202110210-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART2

14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SESSION 1 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 49

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1.2 Terminology 1. Legislature: A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend and repeal laws. 2. Lok sabha: The lower house of the Indian parliament is called the Lok Sabha. The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the voters for the period of 5 years. 3. Rajya Sabha: The upper house of the Indian parliament is called the Rajya Sabha. The members of Rajya sabha are elected by the MLA’s of all states for the period of 6 years. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Who are responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country? [Refer to TB page 171 Q6] A. The Parliament at the central responsible for making the laws which are applicable for entire country. State legislatures are responsible for making laws at the state level. Q2. Following is a study of women’s representation in Parliament houses including that of India and other na- tions: Based on the above information, write on essay analysing the following aspects i. Is there an adequate representation of women in our legislative houses? ii. How is the idea of representation important to idea of democracy? iii. What solution can be achieved? How will you address this issue if you are member of the Parliament? iv. How do you think certain countries have achieved better representation of women in Parliament? [Refer to TB page 171 Q9] A. By observing the above bar diagram, we can say that the women members are very less in number in our legislative houses. Compare to other parts of the world it is very less. We have to make an adequate SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 50

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT representation of women in our Parliament as well as in states legislative houses. In our country, there is a representative democracy that is implemented. Representation of women members in legislative houses provides faith and confidence among the women on the Indian democratic Governments. The law should be made by providing reservations to the women in legislative houses. This is the only so- lution to solve this problem. Definitely I support to the raise in women members number in the Parliament. And also I will vote for the Women Reservation in Legislature Bill, if I were the member of the Parliament. The certain countries given in the bar diagram have achieved better representation of women in Parlia- ment. They have the commitment and they made laws about an adequate representation of women in their Parliament. Women also have awareness in such countries about participation in the elections. Information Skills Q1. Name the two houses of the Parliament. Draw a table to show the similarities and differences between them on the following aspects : term, number of members, more or less powerful, election process, voting for the President [Refer to TB page 171 Q4] A. There are two houses in Indian Parliament. They are Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha. Aspect Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Term Permanent house 5 years Number of members 250 543+2=545 More or less powerful Less powerful More powerful Election process Indirect Elections Direct Elections Voting for the President Participate in Voting for the Participate in voting for the President President Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Following is a study of women’s representation in Parliament houses including that of India and other nations: SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 51

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Based on the above information, write an essay analysing the following aspects. • Is there an adequate representation of women in our legislative houses? • How is the idea of representation important to idea of democracy? • What solution can be achieved? How will you address this issue if you are a member of the Parlia- ment? • How do you think certain countries have achieved better representation of women in Parliament? [Refer to TB page 171 Q9] A. By observing the above bar diagram, we can say that the women members are very less in number in our legislative houses. Compare to other parts of the world it is very less. We have to make an adequate representation of women in our Parliament as well as in states legislative houses. In our country, there is a representative democracy that is implemented. Representation of women members in legislative houses provides faith and confidence among the women on the Indian democratic Governments. The law should be made by providing reservations to the women in legislative houses. This is the only so- lution to solve this problem. Definitely I support to the raise in women members number in the Parliament. And also I will vote for the Women Reservation in Legislature Bill, if I were the member of the Parliament. The certain countries given in the bar diagram have achieved better representation of women in Parlia- ment. They have the commitment and they made laws about an adequate representation of women in their Parliament. Women also have awareness in such countries about participation in the elections. 1.4 Key Concepts i•. The Constitution provides for Parliamentary form of government in which, the Parliament is the highest law making body. ii. Our Parliament has many important functions. It makes policies for the entire country. iii. The Government which rules the country implements the laws made by the Parliament for the develop- ment and welfare. iv. There are two houses of Parliament–Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. v. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people while the Rajya Sabha members are elected by the members of the State Legislatures. vi. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. The State Assemblies and Union Territories elect their representative to Rajya Sabha. vii. The Rajya Sabha members are elected for a term of six years. Every two years about one third of the members retire and new members are elected in their place. viii. Lok Sabha has been given special position, because it is the house that is directly elected by the people. SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 52

SESSION 2 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 53

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 2.2 Terminology 1. Election Commission: It is a constitutional body set up by the constituent assembly, to conduct elections in India in a fair and free manner. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do you think elections need to be free and fair? [Refer to TB page 171 Q2] A. i. In a democracy, the elections have a main or an important function. ii. People elect their representatives through the elections only. iii. Without fear, complication, influence, the voters can cast their vote freely. iv. Every voter should have freedom to vote the candidate, who he/she wanted to elect as his/her repre- sentative. v. And also transparency should be maintained at each and every step in the elections. vi. To carry all these things elections need to be conducted in a free and fair manner. Q2. Why were the first elections difficult to conduct? List as many reasons as you can. [Refer to TB page 171 Q1] A. i. The first Lok Sabha election was held in 1951–52. ii. It was based on universal adult franchise, more than 17,30,00,000 people could cast their votes. iii. For most of the voters, this was their first opportunity to vote. Most of them were illiterate and lived in rural areas. iv. It was difficult to register all the voters all across the country at a time for the first general elections. Hence, the first elections were difficult to conduct. Q3. Do you think the parties should be made to put up more women candidates for elections? [Refer to TB page 171 Q8] A. i. The political parties in India are not ready to put up more women candidates for elections. ii. This bill has been passed by Rajya Sabha in 2009, but, till today Lok Sabha did not pass the bill. iii. Some parties put objections to pass this bill. iv. This tells us that there is no commitment among the Indian political parties to put up more women candidates for elections. v. There should be more women candidates in elections and woman representatives in the legislature. 2.4 Key Concepts i. Normally, elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years. ii. All citizens who are 18 years or above, can vote in the elections. iii. A person above the age of 25 years can contest in the election. iv. There are 545 Lok Sabha seats. v. The first general elections were held in India in 1951–52. SESSION 2. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 54

SESSION 3 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 55

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 3.2 Terminology 1. Council of Ministers: Council of Ministers is a group of ministers headed by the prime minister, which is formed by the president of India. 2. Central List: Central list is a list of subject on which laws can be made only by Parliament. 3. State list: State list is a list of subjects on which laws can be made only by State Legislative Assembly. 4. Concurrent List: I it is a list of subject on which both parliament and state Legislative assemblies can make laws. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. In the 2009 Parliamentary Elections, no single party won a majority. How was the government formed? Discuss with the help of your teacher and write a paragraph. [Refer to TB page 171 Q5] A. i. After general elections in 2009, some political parties formed as coalition, which was headed by the National Congress Party. ii. The name of the coalition is United Progressive Alliance (UPA). iii. Mrs. Sonia Gandhi is the chair person of the UPA and Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Prime Minister to the UPA government. Q2. For which of the following subjects can laws be made by the Members of Parliament, which by the state as- sembly and which can be made by both –agriculture, railways, village hospitals, police, posts and telegraph, electricity, factories? [Refer to TB page 171 Q3] A. i. In Railways and posts and telegraph, the laws can be made by the Members of Parliament. ii. In Agriculture, village hospitals and police, the acts can be made by the state assembly. iii. In electricity and factories, the laws can be made by both Parliament & state assemblies. SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 56

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Information Skills Q1. There are some gaps in the information given in the Table below. Discuss with your teacher to find the missing information and fill in the blanks. [Refer to TB page 171 Q7] A. Who elects Length of Eligibility (min.age, res., etc) Position Voter term 25 years Minimum age MLA 5 Years MP Lok Sabha Voter 5 Years 25 years Minimum age MP Rajya Sabha Member of each state 6 Years 30 Years of Minimum age legislative members (MLA’s) including Delhi & Pondicherry Chief Minister Members in state 5 Years Must be an MLA / MLC legislative assembly majority party Prime Minister Members of majority 5 Years Must be an MP party/ coalition members 3.4 Key Concepts i. The MLAs of all the states and the members of both houses of the Parliament eIect the President. ii. Both the houses of Parliament elect the Vice–President. The Vice–President chairs the Rajya Sabha meetings and also performs the functions of the President, if the President is absent. iii. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are chosen from among the members of Parliament. iv. All decisions of the Government of India are taken in the name of the President, who is the formal head of the country. v. The leader of the party that wins a majority in the Lok Sabha is invited by the President and appointed as the Prime Minister. vi. The cabinet functions as the executive wing of the Government. It has to implement the laws and admin- ister the country in accordance with the laws. vii. The work of the Government is divided into a number of areas like Finance, Foreign Affairs, Home, Defence, Railways, Industry Agriculture, Education, Health etc. The ministry has a large number of officials headed by a secretary who handle the day to day work of the ministry, studies and prepares notes and proposals on various issues. SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 57

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Tenure of Lok Sabha members a. 250 ii. Lok Sabha Member’s minimum age b. 5 years iii. Rajya Sabha Member’s minimum age c. 545 iv. Members of Lok Sabha d. 30 years v. Members of Rajya Sabha e. 25 years 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Chosen by members of Lok Sabha b. Lok Sabha i. President c. Formal head ii. Prime Minister d. More powers in money matters iii. Lok Sabha e. Presided by Vice-President iv. Rajya Sabha v. No confidence 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which house of the parliament does not have no confidence power? (ii) Which election had the highest polling? (iii) Which is the highest law making body? (iv) Who can become the Prime Minister? (v) When was the first Lok Sabha elections held in India? (vi) Who functions as the executive wing of the government? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 58

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (vii) What was the number of candidates contested in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections? (viii) On whose advice does the President act? (ix) Who gives symbols to the candidates who contest in the elections? (x) Who is the head of Vidhan Sabha? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) India has a form of government. (xii) is the group of ministers who assist the PM. (xiii) If there is a difference between two houses, the final decision is taken in a session. (xiv) The subjects on which the only central government can make laws is called . (xv) EVM is . (xvi) The subjects on which either the centre or the state can make the laws is . (xvii) The two houses of parliament are and . (xviii) is the upper house of parliament. (xix) Members of are directly elected by the people. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the important functions of our parliament? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Describe the functions of Election Commission of India? (ii) Write about the important functions of cabinet as the executive wing of the government? (iii) Compare the powers wielded by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 59

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (iv) Can you distinguish between the Central List, the State List and the Concurrent List? (v) State the powers of Lok Sabha. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Study the table and answer the following questions: i. What is the total number of constituencies? 60 ii. Which state has the maximum number of seats? iii. Which Union Territory has the maximum number of seats? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Narrate the challenges in conducting free and fair election. CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline map of India: a. Rajasthan b. Karnataka c. Bihar d. West Bengal e. Andhra Pradesh CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 61

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (ii) Locate the following places on India map: a. Raipur b. Chandigarh c. Mumbai d. Thiruvananthapuram. CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 62

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (iii) Study the map and answer the following questions: i. What does the map show? 63 ii. How many general constituencies are there? iii. How many seats are reserved for SC? iv. Which category had 41 seats? v. What is the total number of constituencies? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why do people say that elections are an act of faith? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) Law making body at the state level is called____________. (A) Constitution (B) Legislative Assembly (C) Supreme Court (D) Parliament (ii) Right of children to free and compulsory education Act was passed in_____________. (A) 2008 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2009 (iii) ________ telecasts daily discussions taking place in the Parliament in New Delhi. (A) New Delhi channel (B) Parliament channel (C) Lok Sabha channel (D) Rajya Sabha channel (iv) The number of Lok Sabha constituencies reserved for SC candidates_________. (A) 543 (B) 41 (C) 84 (D) 423 (v) Delhi has___________Lok Sabha constituencies. (A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 5 (vi) __________ has the largest number of Lok Sabha constituencies. (A) West Bengal (B) Uttar Pradesh (C) Andhra Pradesh (D) Maharashtra (vii) The Parliament adopted National Policy on Education in the year___________. (A) 1942 (B) 1988 (C) 1981 (D) 1986 CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 64

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (viii) All citizens who are of _________ or above can vote in the elections. (A) 18 years (B) 21 years (C) 22 years (D) 25 years (ix) Andhra Pradesh has ______________ constituencies in Lok Sabha (A) 25 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 6 (x) The subjects on which only the state can make laws are contained in the___________. (A) State List (B) Central List (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 65

15. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY SESSION 1 LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY – LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 1.1 Terminology 1. Accused: A person or group of people who are charged with or on trial for a crime. 2. FIR: First Investigation Report. 3. Offence: Offence means an instance of breaking a rule or law; or an illegal act or a crime. 4. Investigation: Investigation means to discover and examine all the facts about the crime committed by an accused. 5. Arrest: The action of seizing someone to take into custody with the authority of law is called arrest. 6. Summons: Summons is an order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing it. 7. Witness: A person who see an event, typically a crime or accident , take place at his / her presence. 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. In the context of differences between a criminal and a civil case, write a sentence each about (a) Punish- ment and jail (b) Government lawyers (c) Filing F.I.R. [Refer to TB page 182 Q3] A. a) Punishment and jail : In case of criminal disputes, guilty are often punished with a jail term whereas in civil cases they may not be sent to jail. b) Government lawyers: Government lawyers, who are called public prosecutors, handle only criminal cases on behalf of the victims /government. But in the civil cases the two parties should hold their personal lawyers at the time of prosecution. c) Filing F.I.R.: In the criminal cases, initially an F.I.R. is filed in the police station on the basis of complaint given by the victims at the police station. But in case of civil cases, the case must be filed directly in the courts. The civil cases are not entertained by the police. Q2. What are the differences between the role of the S.H.O. and the magistrate? [Refer to TB page 183 Q6] A. S.H.O. is the incharge officer to a police station. In a criminal case the SHO plays his role by taking com- plaint from the victims and investigates about the case and finally makes ‘First Investigation Report’. After this, he arrests the accused person and within 24 hours of time he submits the accused in the court. After this, the role of the magistrate starts. The magistrate conduct fair trials of the case, records the evidences given by the witnesses and finally gives his judgement. SESSION 1. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 66

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Q3. Can you identify different roles of the Executive and Judiciary given in this chapter? [Refer to TB page 183 Q9] A. One of the central features of the constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legisla- tive. This means other branches –like the Legislature and the Executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on behalf of government. The police are also not part of Judiciary; they are part of the Executive. Q4. In your view, what should have been the verdict in Ravi’s case? [Refer to TB page 183 Q7] A. In my view, Ravi should be punished by the court of law for his violation of the law by injuring Samba severely. The verdict should have been imprisonment for 7 years and fine up to 10,000 rupees to Ravi. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. A person confessed his crime at the police station and the police locked him in jail for 6 months. Is this the correct procedure? Explain your answer. [Refer to TB page 183 Q8] A. This is not correct procedure. If any person confessed his crime at the police station, police should arrest him / her and submit them in the court. The court of justice can give punishment to the accused according to his / her crime. 1.3 Key Concepts i. If you have to make a complaint to the police, it is necessary to file an FIR at the police station. ii. A copy of the FIR should be given free of charge to the person making the complaint. iii. One important function of the police is to investigate any complaint about the crime. iv. It is not the job of the police to punish the accused. v. Civil cases are related to people rights over land, property, income and people’s relationship with one another. vi. The police take charge of the criminal case because it is a violation of law made by the government. vii. Bail is a right of the accused. viii. A criminal offence is registered as a public wrong. ix. The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. SESSION 1. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 67

SESSION 2 LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY – INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 68

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 2.2 Terminology 1. Fair Trial: A trial by a neutral and fair court, conducted so as to accord each party the due process rights required by applicable law, of a criminal trial, that the defendant’s constitutional rights have been respected. 2. Judgement: A judicial decision given by a judge or court. The obligation, especially a debt, rising from a judicial decision. 3. Appeal: Timely resort by an unsuccessful party in a law suit or administrative proceeding to an appropri- ate superior court empowered to review a final decision on the ground that it was based upon an erroneous application of law. 4. Breach of contract: Failing to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excuse. 5. Client: A person or organization using the services of a lawyer or other professional person or company is called client. 6. Public prosecutor: He/she is a person, who represents the interests of the state in the court of justice is called public prosecutor. 7. Bail: The temporary release of an accused person during a trail. 8. Magistrate: A civil officer who administer the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offences and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statements. [Refer to TB page 182 Q1] i. An F.I.R. is filed in the court. ii. Being arrested by the police is equal to being punished. iii. A bail is given on the basis of sureties. iv. Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. A. i. It is an incorrect statement. An F.I.R. is filed in the police station and not in the court. ii. It is also an incorrect statement. In the Indian Penal System the police cannot punish the accused. It is the role of the judiciary. iii. It is also an incorrect statement. Because the bail will be granted based on the gravity of the offence and not just sureties. iv. The above statement is correct. Q2. Can the Session’s or District court change the decision of a High Court? [Refer to TB page 182 Q4] A. No, as being the lower courts, the session or District court cannot change the decision of a High Court. Because High Court is the highest court in the state level. The High Court itself can change the decision of the session’s and district courts. SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 69

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Q3. If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session court, what can he/she do? If she/he is dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, what can be done? [Refer to TB page 183 Q5] A. If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a session’s court, he / she can appeal in the High Court. If she / he also dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, they can appeal before the Supreme Court of India. Q4. Describe in a table what happened in Ravi’s case from its first hearing and session court. [Refer to TB page 182 Q2] A. Name of the court Role of witness Punishment given Requirement of Ravi’s presence Judicial Magistrate No witness were Ravi was not given Ravi should be Court(First hearing called to the court punishment present Judicial Magistrate Witness received Ravi was not given Ravi should be Court(Second Summons and were punishment present hearing) present in the court Judicial Magistrate Witness are not Imprisonment for 4 Ravi’s presence is most important Court(Judgement day) required to be present years Session court Witness are not Imprisonment for 3 Ravi should be present in the court required to be present years 2.4 Key Concepts i. One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislative. ii. Each state has a High Court which is the highest court of that state. iii. Supreme Court is located in New Delhi. iv. The High Court does not summon the accused or the witnesses to appear before it. SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 70

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Junior Civil Judge a. before the judgment ii. Session's Court b. Civil cases iii. High Court c. Country’s capital iv. Supreme Court d. State capital v. Hearing e. District level 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. First Information Report b. Sub Inspector i. S.H.O c. Station House Officer ii. Bail d. 2012 iii. S.I. e. Right of the accused iv. SP v. POCSO Act 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the role of Public Prosecutor in the Criminal cases? (ii) Where is our High Court situated? (iii) What is the role of the judge? (iv) What is an apex of a judiciary system? (v) Who is a witness? (vi) What is an offence? CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 71

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (vii) Which is the lowest civil court? (viii) What do you understand by ‘separation of powers’? (ix) Name the criminal court at district level. (x) Who delivers the judgment in the criminal cases at divisional level? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) S.H.O – . (xii) In bailable offences only can give the bail. (xiii) FIR – . (xiv) The says everyone is equal before law. (xv) The is a promise that offender will appear before the court whenever asked for. (xvi) The Legislature and executive can’t interfere in the work of . (xvii) Each state has a court which is the highest court of that state. (xviii) The courts that most people interact with are called or . (xix) The Supreme Court is located in . (xx) The decision made by court is binding on all other courts in India. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What do you know about F.I.R? (ii) Why public prosecutor is appointed in the court by the Government? Explain. (iii) Differentiate between civil case and criminal case. CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 72

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) List out the particulars required in filing a report. (ii) Describe the role of the police in investigation and arrest of the criminal. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the table below and answer the following questions: Person Service 1.Station House Officer 1. Files the first information report. 2.Police 2. Investigate any complaint after the crime. 3.Bail 3. Relief to the accused. 4.Public prosecutor 4. Conducts the prosecution on behalf of the state. 5.Judge 5. Conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. i. Who investigates any complaint? ii. What is the duty of Station House Officer? iii. What is the role of a judge? iv. What is a bail? v. Who arrests the criminals? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why should judiciary be separated from other organs of the government? Support your statement. CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 73

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline map of India. i. Mumbai ii. Chennai iii. Hyderabad iv. Arabian Sea CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 74

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Objective Questions (B) C.I AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) _____________ can sometimes be S.H.O. (A) S.P (C) S.I (D) Collector (ii) FIR is written by___________ (B) S.I of the police station (A) S.H.O (C) C.I of the police station (D) S.P (iii) It is not the job of __________ to punish the accused. (A) Police (B) Court (C) Judge (D) None of the above (iv) The accused should be produced before the ___________the next day. (A) Police (B) Magistrate (C) Public Prosecutor (D) Collector (v) This is not a criminal case. (B) Cheating (A) Theft (C) Bribery (D) Adulteration (vi) The ____________ in the court can decide whether to give bail or to refuse it. (A) Public Prosecutor (B) Defense lawyer (C) Judge (D) Police (vii) In court, it is _______who represents the interest of the State. (A) Public Prosecutor (B) Defense lawyer (C) S.H.O (D) Magistrate CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 75

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (viii) The Judge is like the ___________in a game. (B) Bowler (A) Batsman (D) Wicket keeper (C) Umpire (ix) Bail is the right of the _______________. (B) Court (A) Police (C) Magistrate (D) Accused (x) If the verdict of the High Court is not acceptable, the accused can appeal to the ____________. (A) District Court (B) Session's Court (C) Criminal Court (D) Supreme Court CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 76

17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY SESSION 1 UNDERSTANDING POVERTY – POVERTY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 1.1 Terminology 1. Undernourishment: The children who are grown very slow mentally due to deficiently in nutrition. 2. Agricultural growth: When do the people get more income employment due to property of agriculture. 3. Directive principles: Official in instructions or guiding principles to state for welfare of the people. 4. Public works: Programmes which are useful to public. 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Which of the following statement/statements in the context of poverty as chronic hunger is true: [Refer to TB page 203 Q1] a. having food only once a day b. having food below the required calorie c. person driving the harvester and person ploughing the field require same calorie of food d. person ploughing the field requires more calorie than shop owner e. hunger also affects the persons immune system A. Person ploughing the field requires more calorie than shop owner. 1.3 Key Concepts i. More than 50 percent of people in India still depend upon agricultural activities for their livelihood. ii. Who do not get sufficient food to eat, become sick and face chronic hunger. iii. The national calorie standard was established as 2400 Kcal and 2100 Kcal per day for rural and urban areas respectively. iv. One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index. SESSION 1. POVERTY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 77

SESSION 2 UNDERSTANDING POVERTY – ELIMINATION OF POVERTY 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Social audit: The checking of public accounts is called social audit (or) the access of information in public accounts. 2. Below poverty line: People who cannot meet basic requirement are considered as below poverty line. 3. Public distribution system: It is a system by Government to supply food grains through ration shops. SESSION 2. ELIMINATION OF POVERTY 78

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Identify the major reasons for poverty described in the chapter understanding poverty. [Refer to TB page 203 Q2] A. Meaning of Poverty: Poverty means a phenomenon in which certain sections of the society are not capable of meeting their basic needs for their livelihood. Reasons for poverty: i. Lack of employment sources. ii. Because of seasonal works. iii. Because of huge population. iv. Lack of technical skills and knowledge. Due to above reasons, we cannot find good employment which provides good income to meet all our requirements and enhance our standard of living. Q2. Why are people without employment also often without assets, such as land, cattle, shops etc? [Refer to TB page 203 Q4] A. India is basically an agricultural country. 63% of the population still depend upon agricultural activities. Most of them are small farmers and agricultural labourers. Besides there are some persons whose occupations are allied to agriculture like the carpenter Ramachari. Non –farm workers like potters, other workers also depends on the state of agriculture. We saw how Ramachari and his family suffered when agriculture stagnated in the village. There was no demand for tools that Ramachari could make. Ramachari had little work and hardly earned income. The family possessed no land or cattle. He had no opportunities for work as agriculture labourer in the fields. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What have been the major features in programmes like MNREGA and PDS ? Which aspects of poverty do they try to address? Why are ration shops necessary? [Refer to TB page 203 Q3] A. The Government of India launched the anti–poverty and employment generation programmes to satisfy or do justice to the common people. PDS — Public Distribution system : The system of ration shops distributing food grains and other essential items is called PDS. Under this system, the government has to ensure that every one has access to afford- able food. Necessary — If the prices of essential items are very high, The government gives some assurance and buys food grains from farmer and supplies these to the ration shops. Prices at the ration shops are meant to be below than the prices in the market. MNREGA — Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act–2005: It is an employment gen- eration programme. It is meant for the protection of livelihood in rural areas. SESSION 2. ELIMINATION OF POVERTY 79

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 2.4 Key Concepts i. MNREGA means Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. ii. National Sample Survey is one such survey conducted by the Government of India after every four or five years to know about the economic and social conditions of the people. iii. An amount of consumer expenditure that is required to purchase minimum goods is called poverty line. iv. The system of ration shops distributing food grains and other essential items is known as the Public Distribution System. v. PDS are working very well in the states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. vi. BPL means below poverty line. vii. APL means above poverty line. viii. Article 21 refers to right to life. SESSION 2. ELIMINATION OF POVERTY 80

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. 2100 Kcal/day a. Consume food below the calorie standard ii. 80 per cent people in rural areas b. Minimum energy to stay healthy in rural areas iii. 2400 Kcal/day c. Undernourishment iv. Chronic hunger d. Below Poverty Line v. BPL e. Minimum energy to stay healthy 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Unemployment a. Fair price ii. Agricultural activities b. 120–180 iii. Average agricultural work days c. Article 41 iv. Right to Work d. Reason of poverty v. Ration Shops e. More than 50 per cent of the 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the average calorie intake required for a person per day? (ii) What do you understand by PDS? (iii) What is the major problem of chronic hunger? (iv) What is the objective of BPL surveys? (v) What are the constitutional provisions to remove poverty? (vi) What does the ‘Right to Work’ state? CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 81

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY (vii) What is the role of agriculture in influencing poverty? (viii) What is the advantage of Midday Meal Scheme? (ix) What is MNREGA? (x) What is the importance of creating water preservation policies in rural areas? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) Alongside employment, the government has to ensure that everyone has access toaffordable . (xii) is a way to find out under nourishment in adults. (xiii) Prices in the ration shops are meant to be than the prices in the market. (xiv) In rural areas work is intense. (xv) Energy is measured in . (xvi) Undernourished mothers give birth to children with . (xvii) One teaspoon of oil gives us kilocalories. (xviii) Right to and right to are absolutely essential to escape from hunger and poverty. (xix) and of ration given to each card holder are different. (xx) is one of the fall outs of lack of minimum purchasing power. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Define poverty. How can it be eliminated? (ii) Differentiate between national calorie standard for rural and urban areas. CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 82

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the graph and answer the following questions: i. What is the average calorie intake of persons in the top quarter in the country? ii. Why do you think the calorie intake of the people is low? iii. What is the difference between the top quarter and second quarter in calories? iv. Which organization collects information of calories? v.What do you understand by observing the above graph? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How can you say that poverty leads to chronic hunger? CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 83

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How does poverty lead to problems of undernourishment? (ii) What are the important factors essential to escape from hunger and poverty? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of India i. Hyderabad ii. Chennai iii. Nepal iv. Lucknow CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 84

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Appreciate the work of National Sample Survey. Objective Questions (B) Food AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) We get energy from ____________. (A) Sleeping (C) Bathing (D) Singing (ii) _____________is measured in kilocalories. (B) Height (A) Heat (C) Temperature (D) Energy (iii) Antyodaya cards are issued to ___________ families. (A) Poor (B) Rich (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above (iv) BPL is a ______________. (B) Fancy shops (A) Seminar (C) Survey (D) None of the above (v) Fair price shops are____________ . (A) Ration shops (B) Fancy shops (C) Super market (D) All of the above (vi) More than ____________ per cent people in India depend on agriculture. (A) 60 (B) 50 (C) 40 (D) 30 CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 85

CHAPTER 17-UNDERSTANDING POVERTY (vii) Right to life is enshrined in Article __________. (A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 19 (D) 18 (viii) In 2005, ___________ was passed. (A) NERGA (B) NAGERG (C) MNREGA (D) REGAN (ix) ___________ people in rural areas consume food which does not supply minimum requirement of calories. (A) 75 per cent (B) 70 per cent (C) 85 per cent (D) 80 per cent (x) The main reason of poverty is ___________. (A) Lack of regular employment (B) Lack of minimum purchasing power (C) Regular crop failure (D) All of the above CHAPTER 17. UNDERSTANDING POVERTY 86

18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT SESSION 1 RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT – RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 87

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 1.2 Terminology 1. Human rights: The basic rights which can’t be denied to human beings irrespective of caste, gender, religion, country etc. 2. RTI: Right of human beings to receive the information from the government or private sectors. 3. RTE: Rights to education for the children of the age of 6 to 14 years. 4. Liberty: Freedom to express one’s views. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statement: [Refer to TB page 210 Q1] a) Welfare functions of the government need to be monitored. b) People need to allow the elected representatives alone to monitor the implementation of programmes. c) Information officers can withhold the information for indefinite period. d) By looking at various documents one can identify if the programmes are implemented without malprac- tices. A. a) No correction is needed. b) People must receive the information about the implementation of programmes from the elected repre- sentatives regularly and need not allow them alone to monitor the programmes. c) Information officers can’t withhold the information for indefinite period. d) By verifying the documents and monitoring the programmes it will give us the idea about the malpractices if any committed. Q2. RTE is a boon to the children. Explain. [Refer to TB page 210 Q4] A. i. Right to education as an act was passed in 2009. This insists the states to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 and 14. ii. It adds that the state has to ensure building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood for all children, appoint properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. iii. It also declares that the education should ensure all round development of the children, learning through activities, discovery and exploration in child friendly manner. iv. It encourages the teaching in our mother tongue. v. It says that the students should be free from fear, trauma and anxiety and should be able to express their views freely. vi. In all means this act encourages child education a compulsory one to enlighten their life in a fruitful way. So it is a boon to the children. SESSION 1. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 88

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Need for information to fight corruption and answer the following. ‘Observe any of the government programme and make a report of its implementation in your area’. [Refer to TB page 210 Q2] A. The government system is a very large and complex system. It is difficult to ensure that the policies and programmes are implemented properly. Programmes which are undertaken to benefit the poor and remove poverty often do not reach the needy and the funds get diverted due to corruption. The reason for the corruption is that the common people do not have proper information about the pro- grammes and how they are being implemented. If the common people are able to collect the information on how and where the money is spent by the government and local body institutions corruption can be eradicated. For example : There was a programme conducted named Indiramma Baata’ in Khammam district for which above one crore was spent. The people gathered were given food packets, water packets etc. A lot of money was spent unnecessarily. The programme should have been for the development of SC and ST candidates. Some constructive welfare programmes should have been implemented in this regard. Information Skills Q1. Collect a few success stories with regard to Right to Information Act (RTI) from newspapers and tell them in your class. [Refer to TB page 210 Q3] A. Story 1 : A 70 year old lady Laxmi, lost her son Asoop Singh in Delhi road accident. He was a traffic constable there. His wife was given his pension. Later she remarried some other person. Laxmi was left as an orphan. She used this RTI Act to gain access to files regarding the pension and other benefits of her son. Story 2 : Kshetramai of Bhuvaneswar bought a small piece of land and got it registered. But the clerk in the Sub Registrar Office did not hand over the documents to her for 1½ years. She complained in the camp of RTI Act. She got her documents within hours on the same day. Story 3 : Aashiyana, a thirteen year old Lucknow girl, was raped by a gang of 6 boys. They registered a complaint in the police station. The prime accused showed up an evidence that he was a minor at that time and went for a trial in a Juvenile Court. Then Aashiyana’s father Sabruddin has filed an application at District Magistrate Office under RTI Act. He has sought information whether he was a major or a minor at the time of the incident. Even though it was late, it was a success. SESSION 1. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 89

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT Story 4 : RTI brought ban on dark film in motor cars. Use of films or any other material upon the wind screen or the side windows is impermissible in law w.e.f 4.5.2012. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What information do you ask your Headmaster according to Right to Information Act? [Refer to TB page 210 Q6] A. As a student I will ask my Headmaster few questions to know clearly about Right to Information Act, 1. Who is Responsible for providing information at school level? 2. What are documents to be maintained for verification of District Educational Officer? 3. Who is the appellate authority for schools? 4. How much money is released by government for welfare of schools as grants and details of expenses? 5. What are the documents present with Headmaster about service details of teachers? 6. What are the rules covered under RTI Act for educating poor? Q2. Do you need any more rights? Why? [Refer to TB page 210 Q5] A. Feel that the students should be given sufficient time to play and learn. Now-a- days ‘Marks scoring’ is made compulsory by the corporate schools for their development in the strengths for their schools. This encourages malpractices in exam centers and indirectly or directly the students are forced to study the subjects without rest. This should be altered. The exams system should be changed so that physical education yoga, moral education and study about the things necessary in life should be made as the important subjects. The students should be freely allowed to select the schools and colleges where they want to get educated. Selecting the course should be the right of the children. The children should be provided a stress free education. The marks should not decide the future of any student. The marks are the symbol of the memory power of a student. These are the types of rights I think we need. SESSION 1. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 90

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you say that the Right to Information Act helps to face the corruption? [Refer to TB page 210 Q7] A. Since the government system is very large and complex it is not possible to directly communicate with the people about the programmes and policies implemented by them. Programmes implemented for poor may not reach them because of corruption present in many levels. Since common people don’t have any information regarding the policies and programmes the corruption is increasing. In a democratic system people’s money is being used by the government where it is the right of people to know about how and where it is being spent. Right to Information Act brings all the levels of government system into control. Any information like government orders, reports, advices, rules and regulations can be obtained by all under this Act. This makes people aware of everything what is provided by government directly so that the corrupt people won’t get any chance to commit corruption. This will help in bringing down corruption. 1.4 Key Concepts i. All human beings, irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, country etc., have certain basic rights which can’t be denied to them. ii. These rights are called human rights. Two of the human rights, right to liberty and right to freedom are very important. iii. The right to liberty and freedom means that they can do, believe and speak out what they want without fear without causing loss of freedom for others and live the life of their choice. iv. The government should ensure the fundamental right of all people. v. In 1945, right to freedom and economic development are agreed as the fundamental rights of all human beings. vi. Rights to approach to improve the living conditions. vii. In 1911,Gopala Krishna Gokhale demanded the British colonial government that they make a law for free and compulsory education for all children of the country. viii. In 2002,the Parliament recognized education as a fundamental right. ix. In 2002,the 86th Amendment of the constitution made the education a fundamental right. x. In 2009, the right of children to free and compulsory education Act was passed. xi. Human rights: The basic rights which can’t be denied to human beings irrespective of caste, gender, religion, country etc. xii. RTE law declares that all children of the age of 6 to 14 years have the right to free education and the state has to ensure building of sufficient schools in the neighbourhood of all children, Properly qualified teachers and make all necessary provisions. xiii. It also declares that the education should ensure all round development of the children. SESSION 1. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 91

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. RTE a. Freedom fighter ii. RTI iii. MKSS b. Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan iv. 86th Amendment c. Right to children for free and compulsory educa- v. Gopal Krishna Gokhale tion d. Right to Information e. Made education a Fundamental Right 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Officer in charge in every government office to answer i. Fundamental Right questions under RTI ii. Jan Sunvayi b. To fight corruption iii. MKSS movement c. Right to Life iv. Right to Information d. Rajasthan v. Information Officer e. MKSS meetings 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who is an Information Officer? (ii) MKSS is in which state? (iii) Where is Right to Information recognized in the Constitution of India? (iv) Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act was passed in which year? (v) Write any two human rights. CHAPTER 18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 92

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT (vi) What is MKSS? (vii) Which act was passed by the Parliament in 2005? (viii) Which amendment made education a fundamental right? (ix) Which act was passed by the Parliament in 2009? (x) A Law making it compulsory to give official information was made in which state and when? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The state should provide free and compulsory education to all the children between and . (xii) The of the Constitution that made education a fundamental right was passed in the year 2002. (xiii) At the state and central government level, there should be an independent . (xiv) , in 1911, demanded from the British colonial government that they make a law for free and compulsory education for all children of the country. (xv) When United Nations was formed, all countries agreed that human rights, related to freedom and economic development are of all human beings. (xvi) MKSS used to conduct meetings, called . (xvii) The Right to Life means that all have right to live in such a way that their human dignity is not compromised. (xviii) Information will make governments more in their functioning. (xix) In the Parliament recognized education as a fundamental right. (xx) Those who argue for the rights perspective point out that these rights help people to live with . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What do you know about the Jan Sunvayi? CHAPTER 18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 93

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Write a note on Right to Information. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: Law prescribes that any individual can get documents like government orders, reports, advices, log books, rules and regulation, attendance list, letters, etc. The person who wishes to get this information may have to pay a small amount that will meet the expenses like making a copy of the document. But if the person who is asking for the information is below poverty line then he or she need not pay this amount. a. What does this paragraph tell about? b. What kind of documents an individual can get? c. How expensive is it to get this information? d. Who can get this information without paying fee? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Do you think RTE is helpful for children? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Briefly explain how can Right to Information act help fight corruption. How is it helpful to the citizens of India? CHAPTER 18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 94

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) When did the Parliament recognize education as a fundamental right? (A) 1998 (B) 2002 (C) 2006 (D) 1994 (ii) Law prescribes that in every _____________ there should be an officer in charge to respond to questions related to government document according to RTI Act. (A) Business field (B) Private office (C) Government office (D) International organization (iii) When was United Nations formed? (B) 1943 (A) 1941 (C) 1944 (D) 1945 (iv) The idea of ___________ has gained ground all over the world during the last 300 years. (A) Human Rights (B) Religious tolerance (C) Human information (D) International peace (v) Building contract is allotted to a contractor by a ________. (A) Parliament (B) State Assembly (C) Municipality (D) High Court (vi) When was the Right to Information Act passed by Parliament? (A) 1995 (B) 2005 (C) 2009 (D) 2012 (vii) _____________ means that all human beings have a right to live in such a way that their human dignity is notcompromised. (A) Right to Information (B) Right to Education (C) Right to Life (D) Right to Equality CHAPTER 18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 95

CHAPTER 18-RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT (viii) A group of people in organized themselves under the banner of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti San- gathan and demanded information. (A) Gujarat (B) Rajasthan (C) Telangana (D) Manipur (ix) After many years of struggle, a law, making it compulsory to give official information, was made in the state of ___________ in 1995. (A) Maharashtra (B) Rajasthan (C) Uttar Pradesh (D) Delhi (x) RTE Act declares that the education should ensure __________ of the children. (A) All round development (B) High school (C) College (D) Secondary education CHAPTER 18. RIGHTS APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT 96

19. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS SESSION 1 SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS – SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 97

CHAPTER 19-SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS 1.2 Terminology 1. Reforms: A significant change in the whole society in any aspect like social, cultural, political, economical, religious etc., are called reforms. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What was the importance of printing press in the development of reform movement? [Refer to TB page 222 Q2] A. The Europeans introduced printing press in India. It made possible the appearance of many newspa- pers and magazines. Books were also published in different Indian languages. This made books acces- sible to a large number of people at a very low cost. People could now carry on debates and discussions through these newspapers, magazines and books and easily reach out to large number of people. Hence, printing press played an important role in spread of ideas and values in reform movement. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. What qualities of Social Reformers you liked?Why? [Refer to TB page 222 Q12] A. Social Reformers took a move towards welfare of the society opposing the prevalent evil practices in the society 200 years ago. Social reformers like Rammohan Roy began to campaign against the practicing of “SATI” which means burning women along with the bodies of the dead husbands, by showing such practice has no sanction according to religious texts. I like this because even the entire society opposes Rammohan Roy brought good reforms and change among the people. I also like the courage shown by Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar who fought for remarriage of widows, especially child widows. I also like his brave thinking and broad minded nature when he fought for education of girl child despite severe opposition. He helped in setting up schools for girls 1.4 Key Concepts i. Many Christian missionaries came to India along with the European companies to preach Christianity in India. ii. The Europeans introduced printing press in India. iii. In 1828 Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahma Samaj. iv. Swami Vivekananda was a disciple of Ramakrishna and he set up the Ramakrishna Mission. v. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi set up Arya Samaj in 1875. vi. The suppression of the revolt of 1857 had created a lot of bitterness between Muslims and the British. vii. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started the Aligarh Movement for the spread of modern education and social reforms among the Muslims. SESSION 1. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 98