182120061-Passport-G4-Teacher Companion Book-English-Part1-A

Module 4 Grammar – Present participle and past participle  Words that show the actions that the nouns are doing are called doing words or verbs. Examples: play, bark, run, swim  Some verbs do not show actions but help the main verb to name the action. Such verbs are called helping verbs. ‘Is’, ‘are’ and ‘am’ are three commonly used helping verbs:  Is is used with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns. Example: Rama is doing her homework.  Are is used with ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns. Example: The children are playing in the garden.  Am is used only with ‘I’. Example: I am walking.  The form of a verb that shows past or present action is known as a participle. There are two types of participles in English: present participle (-ing) and past participle (-d, -ed).  The past participle form of verbs shows something that started in the past. They may be used with ‘has’ or ‘have’ before them. Example: I have cooked food.  The present participle form of verbs is made by adding '-ing' to the base forms of verbs. It is used to show an event that is continuing in the present. Example: I am cooking food. Page 148

Language in Use – ‘Going to’ and ‘will’  Going to and will are two forms of the simple future tense.  ‘Going to’ is used to talk about plans for the future. It may also be used to express an action that is about to happen very soon, based on the present situation. Examples: I’m going to be a singer when I grow up. The sky is very dark. It’s going to rain heavily.  ‘Will’ is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking, make predictions in the far-off future, make promises, requests and offers, and when the speaker decides to do something willingly or on their own. Examples: I will eat the cheesecake. The bridge will crumble down one day. I will surely attend your dance performance. Will you shut the door, please? You look tired; I will drive you home. I will make a few sandwiches. Module 5 Vocabulary – Context clues  Context clues are words or phrases in a sentence that help us to understand the meaning of a new or difficult word. Example: Rajiv introduced (new or difficult word) his friend Ravi to his mother. It was the first time she was meeting him (context clue). Page 149

Grammar – More on subject-verb agreement  Subject-verb agreement is the necessary alignment of the subject and verb in a correct and meaningful sentence.  A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Examples: The boy throws a green ball. The boys throw a green ball.  Two singular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘either... or’ and ‘neither... nor’ require a singular verb. However, if one of the two subjects is plural and is closer to the verb than the singular subject, the verb will be plural. Examples: Either my brother or sister has made the bed. Neither Mary nor her children want to come to the park.  Use a plural verb with two or more subjects connected by ‘and’. Example: Kabir and Suman are friends.  When we talk, we need to refer to the present time, the time in the past and the time in the future. For this purpose, we use tenses.  Sentences that describe actions that happen regularly or often are written in the simple present tense. The basic format of simple present tense is as follows: ‘subject + base verb + s/es (if applicable) + object’. Example: He brushes his teeth every day. Page 150

Language in Use – Present perfect tense  Sentences that show actions that are happening now are written in the present continuous tense. The basic format of present continuous tense is as follows: ‘subject + is/are/am + base verb + ing + object’. Example: I am brushing my teeth.  Sentences that talk about actions that happened earlier are written in the simple past tense. The basic format of simple past tense is as follows: ‘subject + past tense form of verb + object’. Example: I brushed my teeth.  We can usually turn a word (verb) into its past tense by adding ‘-d’ or ‘-ed’ to its end. Such verbs are known as regular verbs. Examples: brush – brushed, dance –danced, jump – jumped  Verbs that do not end in ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ or ‘-ied’ in their simple past tense forms, and change in different ways, are called irregular verbs. Examples: sing – sang, write – wrote, begin – began  Sentences that talk about actions that were happening in the past are written in the past continuous tense. The basic format of simple past tense is as follows: ‘subject + was/were + base verb + ing + object’. Example: I was brushing my teeth.  Sentences that describe future actions are written in the simple future tense. The verbs in this tense refer to actions that will happen in the future. The basic format of simple past tense is as follows: ‘subject + will/shall + base verb + object’. Example: I will brush my teeth.  Sentences that show actions that have just finished in the present are written in the present perfect tense. It talks about completed actions (past) that are important now or reported news. It also talks about actions or situations that have started in the past and continue in the present. The general format of present perfect tense is as follows: ‘subject + have/has + past participle form + object’ Page 151

Examples: I have passed the exam. He has lived in India since 2012. Module 6 Vocabulary – Homophones  Homophones are words that have different spellings but are pronounced in the same way. They sound the same but have different meanings. Examples: 'here' and 'hear ', ‘deer’ and ‘dear’ Module 7 Vocabulary – Compound words  A compound word is formed when two different words are joined together to make a new word. There are three forms of compound words: closed form, hyphenated form and open form.  In the closed form, the words are blended or mixed together and written as a single word. Examples: lifeless, outdoors  In the hyphenated form, the words are simply joined together by hyphens. Examples: two-dimensional, cut-outs  In the open form, the words are closely associated and convey one idea or meaning but are spelled as separate words. Examples: wooden dolls, glove puppets Page 152

Grammar – Articles  Articles point out nouns or groups of nouns.  A and an are called indefinite articles. ‘A’ is used before singular nouns that start with a consonant sound. ‘An’ is used before singular nouns that start with vowel sounds. Examples: Rohan has a cat. Sheela has an orange.  The is called the indefinite article. It is used to refer to something that has already been mentioned or something that is one of its kind or specific. We pronounce ‘the’ as ‘the’ when the following word begins with a consonant sound. We pronounce ‘the’ as ‘thee’ when the following word begins with a vowel sound. Example: This is a rabbit. The rabbit is eating a carrot under the Sun. Language in Use – Prepositions  Prepositions are words that tell us where something is. A preposition links or connects nouns and pronouns with other words in a sentence. Here are a few prepositions and their usage rules:  Above means 'at a higher place or position'. Example: The dragon is flying above the wooden crate.  Below means 'at a lower place or position'. Example: The dragon is flying below the wooden crate.  Among means 'to be in the middle of several things, people or objects'. Example: The blue bird is among the other birds.  With means 'to be at the same place as one or several things, people or objects'. Example: The green bird is flying with the blue bird. Page 153

Module 8 Grammar – Adjectives  Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.  Adjectives of quality point out the quality of nouns. They answer the question 'of what kind? Examples: big, black, beautiful  Adjectives of quantity tell us how many or how much of something is being spoken about. Examples: some, a little, all, several, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, few  Adjectives of number tell us ‘how many’ or the number of nouns or pronouns that are spoken about. Examples: five, seventeen, twenty-four, tenth  A possessive adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It is usually located just before the words (nouns) that it describes. On the other hand, a possessive pronoun is used in place of nouns. Examples: This is our house. (possessive adjective) This house is ours. (possessive pronoun)  Demonstrative adjectives make clear which specific person, object or place (nouns) the sentence is talking about. A demonstrative pronoun takes the place of a noun, but a demonstrative adjective is followed by a noun.  This points to a single thing that is near. Example: This book is mine. Page 154

 That points to a single thing that is far. Example: That house is beautiful.  These points to multiple things that are near. Example: These apples are fresh.  Those points to multiple things that are far. Example: Those animals are friendly. Page 155

16b. Speaking Rubric I Speak – Evaluation Rubric* Focus Area Beginner Developing Proficient Advanced (up to 35%) (35 to 70%) (70 to 95%) (95% and above) The learner: The learner: The learner: The learner: Sentence Construction  used words out of logical  used a verb in a group of  used short and relevant  used complete and order to answer questions. words while answering sentences to answer relevant sentences to questions. questions. answer questions. Organisation  missed out on important  included some important  included most important  included everything required points required for the task; points required for the points required for the in the task; presented ideas presented points in a way task; presented points in task; tried to present ideas in a that did not make sense; too a random order. in an order.  logical, coherent manner. long or short. Confidence and Fluency  is mostly incoherent.  spoke feebly and  spoke quite confidently  spoke confidently and and mostly answered answered clearly and answered clearly and clearly and completely. completely. completely.  made eye contact with the  had a confident posture; listeners most of the time; made eye contact with Body Language  made little or no eye contact;  made very little eye seemed comfortable. listeners. shuffled and seemed very contact; seemed quite uncomfortable. uncomfortable. Page 156