182120085-Passport-G5-Teacher Companion Book-English-Part1-A

16a. Glossary of Grammar Terms Module 1 Vocabulary – Prefixes  A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Every prefix has its own meaning. Prefixes can be used to create a new word, sometimes with the opposite meaning of the original word. They can also be used to turn a word into its negative form. Examples: re + order = reorder, im + possible = impossible Grammar – Nouns  A naming word or noun names a person, place, animal or thing. Examples: Shrijita, Mumbai, Apple  A common noun is a general name that is used for naming a person, place, animal or thing. Common nouns begin with small letters. Examples: parent, village, panda, computer  A proper noun is a name given to a special person, place, animal or thing. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Examples: Shailesh, Ramgarh, Ronnie, Dell  Masculine gender nouns are names given to boys, men and male animals. Examples: son, father, policeman, prince, fox, bull  Feminine gender nouns are names given to girls, women and female animals. Examples: daughter, mother, policewoman, princess, vixen, cow Page 148

 Neuter gender nouns name non-living things that do not have any gender. They are used for objects and places. They are also used to name the days of the week and the months of the year. Examples: bed, box, clothes, school, phone, fire, bus, building, lake, Wednesday, November  Common gender nouns are names that can be male or female. Examples: doctor, engineer, pilot, cousin, friend, neighbour, parent  Collective nouns are words that refer to a group of people or things. They are always singular as they represent one group with many units. Examples: soldiers – army  Abstract nouns are words that name ideas, feelings, qualities and concepts that cannot be felt, touched or seen. Many abstract nouns are formed from adjectives and verbs. However, they might differ in meaning from the nouns. Examples: kindness, strength, patience Language in Use – Punctuation  Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. They help us to pause, end and begin our sentences. They are symbols that make a written message clearer and thus reduce miscommunication. They are used to structure and organise writing.  Full stops are used at the ends of sentences. Example: This is my house.  Commas are used to separate three or more items in a list. They also tell readers where to pause while reading. Furthermore, they can be used to set off the addressed person from the rest of the sentence. Examples: I like cooking, cats and kids. Page 149

Shubham, please fetch the ball.  Exclamation marks are used to express strong feelings: joy, anger, pain, excitement, sadness or surprise. They can also be placed after interjections. Examples: What a pleasant surprise! Wow! This room is so big.  Question marks are used at the end of questions. Example: What is in the box?  Quotation marks are used to show parts that are spoken. Also, a comma is typically used after the quoted section. Example: ‘Somebody has stolen my vada pav’, cried Shrijita.  Colons are used to introduce words, sentences or lists. A colon makes the reader stop and pay attention to the information. Colons also used to separate hours from minutes and in ratios. Examples: Rosey has only one friend: Tina. We read books by three authors: Roald Dahl, J.K. Rowling and Charles Dickens. Our football match starts at 8:30 a.m.  Semicolons are used to join two closely related complete sentences. A semicolon is also placed between two complete sentences that are connected using words like ‘otherwise’, ‘however’, ‘moreover’ and ‘consequently’. It is stronger than a comma but weaker than a full stop. Examples: We had to stop studying; I had to go out for dinner. I like milkshakes; however, I don’t like milk. Page 150

 Capital letters are used to begin proper nouns (names, places, people), for the first letter in a sentence, for the word ‘I’, for the names of days and months and for the titles of books and movies. Examples: New Delhi is the capital of India. My book is in the bag. I ate two pieces of toast for breakfast. The concert will be on Tuesday. I am going to watch Kung Fu Panda today. Module 2 Grammar – Pronouns  A pronoun is a word that we use in place of a noun. Example: He is a musician.  Subject pronouns act as the subjects of the sentences and perform the actions. Object pronouns act as the objects of the sentences and receive the actions. Sometimes, the subject and object of a sentence are the same. Such sentences use reflexive pronouns (‘himself’, ‘herself’, ‘themselves’) to refer to the subject (noun or pronoun). Singular reflexive pronouns are formed with ‘-self’ and plural with ‘- selves’. Examples: Gaurav can fix the toy by himself. They are ashamed of themselves. Page 151

 Relative pronouns tell us about the person or thing being talked about. They refer to the noun introduced earlier in the sentence and provide additional information about it. Examples: Can you tell me which road I should take? I like the dress that you gifted me for Christmas. This is the playground where we play football.  Possessive pronouns show ownership or that something belongs to someone. Example: Ali left in a hurry; he forgot his bag.  Demonstrative pronouns point out someone or something.  This points to a single thing that is near. Example: This is my book.  That points to a single thing that is far. Example: That is my house over there.  These points to multiple things that are near. Example: These are fresh apples.  Those points to multiple things that are far. Example: Those are friendly animals. Language in Use – Countable and uncountable nouns  Singular nouns are used when we talk about one thing. Plural nouns are used when we talk about more than one thing. For some words, the singular and plural forms are the same. Examples: apple – apples, dog – dogs, sheep – sheep Page 152

 Countable nouns refer to things that we can count using numbers such as ‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’ and so on. When a countable noun is singular, we use ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘the’ or the number 'one' before it. When a countable noun is plural, we use words like ‘many’, ‘some’, ‘a few’ or numbers more than ‘one’ (‘two’, ‘three’, etc.) before it. Examples: a dog, three cats, a few boxes  Uncountable nouns refer to things or concepts that cannot be counted. All uncountable nouns are singular. There is no plural form for these words. We use words like ‘some’, ‘little’, ‘any’ or ‘much’ before uncountable nouns when we don't use any other unit. Examples: some milk, lots of love Module 4 Vocabulary – Suffixes '-ive' and '-tion'  A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Every prefix has its own meaning. Prefixes can be used to create a new word, sometimes with the opposite meaning of the original word. They can also be used to turn a word into its negative form. Examples: re + order = reorder, im + possible = impossible  A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word. Sometimes, there is a change in the spelling of the new word. The original word to which a suffix is added is called the root word or base word. We can make both adjectives and abstract nouns by using the same root or base words. Examples: digest + ive = digestive, digest + tion = digestion Grammar and Language in Use – Direct and indirect objects & Modals (ability and permission)  Words that show the actions that the nouns are doing are called doing words or verbs. Examples: play, bark, run, swim Page 153

 Some verbs do not show actions but help the main verb to name the action. Such verbs are called helping verbs or modal verbs. ‘Is’, ‘are’ and ‘am’ are three commonly used helping verbs:  Is is used with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns. Example: Rama is doing her homework.  Are is used with ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. Example: The children are playing in the garden.  Am is used only with ‘I’. Example: I am walking.  Modal verbs usually express ability, permission, advice, possibility and necessity. ‘Can’, ‘could’, ‘ought to’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘will’, ‘would’ and ‘must’ are common modal verbs. ‘May’, ‘could’ and ‘might’ are more formal modals for permission, whereas ‘can is a less formal one. Modals for ability are ‘can’ and ‘could’. Examples: Can I watch the play tonight? (permission) I can play the guitar. (ability)  The form of a verb that shows past or present action is known as a participle. There are two types of participles in English: present participle (-ing) and past participle (-d, -ed).  The past participle form of verbs shows something that started in the past. They may be used with ‘has or ‘have’ before them. Example: I have cooked food. Page 154

 The present participle form of verbs is made by adding '-ing' to the base forms of verbs. It is used to show an event that is continuing in the present. Example: I am cooking food.  Going to and will are two forms of the simple future tense.  ‘Going to’ is used to talk about plans for the future. It may also be used to express an action that is about to happen very soon, based on the present situation. Examples: I’m going to be a singer when I grow up. The sky is very dark. It’s going to rain heavily.  ‘Will’ is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking, make predictions in the far-off future, make promises, requests and offers, and when the speaker decides to do something willingly or on their own. Examples: I will eat the cheesecake. The bridge will crumble down one day. I will surely attend your dance performance. Will you shut the door, please? You look tired; I will drive you home. I will make a few sandwiches.  A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb (Subject – Action Verb – Direct Object). It shows who or what receives the action. It does not depend on the indirect object. Example: She bought me a cake. Page 155

 An indirect object is a noun or pronoun that receives what the direct object names (Subject – Action Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object). It shows 'to whom' or 'for whom' or 'to what' and 'for what' the action is done. It depends on the direct object. An indirect object exists only if there is a direct object in the sentence. Example: She bought me a cake. Module 5 Grammar – Transitive and intransitive verbs  Transitive verbs are verbs that require objects to complete their meaning, whereas intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require an object. Examples: I bought a car. (transitive) The children laughed. (intransitive) Language in Use – Past perfect tense  When we talk, we need to refer to the present time, the time in the past and the time in the future. For this purpose, we use tenses.  Sentences that describe actions that happen regularly or often are written in simple present tense. The basic format of simple present tense is as follows: ‘subject + base verb + s/es (if applicable) + object’. Example: He brushes his teeth every day. Page 156

 Sentences in the present continuous tense describe actions that are going on at the time of talking. It is used to show an action that is happening in the present, to talk about definite future arrangements and to talk about actions that take place repeatedly. The basic format of present continuous tense is as follows: ‘subject + is/are/am + base verb + ing + object’. Examples: The children are picking mangoes. My grandmother is knitting a sweater. We are going to the beach this weekend. They are always fighting.  Sentences that talk about actions that happened earlier are written in the simple past tense. The basic format of simple past tense is as follows: ‘subject + past tense form of verb + object’. Example: I brushed my teeth.  We can usually turn a word (verb) into its past tense by adding ‘-d’ or ‘-ed’ to its end. Such verbs are known as regular verbs. Examples: brush – brushed, dance –danced, jump – jumped  Verbs that do not end in ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ or ‘-ied’ in their simple past tense forms, and change in different ways, are called irregular verbs. Examples: sing – sang, write – wrote, begin – began  Sentences in the past continuous tense describe actions that were happening or going on at some point in the past. It is used to show an action that was happening for some time in the past, to talk about an action that happened while some other action was taking place, to show an incomplete action in the past and to show that an action was taking place again and again in the past. The basic format of present continuous tense is as follows: ‘subject + was/were + base verb + ing + object’. Examples: The children were picking mangoes. My grandmother was knitting till late at night. Page 157

Neha lost her wallet while she was travelling. I was eating on the couch when the phone rang. I was practising for the music concert every day last week.  Sentences that describe future actions are written in the simple future tense. The verbs in this tense refer to actions that will happen in the future. The basic format of simple past tense is as follows: ‘subject + will/shall + base verb + object’. Example: I will brush my teeth.  Sentences that show actions that have just finished in the present are written in the present perfect tense. It talks about completed actions (past) that are important now or reported news. It also talks about actions or situations that have started in the past and continue in the present. The general format of present perfect tense is as follows: ‘subject + have/has + past participle form + object’ Examples: I have passed the exam. He has lived in India since 2012.  The past perfect tense is used to show which of two past actions happened first. Example: I had already finished my dinner (first event) when the guests arrived (second event). Module 7 Grammar – Articles  Articles point out nouns or groups of nouns. Page 158

 A and an are called indefinite articles. ‘A’ is used before singular, countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds. ‘An’ is used before singular, countable nouns beginning with vowel sounds. Examples: Rohan has a cat. Sheela has an orange.  The is called the indefinite article. ‘The’ is used before singular/plural and countable/uncountable nouns that have been mentioned earlier. Use ‘the’ before particular (definite) things, such as names of rivers, lakes, oceans, holy books, newspapers, well-known buildings and some countries, such as the US or the UK. We pronounce ‘the’ as ‘the’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound. We pronounce ‘the’ as ‘thee’ when the following word begins with a vowel sound. Example: This is a rabbit. The rabbit is eating a carrot under the Sun.  A zero article is where a noun does not need an article in speech or writing. An article is not required while saying general things about plural and uncountable nouns. Furthermore, articles are not required before abstract nouns and proper nouns. Examples: I hate coffee. Creativity and patience are important skills. Bhavana is from Switzerland. Language in Use – Prepositions  Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns and phrases to the other words in a sentence. They show position and give information about time, place and direction. Below are a few prepositions and their examples:  Above means 'at a higher place or position'. Example: The dragon is flying above the wooden crate.  Below means 'at a lower place or position'. Example: The dragon is flying below the wooden crate. Page 159

 Among means 'to be in the middle of several things, people or objects'. Example: The blue bird is among the other birds.  With means 'to be at the same place as one or several things, people or objects'. Example: The green bird is flying with the blue bird.  Towards shows movement in the direction of a place or getting closer to someone or something. Example: Zafar and Hari are walking towards the beach.  Through means 'from one end or side of something to the other'. It also denotes 'from the start to the end'. Example: Mita studied through the night.  Across means 'from one side of something to the other'. Example: They travelled across the desert.  To means ‘in the direction of’. It shows the place, person or thing that someone or something moves towards. Example: Rina walks to school every day.  From is used to show the place where someone or something starts. It also denotes the time when something starts. Example: She sent me a postcard from Switzerland. The mailbox will be open from tomorrow. Module 8 Grammar – Demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns  Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.  Adjectives of quality point out the quality of nouns. They answer the question 'of what kind?’ Examples: big, black, beautiful Page 160

 Adjectives of quantity tell us how many or how much of something is being spoken about. Examples: some, a little, all, several, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, few  Adjectives of number tell us ‘how many’ or the number of nouns or pronouns that are spoken about. Examples: five, seventeen, twenty-four, tenth  A possessive adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It is usually located just before the words (nouns) that it describes. On the other hand, a possessive pronoun is used in place of nouns. Examples: This is our house. (possessive adjective) This house is ours. (possessive pronoun)  Demonstrative adjectives make clear which specific person, object or place (nouns) the sentence is talking about. A demonstrative pronoun takes the place of a noun, but a demonstrative adjective is followed by a noun.  This points to a single thing that is near. Example: This book is mine.  That points to a single thing that is far. Example: That house is beautiful.  These points to multiple things that are near. Example: These apples are fresh.  Those points to multiple things that are far. Example: Those animals are friendly. Page 161

 A demonstrative pronoun replaces an already-mentioned specific person or thing. It is often followed by the main verb. A demonstrative adjective modifies a noun and tells us which specific person or object is mentioned in the sentence. A noun always follows a demonstrative adjective. Example: These belong to Kiran. (demonstrative pronoun) These kittens are cute. (demonstrative adjective) Module 9 Vocabulary – Antonyms  Synonyms are words or groups of words that have the same or similar meanings. Examples: happy – joyful, beautiful – pretty  Antonyms are words have meanings that are opposite to each other. They are also called opposites. Examples: high happy x sad, high x low Page 162

16b. Speaking Rubric I Speak – Evaluation Rubric* Focus Area Beginner Developing Proficient Advanced (up to 35%) (35 to 70%) (70 to 95%) (95% and above) The learner: The learner: The learner: The learner: Sentence Construction  used words out of logical  used a verb in a group of  used short and relevant  used complete and order to answer questions. words while answering sentences to answer relevant sentences to questions. questions. answer questions. Organisation  missed out on important  included some important  included most important  included everything required points required for the task; points required for the points required for the in the task; presented ideas presented points in a way task; presented points in task; tried to present ideas in a that did not make sense; too a random order. in an order.  logical, coherent manner. long or short. Confidence and Fluency  is mostly incoherent.  spoke feebly and  spoke quite confidently  spoke confidently and and mostly answered answered clearly and answered clearly and clearly and completely. completely. completely.  made eye contact with the  had a confident posture; listeners most of the time; made eye contact with Body Language  made little or no eye contact;  made very little eye seemed comfortable. listeners. shuffled and seemed very contact; seemed quite uncomfortable. uncomfortable. Page 163