e) We eat together. f) I am watering the plants. Exercise 3: Look at the pictures. Fill in the blanks to answer the questions. One is done for you. a) What are the ducks doing? Ans. The ducks are swimming (swim). b) What is the mother bird doing? Ans. The mother bird __________ __________________________ (feed) her babies. c) What is Ravi doing? Ans. Ravi __________ __________________________ (sleep). d) What is Som doing? Ans. Som __________ __________________________ (drink) water. e) What is the girl doing? Ans. The girl __________ __________________________ (dance). f) What are the children doing? Ans. The children __________ __________________________ (play) in the park. 8
R4 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Raju was a naughty boy. He enjoyed telling lies. His father told him that lying was a bad habit. But Raju did not stop making up stories. One day, he came running and shouted, ‘Please save me. There is a tiger here.’ All the villagers ran to help him. Raju laughed and said, ‘I tricked you. There is no tiger.’ The villagers were very angry with Raju. After a few days, Raju played the same trick again on the villagers. This time, they decided not to be fooled by him anymore. One day, when Raju was alone, he actually saw a tiger. He shouted for help. However, the villagers thought it was a joke and did not believe him. The tiger attacked Raju. Raju was wounded. He finally realised his mistake. Moral: One should never tell lies and trouble others. 1) What did Raju enjoy doing? Ans. 2) What did the villagers decide after Raju tricked them for the second time? Ans. 16
3) Fill in the blanks with the correct words. a) ________________ is Raju. (This/Those) b) ________________ tiger attacked Raju. (These/That) c) ________________ villagers saved Raju. (That/These) 4) The word from the passage that is the opposite of the word ‘truth’ is _______________________________________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) habit A) badly hurt b) tricked B) something that we do often c) wounded C) fooled Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. One day, a lone fisher went fishing in a river. He put his net into the river and waited. A little fish was trapped in the net after a long time. So, he put the little fish into his bag. The fish spoke to him in a low voice, ‘Fisher, I am so small and will not be of any use to you now. Put me back in the water. After a few days, I will come back to you when I grow bigger.’ The wise fisher said, ‘How can I be sure that I will catch you again? I am not putting you back into the water!’ 6) What did the fisher put into the river? Ans. Reading Comprehension 4 17
7) What was trapped in the fisher’s net? Ans. 8) Identify the tenses of the given sentences. a) The fisher throws a net into the river. – b) The fish talked to the fisher. – c) The fishers were putting the fish – in their baskets. 9) The word from the passage that means ‘someone who is clever and smart’ is _______________________________________________________________. 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) lone A) softly b) trapped B) single; by oneself c) in a low voice C) was caught 18
9 Adverbs Draw a star above the adverbs in the given sentences. a) He draws beautifully. b) She works hard. c) They happily sing a song. d) The teacher asked us to speak softly. Remember Adverbs are words that show how some actions are done. Adverbs tell us when, where, why or how something happens. A djectives and adverbs have a strong connection. Many adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to the end of an adjective. W e must remember that adjectives describe nouns or pronouns whereas adverbs describe verbs or adjectives. Examples: Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb swift swiftly sudden suddenly easy easily fast fast Adverbs of manner There are many types of adverbs. An adverb that shows the way or manner in which an action is done is called an adverb of manner. Adverbs of manner answer the question ‘How?’ 19
Examples: Jenny finished her work Rahul drove the car well. Amita sings beautifully. quickly. How did Jenny finish her How did Rahul drive the How does Amita sing? work? car? quickly well beautifully Exercise 1: Underline the verbs. Put a star on the adverbs. One is done for you. a) Ehsaan easily opened the jar. b) Evy tied the knot tightly. c) Priyank plays chess well. d) The students silently wrote their exams. e) Rashi works hard all day. f) The dog jumped playfully. 20
Exercise 2: Underline the adjective in the first sentence of each line. Then, fill in the blanks with the adverb forms of the adjectives. One is done for you. a) He was angry. He spoke angrily. b) Piyush is a shy boy. He speaks _________________________. c) K avita is careless with her things. She keeps her things lying around _________________________. d) Moiz is impatient. He is waiting for his friend _________________________. e) The students are noisy. They climb the stairs _________________________. f) This is a scary movie. It has ghosts floating around _______________________. Exercise 3: Complete the table with the correct adjective or adverb forms of the given words. One is done for you. Adjective Adverb a) terrible terribly b) _______________________________ joyfully c) wonderful _______________________________ d) nice _______________________________ e) _______________________________ calmly f) _______________________________ hard Adverbs 21
10 Prepositions Tick the prepositions in the following sentences. a) My pet was hiding behind the door. b) The birds are flying in the sky above. c) The car stopped in front of the building. d) He fell asleep on the bed. Remember Prepositions help in connecting two nouns. They tell us the positions of the nouns. Example: T he sheep (noun) are in (preposition) the field (noun). Introduction to ‘at’, ‘near’ and ‘around’ Let us learn three new prepositions. At: It points out a specific time, place or address and an activity. Amjad will meet me at 2 John lives at 43A, Karve Ishaan is good at painting. o'clock in the afternoon. Road. 28
Near: It points to something or someone that is close by. The animals are The windmill is near the The apples are lying near the box. standing near the road. house. Around: It means ‘surrounding or circling on every side’. The children are dancing We were playing around The bees are flying around the beehive. around the stools. the tree. There are a few prepositions that have similar or the same meanings. Let us read about such prepositions. ‘Above’ and ‘over’ ‘Beside’ / ‘at the side of’ / ‘next to’ Both ‘above’ and ‘over’ ‘At the side of’ and mean ‘at a place that is ‘next to’ mean the higher than someone or same as ‘beside’. something’. Examples: Examples: • The apple is next to the box. • The apple is above the box. • The apple is beside the box. • The apple is over the box. • The apple is at the side of the box. Prepositions 29
Exercise 1: Match the positions of the owl in the pictures with the correct prepositions. One is done for you. Column A Column B a) C A) between b) B) in front of c) C) on d) D) around e) E) behind f) F) below 30
Exercise 2: Where is Goofy, the slow loris? Complete the sentences by writing the correct preposition for each picture. One is done for you. a) Goofy is in the box. b) Goofy is _____________________________________________. c) Goofy is _____________________________________________. d) Goofy is _____________________________________________. e) Goofy is _____________________________________________. f) Goofy is _____________________________________________. Prepositions 31
Exercise 3: Draw pictures according to the given sentences. One is done for you. a) b) The apple is beside the mango. The clouds float over the mountains. c) d) The bees fly around the flower. The fish swims in the pond. 32
e) f) The keys are on the table. The ball is under the stool. Prepositions 33
R5 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. A donkey was grazing near a forest. He saw a lion’s skin lying on the ground. He decided to wear it and pretend to be a lion. He thought that everyone would be scared and would listen to him. He walked into the forest, and all the animals thought he was a lion. They were scared. A clever fox saw him and realised that he was a donkey wearing a lion’s skin. So, he came to the donkey and said, ‘I am afraid of lions. But, I am not scared of a donkey wearing a lion’s skin.’ The donkey heard this, got scared and ran away quickly. Moral: Never act like someone you are not. 1) What did the donkey see lying on the ground? Ans. 2) What happened when the donkey walked into the forest? Ans. 3) Underline the pronouns and state whether they are subject pronouns or object pronouns. a) He wore the lion’s skin. – 38
b) The animals were scared of him. – c) They realised that the donkey was lying. – 4) Write one word from the passage that has the same meaning as ‘fear’. Ans. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) grazing A) to act like someone else b) clever B) eating grass in a forest or field c) pretend C) smart Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. One day, two cats found a piece of bread on the road. They decided to share it by cutting it into halves. However, one half of the bread turned out to be a little bigger than the other. So, the cats started fighting for the bigger piece. A monkey was passing by. The cats asked him to help them decide. The monkey was smart and greedy. He said, ‘Let me help you.’ He ate small bites of both pieces of bread. He told the cats that he was making them equal. The cats saw that the pieces had become very small. They said, ‘We will take the pieces now.’ But the monkey ate all the pieces of bread and left. Moral: Never trust unknown people with your problems. Reading Comprehension 5 39
6) What did the two cats find? Ans. 7) Why did the monkey take small bites of both pieces of bread? Ans. 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the brackets. a) T he piece of bread was ___________________________ the road. (on/over) b) T he monkey was sitting ___________________________ a tree. (between/on) c) T he monkey put the bread ____________________________ his mouth. (under/in) 9) T he word from the passage that is a homophone of the word ‘peace’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) decided A) give some of what one has to others b) share B) of the same size c) equal C) made up one’s mind 40
11 Conjunctions Revision of conjunctions Join the sentences by using the correct conjunctions. Use the hints in brackets to help you. a) Shalini went to school on Monday. Shalini went to the park on Monday. [She went to both the places on Monday.] Ans. b) Moiz played sports. Moiz was fit. [result] Ans. c) You can attend the swimming class. You can attend the dance class. [You cannot attend both.] Ans. d) I tried my best. I could not catch the bus. [opposite ideas] Ans. 41
Remember You have learnt that conjunctions are words that join words or parts of sentences together. There are three types of conjunctions. Conjunctions Coordinating Correlative Subordinating conjunctions conjunctions conjunctions The conjunctions you have learnt about in the previous classes (and, but, or, so) are coordinating conjunctions. We will learn about more coordinating conjunctions in this lesson. Coordinating conjunctions They are words that connect two or more parts of speech in a sentence. They also connect two similar parts of a sentence. Remember Remember the term FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) for coordinating conjunctions. 42
Let us understand how each coordinating conjunction is used. 'For' means ‘because’ or ‘since’. Examples: • I was tired, for I had been working hard. • I don’t go to beaches, for I am afraid of the sea. 'And' combines one thing/idea/event with another. Examples: • We ate pasta and cake at her party. • We sang and danced on New Year’s Eve. 'Nor' combines negative or untrue things. Examples: • He will not come to the theatre, nor will he stay at home. • Anya did not steal the necklace, nor did she take the money. 'But' connects statements with opposite ideas. Examples: • I called Meera, but she was not at home. • It was cloudy, but it did not rain. 'Or' shows choice (options) between two things. Examples: • Will you have coffee or tea? • Will he stay back or go home? 'Yet' shows a surprising contrast or difference between things. Examples: • I was tired, yet I had to keep running. • I left early, yet I reached late. Conjunctions 43
‘So’ connects two sentences where one shows a cause and the other the result. Examples: • It was raining, so she decided to stay back. • He was rude, so I did not speak to him. Remember When you join two simple and complete sentences, place a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Examples: • I want to go to the market, but I don’t have money. • I am not well, so I will not go on the picnic. When coordinating conjunctions join two incomplete sentences or two words, a comma is not placed before the conjunction. Examples: • Shaila and Heena went to school. • The dog is young but well-trained. Exercise 1: Tick the sentences where the conjunctions are used correctly, and cross out the others. One is done for you. a) He knows Rama but Piyush. b) Huma was tired, so she fell asleep. c) Dara and Stuti are best friends. d) I would like to eat strawberries yet mangoes. 44
e) They had to return home, for the show was cancelled. f) She was told to sit still, but she kept moving. Exercise 2: Make six sentences using suitable conjunctions. One is done for you. a) I went to the market, and cookies. yet reached school on time. b) You can go to the playground c) Seema likes cake but will she go to the theatre. or to your friend’s house. d) I had kept my sweater safely, e) I woke up late for I could not find it. f) Raima will not go to the nor I had to buy some vegetables. library, a) I went to the market, for I had to buy some vegetables. b) c) d) e) f) Conjunctions 45
Exercise 3: Join the given pairs of sentences using the coordinating conjunctions given in brackets. One is done for you. a) T hey came here in the evening. They began making the arrangements. (and) Ans. They came here in the evening and began making the arrangements. b) He is slow. He does not want to make a mistake. (for) Ans. c) T he principal entered the classroom. The students did not stop talking. (yet) Ans. d) T he doctor can treat the old woman first. The doctor can treat the child first. (or) Ans. e) The car is small. It has a lot of space inside. (but) Ans. f) T here was no water. They waited for the water truck. (so) Ans. 46
12 Sentences Types of sentences She has a dance performance Please give me a glass of water. tonight. Where are you going? We won the match! Did you notice that each sentence above is different from the others? Each type of sentence given above has a different purpose. 52
Let us learn more about the types of sentences. Declarative They are used to state information. They are statements sentences and end with a full stop (.). Examples: • I will come to your party. • The elephant has a long trunk. • The Earth goes around the Sun. Imperative These sentences give commands or make requests. sentences Imperative sentences end with a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!). Examples: • Kindly get my book. (request) • G o sit in your chair. (command) • Speak the truth! (command) Interrogative These sentences ask questions and end with a question sentences mark (?). Examples: • Who broke the vase? • What is your name? • Which is the fastest train? Exclamatory These sentences show excitement or strong feelings. They sentences end with an exclamation mark (!). Examples: • I have got a new frock! • My sister is so clever! • I lost my English book! Exercise 1: Read each sentence carefully. Identify whether it is declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. One is done for you. a) Tell me the truth! [ B ] A) interrogative B) imperative C) declarative Sentences 53
b) Yes, we won the game! [ ] A) exclamatory B) interrogative C) imperative c) Justin, eat your lunch. [ ] A) declarative B) interrogative C) imperative d) There is nobody in the kitchen. [ ] A) exclamatory B) declarative C) interrogative e) Is there someone in the kitchen? [ ] A) interrogative B) declarative C) imperative f) How cute the teddy bear is! [ ] A) interrogative B) declarative C) exclamatory Exercise 2: Read the given sentences and sort them according to their types. One is done for you. a) A re you going to buy a swimming b) How colourful the rainbow is! costume? c) Please get me a bowl of popcorn. d) Shut the door. e) Can you solve these questions? f) The Sun is a star. 54
Declarative sentences Imperative sentences statements orders or requests Interrogative sentences Exclamatory sentences questions strong emotions a) Are you going to buy a swimming costume? Exercise 3: Read each sentence and rewrite it with the correct punctuation mark. Then, write the type of sentence. One is done for you. a) She wrote the book with a lot of care! Ans. She wrote the book with a lot of care. – declarative sentence b) That is such bad news? Ans. Sentences 55
c) Please be seated? Ans. d) Did I say something to make you angry. Ans. e) What a wonderful day it is? Ans. f) An apple a day keeps the doctor away? Ans. 56
R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Look at any photo or video of a disaster and observe the people there. Who are these people carrying and helping the others? Who arrives there first? A ‘first responder’ is someone who helps immediately during an emergency. This could be when somebody is hurt at home, or nearby due to a road accident, fire, earthquake or flood. First responders are trained to help people and move them to safety. How can you call for a first responder? Dialling 112 is one way you can ask for assistance from first responders. It is the emergency number for services like the police, fire force and ambulances in India. But, you must know when to call 112. You should call this number only during emergencies such as when a person is badly hurt or in danger! Do not call 112 for small injuries. We must remember that first responders are ordinary people like us, but they do extraordinary work. So, let us be grateful for everything that they do for us. 1) Who is trained to help people and keep them safe? Ans. 63
2) Should you call first responders if you have a small injury? If not, when should you call them? Ans. 3) Join the sentences by using the correct conjunctions (‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’). a) They are ordinary people. They do extraordinary work. Ans. b) First responders are trained to help people. First responders are trained to move people to safety. Ans. c) Look at any photo. Look at any video (look at any one of these). Ans. 4) A homophone of ‘no’ from the passage is ______________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) disaster A) special; greater than ordinary b) assistance B) a n event that hurts people or damages surroundings c) extraordinary C) help 64
Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Meenal was a talented and shy twelve- year-old girl. She loved to run and play with her dog, Kiki. At school, she was mostly quiet and did not speak to her classmates. She was afraid that if she shared her thoughts, her classmates would tease her. They played pranks on her because she was different from everybody else. She felt lonely and sad. The Annual Sports Day was happening at school. The relay race was about to start when they realised that a boy named Kaushal had hurt himself and could not run that day. Meenal was asked to take his place. Everybody started laughing, as they felt she would fail. Meenal loved to run, but she was afraid that she would make a fool of herself. The race got over, and Meenal’s team came first! Her classmates were surprised. Some of them felt embarrassed for teasing her and apologised to her. They realised that being quiet and shy does not mean that one is weak. They learnt that everybody is unique. Nobody should judge or make fun of people for who they are. 6) In which competition did Meenal and her teammates come first? Ans. 7) Why did Meenal’s classmates apologise to her? Ans. 8) Change the tense of the given sentences according to the instructions. a) Her classmates were surprised. (Change to the simple present tense.) Ans. Reading Comprehension 6 65
b) She feels lonely and sad. (Change to the simple future tense.) Ans. c) She will play with her dog, Kiki. (Change to the simple past tense.) Ans. 9) The word from the passage that means ‘to make fun of’ is _________________________________________. 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) prank A) said sorry b) apologised B) m ake opinions about something or someone c) judge C) a funny trick 66
13 Apostrophe You have learnt how to use the apostrophe (’) to show singular possession. Examples: • This dog’s tail is furry. • Mikesh’s house is very far. The apostrophe is not used for possessive pronouns such as mine, ours, theirs, his, hers and yours. Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage yours your's its it's hers her’s theirs their's his his’s mine mine's ours our's – – Just like the apostrophe is used to show possession or belonging, it is also used to form contractions. Let us read about a few contractions in this lesson. Contractions Read the following conversation: Clara: It’s a beautiful day! Come, we’ll go on a picnic. Alia: That’s a good plan, but I don’t have my bicycle. Clara: O h! I’ve got an idea. You may ride my old bicycle. Alia: G reat! You’re very clever, Clara. Please call Ayan as well. He’s a good friend of mine. 67
Notice that, while speaking, we shorten words by joining or combining some of them. The 'short form' of a word is called a contraction. Examples: it’s = it is we’ll = we will that’s = that is don’t = do not I’ve = I have you’re = you are he’s = he is – Role of the apostrophe in contractions Contractions use the apostrophe (’) in place of the missing letters in a word. How is How ’i s How’s Let us look at some more contractions that are formed by replacing letters with the apostrophe. Contractions with ‘is’, 'am' and ‘are’ (the ‘i’ in ‘is’ and the ‘a’ in ‘are’ are replaced by the apostrophe) (the 'a' in 'am' is replaced by the apostrophe) she is = she’s he is = he’s why is = why’s how is = how’s that is = that’s they are = they’re you are = you're we are = we’re I am = I'm Contractions with ‘will’ and ‘have’ (the ‘wi’ in ‘will’ and the ‘ha’ in ‘have’ are replaced by the apostrophe) I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll it will = it’ll you will = you’ll they will = they’ll you have = you’ve we have = we’ve they have = they’ve 68
Contractions with ‘not’ (the ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe – except for ‘will not’) is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = won’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Exercise 1: Circle the contractions. One is done for you. a) My sister can’t walk yet, but she’s trying to. b) There’s a lot of juice left in the cup. c) That’s my pen. d) Do you know if they’re the right people for the task? e) I think you’ve found the solution to the problem. f) They’ve bought a big house in Delhi. Exercise 2: Identify whether the given sentences have used apostrophes for contraction or to show possession (belonging). Write ‘C’ for contraction and ‘P’ for possession. Underline the word that has the apostrophe in each sentence. One is done for you. a) Raju took Yasmin’s pencil box. – P b) We’re sure it will rain today. – c) There isn’t any money left. – d) The lion’s den is in the jungle. – e) Param’s leg broke while he was climbing the tree. – f) They’ll give you the results in the office. – Apostrophe 69
Exercise 3: Match the words with the correct contractions. One is done for you. Column A Column B a) does not C A) we'll b) we will B) what’re c) what are C) doesn’t d) we have D) why’s e) why is E) won’t f) will not F) we’ve 70
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