thank you in person. Express your thanks again Every time I use it, I will think of you and your thoughtfulness. and have The colour of the ipod is attractive and anybody can operate it some personal easily. When my brother looked at it first, he said, “Wow! What a questions. nice gift!” The sound system is also wonderful and whoever has seen it has decided to buy a similar one. The camera also takes excellent photos. I can use it at parties as well. Thank you, once again, for your lovely gift and kind thoughts. Kushal, when is your birthday! Please let me know I also want to gift you something very special. Take care. Bye! With thanks, Kunal Birgunj 15th May, 2017 Dear Kumud, Thanks a lot for your last letter and the wonderful present you sent for me. Imagine, my surprise when I opened the present waiting for me at home. I think the juicer is really useful for me because my old one was not working well. As I go on a diet every two months, that juicer will do a lot to me. Had I known earlier you were coming over, I would have been thrilled to receive the gift personally. Just the same, I appreciate the thoughtfulness and effort you put into finding me a wonderful present. Please let me know when are you free, I want to meet you as I have a plan that I want to share with you. Thanks again! Deshaj EXERCISE a. Your class has just been out on a school visit to Jhimruk Power Station in Pyuthan District. Write a thank you letter to the manager. You will need to say thank you and how much you enjoyed the visit. Give some examples of what you enjoyed best about the day. b. Write a letter extending your sincere thanks to a neighbour or friend who has given time to take care of something valuable to you. c. Write a thank you letter to your teacher who helped you complete your project work providing extra classes for you. Book 10 224

Letters of Congratulations Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Biratnagar March 20 Dear Aryan, I was delighted to hear that you won the National Guitar Concerto competition this year. Congratulations! I’ve watched you develop as a fine guitarist over the years, and it’s a thrill to see you rewarded for your talent—and, above all, for your hard work. I’ve read about this competition in yesterday’s Kantipur. I hope everything else in your life is going as well. My hat’s off to you! My best wishes to you for a bright and happy future! Congratulations once again! Ever yours, Shyam Pokhara June 20 Dear Jeevan, I’ve just heard from Anup that you are finally a full-fledged electrical engineer. Congratulations! This is the best news I’ve heard in a long time. I’ve admired you as I’ve watched your struggles these past few years to acquire this achievement. Once again congratulations! I’m so proud of you, not only for this latest accomplishment, but for all your hard work of the past four years. Wish you a bright future! Success is delivered only to the deserving. With best regards, Ashish Tips for students: • Use the word ‘congratulations’ or express your congratulations early in your letter. • Mention the reason (graduation, promotion, honour, prize, achievement, victory,..). • Tell how happy, pleased, proud, or impressed you are and why. • If appropriate, tell how you learned about the good news. • In closing, wish the person continued success and happiness; express your confidence in a bright future; assure them of your affection, love, admiration, warmth, interest, delight, pleasure, or continued support. EXERCISE a. Write a letter of congratulations to one of your friends for winning the first prize in the essay writing competition. b. Write a letter to your cousin congratulating him/her on her his/her grand success in the final term examination. c. Write a letter congratulating your family member for getting a nice job. d. Write a letter of congratulations to the National cricket team of Nepal for their grand victory in an international cricket championship. Book 10 225

Letters of Sympathies or Condolences Read the following sample letter and write the letters that follow: Patan, Lalitpur Feb 24, 2018 Dear Binod, Dad told me about your uncle’s passing. We’re extremely saddened by this news. Our warm condolences are with you at this time of great loss. May his departed soul rest in peace in heaven! As we all know, your uncle was one of the smartest men in your family. He was the inspiration for all the family members. I’ll never forget the day when he helped my sister solve her business problem. He was really sincere and hardworking. We’re going to miss him a lot. May God give you strength and courage to overcome this loss! We’re always with you and your family members. Please let us know if we can do anything at this time of great loss. Yours sincerely, Arbind Tips for the students Some important tips to write sympathy/condolence letters: M Be brief in your approach and try to be empathetic. M Mention how you came to know about the sad news in simple terms. M You can mention the shock that you had to face within yourself when you heard the news. M If your letter is concerned with the death of a person. Include the name of the person. M If your letter is concerned with a death, mention positive memories about that person. M Try to give a feeling to the bereaved family that they are not alone in this grief. You are there to share this grief. M Try to encourage the bereaved family and close your letter with an expression of comfort. EXERCISE a. Write a condolence letter to the parents of your friend who was killed in a motorcycle accident. b. Suppose you are the manager of Deepa Mobile Store where an accident took the life of a hardworking salesperson Anil Shilpakar. Write a condolence letter to his family. c. Write a letter of sympathy to your friend who was not selected for the volleyball tournament despite his/her hard work. Book 10 226

Letters of Regret or Apology Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Pokhara Jan 25 Dead Manoj, I’m sorry I spoke so sharply to you on the phone last night. As you know, I’m a morning person and I had been asleep for about fifteen minutes when you called. I’m not sure I was completely awake. You are a dear friend, and I would not intentionally hurt your feelings. Please accept my apology and let me make it up to you by taking you to lunch Friday. It’s been a while since we had a good talk. Once I’m very sorry. Let’s meet this weekend. I’m waiting for your call. See you soon! Your friend, Karun Dharan August 28 Dead Raju, I’m writing to apologize for the behavior of some members of our soccer team at the district level finals last week. We all know that emotions can get heated when close calls are made in intense games, but it does not excuse the language and behavior of some of our players. I, too, was personally shocked and offended by their actions, which were a direct contravention of the values of dignity and good sportsmanship we teach in our school. The offending players are being disciplined, and will not have their athletic scholarships renewed. Please convey my personal apologies to the faculty and students of your college, for whom we have the utmost respect. Once again please accept my warm apologies on behalf of our team. Let’s arrange a meeting so that we can create friendly environment between the two teams once again. I’m waiting for your response. See you soon! Best regards, Samir EXERCISE a. Write a letter of apology to a friend whose notebook you spoiled by mistake. b. Suppose you and your friend had an argument on a topic. Later you realised it was your mistake. Write a letter of apology to him/her. Book 10 227

Study the following email. Emails New Message Send Discard X From [email protected] The sender's email The recipient's email To [email protected] The additional recipient's email Cc [email protected] The topic of the message Bcc [email protected] This is the body of your Subject Thanks for the guitar email. It contains the main message. Use formal Dear Uncle, expressions for formal emails and informal I’m writing to thank you for the guitar you sent me for expressions for personal my birthday. It’s really wonderful and I really wanted to emails. buy the same one. It was really kind of you and I enjoyed playing it with my friends. I had a wonderful birthday. I visited the fun park with my friends in the daytime. We spent all day on the fabulous rides and games there. We had a great party in the evening. It was fun. Anyway, thank you again for the present. I hope to see you before too long. Love from Manoj Parts of an email An email or electronic text message has usually two parts - header and body. 1. HEADER The header section of an email contains the following parts: a. From : The email address of the sender is written in the From section. b. To : The email address and sometimes the name of the recipient is written in the TO section. c. Date : The date of the message is written. It is automatic in computer network system and is not mentioned. In an exam, you may make a column for it. d. Subject : The topic of the message is written in the subject line. It tells the reader what the email is about. The appropriate use of the subject line increases the chances your email will be read and not discarded into the SPAM can. e. Cc (carbon copy) : It includes additional recipient names and web addresses. f. Bc (blind copy or complimentary copy) : It also includes additional recipients that are hidden from view. Book 10 228

2. BODY The body contains the message of the email. n Sentences should be kept short and to the point. n Intermix short and longer sentences. n Avoid very long sentences when possible. n Include a desired action and a deadline for completion when appropriate. n Make sure to include contact information, including your name, title, phone and fax numbers, as well as snail-mail address in the signature portion of the email. n If you have additional email addresses, you may want to include these as well. New Message Send Discard X From [email protected] To [email protected] Cc Bcc Subject Thanks for the guitar Dear Arun, I just heard about your promotion to the branch manager at ABC Company. Please accept my sincere congratulations on your achievement! You have worked hard to earn this position, and I’m sure you will do an outstanding job in motivating your team to new, heightened levels of sales performance. Best wishes for your continued success! Regards, Madan EXERCISE a. Write an email to your friend requesting to visit your house in your next birthday. (16th birthday…….next week…….party in my house…….starts from 5 pm…….fun games and videos…….classmates are also coming…….write me back) b. Write an email to your friend asking about his/her hobby. (Greeting……..hobby……..time to enjoy……..how long ……..benefits…….. drawbacks) c. Read this short email and write a reply to it. Kamal, I got your letter yesterday. Thank you for telling me about your family. Now let me tell you about my family. There are five members in my family. They are my father, mother, brother, uncle and me. What do your parents do? Please write to me. Yours, Muna Book 10 229

Official or Formal Letters The layout of a formal letter Sender’s Panchakumari Maarg- 20, address Baneshower, Kathmandu. and date 13th June, 2014. Inside The Manager, address SB Bros Fitness Superstore Pvt. Ltd. New Road, Kathmandu. Salutation Dear Sir, I have seen your advertisement in yesterday’s Kantipur, and I am writing First to ask you to send me some information about fitness equipment for a paragraph health club. I am the owner of Top Fitness Centre that I have recently opened at Kuleshower. I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue. I and some Main body friends are particularly interested in exercise bikes, dumbbells, weight set, body rollers, exercise balls, weight belts, squat stands, weight benches, lifting gloves, etc. Final I look forward to seeing your catalogue and will appreciate if you could paragraph let me know by return if you can supply these items of gym equipment. Closing Yours sincerely, remark Aruna Bastakoti Some important points: Ü The sender’s address is put at the top right hand side and the date below it. Ü The address of the person receiving the letter goes on the left hand side below the sender’s address and the date. Ü General greetings for formal letters are: Dear Sir, (If you know the person is a male) Dear Madam, (If you know the person is a female) Dear Sir or Madam, (If you do not know whether the person is a male or a female) Dear Sirs, (If you are writing to an organization, not to a particular person) Dear Mr. Sahani, (If you know name of the person) (If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women.) Ü The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. Ü The mid paragraphs show the main message. Use full forms and polite expressions to make your letter formal. Ü The last paragraph should state what action you expect from the recipient. Sum up your main point and state that you look forward to a response to your letter / query / complaint, etc if appropriate. Ü Use some complementary remarks like ‘Yours faithfully, Yours sincerely, Yours truly, etc and only your full name and signature to close your letter. Book 10 230

Letters of Complaint Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Dharan Feb 16 Dear Mr. Rai, This is the third time we have contacted you about your dog, Kuni. The neighbourhood children continue to be frightened of him, and refuse to play outdoors when he is in your yard. There have been several reports of him snapping at the children. When would be a good time to discuss this situation with you? We would like to come to some agreement without going to the authorities. I hope to hear from you very soon. Sincerely yours, Milan Lama Thamel, Kathmandu June 21 The Manager, Alpha Office Products, Lazimpat, Kathmandu Dear Sir, On May 10, 1 purchased your four-drawer, self-locking file cabinet, serial number 007800, from your store. I paid a sale price of Rs. 40,000 plus tax for the unit. Unfortunately, the file cabinet does not function as claimed. It self-locks arbitrarily; half the time it does, half the time it doesn’t, and no one is able to predict just when it will do which. The one-touch unlocking mechanism does not work at all, which means that usually the drawers have to be unlocked manually with the “emergency only” key. Even when the drawers are not locked, hey are difficult to open because of a design problem with overlapping inside shelving. Mr. Amit Aryal, who sold me the unit, informs me that because the unit was on sale I am unable to return it. I am certain, however, that, sale price or no, I have a right to expect that the unit will perform as promised. I would like to hear within the next several days that a truck will be coming from your store to pick up the defective unit and that my purchase price will be refunded. Sincerely yours, Anup Koirala EXERCISE a. Suppose you bought a type writer from a computer store. When you used it at home, you discovered some of its keys are not working. Write a letter of complaint to the store. b. Write a letter of complaint to your neighbour who plays a loud music at night. Book 10 231

Letters to the Editors A letter to the editor is generally written to pass on an opinion or a message to a wide audience - anyone who happens to read it. By writing to a paper, a sender hopes that the message will reach the people concerned. Often such letters are used to express opinions such as on road facilities, climate change, treatment of animals, poor services, not enough buses, human rights, etc. Read the following sample letters and write the letters that follow: Lagankhel, Lalitpur August, 10th, 2017 The Editor, The Himalayan Times, Kathmandu. Sub: Complaint against streetlights in our locality Dear Sir, I am a resident of Lalitpur Ward No 12 and I would like to bring to the concerned authorities’ notice the situation of streets in our locality. Our locality is drawn in darkness at night as there are no lights to take away the dangerous darkness and to provide safety to the citizens while crossing the road. The funny thing is that, though there are streetlight poles yet they haven’t been switched on for past one year. Due to this, it remains dark entire night providing criminals a free hand to commit crime without any difficulty. Moreover the chances of road accidents have also been increased. We, the poor citizens just want the concerned authorities to pay heed to our request, take this matter seriously and get the streetlights fixed as soon as possible. Thank you, Yours truly, Milan Maharjan Dhapakhel, Kathmandu 22 May, 2015 The Editor, The Hindustan Times, Subject: Water shortage Dear Sir, Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I the resident of Dhapakhel, Lalitpur, Ward No 20 on behalf of people living in my neighbourhood, wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the severe water shortage problems that we have been experiencing for past many days. We get water supply for just 40 minutes and amount of water barely comes to 80 litres a day. As summer has set in, it is really difficult for us to manage with this miserably low quantity of water. The civics authorities often send tankers but the Book 10 232

relief is only temporary. The supply of water by tankers is also inadequate and at times the residents had to resort the capturing of the tankers forcibly. Such a situation has led to violence many a time and quite often police have to be summoned to quell the riotous situation. This has also led to animosity among the residents of the society. The residents of the area have been clamouring for some permanent solution. Summer or winter, the problem is always there, though in summer it gets more acute. In view of the foregoing we would urge the administration to offer proper infrastructural planning and take the remedial steps necessary to solve the problem. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, Amit KC Lagankhel, Lalitpur August, 10th, 2017 The Editor, The Rising Nepal, Kathmandu. Dear Sir, Through the columns of your esteemed paper I would like to bring the attention of the authorities something extremely worrying. Most of the roads in this area are not swept for two weeks. The municipality vehicles that carry garbage of this area have not been seen for a month. The result is unbearable foul smell. The whole area is full of flies and mosquitoes, which may cause epidemic diseases. The situation is worse when a strong wind blows, that takes dirt inside the house. Many of our neighbours have begun to fall sick. We hope that the authorities will realize the need to do something early! Yours sincerely, Kanchan Sahani EXERCISE a. A major issue is recycling and energy conservation. Everyone is trying to reduce the amount of energy we use. Look at all the reasons why energy conservation is so important. Then, write a letter to the editor of a paper or magazine saying why you believe we should avoid wasting energy. Give examples of how energy can be saved? What measures should we take in our homes or schools? Could anything more be done? b. Suppose you are Muna Rai from Bandipur-3, Illam and you feel quite upset about the hopeless condition of wild lives in Nepal and about the careless human activities to conserve them. Now write a letter to the editor of a newspaper showing the importance of wildlife conservation. c. Suppose you are Rima Pradhan from Keshavtar-9, Tanahun, and you feel terribly sad about the common domestic walls and dead habits of Nepalese societies which are always obstacles of unity and prosperity. Now write a letter to the editor of a newspaper showing the importance of national unity. Book 10 233

Job Application A job application should be clear, concise and straight to the point. The following are details that give you some guidelines about each paragraph in a job application. Addressing job application letters: This section includes the name of the person, their title, The Director, company name, address and any position reference number. Sindhu Nepal Hotel P. Ltd, First Paragraph: Thamel, Kathmandu. The first paragraph should simply state why you are writing Dear Sir, to them. If it is an advertised position, mention the position title and where it was advertised. Here are some expressions for the first paragraph: With reference to your advertisement published in the Kathmandu Post, I would like to apply for the position of….....………. I am applying for the public relation officer position within your department, advertised in yesterday’s Kantipur….....………. Please find enclosed my CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of….....………I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. I have seen your advertisement in yesterday’s….....………and would like to apply for the position of a….....………in your school as I honestly believe that I possess the skills that you seek for the post. I am writing this letter to apply for the position of student assistant that I saw advertised in The Himalayan Times dated 6th November, 2009. I would like to apply for the post of….....………in approximation to your advertisement appeared in….....………. I am replying to an ad for a cook that appeared in the Kathmandu Post on ….....………. Please accept this letter as application for the Assistant Manager, as advertised in the….....………. My resume is enclosed for review and consideration. I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the Rising Nepal. As requested, I am enclosing a handwritten job application, my certification, my resume and three references. I learned of the position of a lab technician in your advertisement in the 19th November edition of the Himalayan Times and I believe that I have the necessary credentials for this post. Main body: You need to summarise your experience, education (degrees) and skills, at the same time, you need to respond to the position requirements as per the advertisement. Here are some expressions for the first paragraph: Book 10 234

I possess the skills and knowledge for the position of I will graduate this year with a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in English and Sociology from Universal College. I have recently completed a three-month-training on public relation course and office reception. In addition to this, I have worked as an ECA teacher in SB Int’l Academy where my role was to conduct various extra-curricular activities. Regarding my experience and qualifications, I passed the SEE examination in……….from……….with……….. I am a motivated professional with a variety of skills and experience. My personal qualities reveal excellent teamwork and leadership skill, a high level of initiative and creative energy. Since graduating from High School in 2004, I have gained valuable experience in warehouse work. In one of my jobs, I worked as a……….for a large company. I left my previous job so that I could continue my master degree and……….. In consideration of your advertised opportunity, I have noted that your position strongly appeals both to my experience and personal goals. My level of enthusiasm, experience and interpersonal skills provide an excellent match for the requirements of this position. I have worked as a programme designer in……….where my responsibilities were to……….. My background includes extensive editorial, proofreading, layout and design experience, having served as the editor……….. Most recently I completed With a B A degree in English and Sociology, I have a full understanding of……….I also have experience in learning and excelling at……….. I have considerable experience working as a lab technician and enclose the following relevant documentation to support my application. I completed my bachelor degree in 2001 from……….with the……division……….. Final paragraph: The final paragraph should ask for some action from the recipient. This is where you ask for an interview. It should also state where and how they can reach you, and it should thank the recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply. Here are some expressions for the final paragraph: I look forward to the opportunity of meeting with you and discussing my suitability for the position further. I would appreciate the opportunity to come in for an interview and to talk with you further about my qualifications. A copy of my resume is attached. I would appreciate the opportunity to come in for an interview and talk with you further about my qualifications,……….. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future to schedule an interview at your convenience. Book 10 235

Please see my resume for additional information on my experience. I can be reached anytime via my cell phone……….. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my suitability for this interesting position in person. Please let me know if I can provide you with any further information or need to complete an application form. Thank you for your kind consideration. If I am selected, I want to assure you that I will give you full satisfaction from my service to your school. Closing remark: Yours faithfully, Common closing remarks are ‘Yours sincerely’, ‘Yours faithfully’ or Ishan Sahani ‘Yours truly’. Leave a few spaces for your signature and then place your full name. Sample letter Lagankhel, Lalitpur May 6th, 2017 The Principal, SB Int’l Academy, New Baneshower, Kathmandu. Dear Sir, I have seen your advertisement in yesterday’s Kantipur and would like to apply for the position of a receptionist in your school as I honestly believe that I possess the skills that you seek for the post. Regarding my qualification, I completed my school and plus two from Bright Future Secondary School and did my bachelor in public relations from B NT College Delhi in 2016. Since I was 15 years old I have helped my father to run his small import-export business. This experience has given me the ability to deal with the needs of all types of people. While I was doing my bachelor, I was working as a receptionist part-time in Subedi International School. I worked there for three years till I completed my bachelor. In addition, I know all of the Microsoft Office programs in the preparation of our finished assignments, so I am able to do most things with computers. I have an outgoing, diligent personality and find that I enjoy the challenges of working in busy environment. In addition, my studies and experience have taught me to be accurate and efficient in organizing my work so I would be a valuable addition to your school. Now I am seeking for a career in public relations and hope this post would add extra skills to my career. I assure you that I will do my best to satisfy you with my deeds, and look forward to hearing from you soon! Yours faithfully, Ishan Sahani Book 10 236

EXERCISE Look at the following advertisements and write a job application for any one of the posts. VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT WANTED A newly established higher secondary school A well established marketing related organization situated at the heart of capital city with a motto of quality education is in need of is seeking a qualified, energetic and progress energetic enthusiastic staffs for the following posts: oriented personnel for the following post: Post : Marketing Supervisor Post : Higher Secondary Full Time Qualification : B. Com with marketing as Teachers Subjects : English, Mathematics, BOOM, major subject Experience : Not less than 3 years. Economics, Nepali, Physics, Age : Above 20 not exceeding 30 Chemistry, Biology. Qualification : Masters level in related subjects Salary : Negotiable as per quality of personnel Experiences : At least 2 years. Individuals having those qualities are Remuneration : Negotiable Interested candidates are requested to send requested to send hand written application along with the copies of academic their application with a copy of their academic qualifications, bio-data and a recent passport certificates, CV and a recent passport sized photograph within ten days to: sized photograph to: The Personnel Manager, The Principal, Sahani Enterprises (P) Ltd. SB Int’l H. S. School Kathmandu, Nepal Baneshwar, Kathmandu. VACANCY WANTED LEAD NEPAL is an English Medium A reputed trading house in Nepal representing Co-ed School that invites handwritten Multinational Consumer Electronics brand requires applications for the following posts: the following hardworking and dedicated personnel. 1. English Teacher : B.A./B. Ed. (English) Post-1 Sales Representative 2. Science Teacher : B. Sc. The ideal candidate should be a BBS with 3 years of 3. Nepali Teacher : B.A./B. Ed. (Nepali) sales experience. He should be capable of handling Fluency over spoken and written English and setting up a distribution network. The job entails is must for Science and English Teachers. extensive travelling around the kingdom of Nepal. The application should be submitted with Post -2 Service Technician Bio-data, a copy of citizenship and other The ideal candidate should be I.Sc with diploma in necessary documents: Electronics. He should have a minimum of 2 years experience. The job entails extensive travelling Contact Address: around the kingdom of Nepal. LEAD NEPAL ACADEMY Please apply within 7 days with full bio-data, a photograph and contact no. to: Patan, Lalitpur Ph: 011-551278 SIBANA ENTERPRISES P.O.Box No . 888 Kathmandu, Nepal JOB OPPORTUNITY A well known and highly reputed Social Service Group of Nepal invites applications from eligible candidates for the post of receptionist. (Female candidates are encouraged to apply) The candidates who have a diploma degree, and must have an excellent command over typing skill both in English and Nepali can apply. Knowledge of computer skill is a must. At P.O.Box No 1008, Kathmandu, Nepal. Book 10 237

19. Essay Writing Read the sample essay. The thesis statement is in bold face, the topic sentences are in italics, and each main point is underlined. Ideal house pets - Cats or Dogs? “A dog is man’s best friend.” That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal whose companionship people enjoy. For many people, a cat is their best friend. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent house pets. In the first place, people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are affectionate. They will snuggle up and ask to be petted, or scratched under the chin. If they’re not feeling affectionate, cats are generally quite playful. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything dangling from a string. In the second place, cats are civilized members of the household. Unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. Most cats don’t even meow very often. Cats also don’t often have “accidents”. Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Lastly, one of the most attractive features of cats as house pets is their ease of care. Cats do not have to be walked. They get plenty of exercise in the house as they play, and they do their business in the litter box. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also take care of their own grooming. Bathing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. Cats are affordable and civilized companions. People who have a small house or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. However, many people who have plenty of space and time still choose to have a cat because they love the cat personality. In many ways, cats are the ideal house pets. The introductory Essay Structure The main idea of the statement could be an essay is stated in a anecdote, quotation, TITLE single sentence called saying, description, the thesis statement. striking statistic, a fact I. Introduction (First Paragraph) that will lead to the M Introductory statement Supporting paragraphs thesis statement. M Thesis statement make up the main body of the essay. They develop the We use special transition II. Body (Mid Paragraphs) main idea of your essay. words to link your M First supporting idea supporting paragraphs Transition, topic sentence The topic sentence is the together. Here are Discussion, examples, and analysis sentence that will explain some transition words- M Second supporting idea what the paragraph first, second, third, Transition, topic sentence is mainly about. Each however, even though, Discussion, examples, and analysis paragraph should have nevertheless, therefore, M Third supporting idea one topic sentence. in addition to, thus, as a Transition, topic sentence result of, consequently, Discussion, examples, and analysis furthermore, also, despite, etc. III. Conclusion (Last Paragraph) M Transition, statement reflecting back on thesis M Restate key points Book 10 238

Sample essays: Patriotism Patriotism is a great virtue which owns its name to the fact of being loyal towards his own country. It is a noble statement that carries positive and supportive attitudes to the motherland by individuals and groups. John F. Kennedy has rightly said ‘Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.’ This is a perfect statement that gives a true meaning to patriotism. A person who loves his country more than anything else is always ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his country. Patriotism is a national virtue and teaches us many things. It inspires us to sacrifice our selfish interest for our motherland. We must rise above our personal gains and be just. It teaches us to be tolerant, considerate and live in peace and harmony. It develops the sense of responsibility for the country and countrymen. It binds us in a relationship and promotes national unity and co-operation among people. False patriotism often encourages selfishness and weakens nationalism. In Nepal, some politicians are good examples of false patriotism. They say one thing in public and do something else. To gain popularity among the public, they speak great words and show great love for the country. But in true sense, they have an enlarged selfishness to hold the chair in ministry. People of such kind try to support the country for their personal benefit and their false activities finally lead to various conflicts and wars. To sum up, a patriot always wants his country to lead towards succession. Every citizen should have a good patriotic feeling that can bring a social reform and that can fight all the evils present in our country Nepal. So be patriotic in the right sense and let’s make Nepal a better place to live in. Transportation Transportation refers to the way of transferring from one place to another place through different routes like airways, rail ways, rope ways, water transport, etc. Not only people but also it carries different other things like raw materials, furniture, etc. In Nepal transport network is not much developed like as other countries but is still progressing. Nepal is a mountainous region; due to the geographical topography the development of the road is very difficult and costly too. Even though in some places there is good transport network which is providing facilities to the people. They can easily go from one place to another in short time. It makes the world fastest and easiest. Beside this, it is providing its services in importing and exporting raw materials beyond the boundary and which is very important for increasing government revenue and for increasing employment opportunities. Transportation system links different places together and integrates economics in different sections. Although due to high altitude, big rivers and mountains, road transport is difficult. So the government must provide airways, ropeways to those places and develop the country as it is one of the essential requirements to lead a country towards progress. Transportation is one of the important and essential infrastructures of a country and without which development is not possible at all. Therefore, the government must realise this and provide transport system to all the places of rural areas also. Book 10 239

Ganesh Man Singh: The Iron Man In our country many political leaders came and went so quickly, but only a few of them did some great deed that will be remembered by Nepalese people forever. Among such great leaders, we always remember the contribution of Ganesh Man Singh, who led Nepal’s pro-democracy movement and helped transform the absolute monarchy into a constitutional system. Ganesh Man Singh was born on November 9, 1915 in Kathmandu. He studied in Durbar High School till Grade VI when he was rusticated from the school for not respecting his fellow Rana students. He then went to Calcutta to complete his study. He returned back to Nepal in 1937 AD. As soon as he got back to Nepal, he started protesting against the autocratic rulers of Nepal. He joined Praja Parishad, the first political party of Nepal. After some time, he was arrested for his involvement in Praja Parishad. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for his democratic activities. Mr Singh is remembered in Nepalese history for many reasons. He was the commander of Nepalese democratic movement of 1990 AD that overthrow Rana Regime. He was the first Asian to receive United Nations Human Rights Award. He was a small man but he was charismatic, fearless and physically very strong. In 1944 he made a daring escape from prison by scaling the walls of Bhadragol Gaol. This feat earned him the title ‘Iron Man’. To sum up, Ganesh Man Singh was one of a rare breed amongst Nepali politicians. He was a man of integrity. He was one of the most respected political leaders in Nepal. He was a symbol of Nepali democracy and he came from an age in which democracy meant hope to many Nepali people. Janakpur as Historical Place There are lots of historical places in Nepal. Among them, Janakpur is very famous. It is situated in the Terai region. It is said that King Janak used to rule in Janakpur. Especially, Janakpur is famous for the Janaki temple, which is made by Queen Brishabhanudeo. There are many other temples in Janakpur, which are well known. It is said that Sita, the wife of Lord Ram, was born in Janakpur. The Janaki temple is made in that place where Sita got married with Lord Ram. For Hindus, it is very important and religious. Nine million was spent to build the Janaki temple. Since it is a very famous place, it helps to earn foreign currency. Foreigners come to visit this place. In Nepal, there are lots of historical places but the Nepalese government doesn’t provide facilities to attribute these places to keep it in good condition. Lots of places aren’t protected from rain, fire, and pollution. In Janaki temple there are not many guards to care the temple. From this place lots of ancient things are stolen and sold in foreign countries. There are lots of things which are getting destroyed. To keep and enhance the importance of this place, people should realize that they have to do lot of work such as they have to clean and guard the temple; they have to protect the temple from various activities so that our followers can also see this place. Native people shouldn’t be allowed to throw rubbish around the temple. Book 10 240

Importance of Cultural Heritage UNESCO has defined cultural heritages into two categories – tangible and intangible. Tangible heritages include paintings, sculptures, coins, manuscripts, monuments, archaeological sites, etc whereas intangible cultural heritage include oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, and so on. There are many tangible and intangible heritages in Nepal that are of great importance for nation and its countrymen. More importantly, cultural heritages reflect our identity and develop the feeling of nationalism among countrymen. They help to recognise Nepalese people around the world. They make our tradition and culture familiar to all. Besides saving our identification and nationalism, cultural heritages are sources of great income for us. We can get in foreign currency as tourists are attracted by ancient monuments, arts and architecture. Moreover tourists take Nepali art and architectures to their nation which helps in preserving the speciality and originality of our heritages. Furthermore, cultural heritages also help in developing peace and co-operation among people and various countries. Various religious activities and cultural heritages are parts of Nepalese life. They develop mutual understanding among people and societies. As cultural heritages are meant a lot for a nation and its countrymen for national, economic, social and cultural progress, we should work had in hand to preserve such valuable heritages of our nation. Importance of Physical Exercise A famous quote by Earl of Derby well defines the topic ‘Those who do not find time for physical exercise will have to find time for illnesses’. Physical exercise is any bodily activity that maintains physical fitness and overall health. We do different kinds of activities like dancing, games, aerobic, jogging, walking, running, swimming, yoga, etc as regular exercises. People do these physical fitness activities for various reasons. Physical exercise helps for weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Regular exercise cuts fat from our body and helps to lose weight. We go gym or yoga centres or play indoor and outdoor games to remove intoxicate fat from our body. The activities like skating, dancing, cycling, etc are also done for enjoyment. People love doing them. Likewise physical exercise makes our immune system better, and helps to prevent some diseases like heart disease, diabetes and obesity. It may help decrease the effects of childhood obesity. The research has shown that it also helps to cut genetic obesity. It also improves mental health and helps to prevent depression. We can find old age people doing various kinds of yoga, walking and jogging to get relief from old age health problems. Book 10 241

EXERCISE 1. Write an essay on ‘Importance of Discipline in Student Life’ in about 200 words with the help of the following clues: Meaning of discipline -- role of discipline in different walks of life -- student and discipline -- situation of discipline in our schools -- suggestion --conclusion. 2. Write an essay on ‘Agriculture in Nepal’ in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Introduction - importance - causes of fall in agriculture - steps to improve agriculture - conclusion 3. Write an essay on ‘My School’ in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Location : town, village, etc. Facilities : library, games, canteen, etc. Teachers : number, male and female, your ideal teacher, etc. Things you like and dislike about your school. 4. Write an essay on ‘My Village/Town’ in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Location: part of the country, district, etc. People: castes, religions, languages, cultures, etc. Nature and development: rivers, jungles, schools, factories, temples, etc. Things you like and dislike about your village/town. 5. Write an essay on “A Festival” which is celebrated in your community in about 200 words. 6. Write an essay on “Leisure” in about 200 words. 7. Write an essay on any one of the famous religious places in Nepal in about 200 words. Include these points: Introduction, name, location, the reason for religious significance, additional significance etc. 8. Write a few paragraphs about your future plan after passing SEE in about 200 words. 9. Write an essay on “Domestic Animals in your Region” in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Name and location of your region - names of domesticated animals - different uses of those animals - conditions of those animals - efforts and ways to improve - conclusion. 10. Write an essay on “Our Country” in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Name and location - physical features - capital and cities - specialties to be famous - people and culture etc. 11. Write an essay on ‘Democracy’ in about 200 words. 12. Write an essay on ‘Newspapers’ in about 200 words. 13. Does the system of giving a dowry exist in your society? If yes, in what form? Do you support this system? Write a few paragraphs in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Introduction - forms of dowries - good sides - bad sides - conclusion. 14. Do you see the children involving on the works such as collecting plastics and used cans, instead of going to school? Aren’t such works against the child right? What do you think? Write your opinions in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Introduction - child right - child labour - forms of child labour - causes and solutions - conclusion. Book 10 242

15. Write an essay on ‘Cottage Industries in Nepal’ in about 200 words with the help of the clues given in the box: Introduction - cottage industries - its prospects in Nepal - advantages and disadvantages - achievements in the past - suggestions for improvement, etc. 16. Write an essay on ‘Importance of Discipline’ in about 200 words. 17. Write an essay on ‘Good Manners’ in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Introduction - ways to learn - reasons of its necessity in life - its advantages - troubles in absence of it - your opinion on it. 18. Write an essay on ‘Patriotism’ in about 200 words. Use the clues given in the box: Introduction - a great virtue - qualities of a patriot - greatness of mother and motherland - examples of patriotism - a person without patriotism - your personal feeling about patriotism. 19. Write a couple of paragraphs about your native town or village with the help of the following clues: location - population - crops - climate - religions - facilities - specialties. 20. Have you ever visited a zoo/a museum/a park? Where does it lie and whom you go with? Write a few paragraphs in about 200 words describing about the journey, the environment, the things you observed there, the rules and regulations you had to cultivate and your impression about the visit. 21. Have you ever travelled to a town of tourist importance? Where does it lie and who were with you while travelling? Write a few paragraphs in about 120 words describing the journey, the people and their occupations, the environment, the things you observed there, the main attractions, facilities and your impression about the visit. 22. Write an essay on ‘Child Labour in Nepal’ in about 200 words with the help of following clues: Introduction ... causes of child labour ... kinds and places ... present condition ... suggestions ... conclusion. 23. Write an essay on ‘National Unity’ in about 200 words by using the clues given below: Introduction - importance of unity - unity is strength - for peace and development - present condition - suggestions - conclusion. 24. Write an essay on ‘Wildlife Conservation’ in about 200 words using the following clues: Introduction -- importance -- present situation in Nepal -- ways of improvement -- conclusion. 25. Write an essay on “Child Rights” in about 200 words. Use the following clues: Introduction --- importance --- misuse of child labour --- suggestions and conclusion. 26. Write an essay on “Importance of Travelling in Education” in about 200 words with the help of the following clues: Meaning of travelling --- mode of travelling for educational purpose --- familiar with the reality --- travelling in the developed countries and in our context -- problems and prospects. 27. Write an essay on ‘The Rivers in Nepal’ in about 200 words with the help of the following clues: Introduction - kinds - advantages - present condition - suggestion - conclusion. Book 10 243

20. Newspaper Articles A newspaper has different kinds of content in it - from fresh news updates to sports news or political news or city news. It even has the fun section which includes puzzles, Sudoku, comic strips, zodiac predictions, etc. News items are basically divided into two types – hard news (news reports) and soft news (featured articles or newspaper articles). Study the following table to find the differences between a news report/story and a newspaper article. News Report/Story Newspaper Article (Featured Article) A news report is a short piece of writing. A news article is a long piece of writing. It reports an event that has recently It is not necessarily fresh or current occurred. It reports breaking news items. news. As a news report conveys facts quickly, It is more in-depth and explores an issue it is usually quite short and direct. in detail with more information. It simply focuses on the basic facts. It It does not merely explain what has is all fact-based on observation at the happened. It may contain research about scene. the topic, and tries to explain what Examples: happened and why. • Twelve killed in Bus Accident Examples: • Over 100 atop Everest on Monday • Air pollution: Why and how it kills • Two men arrested with fake money • Girls’ education for minimizing child • Nepal beat Maldives • Second phase of Melamchi water marriage practices • Ways to promote urban forestry project begins • Understanding mental health • Brutal husband jailed A report would write why the workers An article would write about how books call strike in a publication. are prepared in a certain publication. It describes what a recent activity of a It describes the lifestyle or private life of politician or celebrity. a politician or celebrity. It usually follows the inverted pyramid It usually follows the essay-writing- style, which means writing facts format. It contains more information and information in the order of its about a particular aspect of the event. importance. It describes an event from a different It usually contains answers to 5Ws and perspective or viewpoint. 1H questions (why, where, what, who, how). Book 10 244

Sample newspaper articles: What leads youths into drug addiction? HIMALAYAN NEWS SERVICE Kathmandu, June 6 There are no conclusive reasons to exactly figure out what leads today’s youth into drug addiction. Peer pressure, misunderstanding between family members, frustration, poverty etc are some of the reasons known to many of us. Youths below 25 years are prone to fall into the vicious trap of drug addiction. Eighteen-year-old Ram (name changed) from Kathmandu began taking drugs from the age of 16 while studying in Grade XII. His parents had issues at home and they quarrelled with each other frequently. This made his stay at home troublesome and he started taking drugs. “Due to misunderstanding between my parents I didn’t like to go home. So I began to stay with at my friend’s home and slowly became a drug addict,” said Ram. In the same way, Prakash (name changed) from Lalitpur left his school while studying in Grade VI. When he came in contact with friends, who were addicted to drugs, he abandoned his studies. He shares, “I never felt like studying when I started doing drugs.” Abin KC, founder president of Maya Nepal Drug Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lalitpur, informed that people below 25 are prone to drug addiction. Mostly, frustration, lack of family support, unemployment and low self esteem lead adolescents to drug addiction, said KC. He further said only 30 per cent of such addicts return to their normal life whereas rest of the addicts continue using drugs. Monkeys at Pashupatinath area starving Milan Shakya June 20 HIMALAYAN NEWS SERVICE Pashupati Area Development Trust (PADT) has sought help for arrangement of clean drinking water and food for monkeys inhabiting in and around the Pashupatinath temple area. With pollution in the Bagmati River rendering the water undrinkable, these monkeys are facing a tough time as there is no alternative source of water nearby. PADT member secretary Govinda Tandan said PADT recently held several meetings and discussions with various agencies and organisations to explore ways to manage food and water for monkeys living in the Pashupatinath temple area and its vicinity, but of no avail. “PADT is seeking any type of support for these monkeys as they are facing shortage of drinking water and food,” he said. Book 10 245

He informed that there were around 600 monkeys in the Pashupati area. A monkey eats, in average, 200 grams of seasonal fruit and beans, he said, adding that food shortage has hit monkeys inhabiting in the vicinity of Pashupatinath temple. The PADT had earlier conducted a study in response to an interim order issued by the Supreme Court that the board act on the havoc caused by the monkeys. The study showed that the monkeys did not cause nuisance for pilgrims, but only ran from one place to another in search of food and water. The study also found that the monkeys that were drinking the polluted water of the Bagmati River were losing weight. The punishment should fit the crime Milan Shakya June 20 (The Rising Nepal) Murder Shoplifting In 1952 two youths decided to rob a In June 1980 Surendra Kumar, a well shop. They were Mohan Joshi, aged known TV personality was caught 16 and Dilber Singh, 19. During stealing shaving cream worth Rs 50 the robbery, they were disturbed from a small shop. The case was given by Jamun Yadav, a policeman. enormous publicity. He was fined Rs. Mohan produced a gun and killed 500 and had to pay 4000 towards the the policeman. Because Mohan was cost of the case. A few days later he under 18 he was sentenced to life killed himself. imprisonment. Dilber, who had never touched the gun, was over 18. He was Fraud hanged in 1953. In 1950, a man named Bimal Kumar took out an insurance policy of Rs Assault 100,000 on his life. The policy was In 1976 a drunk, Puran Giri, walked due to expire at 3:00 pm on a certain into a supermarket. When the day. The man was in a serious financial manager asked him to leave, the difficulties, and at 2:30 pm on the drunk attacked him, knocking out a expiry day he consulted his solicitor. tooth. A policeman who arrived and He then went out and called a taxi. He tried to stop the fight had his jaw asked the driver to make a note of the broken. The drunk was fined Rs. 300. time, 2:50 pm. Then he shot himself. The insurance company refused to pay the man’s wife, and the court supported them. HIV on rise among drug addicts 25 per cent of the youngsters addicted to drugs February 02 Himalayan News Service The number of youngsters taking to drugs has increased significantly increased. Book 10 246

The sale of without-prescription drugs has touched new heights, especially in Mahendranagar where the addiction is taking a dangerous form. HIV/AIDS infection is the greatest risk to the health of these users. A survey conducted recently showed that around 25 per cent youth between 14 to 30 years are into drug abuse. Regardless of family background or income ceilings, youngsters from both well- to-do homes as well as poor ones are addicted to marijuana and brown sugar. They are also into injecting TDJSK, AMIL, Nitrozepam, said Ram Chandra Budha, general secretary of the Nepal Medical Business Association (NMBA), Mahakali branch. Budha said that injection syringes by the thousands are being sold in Khatima and Banbasa of India. The nearby Salghari forest serves as an opportune drug cover for them. Addicts go into the, administer their fix and return thoroughly stoned, police personnel along the Nepal-India border said. Sometimes, the addicts even bring back the drugs with them. The majority use syringes. One syringe is shared by five to six addicts. As a result HIV/AIDS are spreading like wildfire, said the vice president of NMBA, Birendra Tiwari. The numbers of HIV/AIDS patients is increasing every year. A survey by a NGO, revealed that 128 people in Kanchanpur are infected with HIV/AIDS. The report also said that there were 300 – 400 drug addicts in Mahendranagar Bazaar alone. EXERCISE 1. Write a newspaper article (in about 200 words) on “Importance of Women Education” using the following hints. (Meaning of education - the place of women in the society - need of educating women- situation of women education in Nepal -conclusion.) 2. Write a newspapers article on ‘The growing use of computer in student life’ in about 200 words: (Introduction.......how does it help the students.......advantages .......disadvantages....... what would happen if there were no computers.......conclusion.) 3. Write an essay on ‘Child Labour in Nepal’ in about 200 words with the help of following clues: (Introduction ... causes of child labour ... kinds and places ... present condition ... suggestions ... conclusion.) 4. Write an essay on ‘National Unity’ in about 200 words by using the clues given below: (Introduction - importance of unity - unity is strength - for peace and development - present condition - suggestions - conclusion.) 5. Write an essay on ‘Wildlife Conservation’ in about 200 words using the following clues: (Introduction -- importance -- present situation in Nepal -- ways of improvement -- conclusion.) Book 10 247

21. Reviews A review is an article or report in which someone gives their opinion of a play, book, art exhibition, social event, performance, etc. A review usually covers three parts – introduction, body and conclusion. Three parts of a book review: 1. Introduction: It usually includes the following items. • the title of the book • the author’s name of the book • the names of main characters in the book • the publisher’s name • the genre of the book (comedy, thriller, action, etc) • Overall impression of the book 2. Body: The body of a book review has usually two paragraphs. • Paragraph one: Write the short summary of book or the main features of the plot. • Paragraph two: Write general comments and opinions (strengths and weaknesses) on various features like writing style, characters, setting, illustrations, book format, etc. 3. Conclusion : It includes a recommendation and reasons why you recommend the book. Three parts of a film review: 1. Introduction: It usually includes the following items. • the title • the name of the actors • the name of the director • the name of the producer • the type of the movie (comedy, thriller, action, etc) • Overall impression of the movie 2. Body: The body of a film review has usually two paragraphs. • Paragraph one: Write the main features of the plot (or summary of the story in the film). • Paragraph two: Write general comments and opinions (strengths and weaknesses) on various features like acting, music, photography, setting, costumes, special effects, etc. 3. Conclusion : It includes a recommendation and reasons why you recommend the film. Expression for writing reviews: Introduction • The book is about…. The film is set in … • This fascinating book is… This film originates from a novel named … • The film is directed by… The book is written by… • The film is based on a novel / a real life story of a… • This is a comedy, horror film, love story, cartoon, science fiction movie, action film, a thriller, …. Body • The plot focuses on… The story begins / concerns about / is about… • The plot / story has a twist in … The film reaches a climax when… Book 10 248

• The plot is absolutely thrilling / exciting / fascinating / touching / romantic / surprising… • It is rather confusing / long / slow / boring • The cast is excellent / weak / awful / unconvincing • The script/ story is dull / clever / exciting • It has a tragic / surprising / dramatic ending • It does not come across as true / convincing • The music / sound effect is dull / rich • It is a catchy tune as backing music • The theme song is powerful / weak / satisfying • The colour in the photography is natural / spectacular / dull / dark and frightening • The acting is true to life / powerful / natural Conclusion • Don’t miss it! • It is well worth reading/watching/seeing! • It will change the way you see ( e.g. young people) after watching this film. • It is bound to be a box office hit. • I highly / thoroughly / strongly recommend it. • It is highly entertaining. • It is certainly at the top of my list of good books. • It’s a must! I would not recommend this because… • It ‘s a boring movie/book. • Only watch this film if you have plenty of time to spare. Read the following sample reviews: Book Review Book: The Old Man and the Sea Author: Ernest Hemingway Genre: Literary fiction Pages: 127 Publisher: Charles Scribner’s Sons (1952) The novel “The Old Man and the Sea’ was written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1952. It is the story of an epic struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. Santiago, an old fisherman, hasn’t caught anything in 84 days. He’s discouraged. His friend and former sailing mate, Manolin, longs to help him, but Manolin’s parents refuse because of Santiago’s poor fishing record. On day 85, Santiago feels a tug he knows to be the fish he’s been looking for. But the fish is so enormous and strong that for several days it pulls him farther out to sea. Hemingway details the valiant struggle between man and fish, lauding the old man for his perseverance despite the fact that sharks ultimately eat his prize fish. This is the last novel from Hemingway and has won many prestigious awards. It is recently at the top of the reading list of many good readers. It is well worth reading! Book 10 249

Movie Review Movie: Captain Underpants Directed by: David Soren Produced by: Mireille Soria Based on: Captain Underpants Starring: Kevin Hart, Ed Helms Music by: Theodore Shapiro Captain Underpants ‘Captain Underpants’ is a computer-animated superhero comedy film. It is based on the children’s novel series of the same name by Dav Pilkey. It was produced by DreamWorks Animation and Scholastic Entertainment The movie tells the story of two fourth-graders George and Harold, who often prank their teachers for joy and laughter. One day they hypnotize their principal into thinking that he is a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape. He does many funny things that make you laugh. The boys also fight a super villain to save their school and the city. Very funny, I could not stop laughing out loud. It is an excellent movie for those who like humour and pranks. I found worth watching it. Book: Animal Farm Book Review Author: George Orwell Genre: Satire, Political satire The novel ‘Animal Farm’ has been written by the famous English novelist George Orwell. It is a political satire and was first published in England on 17 August 1945. According to the author, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. In this novel, the plot is set in a future when animals are much cleverer than now. And because of their cleverness, the pigs started a revolution against the humans. Pigs could speak fluently in English unlike the other animals, and that gave them the power to be leaders. Although it tells a fairly simple story of barnyard animals trying to manage themselves after rebelling against their masters, the novel demonstrates how easily good intentions can be subverted into tyranny. Truly a timeless classic that speaks so much of human nature! Animal Farm is the most thought-provoking piece of literature I have ever read. it is a book that anyone could and should read. EXERCISE a. Write a review of either a book or a movie or a TV programme. Use the following guidelines and write your review in three paragraphs. First paragraph: introduction (name, author, type of genre, ....) Mid paragraph: story/plot Final paragraph: your opinion with reasons, facts and examples b. Write a short review of the book your have recently read in about 200 words. c. Write a short review of the film your have recently watched in about 200 words. Book 10 250