CO MPASS SERIES environmental studies textbook part - 2 3 Name: Learn@Home Sec�on: Roll No.: School:
Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. ClassKlap presents the Compass series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as its guiding principles for Science: Theme-based learning Relating science learning to the daily-life experiences of students Focus on skill/process development Providing opportunities for knowledge construction Infusion of environmental issues into the content Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Compass series: Theme-based content that holistically addresses all the learning outcomes specified by CISCE curriculum Opportunities for experimentation, analysis and synthesis of ideas and concepts Exposure to locally relevant environmental problem solving Focus on science-specific vocabulary building Promotion of participatory and contextualised learning through the engagement of all relevant stakeholders in the learning process All in all, the Compass Science books aim to enhance the learning of science, development of scientific temper and curiosity towards scientific activities along with the inculcation of healthy habits for environmental protection. – The Authors
Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain concepts and terms • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think I Will Learn About • Introduces the concept/ • Lists the key learning subtopic in a manner as to outcomes of the lesson arouse curiosity and interest among students ? In-text Questions Pin-Up-Note • Oral discussion questions to check for learning and to • H ighlights the key points or gauge the understanding definitions level of the child Connect the Dots A Be Amazed • Fosters interdisciplinary • F ascinating facts and trivia thinking by connecting other related to the concept subjects to an aspect of the taught concept Inside the Lab A Note to Parent • Hands-on experience • E ngaging activities to be done provided for creating, at home along with parents to designing or implementing reinforce the concept something innovative and/or useful based on the concept learnt
Contents 8 Clean, Safe and Healthy ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������..2 9 Our Need – Public Places ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������..8 10 Parts of Plants ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Inside the Lab – B �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Activity B1: First-aid Box Activity B2: Art with Grains and Seeds! 11 Animal Behaviour ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 12 Vehicles and Fuels �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 13 Our Need – Communication ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 14 The World Around Me ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 15 Time, Space and Direction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������..50 Inside the Lab – C ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������..55 Activity C1: Make Your Script Activity C2: Roller
8Lesson Clean, Safe and Healthy I Will Learn About • garbage around neighbourhood places. • ways to remove garbage from the home and neighbourhood. • ways to keep our body healthy and fit. • ways to be safe at our home and in the neighbourhood. I Think Ram ate a banana and threw the peel on the road. Do you think it was right? What could he have done instead? Can you tell why? It was not right for Ram to throw the banana peel on the road. People may slip over it. Flies may swarm around it. It may also give out a bad smell. Garbage around neighbourhood places Every day, we throw away so many unwanted things. They include paper, leftover food, fruit peels, wrappers, plastic covers and so on. All this waste is called garbage. 2
What happens if we throw garbage around our homes and neighbourhoods? Germs grow on all the wet things we throw around. Then, these things rot, give out a bad smell and make the air dirty. Have you seen flies swarming around A man throwing Garbage with garbage dumps? These flies carry garbage in a river flies around it disease-causing germs over their body. When they sit on the food items we eat, the germs reach the food. We become sick if we eat food that has germs. Garbage thrown into lakes and rivers makes the Garbage makes our water dirty. Drinking dirty water and breathing neighbourhoods dirty air makes us ill. dirty and unhealthy. It can make us sick. ? What do we call all the waste material we throw away? Ways to remove garbage from the home and neighbourhood We have learnt that garbage in our surroundings is harmful to us. How can we get rid of it properly? We should always throw waste in dustbins. We should use separate dustbins to throw wet things and dry things. We should always keep dustbins covered. Dustbins should be emptied every day. In many Always use dustbins houses and neighbourhood places, a garbage collector collects the waste. Clean, Safe and Healthy 3
Garbage trucks and garbage collectors collect A garbage collector waste from different neighbourhoods and carry it with a garbage truck to dumping yards. There, waste is burnt in closed containers. This does not make the air dirty. Some waste is buried. Some waste materials are reused to make useful products. ? Who helps us to dispose garbage from our homes and neighbourhoods? Be Amazed A When we bury wastes like leaves and food under the soil, we get compost after a few months. It helps plants grow. We have learnt how to dispose waste from our homes and surroundings. Can you tell some other ways to keep the places around us clean and healthy? 1) W e should not throw garbage or spit in public places. 2) We should not write or draw anything on the walls. 3) W hile travelling, we should not ? Tell two ways to keep the throw any wrappers or paper on surroundings clean. roads. We should keep them in our bag or pocket and throw it in a dustbin. We can keep paper bags with ourselves to store wastes like fruit peels. 4
We know keeping our surroundings clean keep us healthy. Can you tell other ways to stay healthy? Ways to keep our body healthy and fit We should play outdoor and We should swim, dance and play indoor games. It is good for our some kind of sport. body and mind. It makes us active, strong, healthy and happy. We should go out in the fresh air We should do simple exercises like for a walk or to ride a bicycle. skipping and stretching regularly. Fresh air makes us healthy. We can also practise simple yogasanas to keep ourselves fit. We should eat healthy food and drink lots of water. Clean, Safe and Healthy 5
Ways to be safe at our home and in the neighbourhood In class 1, we learnt about a few ways to be safe. Let us learn about a few safety rules to follow. 1 Do not talk or go out of your 2 Do not eat or drink anything home or school with strangers. given by strangers. 3 Do not go anywhere 4 Roads are not safe places to walk, alone. run or play. Go there only with grown- up people. Never run across roads. 5 Do not play with sharp 6 The things we use to clean utensils, things or hot things. floors and toilets are harmful things. Do not touch them. 7 Do not push others or run 8 Do not touch any switches while you get out of any or wires with wet hands. vehicle. 6
9 Do not touch a working table fan or mixer. ? Tell two ways to keep ourselves safe at home. Connect the Dots English Fun Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the brackets. (in, on) 1) We should always put garbage _______________________ dustbins. 2) We should not throw pencil shavings __________________ the floor. 3) Waste should be buried __________________________ the soil. Maths Fun Following were the waste items collected in a garden one evening: 18 empty ice cream cups, 7 banana peels, 40 paper plates and 10 fallen leaves. Find the total number of waste items. Total number of waste items = Number of ice cream cups collected + Number of banana peels collected + Number of paper plates collected + Number of fallen leaves collected = 18 + 7 + 40 + 10 = A Note to Parent Discuss with your child how to keep parks clean. Try reading them books about nature. The more they learn about the environment, the more they will want to keep it clean and safe for everyone to enjoy. Clean, Safe and Healthy 7
9Lesson Our Need – Public Places I Will Learn About • the need for public places in a neighbourhood. • services we get from the places and people in our neighbourhood. • emergency services in a neighbourhood. • people who help us in our household needs. I Think Ridhi was doing her homework after school when the doorbell rang. Her mother opened the door. The person on the door handed over a box to her mother. Her mother told Ridhi that it was a courier service person. Do you know what a courier service is? Courier service person Courier is a service that helps us send and receive parcels and letters from people who stay away from us. Do you have a courier service near your home? What all places do you have in your neighbourhood? Why do we have such places around us? The need for public places in a neighbourhood Every day, we need many things at home like milk, vegetables and other food items. We may also need to buy clothes, shoes and toys. 8
Where do we get all these from? We buy them We need places from our neighbourhood market. What will around us that help happen if we do not have a market near our us to study, play, home? We may have to go to far-off places to eat, travel, buy buy things we need. things we need, send and receive So, we should have places near our homes that letters and parcels, meet our needs. A good neighbourhood has a keep our valuable variety of places that help us in different ways. things safe and so on. Let us learn about some of the neighbourhood places in detail. ? Name two places in your neighbourhood where you can buy things of daily use. Services we get from the places and people in our neighbourhood Market: We buy things of daily use from our neighbouring market. A market has shops that sell different things. Some of them are: milk booths that have vegetable and fruit grocery shops that have milk, eggs and bread shops different food items stationery shops where we get chemist’s shops (pharmacy) pens, pencils, notebooks, erasers that sell medicines and so on Our Need – Public Places 9
Schools: We learn new things in school. We get to make new friends. There are different people who work in a school to help children. Schools have a principal who is the head; and teachers who teach us. The helpers in a school are sweepers and cleaners, bus drivers and conductors, security guards and so on. Parks, theatres and restaurants: How would you feel if you do not get to play and have fun? You may feel bored and tired. So, we need to go to places where we can play, eat, relax and have fun. We call them recreational places. For example, park, movie theatre, restaurant and so on. Park Theatre Restaurant We can play games and even ride a bicycle inside a park. Apart from these, we can also enjoy see-saws, swings, slides and monkey bars. One can also take one’s pets for a walk and play with them in a park. Gardeners plant and take care of ? Name a place where we the gardens in a park. Sweepers and go to play and have fun. cleaners help to keep a park clean and litter free. We go to watch new movies in a movie theatre. Watching movies with our family is a good way to relax. Also, we can have food with our family and friends in restaurants. 10
A post office helps us to send and receive letters, parcels and money orders. Money orders help us to send and receive money. A postman delivers letters, parcels and money orders to correct addresses. Banks help us to keep our money and jewellery safe. We deposit money in our bank accounts; we keep our jewellery in bank lockers. Post office Bank Emergency services in a neighbourhood We learnt about some places around us that help us to fulfil our daily needs. But, once in a while we get into situations where we need immediate help. For example, if someone is seriously ill or badly hurt, they will need immediate help. Similarly, if a building catches fire, we need urgent help. We call such situations as emergencies. Police stations, fire stations and hospitals help us during emergencies. Police station Fire station Hospital Police make our neighbourhoods safe for us. If somebody tries to harm us, we can go to a police station and complain Any situation that about him/her. We can also call the police by needs urgent dialling 100. help is called an In case of a fire, fire stations send a fire brigade emergency. We and firemen to put out the fire. We can call fire can dial 100 to call stations by dialling 101. the police for help, 101 to call a fire Have you ever seen red fire force trucks? They brigade and 102 to carry tanks full of water and a long hose to pump call an ambulance. this water to put out fire. Our Need – Public Places 11
If someone is sick or meets with an accident, doctors and nurses help him/ her to get well. Hospitals use a vehicle called an ambulance to take people who need urgent help to hospitals. Dial 102 to call an ambulance. Some places do not have big ? Name any one emergency hospitals. There we can find small service that we get in our clinics and health centres. They have neighbourhood. a few doctors and nurses. Be Amaze A d All emergency vehicles like police vans, ambulances and fire force trucks have sirens. These vehicles need to reach the people in need as soon as possible. So, they blow their sirens to alert people on the roads to make way for them. When we hear these siren, we must make way for these vehicles. People who help us in our household needs We learnt about some places in the neighbourhood and the people who work there. Do you know any other people who help us in our household needs? Let us see some of them. A person brings a An electrician fixes all A plumber helps to fix cooking gas cylinder. electrical things. our water taps. 12
A carpenter does A mason helps to A newspaper boy wood work. build houses. delivers newspapers. A milkman delivers milk. A sweeper keeps the surroundings litter free. Connect the Dots English Fun Circle the articles in the following sentence. Sejal has a bank, a shop and a temple in her neighbourhood. Maths Fun In Renu’s school, there are 20 teachers. In another neighbourhood school, the number of teachers is 6 less than Renu’s school. How many teachers are there in that school? Number of teachers in Renu’s school = 20 Number of teachers in the neighbourhood school = 20 – 6 = A Note to Parent Talk to your child about the places in your neighbourhood that provide emergency help. Discuss their importance with him/her. Help him/her learn the contact numbers of these emergency services. Our Need – Public Places 13
10Lesson Parts of Plants I Will Learn About • land plants and water plants. • parts of plants and their functions. • modified plant parts. • plant products used at home. • care and concern for plants. I Think Seema planted a lotus plant in her garden and watered it. But, it drooped and dried up within a few days. What can be the reason for this? We have learnt about the plants found around us before. Let us learn more about plants. Land plants and water plants We find plants all around us. Plants grow on land as well as in water. Plants growing on land grow in different areas such as on hills, near seashores, in deserts and so on. 14
Land plants Plants on hills Plants on seashore Plants in desert Plants growing in water are of three types - floating, fixed and underwater plants. Floating plants float freely on water. Fixed plants have roots fixed in the soil at the bottom of the water body. Underwater plants are fixed to the soil and grow below water. Plants grow on Water plants land as well as in water. Plants that grow in water are of three kinds – floating, fixed and Floating Fixed Underwater underwater plants. Parts of plants and their functions Can you recollect the parts of plants that we studied last year? A plant has roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits. Let us learn how they are useful to the plant. Flower: It is of many colours Leaf: It makes food and types. for the plant. Fruit: There are different kinds Stem: It takes food of fruits. It contains seeds. and water to all parts of the plant. Seed: It is present inside the fruits. Root: It fixes the plant to the ground. A plant has many roots. Parts of Plants 15
Modified plant parts Have you seen a potato with tiny bud-like parts on it? What are they? They are actually tiny stems or branches. Branches usually grow on stems. What does it mean? It means that a potato is a stem that looks different Potato from other stems. It is swollen as it stores food and grows under the soil. It shows small change in its function. Such parts of plants that show a slight change in their functions are called modified plant parts. They usually store food or water for the plant. Here are some of them: Carrot, radish and beetroot store food in ? Give examples of two their modified roots. modified plant parts. Potato, ginger and sugarcane store food in their modified stems. Pea plant has modified spring-like leaves called tendrils. They help the plant to climb on a support. Modified roots Modified stem Modified leaves Plant products used at home Plants give us not only fruits, vegetables and pulses, but we also get a variety of other products from plants. Sunflower Pepper Clove seed oil 16
We get spices like cloves and pepper from plants. They make our food tasty. We get oil from the seeds of plants like the sunflower. We get tea from tea leaves; cocoa and coffee from seeds of plants. Tea leaves Tea Coffee beans Coffee Sugar from sugar cane, chocolates from cocoa beans and perfumes from flowers are some more examples of products that we get from plants. Sugar cane Sugar Cocoa beans Chocolate Parts of many plants are used for medicinal purposes. For example, leaves of neem and tulsi and stems of ginger and turmeric have medicinal properties. Neem leaves Tulsi leaves Turmeric Ginger ? Name any two plants used to prepare medicines. Care for plants Plants help us in many ways. They give us shade. They are the homes of many birds and animals. Parts of Plants 17
They have colourful leaves and flowers that make our surroundings beautiful. So, we should take care of all plants around us. How should we take care of plants? • We should not pluck the leaves or flowers of plants. • We should not cut trees, but we should plant new ones. • We can put a cage around the newly planted baby plants to keep them safe. We should water them regularly. Be Amaze We should plant new trees A d Some plants have roots that grow above the ground. Banyan tree In Banyan trees, roots arise from the branches and grow towards the ground. These roots grow into thick woody trunks, support the branches and help the tree to spread over a wide area. Connect the Dots English Fun Underline the action words (verbs) from the following sentences. a) Plants give us fruits. b) We get medicines from plants. 18
Maths Fun In a garden, there are 12 Banyan trees and 18 mango trees. Which tree is more in number? By how many? __________________ trees are more in number. They are more in number by . A Note to Parent Encourage your child to be kind and caring towards plants. Help him/her to plant saplings or make a kitchen garden. Parts of Plants 19
B Inside the Lab Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity B1: First-aid Box Sometimes, you fall while playing and get a small wound. What do your parents or teachers do if this happens? They take out some medicine from a box and apply it on the wound. They might also put some cotton and a small bandage strip around the wound before taking you to a doctor. Such a box which has the necessary medicines to give a first-aid is called a first-aid box. First-aid is the help given before taking an injured person to a doctor. You can have your own first-aid box at home. Let us see how to make it. You will need: 1) an empty shoe-box or any other small empty carton, chart paper, 2) p lain white paper, pencil, red sketch pen or crayon, glue, a pair of child-friendly scissors, 3) cotton, band-aid strips, crepe bandage, a pair of small scissors, 4) small packs of some medicines which we can apply on wounds to stop bleeding, some medicines and a small soap that kill germs, some tablets which reduce pain, some medicines which can be used if someone gets a small burn and so on. (You can take the help of your elders to decide which medicines to be kept in the box.) You need to: 1) T ake the empty shoe box or the small carton. Take the plain white paper and stick it all over the box/carton with the help of glue. 20
2) Write ‘First-aid box’ on the lid of the box with a red sketch pen or crayon. You can also draw a red plus sign on the box. It is used as a symbol of protection by medical services all over the world. You can divide the inner side of the box in small parts using small chart paper strips. This will help you to keep the medicines, cotton, bandages and so on separately. 3) P ut cotton, band-aid strips, crepe bandage, some emergency medicines, a small soap, and a pair of small scissors and so on inside the box. 4) Y our ‘First-aid box’ is ready. You can use it to give a first-aid to an injured person. Inside the Lab – B 21
Activity B2: Art with Grains and Seeds! You will need: 1) chart paper, pencil ,eraser, glue, a pair of child- friendly scissors, 2) g rains such as rice, wheat, maize, green gram, pea, lentil, Bengal gram, some dried seeds like watermelon or papaya seeds (if available) and so on. You need to: 1) T ake the chart paper. Cut it into an A4 size sheet with the help of your teacher. 2) D raw a picture of a plant showing the plant parts such as leaves, flowers, a stem and so on. 3) D ecorate the plant you have drawn by pasting various grains and seeds with the help of glue. (Hint: You can use green grains to paste on the leaves, yellow or red grains to decorate flowers and so on.) 4) Y our grain art is ready! You may draw any other picture of your choice and decorate it using the grains and seeds. You can even make a birthday card for your friend by following the same steps. 22
11Lesson Animal Behaviour I Will Learn About • body parts of animals. • characteristics of animals. • animal shelters. • how animals are helpful to us. • care for animals. I Think Look at the given pictures of animals. They have different shapes, sizes and colours. Can you tell some more differences among them? Cat Duck Frog Bat We have learnt that animals are of different types. Some live with us in our homes. Some live in jungles. Some live on trees. Some live in water. These animals have different types of body parts. Let us learn about them. 23
Body parts of animals Do you have a pet? Can you name a few of its body parts? Can you name one part that is different from yours? Your pet has a tail, but you do not! Body Parts Head Eyebrow Eye Ear Nose Neck Mouth Leg Tail Different animals have different types of tails. The tail of a horse is long and hairy. Squirrels have bushy tails. Some animals do not have tails, for example, frog and gorilla. Dog Horse Squirrel Frog Gorilla Most animals have legs to walk. Animals like bats and birds have wings too. They can fly. Snakes do not have legs or wings. They move by crawling, that is pushing their body along the ground. 24
Noses of animals differ too. Do you recall that elephants have a long nose called the trunk? Cats and pigs have small noses. Elephant Cat Pig The hairs of different animals are also different. Body hair is called fur. Lions and horses have hair around their heads. This is called a mane. The fur of a polar bear The mane of a lion The mane of a horse Let us now learn about some characteristics that make animals different from each other. Characteristics of animals Animals and their times of activity: Many animals are awake during the day. At night, they rest or sleep. They are called day animals, for example, dog, monkey, elephant and birds like crow, sparrow, eagle and so on. Day animals Dog Monkey Sparrow Eagle Animal Behaviour 25
Some animals sleep during the day. They are awake at night. They are called night animals, for example, bat, mouse, owl and so on. Night animals Bat Mouse Owl ? Name one night animal. Animals and their food habits: Animals also eat different types of food. Many animals like rabbits, cows, horses and elephants eat only plants. Animals like lions, tigers and frogs eat other animals. Some animals like bears, squirrels and crows eat both plants and animals. 26
Some animals are born directly from the bodies of their mother. Some are born from eggs. Have you seen butterflies in your neighbourhood? They are born from eggs. They slowly change into different forms. Then, they become beautiful butterflies. Life cycle of a butterfly Egg Butterfly Caterpillar Pupa Animal shelters All animals need shelter. These shelters are their homes. Having a shelter protects them from the heat, cold, rain and The spaces used enemies. Some animals like birds need shelters to by animals to live in lay eggs. Shelters also protect their babies from are called animal other animals. shelters. Shelters keep the animals We know that some animals live on land; some live safe and protect in water and some live on both land and in water. them from heat, Different animals live in different kinds of homes. cold and rain. Some animals make their own homes while some do not. Animal Behaviour 27
Rabbit lives in a burrow Mouse lives in a hole Lion lives in a den Snake lives in a hole Bird lives in a nest Fish live in water We make homes for domestic animals. Kennel for dog Shed for cows Stable for horses How animals are helpful to us Animals give us food and many other things that we can use. Let us see how they help us. 1) S ome animals and birds provide food. Animals like cows, buffaloes and goats give milk. Birds like hens and ducks give us eggs. The meat of animals like hens, goats, fish and prawns are used as food. Cow Buffalo Milk and milk products 28
2) Animals like sheep and rabbits give us wool. Wool is used to make woollen clothes. They protect us from the cold. Sheep Wool Woollen clothes 3) T he skin of some animals like pigs, goats and sheep are used for making belts and bags. Pig belt bag 4) Animals like horses, elephants and camels help us as transports. 5) D ogs protect us and our houses from thieves. They may also help blind people. 6) S ome animals help in ? Name an animal that helps us as transport. farming too. Be Amaze A d Do you know how much wool an Indian sheep give us in a year? We can make about fourteen sweaters using the wool from one sheep in a year. Animal Behaviour 29
Care for animals Animals help us in many ways. So, we should take care of them. • We should properly feed our pet animals. When they fall ill, they should be taken to animal doctors. • We should not beat or throw stones at any street animals. • We should provide water and food for stray animals and birds. • We should provide them shelter during rainy days. • We should avoid bursting crackers near them, as the loud sound of crackers is harmful for the animals. Connect the Dots English Fun Find out four common nouns based on animal shelters from the lesson, for example, kennel. 1) ____________________ 2) ____________________ 3) ____________________ 4) ____________________ Maths Fun Sam went to visit his grandparents who stay in a village. He found two cowsheds there. One had 15 cows, and the other had 20. How many cows were there in total? Total number of cows = Number of cows in first shed + Number of cows in second shed = 15 + 20 = A Note to Parent Visit a national park with your child to show him/her the variation among animals. Also, show him/her how animals live there. 30
12Lesson Vehicles and Fuels I Will Learn About • vehicles and fuels. • transport in cities and villages. • traffic and its bad effects. • ways to save fuel and reduce problems that are caused by traffic. I Think During vacations, Tanmay visited his cousins who live in a city. He could see a lot of vehicles there. He could not name some of them. Can you help him out? Metro train Truck Van We see different vehicles around us. Let us learn about them in detail. Vehicles and fuels In class 1, we learnt about different kinds of transport. Transport means to carry people or goods from one place to another. Goods are the things that are made or grown in large amounts. 31
We can travel and move our goods through land, water or air using a variety of vehicles. Can you name the vehicles shown below? Vehicles like bicycles, scooters, rickshaws, cars, buses, trucks and so on need roads to run. Trains need railway tracks to run. Ships and boats sail on water. Helicopters and aeroplanes can travel long distances in a very short time. Helicopters need helipads to land and take off. Aeroplanes need airports and runways to take off and land. Have you seen an aeroplane take off? It runs through a runway and then, ? Which vehicle is the fastest: slowly takes off from the ground. auto-rickshaw, train, or aeroplane? How do all these vehicles move? Some of them are moved with the help of humans or animals. For example, rickshaws, bicycles and some types of boats. What about other vehicles? How do they move? They have engines that can run with the help of fuels. We know that we get energy to do work from food. Vehicles get energy from fuels. 32
From where do we get fuels? Have you seen a Most vehicles need petrol pump? We get different types of fuels from fuel to run. Different these pumps or fuel stations. types of fuels like petrol, diesel, CNG Petrol and diesel are the most common fuels used and LPG are used in vehicles. But, the vehicles that use these fuels to run vehicles. give out smoke, which makes the air dirty. Some vehicles run on electricity. Some vehicles use CNG, LPG and electricity as fuels. These vehicles do not give out smoke. ? Name any two fuels used in cars. Auto-rickshaw that Fuel station (Petrol pump) uses CNG Transport in cities and villages We have learnt about different types of vehicles and the fuels they use. Do we get to see all kinds of transport vehicles in a village? Villages have lesser number of vehicles. Also, the type of vehicles people use in villages may be different. In villages, people mostly walk when they have to move around the neighbourhood. They may also move around in carts pulled by bullocks or horses. They may also use bicycles and motorcycles. For long distances, they use buses. In cities, people mostly travel by buses, cars, Bullock cart motorcycles and auto-rickshaws. Some people use their own cars; some others hire taxi or cabs with a driver. Some cities have cycle rickshaws. Vehicles and Fuels 33
Taxi Cycle rickshaw Metro train Big cities may have local trains to travel within the city. They may also have special trains called metros. Number and types of vehicles are more in cities. Is this good or bad for us? Let us see. Traffic and its bad effects The number of vehicles on city roads is more than villages. This, sometimes, causes a traffic jam. During a traffic jam, the following problems occur: • People take more time to go from one place to another. A traffic jam • More fuel gets used. Thus, smoke produced is also more. This makes the air around us dirtier. • People in traffic jams blow horns (honk) a lot. This causes a lot of noise in that area. This may disturb people and cause stress. Be Amaze A d In 2010, a traffic jam on a highway near Beijing kept cars stuck in traffic for more than a week. The traffic jam itself went on for 97 kilometres. 34
Ways to save fuel and reduce problems that are caused by traffic Traffic jams are caused mainly due to there being more vehicles on roads. How can we reduce the number of vehicles on the roads? • Walking or cycling short distances helps in saving fuel and reduces traffic. • We should use vehicles that can carry more number of people. So, we should use buses more. • We can use shared taxis or cabs to travel. In shared taxis, more than two people going in the same direction can go together. This is called carpooling. • We should use vehicles that run on CNG and electricity. This reduces the smoke around us, which keeps us healthy. ?• Moreover, we should follow traffic rules Can you tell one way on the road. Traffic rules help us avoid to reduce traffic jams? traffic jams and also, help us travel safely. Connect the Dots English Fun Fill in the blanks to find the names of vehicles. 1) b i ___ y ___ l e (Hint: It has two wheels.) 2) r i c ___ s ___ a ___ (Hint: It has three wheels.) 3) c ___ r (Hint: It has four wheels.) Vehicles and Fuels 35
Maths Fun Given below are a bus and a scooter. Use < or > to tell which one can carry more people. A Note to Parent Discuss with your child how the use of public transport is useful in saving fuel. Some of us use cabs for transportation. Explain the concept of carpooling in cities and its benefits. In carpooling, more than two people travelling in the same direction share a single vehicle. This saves both fuel and money. 36
13Lesson Our Need – Communication I Will Learn About • the need for communication. • the means of communication available in cities and public places. • communication for recreation. • ways to avoid the misuse of communication devices. I Think Rashi’s father has gone out of the city for some work. Often, her mother makes a video call to him. Rashi feels very happy to see her father and talks to him. Have you ever made or heard of such a call? We learnt in class 1 that we communicate in different ways. We use different means of communication. Why do we need to communicate? Let us see. The need for communication How do we learn new things at school? Our teachers help us learn. They tell stories, recite poems and read out from books. They also make us draw, write, take us out for walks and so on. They may also show pictures or play songs and movies. 37
We ask them a lot of questions about the things we Communication do not know. We answer the questions they ask. In helps us to share this way, we communicate with our teachers. information, thoughts and feelings with We also communicate with our friends, family and others. It keeps us neighbours. We talk about our likes and dislikes, connected with feelings and hobbies with them. people, helps us learn new things and We may need to connect with family members also, assists us to get or friends who stay far away from us. We need help in need. to communicate with them to know about the happenings in their life. Sometimes, we may face problems that need to be urgently shared with others. For example, we fall down and get hurt while playing at school. Or we may get lost while we go out with our parents or teachers. In such situations, communication helps us to get immediate help. Communicating with others ? State any one use of helps us to know about different communication in our life. people, places and the happenings around us. The means of communication available in cities and public places We have learnt why communication is important for us. Now, let us learn how people communicate in cities and at public places. We send letters to different people through post. 1 Write a letter. 2 Put it in an 3 Write the envelope. address. 38
4 Fix a stamp. 55 6Put the envelope Postman in a mailbox. collects it. 7 Letters get sorted 8 Letters are then 9 Postman delivers at the post office sent to the post the letters. according to the office of the given addresses. address. You must have seen your parents or grandparents reading newspapers or listening to the radio. They tell us about the things happening in the world. This is called news. We watch news, movies and sports on Newspaper Radio television. We can also watch cartoons and some other programmes. We can talk to people using a telephone or mobile phone. We can carry our mobile phones with us wherever we go. We can also Television send short messages through mobile phones using SMS. We need to know the phone numbers of people to call or SMS them. Fax machines help us to send letters to others through telephone lines. For this, we need to know their fax numbers. Our Need – Communication 39
Mobile phone Telephone Fax machines We use computers and the internet to get or share information. We can send e-mails using the internet. This is an easier way of communication used nowadays in place of sending letters. A person needs to create an e-mail address (email-ID) to send or receive e-mails. Nowadays, the internet is available at some public places (like parks, hotels or movie theatres) in the form of Wi-Fi. We can connect to it using our mobile phones also. Do you have an email-ID? You may create your own email-ID with the help of your elders. Communication for recreation We also use communication to enjoy our free time. For example, TVs, radios, mobile phones, computers and the internet can be used for recreation. We can see movies, play games and listen to music. We can also read books, shop, chat with our friends and so on. Ways to avoid the misuse of communication devices Mobile phones, televisions, computers and so on are the communication devices that we use. Though all of them help us a lot, we should use them carefully. 1) Using mobile phones, computers and TVs for a long time is harmful to our eyes. If we spend a lot of time on these devices we may skip our studies and not go out to play. This is bad for us. So, we should use them only for a limited time daily. 2) We should not carry mobile phones to schools or any other places which do not allow them. If we carry a mobile, we should keep it on silent mode. 40
d3) We should not play loud music, games or movies when we are at a public place. 4) W e should not share personal information over mobile phones, internet or emails with strangers without asking our parents. Be Amaze A In olden times, people used drum beats and smoke signals to communicate. Connect the Dots English Fun Make your own sentences using the words below. 1) speak: __________________________________________________________ 2) write: __________________________________________________________ Maths Fun Mira writes two letters daily. How many letters will she write in seven days? Number of letters Mira writes daily = 2 Number of letters she will write in 7 days = 7 × 2 = A Note to Parent Discuss with your child the various devices used for communication nowadays. Also, discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Our Need – Communication 41
14Lesson The World Around Me I Will Learn About • heavenly bodies seen during day and night. • the solar system. • day and night formation on the Earth. • seasons. • using symbolic maps to draw the Earth on paper. I Think Sahil wants to know the names of different things he sees in the night sky. Can you help him out ? Do you see the same things in the sky during day and night? 42
Heavenly bodies seen during day and night We see the Sun during the day. We see the Moon and the stars at night. The Sun, the Moon and the stars are heavenly bodies. If we look at the Moon every night, we will see that it keeps changing its shape. This is called the phases of the ? Name two heavenly Moon. bodies. Heavenly bodies Phases of the Moon Full Moon When the Moon is full and round, it is called a full We see different moon. heavenly bodies in the day and night At night, we see stars too. They are far away from sky. In the day sky, us, so they look small. we see the Sun, while in the night The Sun is also a star. It is a big ball of fire. It looks sky, we see the bigger than the other stars because it is the Moon and the stars. closest star to us. Be Amaze A d Stars are always there in the sky. But we cannot see them during daytime. This is because of the bright light of the Sun. The World Around Me 43
Have you ever wondered about going to the The Earth Moon? Imagine that you reach the Moon one day. How would the place we live in look like when we look at it from the Moon? Look at the given picture. The place we live in looks like this. We live on a heavenly body called the Earth. The solar system Like we have a family, our Earth belongs to a family of heavenly bodies called the Solar system. The Solar system has the Sun at the centre and some other heavenly bodies that revolve around it. Let us learn about them in detail. There are eight planets in our Solar system. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Solar system ? Name any two planets of the Solar Planets are heavenly bodies that travel system. around the Sun. The fixed paths on which they travel are called orbits. 44
There are some other heavenly bodies in the The Solar System solar system, which move around the planets. is made up of They are called satellites. The Moon is the satellite the Sun, planets, that travels around our planet Earth. Other than satellites and some the planets and their satellites, some other small other small objects. objects are also a part of the Solar system. Day and night formation on the Earth We have learnt that the Earth we live on is a planet that goes around the Sun. Then, why don’t we see the Sun all the time? Let us see. While it goes around the Sun, the Earth also turns around itself like a spinning top. Due to this, at any time, only one side of the Earth faces the Sun. This is why we get day and night one after the other. Day Night Spinning top Day and night formation Seasons In class 1, we learnt about different types of weathers such as sunny, cloudy, rainy, hot, cold, windy and so on. These weather conditions are due to the changes in the air anywhere on the Earth. Have you observed that we have the same weather for many days, and then, the weather changes? For example, after hot weather for many days, it may start to rain one day. The World Around Me 45
Similarly, after many rainy days, it may become cold. A long stretch of days that have similar type of weather is called a season. We have five different seasons - summer, monsoon, autumn, winter, and spring. Summers are hot. We like to stay indoors during summer. We wear cool cotton clothes and drink a lot of water. We may also take cool drinks and fruit juices to keep our body cool. Monsoons are rainy. During monsoon, water bodies get filled with water. The sky will be full of black clouds. We wear raincoats to prevent ourselves from getting wet in the rain. We may also use umbrellas. Autumn has pleasant weather. So, we can ? Name the season go outdoors and play. During autumn, some that has rainy days. trees shed their leaves. hot drinks and food items that keep our body The five seasons are warm. summer, monsoon autumn, winter and During spring, plants grow new leaves. This is the spring. flowering time for many plants. The new leaves and flowers make the spring season very colourful. Summer Monsoon Autumn Winter Spring 46
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