ENGLISH 3 LANGUAGE Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Contents Part 1 1 Nouns ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 Punctuation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 R1: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 3 One and Many ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 4 Pronouns ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 R2: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 5 Adjectives ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 6 Articles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 R3: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 7 Verbs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
1 Nouns Read the passage and fill in the table given below. It is a sunny Sunday. Aayat is sleeping in her cosy bed. The Sun is shining, and the birds are singing. Her friend is waiting for her. Her mother calls out to her. Aayat jumps out of bed. She picks up her clothes and runs into the bathroom. Her brother, Asif, has made her breakfast. He is a photographer. Aayat works as a doctor. She also loves to paint. Proper noun Common noun Gender masculine feminine neuter common Remember • Common nouns are general names given to people, places, animals or things. They do not begin with a capital letter. • P roper nouns are special names given to people, places, animals or things. They always begin with a capital letter. 1
Nouns can also be sorted according to their gender • M asculine gender nouns: These • N euter gender nouns: These are are the names for boys, men and nouns that name non-living things male animals. Examples: boy, that have no gender. They are grandson, master, king, drake, used for objects and places. They buck are also used to name the months of the year and the days of the week. Examples: computer, floor, water, chair, Thursday, March, car, building, river • F eminine gender nouns: These are • C ommon gender nouns: These the names for girls, women and refer to nouns that can be male female animals. Examples: girl, or female. Examples: teacher, granddaughter, mistress, queen, principal, driver, baby, friend, duck, doe reporter, grandparent Collective nouns Read the passage below. bunch of grapes Kriti’s father took her to her grandfather’s brood of hens flock of sheep farm last Thursday. A few of the students gaggle of geese from her class also went along. For breakfast, her grandfather treated everyone to fresh bunches of bananas and grapes. Then, he took them around the farm where they saw a herd of cows, a flock of sheep, a brood of hens and a gaggle of geese. They also spotted a colony of ants near an ant hill. What do the bold words in the passage refer to? Are they nouns? Which type of nouns are they? They are collective nouns. Collective nouns are words that refer to a group of people or things. 2
Here are a few more examples: Groups Collective noun Groups Collective noun soldiers, ants army bees hive sheep, birds flock flowers, fruits bunch ships fleet geese gaggle dogs pack hens brood students class herd cows, horses, buffaloes, cattle Material nouns Material nouns refer to the materials or substances from which things are made. They are the names of things out of which other things are made. Examples: glass wheat gold coal Exercise 1: Colour the boxes that have proper nouns in orange. Colour the boxes that have common nouns in green. One is done for you. a) May b) tree c) Patna d) run e) box f) sleep g) cup h) swim i) Nitin Nouns 3
Exercise 2: Classify the nouns according to gender. One is done for you. computer man hen wife artist lioness book landlord bridge child relative nephew Masculine Feminine a) man d) b) e) c) f) Common Neuter g) j) h) k) i) l) Exercise 3: Read the sentences and fill up the table. One is done for you Reena plays outside. She is an active girl and wants to be a sportsperson someday. Her brother, Rahul, calls out to her and asks her to give him her toy. Proper nouns Common nouns Gender Rahul masculine feminine neuter common 4
2 Punctuation Punctuation marks are symbols that are used to add clarity to sentences. . Full stop It shows the end of a statement. Example: My mother works at a hospital. She loves her work. ? Question mark It is used at the end of a question. Example: Do you know a song about friendship? , Comma It is used to separate three or more words in a list. It also tells readers where to pause. Example: T here are boxes, bags, toys and clothes in the storeroom. It shows strong feelings of surprise, excitement, ! Exclamation mark anger or happiness. Example: What a horrible smell! Many words always start with a capital letter. Remember the acronym M.I.N.T.S. for the usage of capital letters. Acronym Examples M : months, names of days • Our exams are in November. • Sunday is my favourite day of the week. I : the word ‘I’ • I have a new pet. • I study in Don Bosco School. N : s pecial names given to people, states, cities and • My pen pal Ranu lives in Sydney in Australia. countries – proper nouns • I wish to go to Bengaluru during the holidays. T : titles of books and movies • I am going to see Harry Potter today. • Matilda is my favourite book. S : start of sentences • I have a new pet. His name is Tuffy. 8
Exercise 1: Capitalise the necessary words and add the missing punctuation marks. One is done for you. a) ravi is drawing a picture of lord ganesha Ans. Ravi is drawing a picture of Lord Ganesha. b) wow that is a beautiful dress that you are wearing Ans. c) i borrowed her blue red and green pens as i had left mine at home Ans. d) do you need something from the bazaar Ans. e) i lost my purse chain and keys in the accident Ans. f) yes the spider was a little scary Ans. Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences by using the correct punctuation and capital letters wherever required. One is done for you. a) Will they come to school today! Ans. Will they come to school today? b) saba wanted to buy diyas for diwali. Ans. c) Yay? We won the match. Ans. Punctuation 9
d) The Dog is in the Building. Ans. e) That is rizwan’s book so please put it back on the Table Ans. f) May I have a laddoo please. Ans. Exercise 3: Rewrite the paragraph given below with the correct punctuation marks and capital letters wherever required. The first part is done for you. once upon a time! There was a dog named kalu? he loved going for walks and chewing, his bone Kalu belonged to a Boy named Salim. salim took good care of kalu Ans. Once upon a time, 10
R1 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. A young shepherd named Ramu lives in Amalapuram. He works for Mani, a farmer. Every morning, Ramu opens the gates of the pen (shed) with a bunch of keys. This is where the sheep are locked. He drives the flock of sheep into the forest where they eat grass. In the forest, Ramu is not alone. He has a dog to help him. ‘My work is impossible without Blackie’, Ramu feels. Blackie helps him control the sheep. Blackie also guards Ramu and the sheep from wild animals. Blackie is a loyal and helpful dog. 1) Who lives in Amalapuram? Ans. 2) Who helps Ramu with his work? Ans. 3) Write the plural forms of the words given below. a) bunch − ___________________________________ b) key − ___________________________________ c) dog − ___________________________________ 17
4) T he word from the passage that means ‘a large place covered by trees’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) shepherd A) being a faithful and good friend b) farmer B) a person who looks after sheep c) loyal C) a person who takes care of a farm Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Once upon a time, a famine broke out in a kingdom. There was very little food available. Every day, the children of the city went to a wealthy man’s house to get loaves of bread. As soon as the servants brought out the loaves, all the children would fight to get the biggest loaf. One little girl never fought. She used to wait patiently for her turn. She always got the smallest loaf in the end. One day, as usual, she brought the smallest loaf home. When she cut it, she found two gold coins in it. She went back at once to return the money. The wealthy man was very pleased with her honesty. He gave her four gold coins as a reward. 6) Why would the children go to the wealthy man’s house every day? Ans. 7) What did the little girl find in her loaf one day? Ans. 18
8) P unctuate the following sentences and add capital letters wherever required. a) the little girl went to the rich man’s house Ans. b) what are you doing with the small loaf of bread Ans. c) the girl bought a red blue and green dress with one gold coin Ans. 9) The word from the passage that is the opposite of ‘punishment’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) famine A) the quality of telling the truth b) patiently B) when there is no food to eat c) honesty C) calmly and not angrily Reading Comprehension 1 19
3 One and Many Read the passage given below about a visit to a wildlife park. Identify the plurals and underline them. Then, write their singular forms in the table given below. We went to the Jim Corbett National Park recently. It has many animals and birds. We drove through the thick jungle full of trees with green leaves. We spotted many foxes, wild pigs and elephants. There were many buses that were full of tourists in the park. We also saw a few rabbits behind some bushes. On our way back, my brother and I ate a few candies. We also drank glasses of orange juice. Plural Singular Plural Singular a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) 20
Remember • Regular plurals are formed by adding ‘-s’ to the end of words. Examples: car – cars, pen – pens • M any plurals are formed in different ways and not just by adding ‘-s’ to the end of words. ♦ To form the plural of words that end in ‘-x’, ‘-o’, ‘-s’, ‘-ch’, ‘-sh’ and ‘-ss’, we add ‘-es’ to the end. Examples: box – boxes, potato – potatoes, bus – buses, bush – bushes, church – churches, glass – glasses ♦ To form the plural of words that end in ‘-y’, we change ‘-y’ to ‘-ies’. Examples: candy – candies, lady – ladies, country – countries ♦ To form the plurals of words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’, we change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘-ve’ and then add ‘-s’. For a few exceptions, ‘-s’ is added to make plurals of words ending in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’. Examples: wife – wives, knife – knives, shelf – shelves, chief – chiefs Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the singular or plural forms of the nouns given below. One is done for you. Singular Plural a) box boxes b) eraser _________________ c) potato _________________ d) class _________________ e) _________________ lunches f) _________________ brushes One and Many 21
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences. Change the singular nouns to their plural forms. Make other changes to the sentences so that they are grammatically correct. One is done for you. a) The rat ate up the corn. Ans. The rats ate up the corn. b) The carpenter repaired the shelf. Ans. c) The lady was buying a fruit from the shopkeeper. Ans. d) The baby had tiny hands. Ans. e) The thief had a knife with him. Ans. f) Sheela’s dress is very long. Ans. 22
Countable and uncountable nouns Look at the pictures in the table. Label them ‘C’ for countable nouns and ‘U’ for uncountable nouns. a) b) c) d) eggs – ______ courage – ______ cookies – ______ books – ______ e) f) g) h) cereal – ______ boys – ______ time – ______ coffee – ______ Remember • Any singular or plural noun that can be counted is called a countable noun. • W e use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘one’ before singular countable nouns. • We use words such as ‘any’, ‘many’, ‘a few’ or numbers greater than one before plural countable nouns. Examples: Please give me three I have many friends. There were a few books. oranges left. One and Many 23
Remember • M any nouns, such as names of materials (cotton), food items (milk) and ideas (love, happiness, information), cannot be counted. They are called uncountable nouns. • U ncountable nouns do not have a plural form. We cannot use ‘a’, ‘an’ or numbers before uncountable nouns. • To show the quantity of uncountable nouns, we use words such as ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘a bag of’, ‘a lot of’, ‘much’ and ‘less’. Examples: There is a lot of water Roger does not get There isn’t any sand in the lake. much time to listen to in my socks. music nowadays. Exercise 3: Sort the words given below. One is done for you. lemon truth jewellery photograph candle milk Countable nouns Uncountable nouns a) lemon b) c) d) e) f) 24
4 Pronouns Underline the pronouns in the passage below. Sort them into subject, object and reflexive pronouns. The old explorers were very brave. They travelled to strange lands. I am an explorer too. My brother also likes discovering new places. We go trekking in the woods by ourselves. Other children find us to be very different. They sometimes make fun of us. I do not listen to them because exploring is my passion. a) Subject pronouns b) Object pronouns c) Reflexive pronouns Remember • T he subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence in place of the noun. • T he object pronoun is used to replace the noun that receives the action of the verb. • Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject (noun or pronoun) of a sentence. 30
Subject pronouns Object pronouns Reflexive pronouns I me myself you you yourself himself Singular he him herself she her itself ourselves it it yourselves themselves we us Plural you you they them Possessive pronouns – whose is it? Read the following sentences: These books are mine. This class is ours. The dog is his. That cycle is hers. The gift in the blue box is yours. That house is theirs. The words in bold are possessive pronouns. They tell us that something belongs to someone. They show belonging. Pronouns 31
Here is a list of subject pronouns and the related possessive pronouns. Subject pronoun Possessive Subject pronoun Possessive pronoun pronoun I he we mine she his you ours it hers yours its – – they theirs Exercise 1: Replace the underlined words with suitable pronouns from the box. One is done for you. us she myself them herself they a) Our dog Mini was sleeping. Ans. She was sleeping. b) My mother sent my brother and me outside. Ans. c) My sister finished the work on her own. Ans. d) My brother threw the frisbee to Rahul and Sunny. Ans. e) I wash my clothes on my own. Ans. f) Sara, Shobha and Ira are best friends. Ans. 32
Exercise 2: Rewrite the paragraph using pronouns for the underlined words. Also make changes to the sentences so that they are grammatically correct. One sentence is done for you. Riya has gone on a picnic with her family. Riya is very happy to be with her family. Riya has gone on the picnic with her dad, mom and brother. Riya’s brother, Rehan, is excited. Rehan is opening the food basket that is full of food. The food has been made by the whole family. The whole family has packed the food on their own. The family are sitting on a mat. The family will eat the mangoes brought by Rehan. Rehan has picked the mangoes on his own. Ans. Riya has gone on a picnic with her family. She is very happy to be with them. Exercise 3: Underline the possessive pronouns. One is done for you. a) This book is mine, but you may read it. b) Your car is much bigger than ours. c) Is this umbrella yours? d) Raima’s score was more than his. Pronouns 33
e) I forgot to bring my cap, but Leena has got hers. f) Those bags are theirs. 34
R2 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. I saw a potter at a fair. He was making pots with clay. The clay was soft and felt very cool. He had a wheel in front of him that went round and round. He made the pots by placing the clay on the wheel and shaping it with his hands. Then, he placed the pots over a fire to make them hard and strong. I tried making a pot too. It was very exciting to see the clay change form and become something different. The potter gave me a pot to take home. I painted the pot in bright colours. 1) What material did the potter use to make pots? Ans. 2) How did the potter make the pots hard and strong? Ans. 3) Change the tense of the given sentences as per the instructions. a) I saw a potter. (change to the simple future tense) Ans. 38
b) He will make clay pots. (change to the simple past tense) Ans. c) I painted the pot in bright colours. (change to the simple present tense) Ans. 4) The word from the passage that rhymes with ‘got’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) potter A) shiny and cheerful b) exciting B) a person who makes objects with clay c) bright C) something that makes us happy and thrilled Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. A heron lived by the side of a pond that was full of fish. The greedy heron wanted to eat all the fish. So, it lied to the fish that a few fishermen were coming to catch them all. He offered to save the fish by flying them to another pond. He caught the fish in his mouth. Before he could reach the other pond, he ate all of them. One day, a crab climbed into his mouth. The crab realised that something was wrong. He caught the heron’s neck between his claws. He did not let go until the heron promised not to be greedy ever again. 6) Who lived by the side of the pond? Ans. Reading Comprehension 2 39
7) What did the heron offer to do for the fish? Ans. 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the brackets. a) The pond _______________________ a lot of fish. (has/have) b) A fisherman _______________________ come to the pond. (has/have) c) The crab and the fish _____________________ left the pond now. (has/have) 9) The word from the passage that is the opposite of ‘right’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) heron A) always wanting more of everything b) greedy B) understood clearly c) realised C) a large, fish-eating bird with long legs 40
5 Adjectives Read the passage and underline the adjectives of quality. I was lying under my cosy blanket on a cold morning. Something landed on my bed with a loud noise. I woke up. A fluffy kitten was staring up at me. It was ginger brown in colour and had a shiny, pink nose. The naughty kitten ran into the blanket. I was happy to see it play. Soon, the sleepy kitten was snoring away. Remember Adjectives of quality point out the quality of nouns. They answer the question: ‘of what kind?’. Adjectives of quantity I have a lot of time. He does not have any There is a little water in money. the jug. The words ‘a lot’, ‘any’ and ‘a little’ show the amount or quantity of the nouns. They are adjectives of quantity. Remember Adjectives of quantity tell us ‘how many’ or ‘how much’. Examples: some, a little, all, several, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, few 41
Adjectives of number I came second in the Suraj has three There is one jug kept race. bananas. here. The words ‘second’, ‘three’ and ‘one’ show the number or position of the nouns. They are adjectives of number. Remember Adjectives of number tell us about the number or position of nouns or pronouns spoken about. They tell us ‘how many’. Examples: five, seventeen, twenty-four, tenth Exercise 1: Draw and colour. a) b) pink dress small toy c) d) hot tea big table 42
e) f) fat book happy girl Exercise 2: Complete the story by choosing adjectives of quality from the box. One is done for you. long high sour ripe warm hungry It was a warm day. A fox entered a garden. Among the many wonderful things in the garden was a vine laden with bunches of grapes. One of them was a _______________ bunch that hung over the fox’s head. The very sight of it made the fox feel _______________. But they were too _______________ for him to reach. He jumped and jumped, but he could not reach the bunch of grapes. After trying for a _______________ time, he decided to give up. ‘The grapes are _______________. I do not want to eat them’, said the fox and walked away. Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with adjectives of number. One is done for you. a) An autorickshaw has three wheels. b) There are ____________________ days in a week. c) There are ____________________ months in a year. d) A square has ____________________ sides. Adjectives 43
e) Humans have ____________________ legs. f) A triangle has ____________________ sides. 44
6 Articles Articles are words that point out nouns or groups of nouns. There are three articles. Articles a an the ‘A’ is used before words that begin with a consonant sound. Examples: a tree, a man, a uniform a tree a man ‘An’ is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (the first letter may or may not be a, e, i, o or u). Examples: an x-ray, an umbrella, an elephant an umbrella an elephant The article ‘the’ is used: • b efore a word that has been mentioned earlier. Example: I met a girl on a bus. The girl was a swimming champion. • before a word that is unique or specific. Examples: the Sun, the Moon • b efore the names of rivers, mountains, seas and so on. Examples: the Himalayas, the Ganges The Himalayas are covered in ice. We visited the Parliament House in Delhi. 49
Definite and indefinite article Imagine that you have a plate of biscuits in front of you. There are many types of biscuits: salty biscuits, coconut biscuits, chocolate-chip biscuits and so on. Now, let us use these biscuits to understand the difference between definite and indefinite articles. Read the following sentences: • I want the chocolate-chip biscuit. • I want a biscuit. The first sentence is about a particular or ‘definite’ biscuit. So, we use the definite article ‘the’. The second sentence is about any of the biscuits that are on the plate. So, we use the indefinite article ‘a’. Remember • ‘The’ is used for both singular and plural nouns. Examples: the chocolate-chip biscuit; the chocolate-chip biscuits • ‘A’ and ‘an’ are used for singular nouns only. ‘An’ is used before nouns like ‘honest’ and ‘hour’ because they start with a vowel sound. Examples: a biscuit; an aeroplane Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’. One is done for you. a) an eagle b) _______ tomato c) _______ honest man d) _______ sweet 50
e) _______ orange f) _______ car Exercise 2: Match the pictures to the correct articles. One is done for you. a) a b) c) an d) e) the f) Exercise 3: Underline the articles. Write whether the article in each sentence is an indefinite article or the definite article. One is done for yo a) We have a pet cat. – indefinite b) Give me the book that is next to you. – c) I need to complete this work before – the class ends. d) I saw an emu. – e) This is the dog that bit Ramya. – Articles 51
f) I need to buy a new pair of shoes. – 52
R3 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Once, there lived a blind man in a small town. He carried a lighted lamp in his hand whenever he went out at night. One night, a group of men were walking on the same path. They saw the blind man and made fun of him. They said, ‘Oh! blind man, why do you carry the lamp? You are blind and cannot see anything.’ The blind man politely said, ‘This lamp is not for me but for those who have eyes. You may not see a blind man in your path and may collide with him.’ Upon hearing this, the men felt ashamed and asked for forgiveness. 1) What did the blind man carry when he went out at night? Ans. 2) What did the group of men do when they saw the blind man? Ans. 3) Fill in the blanks with the correct articles (‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’). a) There is _____________ blind man walking on the street. b) Bring me _______________ lamp that the blind man is carrying. c) The blind man took ____________ hour to finish his work. 57
4) The antonym of ‘impolitely’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) polite A) crash into someone or something b) ashamed B) well-mannered c) collide C) felt sorry about something Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. One day, a hare made fun of the way a tortoise walked and how slow he was. So, the tortoise challenged the hare to a race. The hare agreed, thinking that he would surely win the race. It was decided that whoever reached the tree first would be the winner. The race began. The hare ran with all his might and reached the halfway mark. By then, the tortoise had only taken ten steps. The hare looked back and decided to rest under a tree. He thought, ‘I can wake up and reach the tree before the tortoise catches up.’ The tortoise kept walking slowly, but he did not stop anywhere. When the hare got up, the tortoise had reached the tree. The slow and steady tortoise won the race. 6) Why did the hare agree to the race? Ans. 58
7) What did the hare do when he reached the halfway mark? Ans. 8) Complete the questions with the correct question words from the brackets. a) ___________________ won the race? (How/Who) b) ___________________ did the hare make fun of? (Why/What) c) ___________________ did the hare get up? (When/Who) 9) Write the meaning of the proverb: ‘slow and steady wins the race’. Ans. 10) Match the words with their meanings. Column A Column B a) challenge A) strength b) might B) succeed in reaching a person who is ahead of one c) catch up C) to invite someone to a competition Reading Comprehension 3 59
7 Verbs Underline the main verbs and circle the helping verbs in the sentences given below. • Do you want this book? • Shreya is visiting Shimla today. • They were cooking together. • Does Heena know you? Remember • Verbs are action words. They show the action that the noun does or the noun’s state of being. Examples: a ) Anup draws beautiful pictures. b) They live here. • Helping verbs do not show any action but help the main verb to complete their meaning. The helping verbs that you have learnt are ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, ‘were’, ‘do’ and ‘does’. Examples: a ) He was playing in the park. b) She is unwell. Modal verbs (ability and permission) Read the following sentences: May I use your phone, Could my sister come I can swim for an hour, please? along too? but my brother cannot. 60
Observe the use of ‘may’, ‘could’, ‘can’ and ‘cannot’ in these sentences. They are used by speakers to seek permission or show ability. The word ‘cannot’ shows a lack of ability to do something. These words are called modal verbs. What are modal verbs? Modal verbs, or helping verbs, give additional information about the main verb that follows them. Let us learn about the modal verbs of ability and for seeking permission. Modal verbs of ability Positive Negative Question Can (ability in I can play the Reema cannot play Can you speak the present) guitar very well. table tennis. Spanish? Could (ability Gina could walk Megha could not Could you read in the past) when she was just write until she was or write before eleven months old. seven. you were six? Modal verbs for permission (more formal) Asking for Giving Saying someone has permission permission permission May May I borrow your You may borrow Children may Could book? my book. borrow an extra book from the library tomorrow. Could I take a – – leave tomorrow? Might (extremely Might I give an – – formal) idea? Modal verbs for permission (less formal) Asking for Giving permission Saying someone permission has permission Can Can I watch the You can watch Students can use play tonight? the play. the spare pencils kept in the box. Verbs 61
Note: To use a modal verb in its negative form, add ‘not’ between the modal verb and the main verb. Examples: • You may not leave early today. • She cannot ride a bicycle. Exercise 1: Underline the main verbs and circle the helping verbs in the paragraph given below. One is done for you. Meena is a sweet girl. She loves her parents. This is her picture. She is dancing. She attends dance classes every week. Meena was a part of the dance group in her school last year. She is also joining the football team this year. Her parents are proud of her. Exercise 2: Choose the appropriate modal verb from the brackets and complete each sentence. One is done for you. a) I was feeling very weak yesterday. I could not walk at all. (cannot/could not) b) Finish your work. We will go together. I __________________ wait. (may/can) c) Excuse me, I ____________________ come to your party next week. (cannot/ could not) d) ____________________ I sit next to you? (Could not/Could) e) You ____________________ (more formal) have another cookie if you like. (may/might) f) I ____________________ cook very well now. (can/could) Exercise 3: Choose the correct modal verbs for the given sentences. One is done for you. a) I cannot pick up b) ___________ I ask a c) W hen I was a child, this box; it is very question, please? I _____________ do a heavy. (less formal) headstand. A) cannot A) Could A) can B) may not B) Can B) could C) could not C) May C) may 62
d) _ __________ I leave e) H e _________________ f) Y ou ____________ go early? (extremely speak fluently in English home if you like. (less formal) when he came here two formal) years ago. A) Can A) can A) cannot B) Might B) might B) could not C) Could C) may C) may not Parts of a sentence – subject, verb and object A sentence is made up of three parts. Sentence Subject Verb Object It is what or whom It is the activity or It is the bearer of the the sentence is action of the subject. action or the about. It is somebody thing/person who is who does the action. acted upon. Let us identify the subject, verb and object in a few sentences. Sentence Subject Verb Object a frog. The snake caught a frog. The snake caught The children are singing songs. The children are singing songs. He was playing the guitar. He was playing the guitar. The students wear uniforms. The students wear uniforms. Verbs 63
Subject and predicate Read the following sentences: The family saw the giraffe. The dog chased the cat. The girls met Rohan. A sentence can be separated into two parts: Subject Predicate S VO The thing or person that we are Something more about that person talking about is known as the subject. or thing is the predicate. This part states what the subject is or does. It always begins with a verb, and has the object. Look at the table below for examples of ‘subject’ and ‘predicate’. Subject Predicate The family saw the giraffe. The dog chased the cat. The girls met Rohan. Rohan eats cornflakes for breakfast. The words in bold are verbs. 64
Remember A meaningful and complete sentence needs both the subject and the predicate. Verbs 65
Contents Part 2 8 Tenses ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 R4: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 9 Adverbs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 10 Prepositions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 R5: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 11 Conjunctions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 12 Sentences ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 R6: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 13 Apostrophe ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
8 Tenses Read the sentences given below. Sam paints every day. Neha and Atif go to My grandfather reads school at seven o’clock. the newspaper in the afternoon. All these sentences describe actions that happen regularly or often. They are in the simple present tense. Can you think of three actions that you do every day? Write a sentence for each activity that you do every day. a) b) c) 1
Remember The simple present tense describes habits, events and actions that happen regularly or are always true. Rule: subject + base verb (+ s/es) + object Examples: • Heena jogs every morning. • It always rains in June here. D o not add ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to verbs that come after ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. Add ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to verbs that follow ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns. Read the sentences given below. It rained last week. I cleaned my room Nupur mopped the floor yesterday. last night. All these sentences talk about finished or completed actions. They are in the simple past tense. Write three actions that you did yesterday. Write one sentence for each action and keep in mind that they should be different from the actions that you wrote earlier. a) 2
b) c) Remember The simple past tense describes actions that are finished or completed. Rule: subject + past tense form of verb + object Examples: • Azarmi was tired. • They kicked the football hard. In the simple past tense: is and am was are were The past tense forms of most words are made by adding ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ or ‘-ied’ (for a few words that end in ‘-y’). Irregular verbs in the past tense Till now we have only read about regular verbs that change to the past tense form by adding ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ or ‘-ied’. However, many verbs change to the past tense form without following any fixed rule. Such verbs are called irregular verbs. Read and remember the following list of irregular verbs and their past tense forms. Base verb Past tense form Base verb Past tense form (present tense (present tense form) form) come came eat ate find found get got Tenses 3
Base verb Past tense form Base verb Past tense form (present tense (present tense gave made form) met form) said give saw make sat took told meet began say broke sang won see sit take tell begin break sing win Some verbs are the same in the present tense and the past tense. Examples: • cut – cut • put – put • hit – hit Read the sentences given below. I will go to the swimming We will travel by train Kiri will dance at the show on Sunday. pool tomorrow. next week. All these sentences talk about actions or events that will happen later. They are in the simple future tense. 4
Write about three actions that you plan to do next week. Write one sentence for each action. a) b) c) Remember The future tense describes actions or events that will happen later or in the future. It also tells us about promises, decisions or hopes about a later time. Rule: subject + will + base verb + object Examples: • I will become a pilot when I grow up. • I will give you the book tomorrow. To talk about events or actions that will NOT happen, we use the word ‘not’ between ‘will’ and the ‘base verb’. Example: • We will not go to Madurai this year. We can also use the words ‘going to’ to talk about future events. Examples: • They are going to go to Goa in October. • She is going to meet her best friend on Saturday. Tenses 5
Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences based on the instructions given in brackets. One is done for you. a) Bela is going to participate in the spelling bee. (Change to the simple past tense.) Ans. Bela participated in the spelling bee. b) The books are on the table. (Change to the simple past tense.) Ans. c) They will work here. (Change to the simple present tense.) Ans. d) We won the debate. (Change to the simple future tense.) Ans. e) He sang at the party. (Change to the simple future tense.) Ans. f) We played tennis together. (Change to the simple present tense.) Ans. 6
What is happening now? – present continuous tense Many people are visiting the mall today. People are going up the escalator. A salesperson is waiting for customers in a shop. A man is buying vegetables. A girl is opening the door of a clothes shop. The above passage talks about actions that are happening now. The sentences are in the present continuous tense. Remember In the present continuous tense, we use the ‘-ing’ form of the verb. We use ‘is’, ‘am’ or ‘are’ before the ‘-ing’ form of the verb. is for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns am for ‘I’ are for ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns Rule: subject + is/am/are + ‘-ing’ form of the verb + object Examples: • Mili is crossing the street. • I am going to the park right now. • We are playing ludo. Exercise 2: Tick the verbs that are in the simple present tense. Underline the verbs that are in the present continuous tense. One is done for you. a) Shekhar paints a picture. b) Sania is watching television. c) Sohan is waiting for the shops to open. d) Birds fly in the sky. Tenses 7
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