202110240-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G09-PART2

Biology Workbook_9_P_2.pdf 1 11/5/19 6:24 PM Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 29 9 ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 61 10 SOIL POLLUTION 93 11 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Adaptation – The action or process of adapting or being adapted. ii. Ecosystem – An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. iii. Photosynthesis – Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms’ activities. iv. Transpiration – Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapour and is released to the atmosphere. v. Xerophytes – A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adapted to survive in an envi- ronment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice–or snow–covered region in the Alps or the Arctic. 1.3 Key Concepts i. A Habitat is a place where a particular species of organisms live and multiply naturally. All organisms adjust themselves to the surroundings they live in. This is called adaptation. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 1

ii. Xerophytic plants have spines to reduce water loss due to transpiration. Living stones are not stones exactly and are swollen leaves which are adapted to desert conditions. iii. Camels have hump which stores fat. iv. Plants like opuntia, cactus, aloevera, animals like side—winder, golden mole are all adapted to the desert conditions. v. Animals that are active at night are called nocturnal animals. E.g., bats, owls, etc. Sleeping all through summer to combat the heat is called aestivation and sleeping during winter to escape the cold conditions is called hibernation. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What do you understand by adaptations and why do animals adapt? [Refer to TB page 146 Q1] A. 1. The particular changes in the structure, function or behaviour of an organism for itssurvival in its ‘environment’ are called Adaptation. 2. The adaptations of organisms have developed over many generations. 3. Camels have learned to adapt (or change) so that they can survive in the desert. 4. An adaptation is a way that animal’s body helps it to survive or live in its environment. If there is an alter in the environment, If the animal does not adapt to the conditions, it dies. Q2. With the help of 2 examples, explain how these organisms have adapted themselves to the ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 146 Q2] A. Organisms living in different climatic zones and areas adapt themselves to suit to the needs of those surroundings. i. In Kalabanda, the leaves are reduced to spines so that there is less loss of water through transpiration and water is stored in the stem. This helps the plant to live in water scarce regions. ii. Mangrove plants live in waterlogged areas called estuaries. Estuary is a place where a river joins the sea. They developed structures called pneumatophores or “knees”, that help the plants in maintaining adequate root respiration in a watery environment. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 2

Q3. In the chapter on ecosystem, we had studied about the mangrove ecosystems. What kind of abiotic conditions did you study in them? [Refer to TB page 147 Q7] A. Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystem on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial fresh water and tidal salt water. There are five main abiotic factors – Salt and fresh water, Temperature, Light, Soil, Air, Nutrients etc. 1.5 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the processing protection pebble plants from the enemies? [Re- fer to TB page 147 Q16] A. i. Pebble plants are also called as living stones. They survive by living partly under- ground. ii. Their leaves have been reduced to a single pair, fat, round and succulent, with just a groove between them from which, in the right season, will sprout a surprisingly large flower. iii. The round shape, with a very low surface area for a given volume, reduces evap- oration to a minimum and is therefore a great help to the plant in conserving its water in the intense heat. iv. It has been noted earlier it may bring an additional benefit. Outside the flowering season, the plant is very difficult to find among the gravel and pebbles, so its shape could also serve as a defence against detection by grazing animals –– ostriches and tortoises, porcupines etc. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ADAPTATIONS IN DESERT ORGANISMS 3

SESSION 2 ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 4 i. Scavengers – an organism that feeds on dead animal and plant material. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

ii. Euphotic zone – The euphotic zone is the layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for photosynthesis to occur. Beneath lies the disphotic zone, which isilluminated but so poorly that rate of respiration is low. iii. Bathyal zone – The bathyal zone is the part of the zone that extends from a depth of 1000 to 4000 meters below the ocean surface. iv. Abyssal zone – The abyssal zone is the zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans. v. Phytoplanktons – Phytoplanktons are the autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key factor of oceans, sea and freshwater basin ecosystems. vi. Bio–luminescence – Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence. vii. Littoral zone – The littoral zone is the near shore area where sunlight penetrates all the way to the sediment and allows aquatic plants to grow. viii. Limnetic zone – The limnetic zone is the well–lit, open surface waters of a lake, away from the shore. ix. Profundal zone – The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of free standing water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Aquatic ecosystems are of two types — fresh water and marine water ecosystems. Ponds, lakes and rivers are fresh water ecosystems and seas and oceans are marine water ecosystems. ii. Turtles have flippers and fish have fins to swim. iii. All the body parts like lungs, kidneys etc are adapted in the animals living in the seas and oceans to live in marine water ecosystem. iv. Marine animals have blubber which stores fat for insulation from cold. v. Marine ecosystem has 3 zones — euphotic zone (sunlit zone), bathyal zone (twilight zone) and abyssal zone (dark zone). vi. Dolphins, jelly fishes, coral reefs etc are found in the euphotic zone. vii. Red and brown kelps, sponges and corals are found in the bathyal zone. viii. Organisms in the abyssal zone are mostly predators, either blind or exhibit bio luminescence. ix. Fresh water ecosystems have 3 zones—littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone. x. Photosynthetic activity takes place in littoral and limnetic zones but absent in profundal zone. xi. Marine water fish drink large amounts of water compared to fresh water fish to main- tain the salt levels in their body. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 5

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What special adaptations can be seen in the following organisms? [Refer to TB page 146 Q3] A. a. Mangrove trees – Mangroves have projections from their roots called the pneu- matophores orknees. They help the plants to maintain adequate root respiration in watery environment. b. Camel – Camel has a hump which stores fat for later usage. Long eye lashes protect its eyes from sand. Its nostrils close voluntarily to protect from blowing sand. Long legs keep the body away from hot sand on the ground. c. Fish – Some fishes have lung like swim bladders to control buoyancy. They have specially developed kidneys and gills to maintain salt concentrations across the mem- brane through osmosis. Some fishes have anti–freeze like substance in their blood to keep it flowing. They have floaters on their body. They have special air spaces inside their body. They have fins to swim. Their body is streamlined. d. Dolphins – They have special air spaces inside their body and these help them to swim and float on water. They have floaters on their body to be able to inhabit particular levels in the water body. Their body is streamlined. e. Planktons – Microscopic photosynthetic organisms like planktons have droplets of oil in their cells to keep them afloat. Q2. lf the animal of euphotic zone has to survive in the abyssal zone, what adaptations are required to survive there? [Refer to TB page 146 Q4] A. i. Euphotic zone is the sun lit zone in the marine water ecosystem. The organisms in this zone are mainly swimmers and floaters. The flora and fauna are extremely colourful and the photosynthetic activity is high. ii. On the other hand, the abyssal zone is dark and photosynthetic activity is absent in this zone. The organisms are mainly predators or scavengers. iii. So for an animal from euphotic zone to survive in the abyssal zone, it needs to be non photosynthetic, either predator or scavenger, and bioluminescent. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 6

Q3. Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Do you agree? Justify. [Refer to TB page 146 Q5] A. i. Yes, marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes. Several marine species have a low internal salt concentration than that of the water they swim in. ii. So, they tend to dehydrate as water is lost by osmosis. To compensate the loss, they drink large amounts of water and excrete salts both via kidneys and gills. iii. The gills in the marine water fish process the water and take the salt out. When salt water flows over the gills of a fish, the water is hypertonic to the blood in thegills,causing the water to move out of the gill tissue regularly. iv. This means that marine water fish constantly lose water out of their blood stream through osmosis. On the other hand fresh water fish gain water constantly into their blood stream. So there is a necessity for the marine water fish to drink more water as they lose water regularly. Q4. Write the effect of temperature on the organisms adapted in a lake and pond in a tabular form. [Refer to TB page 146 Q6] A. i. The surface layers in a lake or pond ecosystem gets heated up while the deeper layers remain cool during day time. Here temperature plays an important role in the survival of the organisms and also for photosynthetic activity. ii. Changes in temperature affect aquatic life. Temperature determines which organ- isms will thrive and which will diminish in numbers and size. iii. For each organism there is a thermal death point. Also there is a range of tem- perature that produces optimal abundance. The effects of temperature affects not only survival, but growth and reproduction of every organism. So there must be a favourable temperature for each and every organism to survive Q5. How is the Coringa ecosystem different from the marine ecosystem you studied? A. 1. Coringa ecosystem is the estuary, where a river meets the sea. 2. The salt concentration in Coringa ecosystem is less compared to the marine ecosys- tem. 3. The situations in marine ecosystem are different from Coringa ecosystem and more than fresh water ecosystem. 4. Mangroves grow extensively in Coringa ecosystem, whereas marine fish, phytoplank- ton and other organisms which can tolerate high salt concentration are present in marine ecosystem. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 7

Q6. The aquatic ecosystem of Coringa Mangrove region would be less salty than the bay. Do you agree to this? Why? Why not? A. Yes, the aquatic ecosystem of Coringa Mangrove region would be less salty than the bay because the Coringa ecosystem is the region where the river meets the sea and so it would be less salty. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. The Murrel (korramatta) and Rohu are fishes found in rivers. Will they be able to live in the Coringa ecosystem? Give reasons for your answer. [Refer to TB page 147 Q9] A. 1. No they will not be able to survive in the Coringa ecosystem. 2. The conditions in a Coringa ecosystem are saline when compared to the river ecosys- tem. 3. If fresh water fish are kept in saline water, the concentration of water around would be more when compared to their bodies and so water moves out of their bodies by osmosis. Thereby the cells lose water, shrink and the animals die 2.6 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Collect some aquatic plants — cut the leaves and stems, Observe them under micro- scope and record your observations like air presence / absence of air spaces etc., and answer the below. [Refer to TB page 146 Q10] a. Why do they float on water? b. Which factors makes them float? c. Draw a diagram of what you have observed under microscope A. a. They float on water, because they have air filled structures in the plant body. The aerenchyma tissue present in the submerged plants makes them f!oat. b. The reasons for their floating are: 1. Presence of aerenchyma cells make them lighter than water. 2. Having flexible stems to withstand the flow of water. c. Students’ Activity SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 8

2.7 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Visit a nearby pond or a lake. Record the organisms you have observed and their adaptations. [Refer to TB page 147 Q11] A. There are many types of creatures that live in pond water. i. This includes amoeba, fish, tadpoles, leeches etc. Ponds also provide a food for many microorganisms, cyanobacteria, algae, moss, etc. There are also a wide range of water plants like hydrilla, lotus etc. ii. All the organisms that live in a pond are well adapted to survive in that habitat. There are 3 zones in the pond ecosystem –Littoral, limnetic and profundal zones. Organisms in the littoral zone have well developed eye sight and are fast swimmers.Mosses live in this zone and show high photosynthetic activity. iii. Organisms in the littoral zone are fresh water fish and shrimps. They have silver scales which help them merge with the surroundings. Pistia and some algae are also seenin this zone. iv. The profundal zone is cold and dim animals that live here are mostly heterotrophs, which eat dead animals. Q2. Are there any rivers joining in the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem? [Refer to TB page 147 Q13] A. Rivers like Godavari and river Gautami joins the Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem. Q3. Crocodile, alligator are both the same. Actually they are not similar. Do you find any differences between them? What are they? A. Crocodiles: i. Crocodiles have a longer, more V–shaped head then alligators. ii. The fourth tooth of a crocodile sticks out when its mouth is closed. iii. Crocodiles are better adapted to living in seawater. iv. Crocodiles are more aggressive than alligators. v. Crocodiles tend to have a lighter appearance than alligators. vi. Crocodiles are found all over the world where alligators are only found in the US and China SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 9

Alligators: i. Alligators have shorter, wider heads that are more U–shaped than crocodiles. ii. Alligators strongly favour freshwater while some species of crocodile live in sea- water. iii. Alligators are less aggressive than crocodiles. iv. Alligators tend to have a darker appearance than crocodiles. v. Alligators are only found in the US and China while crocodiles are found all over the world. Q4. Collect information about one lake from internet and prepare a table of organisms adapted to different zones. [Refer to TB page 147 Q12] A. Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish – water lake or lagoon in India, af- ter Chilika Lake. It straddles the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states on the Coromandal Coast in South India. The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary. Different organisms found are Zones Plants/Animals Littoral zone Crabs, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, fish worms, insects, spiders, sponges, anemone, prawns, plankton Phytoplankton species of Prosopis juliflora, Spirulina major, Oscillatoria spp., Anabaena spp., Rhizosolenia castracanei, Eucampia cornuta and Climacodium frauenfeldianum are found near the periphery of the lake. Halophila ovalis populary called sea grass is also found SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 10

Limentic zone Fishes like Mullets and catfish, few Profundal zone crustaceans like whit and tiger prawns, jellyfish are found. Scavengers and predators live here. Detritus Bacteria are found feed on the dead and decaying matter.Crustaceans, Crabs, fishes arefound here. 2.8 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Draw a lake showing different zones. Why are they called so? [Refer to TB page 147 Q14] A. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 11

Marine ecosystem has 3 zones –euphotic zone (sunlight zone), Bathyal zone (twilight zone) and Abyssal zone (Dark zone).Thay are named based on the light penetration. 2.9 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Amphibians are wonderful creatures on the earth. How do you appreciate their adapta- tion. [Refer to TB page 147 Q15] A. 1. The amphibians have adaptations for living on land and in water. 2. They have the nictitating membrane, which is a covering over the eye to keep it moist. 3. They have lungs to breathe air. 4. They also have developed limbs for locomotion. 5. They are still dependant on water though, because they need to lay their eggs in water to prevent them from drying out. They also need to keep their skin moist, as they breathe by diffusion through their skin. so they are considered wonderful creatures. 2.10 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Some animals and plants survive only in certain conditions. Now days, human activities cause damage to these conditions. What do you think about this? [Refer to TB page 147 Q17] A. Many human activities impose a great threat to the survival of several organisms. 1. Deforestation: Humans have already transformed or destroyed around half of the forests and use the vast majority of resources for human needs. This not only cause a physical threat to the forests, it poses a threat to all natural resources and causes the rapid extinction of other living animal species. 2. Causing pollution: Human activities produce large amounts of polluted matter that threaten the ecosystem. The use of pesticides on crops can contaminate groundwater supply and kill important insect species that other animals rely on for food or that plants rely on for pollination. 3. Hunting: Overhunting is a problem throughout the world when a species is hunted to extremes, its numbers eventually begin to decrease and it becomes endangered or extinct. Since all animals play some role in the ecosystem, this type of hunting threatens the balance in nature that exists. All species of animals have specific needs in their habitat, and some rely on a relatively small habitat that may not exist elsewhere. The organisms are likely to disappear from existence over time if these types of threats to the ecosystems prevail. SESSION 2. ADAPTATIONS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 12

SESSION 3 OTHER ADAPTATIONS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Aestivation – Aestivation is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, char- acterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, which is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. ii. Hibernation – Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in en- dotherms. iii. Lichens – Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up of members of as many as three kingdoms. iv. Galapagos Finches – A type of bird which is found on the Galapagos Islands. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Some plants in temperate regions shed their leaves to minimize the transpiration loss. ii. Plants growing in hot climatic zones keep their stomata closed during summer. iii. Animals like polar bear and seal living in extreme cold conditions have a layer of fat beneath their skin and a thick fur coat or hair on their bodies which act as insulators and prevent heat loss from their body. iv. The symbiotic relationship of algae and fungi live in colonies is called as lichens. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How the frogs got protected themselves from cold and heat? [Refer to TB page 147 Q8] A. Frogs show seasonal adaptations to protect themselves from extremes of hot and cold conditions. They burrow deep in the ground and remain motionless until the conditions are favourable. SESSION 3. OTHER ADAPTATIONS 13

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.1 ] (i) The changes in the structure, function or behaviour of an organism over a period of time for better survival in its environment is called . (ii) plants have spines to reduce water loss due to transpiration. (iii) Camels have humps which store . (iv) Mangrove plants live in waterlogged areas called . (v) Plants like opuntia, and animals like golden mole are adapted to conditions. (vi) The mangroves modified their roots into evolved projections called or . (vii) Animals that are active during night are called animals. (viii) A Habitat is a place where a particular species of organism lives and naturally. 2. State true or false. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (ix) We can see only one type of creature in pond water. [] (x) Littoral zone is a good habitat for snails and amphibians. [] (xi) Organisms found in littoral zone are fresh water fish and shrimps. [ ] CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 14

(xii) Euphotic zone is a photosynthetically active zone. So we can find diverse flora and fauna in this zone. [] (xiii) Profundal zone is mostly warm when compared with the littoral zone. ] [ (xiv) If we increase the salinity of fresh water pond, we can grow sea water fishes in it. [] (xv) River Godavari is joining Bay of Bengal in the Coringa ecosystem. ] [ (xvi) Throwing garbage in water increases water fertility. [] (xvii) Crocodiles are better adapted to living in seawater. [] (xviii) Many species of ducks, geese and swans also reside in and around the lake ecosys- tem feeding on a number of different organisms including fish. [] 3. Match the following. Column B [(Session 9.2)] Column A i. Euphotic Zone a. Electric fish ii. Eel b. 80% of marine flora and fauna are found iii. Osman sagar c. Coral colonies iv. Abyssal zone d. Freshwater lake v. Euphotic zone e. Bioluminiscent organisms can be found CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 15

4. Match the animal to their respective adaptations. [(Session 9.3)] Column A Column B i. Polar bear a. Reduces transpiration ii. Lichens b. Fruit eater iii. Stubby beak finch c. Hibernation iv. Frogs d. Symbionts v. Shedding of leaves (temperate region) e. Thick fur 5. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xix) Sujith heard that some lichen is used as flavouring agent in preparation of biryani, but he does not know about it. Can you tell Sujith what is it? (xx) Sai Chand said to Shankar that bears in polar region suffer due to food scarcity as they cannot find many fishes to eat during the winter season. Can you guess why it happens? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 16

(xxi) What helps seals to prevent loss of heat from their body? (xxii) Phani said that a scientist had done research on finches of Galapagos island. Name the scientist. 6. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xxiii) Plants growing in hot climates keep the closed during the day time. (xxiv) Lichens are able to survive even in extreme conditions due to adaptations. (xxv) Thorny leaves are an adaptation to . (xxvi) Winter sleep is also called as . (xxvii) finches have thick and heavy beaks. Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.1)] What are also called living stones? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 17

(ii) [(Session 9.1)] Explain with an example the adaptation of plants which live in desert areas. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] What questions might one have when they see fishes swimming in water? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 18

(ii) [(Session 9.2)] What questions might come to your mind when one sees animals and plants living in marine habitat? Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What questions would you ask to understand the adaptations in a polar bear ? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 19

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] If you want to perform an experiment on the effect of fishes and sunlight in Hussain Sagar lake of Hyderabad, into how many zones will you divide the lake based on light penetration? (ii) [(Session 9.2)] Go to a nearby lake and observe the animals and insects that reside in and around the lake and make a list of them in tabular form. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 20

11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Go to a nearby garden. Observe different types of trees and find out how many types of trees have different adaptation styles. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 21

(ii) [(Session 9.3)] Go to a nearby zoo and observe beaks of different types of finches and write a few points on them. AS4-Information skills and projects Short Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Collect the names of animals which hibernate during winter. (ii) [(Session 9.3)] Collect information about Patther Phul and write any three sentences about them. CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 22

Long Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Collect information of at least five aquatic plants and aquatic animals and give their adaptative features. AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Long Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] How do you appreciate the adaptation of fishes for survival in water? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 23

15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What is a symbiotic relationship? How would you appreciate the for- mation of lichens? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Marine ecosystem is diverse with different organisms at different sea levels. In what way do these animals get adapted to such diverse conditions? CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 24

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 17. Choose the correct answer. (i) In which of the following zones are coral reefs found? (A) Euphotic zone (B) Bathyal zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Littoral zone (ii) Photosynthetic activity is absent in (A) Euphotic zone (B) Abyssal zone (C)Bathyal zone (D)None of the above (iii) helps mangroves to maintain adequate root respiration in watery environ- ment. (A) Pneumatophores (B) Aerial roots (C) Knees (D)All of the above CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 25

(iv) Marine water fishes drink more water than fresh water fishes because several marine species have than the water they swim. (A) Higher internal salt concentration (B) Low sugar level in blood (C)Low internal salt concentration (D)None of the above (v) Partially submerged plants have numerous air spaces inside the stems, leaves, etc., to aid in (A) Gaseous exchange (B) Water exchange (C) Buoyancy (D)Both A and C (vi) Photosynthetic activity is maximum in . (A) Bathyal zone (B) Euphotic zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Both A & C (vii) Kalabanda is a xerophytic plant in which are reduced to spines. (A) stem (B) leaves (C) roots (D) flowers (viii) For every 10 meters of depth, pressure increases by . (A) 1 Atmosphere (B) 2 Atmosphere (C)5 Atmosphere (D)10 Atmosphere (ix) Which among the following represents a marine ecosystem? (A) Ponds (B) Streams (C) Rivers (D) Oceans CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 26

(x) Droplets of oil stored in which of the following aquatic organisms keep them floating? (A) Dolphins (B) Planktons (C)Aquatic plants (D) Fishes (xi) Plants like Mangroves and Cypress have projections called Pneumatophores or Knees which develop from the of plants. (A) Aerial roots (B) Lateral roots (C) Stem (D) Leaves (xii) Long legs in camel help the animal in: (A) Running fast (B) Keeping the body away from hot ground (C)Protecting from sand (D)Both A and B (xiii) Collapsed lungs in marine animals like seal help in: (A) Swimming on the surface (B) Surface–dwelling (C)Gliding effortlessly to the deep sea (D)None of the above (xiv) Which of the following is the dark zone of the ocean? (A) Euphotic zone (B) Bathyal zone (C)Abyssal zone (D)Limnetic zone CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 27

(xv) Marine species of fishes adapt to a high salt concentration in water by maintaining: (A) Lower internal salt concentration than the water they swim (B) Higher internal salt concentration than the water they swim (C)Equal internal salt concentration as the water they swim (D)None of the above CHAPTER 9. ADAPTATIONS TO DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS 28

10. SOIL POLLUTION SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES AND FERTILITY 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Parent material – Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. ii. Soil fertility – Soil fertility refers to the ability of a soil to sustain plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in lasting constant yields of high quality. iii. Mycorrhiza – A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant. iv. Mineralization – Mineralization is the hydrothermal deposition of economically impor- tant metals in the formation of ore bodies or lodes. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Our environment is composed of atmosphere, earth, water and space. Soil is made SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 29

up of minerals and decomposed organic matter along with air and water. ii. Many organisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, worms etc. have their habitat in the soil. Healthy soil is very important to produce food. iii. Soil has 3 properties –physical, chemical and biological. iv. Organic matter in soil increases water holding capacity; improves water infiltration and decreases evaporation. v. The pH of the soil is to be balanced to determine the type of vegetation. vi. Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to inorganic forms. vii. Abundant biological activity in soil, balanced macro and micro nutrient levels and good water retention capacity are the features of a fertile soil. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the three main physical properties of soil? What effects do these have on the plants? [Refer to TB page 167 Q8] A. Soil comprises of minerals, organic matter, water and air. The composition and propor- tion of these components greatly influences soil texture. 1. The physical properties of soil include Texture, Structure and Porosity 2. Effects of texture: It can dictate the variety of plants that can be grown in the soil and also affect the quality and quantity of the yield. 3. Effects of structure: Physical properties regulate and affect air and water movement in the soil and thus, the soil’s ability to function. Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes the residues of dead plants, animals and other organisms. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant’s growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Soils which contains 30% or more organic matter are considered to be organic soil; all other soils are identified as mineral soils. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 30

4. Effect of Porosity: Fine texture and organic matter in soil improves water infiltration, decreases evaporation, and increases the water holding capacity. Also, where there is organic matter, there will be numerous organisms present, which help in creating conditions ideal for cultivation thus, maintaining the natural state of soil. Q2. What is pH? What is its range? What are the negative impacts if the pH of soil is too low or too high? [Refer to TB page 167 Q9] A. 1. The term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. 2. The range of pH values of a good soil lies from 5.5 to 7.5. Below pH 7 the soils are termed as acidic and above pH 7 they are alkaline. The pH of soil is important in determining the type of vegetation that will grow in the soil and the type of organisms that will live there. Also, presence of organic matter in soil has a close relationship with pH of the soil. 3. Soil richer in organic matter is acidic in nature as a result of degradation of various substances producing various acids in soil. Availability of nutrients to plants is strongly tied to the pH in soil. 4. Negative impacts if pH of the soil is too high or too low: The availability of N, K, Ca, Mg and S tends to decrease with decreasing pH and in- crease with increasing pH. Both the conditions are not recommended for soil’s health. Q3. What is soil fertility? What are the sources of soil fertility? [Refer to TB page 167 Q10] A. Soil fertility can be described as organic matter content of the soil, with good living conditions for soil organisms and growing conditions for the roots, which are closely linked to soil structure, the availability of nutrients, the soil’s water holding capacity and its biological activity. Sources of soil fertility: 1. Physical sources: i. Well developed structure and texture of the soil ii. Adequate porosity of air and water exchange capacity of the soil iii. Ample water retention (water holding) capacity SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 31

2. Biological and organic sources: i. Abundant biological activity ii. Availability of humus for plant nutrient intake iii. Nutrient cycling 3. Chemical sources: i. Balance of chemicals and nutrients in the soil ii. Availability of macro nutrients iii. Optimal trace nutrients A major part of the soil microbial biomass is composed of fungi. Important soil fungi, the Mycorrhizae, grow in symbiosis with about 90% of all plant roots. Q4. Name 5 or 10 living things that live in soil. What do these things do to affect the soil? [Refer to TB page 167 Q17] A. Living things that live in the soil are: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, earth- worms, gophers, ground squirrels, worms, plant roots, snakes, moles, insects etc. i. All these organisms feed on plant residues in the soil and help in aeration and percolation of water. ii. Soil microbes also exert much influence in controlling the quantities and forms of various chemical elements found in soil. Most notable are the cycles for carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, all of which are elements important for soil fertility. iii. Soil microbes convert organic forms of elements to their inorganic forms and lib- erate carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate and inorganic forms of other elements. This process is known as ‘mineralization’. This forms the basis of nutri- ent cycles in major ecosystems of the world. iv. Besides their role in controlling the rates of production of inorganic forms from var- ious organic forms, soil microbes, particularly, soil bacteria also control the forms of ions in which these nutrients occurs. Q5. What is organic matter? Why is it important to plants? [Refer to TB page 167 Q11] SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 32

A. 1. Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes the residues of dead plants, animals and organisms. 2. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Soils which contain 30% or more organic matter are considered organic soils and all other soils are called mineral soils. Importance of organic matter to plants: 1. Organic matter in soil improves water infiltration, decreases evaporation and in- creases the water holding capacity. 2. When there is organic matter in the soil there will be numerous organisms present in it which help in creating conditions ideal for cultivation. Q6. What are the factors affecting organic matter levels in soil? How this level of organic matter can be increased? [Refer to TB page 167 Q12] A. 1. Soil temperature, moisture, soil composition are the factors affecting organic matter levels in the soil. 2. It can be increased by: a. Crop rotation: Crop rotations of cereals with legumes results in higher soil organic manure b. Combining compost, plant or animal materials/waste, or green manure with soil will increase the amount of Organic matter in the soil. Q7. Rank the negative impact practices in your area in the order in which you think they should be eliminated. [Refer to TB page 167 Q22] A. i. Over usage of pesticides and insecticides as they affect the soil fertility. ii. Practices that lead to soil erosion. iii. Dumping of chemical wastes, radioactive materials, and disease causing agents as they have adverse effects on plant and animal health. iv. Taking care of disposing the non biodegradable substances. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 33

Q8. Rank the positive impact practices in order in which you think they should be used for the most benefit on your farm. [Refer to TB page 167 Q7] A. Following the 3R principle, i.e., Reduce, Recycle, Reuse. i. Reforesting, proper solid waste management, bioremediation. ii. Encouraging organic methods for cultivation. iii. Creating awareness among farmers regarding factors affecting soil fertility 1.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. How would soil texture affect the nutrients in soil? What would be its impact on crop production? [Refer to TB page 167 Q16] A. 1. Soil texture has an important role in nutrient management because it influences nutrient retention. 2. For instance, finer textured soils tend to have greater ability to store soil nutrients and water. 3. Crop quality and the type of crops to be grown in a soil depend on the structure and texture of the soil. 4. Some crops grow well in fine texture soils whereas others grow in rough textured soil. Thus the texture has its impact on crop production. 1.6 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Ramu said soil health is important. How can you support him? [Refer to TB page 167 Q23] A. Soil health plays a major role in many aspects of life: i. Healthy soil is fundamental to the quality of food it produces and to the health of those who eat the food produced from it. ii. When the soil components are present in appropriate percentage, the productivity is high. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION AND SOIL - FORMATION, PROPERTIES A... 34

SESSION 2 SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - CAUSES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Biodegradable waste –Biodegradable waste is a type of waste which can be broken down into its base compounds by micro–organisms and other living things. ii. Non–biodegradable waste –Non–biodegradable waste is a type of waste that can not be broken down into its base compounds by micro–organisms, air, moisture or soil in a reasonable amount of time. iii. Soil erosion –Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. iv. Biomagnification –Biomagnification refers to the accumulation of toxins through the trophic levels of a food chain. v. Fertilizers –A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. vi. Solid wastes –The term solid waste means materials such as household garbage (includes recycling), food wastes, yard wastes, and demolition or construction debris. vii. Urbanization –The gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. viii. Deforestation –Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non–forest use. SESSION 2. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - CAUSES 35

2.3 Key Concepts i. Addition of unwanted substances that adversely affect the quality of the soil is termed as soil pollution. ii. Bio degradable wastes are those that can be decomposed by bacterial or biological decomposition. iii. Non bio degradable wastes are those that cannot be decomposed by bacterial or biological decomposition. iv. Addition of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, weedicides, deforestation, soil erosion, dumping solid wastes are causes of land pollution. v. Urbanization has caused pollution to surface and underground soil. Clogging of drains obstructs movement of water and causes a foul smell. vi. Plastic is a nightmare and is a curse that appears to be a boon to mankind because it makes life simple but takes several years to decompose. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Define soil pollution. [Refer to TB page 167 Q1] A. Soil or land pollution can be defined as addition of substances which adversely affect the quality of soil and its fertility. Q2. Chemical fertilizers are useful to crops. In which way they cause environmental pollu- tion? [Refer to TB page 167 Q2] A. i. Soil nutrients are important for plant growth and development. Plants obtain car- bon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and water, but other necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur must be obtained from the soil. ii. Farmers generally use fertilizers to overcome soil deficiencies. Fertilizers contam- inate the soil with impurities, which come from the raw materials used for their manufacture. Mixed fertilizers contain ammonium nitrate (NH4 NO3), phosphorus as P2 O5 and potassium as K2 O. For instance, As, Pb and Cd present in traces in rock phosphate mineral get transferred to super phosphate fertilizer. SESSION 2. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - CAUSES 36

iii. Since the metals are not degradable, their accumulation in the soil is due to exces- sive use of phosphate fertilizers which becomes an indestructible poison for crops. The over use of NPK fertilizers reduce quantity of vegetables and crops grown in soil over the years. iv. Excess potassium content in soil decreases Vitamin C and carotene content in vegetable and fruits. The vegetables and fruits grown in over fertilized soil are more prone to attacks by insects and disease. 2.5 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Prepare a flow chart to describe soil pollution, causes and methods of control. [Refer to TB page 167 Q18] A. 2.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. 'plastic bags a big environmental nuisance'. How do you support this statement? [Refer to TB page 167Q20] SESSION 2. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - CAUSES 37

A. Plastic with its exclusive qualities of being light yet strong and economical has invaded every aspect of our day–to–day life. i. Conventional plastics have been associated with reproductive problems in both wildlife and humans. ii. Dioxin, a highly carcinogenic and toxic by–product of the manufacturing process of plastics mixes with the air and is passed on through breast milk to the nursing infant. iii. Burning of plastics, especially PVC releases dioxin and also furan into the atmo- sphere. iv. Careless disposal of plastic bags chokes drains, blocks the porosity of the soil and causes problems in groundwater recharge. v. Plastic disturbs the soil microbe activity, and once ingested, can kill animals. vi. Plastic bags can also contaminate foodstuffs due to leaching of toxic dyes and transfer of pathogens. Thus, conventional plastics, right from their manufacture to their disposal are a major problem to the environment. Though only a small percentage lies strewn, it is this portion that is of concern it causes extensive damage to the environment 2.7 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. What soil problems do you find in your area? Prepare a list of those problems and suggest a method for each of them to control those problems. [Refer to TB page 167 Q21] A. Problems: 1. Dumping of waste materials at random places. 2. Disposal of industrial and chemical wastes at places near to residential areas. 3. Soil erosion 4. Lack of awareness about importance of soil fertility. Control measures : 1. Adopt 3R’s–Reduce, reuse and recycle. 2. Reuse glass containers, plastic bags, paper bags. It reduces solid waste pollution. 3. Recycle plastic, paper and glass it helps in the conservation of resources. SESSION 2. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - CAUSES 38

SESSION 3 SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND CONSERVATION 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Bioremediation – Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. ii. Recycling – Recycling is a process to convert waste materials into reusable material to prevent waste of potentially useful materials. iii. Reforesting – Reforesting is the process of replacing plants in an area where they have been cut down or destroyed. iv. Solid waste management –Solid waste management is one of the major challenges faced by many countries around the globe. v. Soil conservation – Soil conservation is the prevention of soil from erosion or reduced fertility caused by overuse, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. vi. Contour ploughing – Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of plo- ughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 39

3.3 Key Concepts i. Following 3R policy (reduce, reuse and recycle) may decrease soil pollution to some extent. ii. Pyrolysis is the combustion in the absence of oxygen. iii. The Best way to decompose human and cattle waste is to produce gobar gas or biogas. iv. Bio-remediation is the means to use biological remedies to clean up the earth and usage of plants to clean up is called phytoremediation. v. Natural disasters like Earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes and floods cause land pol- lution. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Describe an environmental friendly method to profitably dispose of human waste and cattle waste. [Refer to TB page 167 Q3] A. i. Environmental friendly method to dispose of human and cattle waste is generation of biogas or gobar gas. ii. Anaerobic/aerobic decomposition of biodegradable municipal and domestic waste is also being done and gives organic manure. iii. Cow dung which releases methane into the atmosphere, should be processed further in ‘gobar gas plants’ to produce ‘gobar gas’ and good manure. Q2. What steps can be taken to reduce pollution due to particulate matter from industries? [Refer to TB page 167 Q4] A. Particulate matter (PM) refers to small solid or liquid particles floating in the air. These particles can be made up of different substances, including carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and metal compounds. Generally, smaller particles are thought to be more harmful to health than larger particles because they can move deeper into the respiratory tract, including the lungs. For this reason, fine particles are linked to more serious health effects than larger particles. To reduce pollution due to particulate matter, the following steps may be taken: SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 40

i. Consider alternative fuels such as natural gas or bio–gas instead of coal. ii. Consider fuel–cleaning options such as coal washing, which can reduce ash con- tent by up to 40%. iii. Consider alternative production processes and technologies, such as fluidized bed combustion, that result in reduced PM emissions. iv. Select optimal particulate removal devices. v. Industries must have emission equipment to reduce particulate pollution vi. Renewable energy sources can be used instead of burning fossil fuels which re- lease particulate matter. Q3. What farm practices impact soil? Do they impact soil in a positive or a negative way? [Refer to TB page 167 Q6] A. The farm practices that impact soil in a positive way are: No–till farming: i. When soil is prepared for farming by ploughing it, the process is known as tilling. ii. No–till farming is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage. The process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, shaping it into rows and preparing a surface for sowing. iii. But the tilling activity can lead to compaction of soil, loss of organic matter in soil and the death of the organisms in soil. iv. No–till farming is a way to prevent the soil from being affected by these adversities. Contour ploughing: i. This practice of farming across the slopes takes into account the slope gradient and the & elevation of soil across the slope. ii. It is the method of ploughing across the contour lines of a slope. iii. This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents the soil from being washed away along the slope. iv. Contour ploughing also helps in the percolation of water into the soil. Crop rotation: i. Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are cultivated consecu- tively. ii. Continuous cultivation of the same crop also leads to an imbalance in the fertility SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 41

demands of the soil. To prevent these adverse effects from taking place, crop rotation is practised. iii. It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area sequentially, Crop rotation also helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility. Terracing: i. Terracing is one of the very good methods of soil conservation. ii. A terrace is a levelled section of a hilly cultivated area. Owing to its unique struc- ture, it prevents the rapid surface runoff of water. iii. Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance thus slowing the easy wash- ing down of the soil. Dry stonewalling is a method used to create terraces in which stone structures are created without using mortar for binding. Q4. What is bioremediation? How does it help in controlling soil pollution? [Refer to TB page 167 Q14] A. i. Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contam- ination. This makes it different from remedies where contaminated soil or water is removed for chemical treatment or decontamination, incineration, or burial in a landfill. ii. Microbes are often used to remedy environmental problems found in soil, water, and sediments. Plants have also been used to assist bioremediation processes. This is called phytoremediation. iii. Biological processes have been used for some inorganic materials, like metals, to lower radioactivity and to remediate organic contaminants. iv. With metal contamination the usual challenge is to accumulate the metal into har- vestable plant parts, which must then be disposed off in a hazardous waste landfill before or after incineration to reduce the plant to ash. Two exceptions are mercury and selenium, which can be released as volatile elements directly from plants to atmosphere. Q5. What is a medical waste? Why it is called hazardous waste? What is a safe way to dispose of medical waste? [Refer to TB page 167 Q5] A. Medical waste: Medical waste is solid waste generated during diagnosing, treating or immunizing people or animals. Waste generated by health care activities includes a SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 42

broad range of materials, from used needles and syringes to soiled dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and ra- dioactive materials. Hazardous Solid Waste: Industrial and hospital waste is considered to be hazardous waste as they contain toxic substances. Safe ways to dispose of medical wastes: i. Collection, transfer and transport to suitable sites, and safe disposal of wastes by methods which are environmentally compatible should be followed for the safe disposal of the hazardous medical waste. ii. Hazardous waste should be investigated and disposed of in methods such as deep well injection and more secure landfills. iii. Burying the wastes in locations situated away from residential areas is the simplest and most widely used technique of solid waste management. iv. Environmental and aesthetic considerations must be taken into consideration be- fore selecting the dumping sites. Q6. What is a solid waste? Explain the best practices for solid waste management. [Refer toTB page 167 Q13] A. The solid waste is the organic and inorganic wastes produced by various activities of the society and which have lost their value to the first user. The solid wastes which are accumulated on the soil will pose a great problem to us. Throwing the wastes in dump yards is not the solution to the problem. Proper methods should be adopted for management of solid waste disposal: i. Solid waste management involves activities including collection, transfer and trans- port to suitable sites, and safe disposal of wastes by methods which are environ- mentally compatible. ii. Industrial wastes can be treated physically, chemically and biologically until they are less hazardous. Acidic and alkaline wastes should be first neutralized; the insoluble material if biodegradable should be allowed to degrade under controlled conditions before being disposed. iii. New areas for storage of hazardous waste should be investigated such as deep well injection and more secure landfills. Burying the waste in locations situated away from residential areas is the simplest and most widely used technique of solid waste management. iv. Environmental and aesthetic considerations must be taken into consideration be- fore selecting the dumping sites. SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 43

v. Incineration of other wastes is expensive and leaves a huge residue and adds to air pollution. Pyrolysis is a process of combustion in absence of oxygen or the material is burnt under controlled atmosphere of oxygen. It is an alternative to incineration. The gas and liquid thus obtained can be used as fuels. Pyrolysis of carbonaceous wastes like firewood, coconut, palm waste, corn combs, cashew shell, rice husk paddy straw and saw dust, yields charcoal along with products like tar, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, acetone and a fuel gas. vi. Anaerobic/aerobic decomposition of biodegradable municipal and domestic waste is also being done which gives organic manure. Cow dung which releases methane into the atmosphere, should be processed further in ‘gobar gas plants’ to produce ‘gobar gas’ and good manure. 3.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Why soil conservation is important to us? What will happen if no preventive measures would be taken? [Refer to TB page 167 Q16] A. i. Soil conservation comprises of all the procedures and methods that involve pro- tecting the soil from natural as well as man–made destructions. ii. It is as important as any other form of conservation that attempts to safeguard the environment and improve the quality of life of all living beings. iii. Soil conservation helps to prevent soil degradation due to erosion, agricultural soil pollution etc iv. Conservation ensures that the soil maintains nutrients and microbial activity for future plant growth. v. If no preventive measures are taken to conserve the soil, the top soil may be lost due to soil erosion and the soil may lose its texture and fertility. It becomes unfit for growing crops. 3.6 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Look at the following symbol. What does it mean? [Refer to TB page 167 Q19] SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 44

A. i. The logo is the symbol for bioremediation. ii. Bioremediation is the use of biological agents such as microbes or plants to break down or neutralize “hazardous substances” or “contaminants” thereby removing dangerous chemicals in the environment. iii. The process of bioremediation is listed as one of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) innovative technologies. iv. It promotes use of organic substances in our day to day life so as to prevent pollu- tion. SESSION 3. SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION - EFFECTS, CONTROL AND ... 45

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Biological property 1. Match the following. [(Session 10.1)] Column A i. Soil above pH 7.8 ii. Mycorrhizae b. Productivity is high iii. Humus c. Enlarge root zone of the plant iv. Fungi d. Increase in alkalinity v. Appropriate percentage of components e. Major biomass of soil 2. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (i) The of the soil is to be balanced to determine the type of vegetation. (ii) Soil microbes convert forms of elements to forms. (iii) grow in symbiosis with about 90% of all plant roots. (iv) The process of conversion of organic forms into inorganic forms by microbes is called . (v) Organic matter in soil improves . 3. State true or false. [Refer to Session 10.3 ] (vi) Reducing of chemical fertilizers use reduces soil pollution. [ ] CHAPTER 10. SOIL POLLUTION 46

(vii) Reuse of material reduces soil pollution. [] (viii) Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination. [] (ix) No–till farming causes soil erosion. [] (x) Deforestation leads to soil pollution. [] 4. Match the following. Column B a. Biogas [(Session 10.3)] Column A i. Bioremediation ii. Phytoremediation b. Improves soil fertility iii. Incineration c. Clean up contamination iv. Crop rotation d. Plants v. Gobar gas e. Expensive method 5. State true or false. [Refer to Session 10.2 ] (xi) Waste decomposed by bacteria is called biological decomposition. ] [ (xii) First widespread insecticide used was BHC. [] (xiii) Indiscriminate use of fertilizers causes soil fertilization. [] (xiv) Chemicals released by industrial wastes pollute underground soil. [ ] CHAPTER 10. SOIL POLLUTION 47

(xv) Foul smell is generated by dumping of wastes at a place. [] 6. Match the following. Column B [(Session 10.2)] a. Insecticide Column A i. Biodegradable waste ii. Nonbiodegradable waste b. Soil Erosion iii. DDT c. Radioactive waste iv. NPK fertilizers d. Dung v. Deforestation e. Excess use lead to soil pollution 7. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 10.2 ] (xvi) Acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants on land surface also contribute to . (xvii) Soil are important for plant growth and development. (xviii) Farmers generally use to maintain soil nutrient level. (xix) Hospital waste is an example of waste. (xx) = (Total weight of wet waste materials) / (Number of persons in your family). Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] What is soil? CHAPTER 10. SOIL POLLUTION 48