202110213-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G06-PART1

LESSON 1-RIP VAN WINKLE Q8. Imagine you are a villager thinking about the sudden disappearance of Rip Van Winkle. Guess what may have happened to Rip and tell the members of your group using one of the following expressions. I think… In my opinion … I’m sure… I don’t think … As far as I know… I believe… I feel… I suspect… A. 1. I think Rip Van Winkle might be somewhere in the Kaatskill mountains. 2. In my opinion, a cruel beast may have eaten him up. 3. I’m sure Rip may have gone somewhere. 4. I don’t think Rip is in some danger. 5. As far as I know, Rip may have lost his way. 6. I believe Rip might have been kidnapped by someone. 7. I feel Rip is alright. 8. I suspect the robbers might have killed Rip. Q9. Lots of things may have happened in the village when Rip was away. Imagine you are the neighbour who greets Rip after 20 years. One student should act as Rip. Tell Rip about all that had happened in the village after he left. (Talk about what happened to his family, to his friends, to the other villagers, to the children he played with, the changes in the village etc. Take the help of your teacher.) A. Hi Rip, It’s a very long time since I saw you. Where have you been these 20 years? It is good to see you again. Your family left this village and settled in a nearby town. Your daughter is now married and well-settled. Your son is working in the city. Our best friends, Ramu and Somu, have retired as school teachers. The children you played with, have become adults. Our village, as you can see, has changed a lot over the years. New roads have been built. New hospitals and schools have been built. Life has changed a lot, Rip. But it’s good to see you back in the village again. UNIT 6 200

---------- CCE BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS------------ )#03'1
 

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.2''. #22#(' '22*/.  1. Read the following passage to answer the questions given below. Thomas Edison was a very hard worker. When he was 12, he started selling books, newspapers and candy on a local train. If he was not busy selling items, he would read books and magazines. This helped him become smarter. Soon he started opening newspaper stands in his own town. Instead of working at the newspaper stands himself, Thomas Edison hired other kids to work for him. He even published his own newspaper when he was a teenager. He used his profits to build a small science lab in a baggage car. Once, while working in his lab, Thomas Edison saw a child wander onto the railroad tracks. He saved the child, and as a reward, was offered a job in a telegraph company. The job gave Thomas Edison the chance to travel around the country. As he travelled, he learned more about the way things worked and got new ideas. Those ideas inspired him to create new things and he became known as one of the greatest inventors of all times. I. Choose the right answer. 1. Who was Thomas Edison? [] A. businessman C. inventor B. mathematician D. sportsman 2. Edison started working at the age of ______________. [] A. 10 B. 12 C .11 D. 13 3. Edison used his profits to build a small_______________________. [ ] A. book stall B. science lab C. house D. model car II. Answer the following questions. 1. How did Edison become smarter? A. UNIT 6 201

RIP VAN WINKLE 2. How did Edison make money to build the science lab? A. 3. How did Edison get the job in the telegraph company? A. 4. What opportunity did the job in the telegraph company give Edison? A. 5. What is the reason for Edison’s growth from a newspaper boy to the greatest inventor? A. III. Write the meaning of the following words from the passage. 1. candy - 2. newspaper stand - 3. railroad - 4. baggage car - 5. inspired - IV. Write the opposites of the following words from the passage. 1. started × 2. smart × 3. profit × 4. create × 5. greatest × UNIT 6 202

/%#$4,#16 RIP VAN WINKLE '22*/.  I. Circle the correct meaning of the underlined words. 1. Stare - listen, watch, point 2. Astonishment - rub, anger, surprise 3. Marbles - bullets, coins, glass balls 4. Astray - tray, off track, sign II. Here are some describing words. Use them to complete the given sentences. tight-lipped well-groomed horse-drawn brightly-lit ten-story 1. The Princess arrived in a _______________________________________ carriage. 2. My office is in a ____________________________________ building. 3. He remained ________________________________________ about the matter. 4. Rahul always has a _________________________________________ appearance. 5. This is a ____________________________________________ room. III. Complete the passage given below choosing appropriate describing-words from the box to fill in the blanks. tastefully-furnished newly-painted long-lasting oil-free densely-populated mouth-watering well-known Last week, I visited my friend who lives in Calcutta. It is a ___________________________ city. My friend took me to a ___________________________ restaurant in her neighbourhood. The restaurant was a _____________________________ building. She said that the ____________________________ food items in that restaurant were very popular. We went in and took our seats. The place was ________________________________________ we placed our orders and soon ____________________________________________dishes were brought before us. I thoroughly enjoyed my meal. It left a ______________________memory. UNIT 6 203

RIP VAN WINKLE 1#--#1 '22*/.  I. Change the following sentences into their corresponding passive voice. 1. Everybody liked Rip Van Winkle. A. 2. The children were playing cricket. A. 3. He eats fruits daily. A. 4. She has painted many pictures. A. 5. My father gave me a pen. A. 6. I have read many books. A. 7. The cat drinks milk. A. 8. Rip was wearing torn clothes. A. 9. Rani buys a new dress every month. A. 10. He has written a lot of stories. A. II. Answer the following questions using adverbs of frequency. 1. How often do you read the newspaper? A. 2. How often do you watch movies? A. UNIT 6 204

RIP VAN WINKLE 3. How often do you travel to other countries? A. 4. How often do you visit your grandparents? A. 5. How often do you clean your room? A. III. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Once, there lived a cloth merchant. Everyone respected him. He had a son named Manu. Manu was a naughty boy. He played many tricks on people. He would damage everything around him. Other boys were troubled by his actions. He would be scolded by everyone. One day, when Manu’s mother came back from the market, she found the house in a terrible mess. Seeing his mother angry and upset, Manu tried to escape. But, as he turned to run, he stepped on a piece of broken glass lying on the floor. Manu cut his foot on the glass- piece and was taken to the hospital. Thereafter, he was never naughty as he had learnt a lesson. 1. Pick out four sentences in active voice from the passage and change them into passive voice. (i) A. (ii) A. (iii) A. (iv) A. 2. Pick out three sentences in passive voice from the passage. (i) (ii) (iii) UNIT 6 205

RIP VAN WINKLE IV. Complete the given passage choosing appropriate adverbs of frequency from the box to fill in the blanks. sometimes always never often seldom rarely regularly daily I ______________________ watch the news on T.V. My father ____________________________ watches it. My mother _______________________________ watches the news. My grandparents ____________________________ watch it. They read the newspaper ________________________. I ____________________________ read the newspaper. My mother ___________________________ reads the newspaper. My father ______________________ reads the newspaper ___________________________. 1'#3*5'
!1*3*.( '22*/.  I. Write a paragraph based on the hints given below. Imagine you are Rip Van Winkle. Write a paragraph on the changes that you saw in the village and the villagers when you returned after twenty years. (Hint: type of roads, houses, shops, malls, high-rise buildings, people, way of life, transportation, gadgets, etc.) UNIT 6 206

RIP VAN WINKLE II. Rewrite the following passage checking the spellings, punctuation (.) (!) (?) and capitalisation wherever necessary. he looked around for wolf but he was nowhere rip whistled for him wolf wolf he then shouted no dog was to be seen where has this dog gone he muttered to himself he began to descend the mountain to go back to his village III. Write a short story based on the picture given below. UNIT 6 207

RIP VAN WINKLE Hints: • Your story should have a clear beginning, middle and end • Use clear paragraph division • Use a variety of narrative tense forms (the four past tense forms – past simple, past perfect, past continuous and past perfect continuous tenses) • Style of narration can be – First person (are written in the first person I, we; about a series of events real or imaginary which happened to us); Third Person (are written about other people – she, he, it, they; about what happened to them, real or imaginary) • Characters – who are the main characters here the boy (could be you/or any other boy) and your/his dog • Plot – The plot of the story tells the actions and events that take place in your story. Your plot should have an introduction, a problem and resolution. Your plot can be real events or fiction. Setting – This is where your story takes place. The setting is a time – in the present (now), past or future. Think of the weather, time/month of the year – uses phrases like before the beginning of winter, by the end of May, two months before, a fortnight before etc. to show time. The setting is also a place – in Hyderabad, Vizag, Chennai, India, New York, on the moon etc. UNIT 6 208

RIP VAN WINKLE 34&6
+*,,2 '22*/. Look at the table and read the information carefully. The children in a school are to have extra swimming lessons if they cannot swim. The table below gives information about the children in Years 7, 8 and 9. Year Can swim Cannot Swim Year 7 120 60 Year 8 168 7 Year 9 172 3 1. How many children need swimming lessons? A. 2. How many children are there in Year 8? A. 3. How many of the Year 7 children cannot swim? A. 4. How many children in Years 7 and 8 can swim? A. 5. How many children is there altogether in Years 7, 8 and 9? A. UNIT 6 209

RIP VAN WINKLE *23'.*.(
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+*,,2 '22*/. Your teacher will read out the following passage to you. Listen carefully and answer the questions that follow. Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realise that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as we do. Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these mammals be more intelligent than man? The more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them. 1. What stories of dolphins are common since Roman times? A. 2. How do dolphins communicate with each other? A. 3. How do dolphins care for the others in the community? A. 4. Pick out the adjectives that are used to describe the dolphins in this paragraph. A. UNIT 6 210

Extra CCE Examination-based Material Seen Comprehension Passages Template.for comprehension passages (seen) These passages or stanzas (poem) have been picked up from the lessons to strengthen the comprehending skills of the students. The CCE examination pattern advocates the in-depth learning of the central theme of every lesson. Therefore we have introduced this new Session of Comprehension Passages (textual) as a support system to the teachers. UNIT ­ I PEACE AND HARMONY I. Read the following passage and answer the following Questions. The jackal who had been waiting for this opportunity, dragged the sadhu and ran into the jungle. He took the sadhu to a lonely place, tore him into pieces and ate him up. The animals were very sad, angry and disappointed with what had happened to the sadhu. They were afraid that the hungry jackal would appear again the next day. Then they heard a strange noise. All of them ran in that direction. What they saw surprised them. They saw the stomach of the jackal growing bigger and bigger. 1. What was the opportunity for which the jackal was waiting? 2. What happened to the sadhu? 3. What did the animals see? 4. From which lesson are these lines extracted? 5. Who does \"he\" refer to in the above passage? Passage ­ II Once upon a time, in a very thick forest lived many animals, birds, snakes and insects. They all lived together happily. They roamed about the jungle, and played together in the open fields without any fear. The peacocks were very proud of their dances but admired the melodious songs of the cuckoos. The elephants enjoyed watching the fish swimming in the pool. The pythons that were blessed with long bodies, spoke well of the fine fur of the flat-footed rabbits. 1. Where did the animals live? 2. Who did the peacocks admire? 211

3. Who spoke well of the fine fur of the flat - footed rabbits? 4. How did the animals live in the forest? 4. Pick out the word which means \"merrily\" from the above passage? I WANT PEACE III. Read the following poem and answer the given Questions. I am big and round, I feel the weight of sorrow on me, I touch the feelings of the people, I worry about the future of the people on me, I cry for help from God. 1. Who does \" I \" refer to? 2. Who feels the weight of sorrow? 3. What is the Mother Earth's worry? 4. Why does the Mother Earth ask for help from God? GRAND CONTEST IN THE FOREST IV. Read the following passage answer the following questions. \" I have nothing grand to offer you. I don't glow or sing, but what I have I give with my heart\", and he scampered away. He returned, dragging his dry branches. The Great One looked grave. \" I see beauty in form and sound...\" all waited holding their breath. But the prize goes to the grey squirrel, for I can use seeds and sow them; new life will burst forth.... trees will bear more fruit. It is a gift not only for today but also for all our tomorrows.\" 1. \"I have nothing grand to offer you\". Who said these words to whom? 2. What did the little squirrel present? 3. How did the little squirrel's show impress the Great One? 4. Why was the squirrel sad? 5. Who does “I\" refer to in the above passage? 212

UNIT ­ II TELANGANA, THE PRIDE OF THE PEOPLE V. Read the passage and answer the following questions. “Dear child, the long lasting dream of our people has become true. The birth of our state has made our vision real. Now, there are chances for employment and inclusive development. Moreover, we can revive our culture; we can revive our language.” 1. Who is the speaker of the above-mentioned lines? 2. The birth of which state is the speaker talking about? 3. What are the advantages of a separate state? 4. What is the language of the state referred to in the above paragraph? 5. Which word in the paragraph means “a mental image of the future”? VI. Read the passage and answer the following questions. “We celebrate our festivals with warmth and fervour. Bonalu, our state festival, is celebrated during Aashaadam as thanksgiving to the goddess Mahankali for fulfilling our wishes. We prepare rice cooked with milk and jaggery, put in a Ghatam- the decorated pot- and carry the pot in a procession singing songs. The fete culminates as the ghatams are offered to the local goddesses.” 1. Who is the speaker of the above-mentioned lines? 2. When is Bonalu celebrated? 3. Which special dish is prepared and put in a Ghatam on the occasion of Bonalu? 4. Which word in the passage above means 'with an intense and passionate feeling'? 5. Why is Bonalu celebrated? IN THE BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD (Poem) VII. Read the poem and answer the following questions. What do you sell, O ye merchants? Richly your wares are displayed. Turbans of crimson and silver, Tunics of purple brocade, Mirrors with panels of amber, Daggers with handles of jade. 213

What do you weigh, O ye vendors? Saffron and lentil and rice What do you grind, O ye maidens? Sandalwood, henna, and spice. What do you call, O ye peddlers? Chessman and ivory dice. 1. What do the merchants sell in the market? 2. What do the vendors sell in the bazaar? 3. Who is the poetess of this poem? 4. What are the rhyming words in the above poem? 5. What impression do you form about the market? BAMMERAPOTHANA, THE JEWEL OF TELUGU LITERATURE VIII. Read the passage and answer the following questions. At the early age, Pothana wrote Bhogini Dandakamu for King Sri Singa Bhoopala. Later, he wrote, Veerabhadra Vijayamu describing the adventures of Veerabhadra, the son of Lord Shiva. The main theme of the work was the destruction of the yagna performed by King Daksha in the absence of Lord Shiva. 1. For whom did Pothana write Bhogini Dandakamu? 2. Who was Veerabhadra? 3. Who was Bammera Pothana? 4. Where was Bammera Pothana born? 5. What is the main theme of Veerabhadra Vijayamu? UNIT ­ III WHAT CAN A DOLLAR AND ELEVEN CENTS DO? IX. Read the following passage and answer the following Questions. At the shop there was a well-dressed customer. He bent down and asked the little girl, “What kind of a miracle does your brother need? “I don’t know,” she replied with her eyes welling up. “He’s really sick and Mummy says he needs an operation. But my Daddy can’t pay for it, so I have brought my savings.” “How much do you have?” asked the man. “One dollar and eleven cents, but I can try and get some more,” she answered barely audible. 214

1. Who was the well-dressed customer? 2. Who was the little girl? 3. Write the synonym of \"welling up”? 4. How much money did the little girl have? 5. What does the word \"miracle\" mean according to the little girl? X. Read the following passage and answer the following Questions. “What do you want?” asked the chemist. “It’s for my little brother,” Tess answered, “He’s really, really sick and I want to buy a miracle.” “We don’t sell miracles here, child. I’m sorry,” the chemist said, smiling sadly at the little girl. “Listen, I have the money to pay for it. If it isn’t enough, I can try and get some more. Just tell me how much it costs.” 1. What does the little girl want to buy? 2. Is miracle a medicine available in the medical store? 3. What does the word \"you\" refer to here? 4. What happened to Tess`s brother? 5. What is the message that we get from this lesson? A NATION'S STRENGTH - Ralph Waldo Emerson XI. Read the following Poem and answer the following Questions. Not gold, but only men, can make A people great and strong Men who for truth and honour’s sake Stand fast and suffer long. Brave men who work while others sleep Who dare while others fly They build a nation’s pillars deep And lift them to the sky. 215

1. What do you mean by the word \"stand fast”? 2. Who is the poet of the poem? 3. Whom does the word \"men\" refer to? 4. Name some of the pillars of our Nation like Gandhiji. 5. What does \"sleep\" mean in the above lines? WILMA ­ RUDOLPH XII. Read the following passage and answer the following Questions. Wilma Rudolph was born in a poor family in Tennessee. At the age of four, she had pneumonia with scarlet fever which left her paralyzed with polio. She had to wear a brace and the doctor said she would never put her foot on earth. But her mother encouraged her. She told Wilma that with God-given ability, persistence and faith she could do anything she wanted. Wilma said, “I want to be the fastest woman runner in the world.” 1. What was Wilma's ambition? 2. What does the word \"Persistence\" mean? 3. What happened to Wilma when she was four? 4. How did Wilma's mother encourage her? 5. What do you learn from Wilma? UNIT - IV AN ADVENTURE XIII. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. They particularly loved going for walks and spent hours exploring the old temple in a fort nearby. Sometimes they pretended to be rulers of an ancient kingdom. At other times, they played hide-and seek. “Catch me if you can,” shouted Arun, and he ran ahead. “I’ll catch you in a minute,” replied Seema, as she followed. Arun was soon out of sight as he went round the corner. Seema knew his favourite hiding place and smiled to herself thinking, “He won’t escape me.” 216

1. Who does \"they\" refer to here ? 2. Where did the children go for their vacation ? 3. What were the favourite hiding places of Arun ? 4. Where were the old temple and the cave ? 5. What was the game they usually played ? XIV. Read.the following passage and answer the following questions. Meena Bazaar was once a popular market for royal ladies, but all that remained now was just a few crumbling walls. A secret passage was connected to the market. They ran towards it. There they found a man with his hands and feet tied up. He had a gag on his mouth and was struggling to free himself. The children removed the gag and helped him free his hands and feet. 1. What does \" It \" refers to here ? 2. Which Bazaar was once a popular market for royal ladies ? 3. Who was the man that they found with hands and feet tied up ? 4. What does \"passage\" mean in the above paragraph ? 5. Do you think the children really had an adventure ?If so how ? THE NAUGHTY BOY  -RKQ.HDWV XV. Read the following poem and answer the given questions. 7KHUHZDVDQDXJKW\\ER\\ $QGDQDXJKW\\ER\\ZDVKH +HUDQDZD\\WR6FRWODQG 7KHSHRSOHWKHUHWRVHH 7KHUHKHIRXQG 7KDWWKHJURXQG :DVDVKDUG 7KDWD\\DUG  :KRLVWKHSRHWRIWKLVSRHP\"  :ULWHWKHUK\\PLQJZRUGVIURPWKHSRHP 3. Where did the boy go ? 4. How was the ground in Scotland ? 5 Did the boy find anything different in Scotland? 217

TANAJI MALUSARE XVI. Read the passage and answer the given questions. However, the fight continued under the leadership of Suryaji, Tanaji’s brother. The soldiers who were at the bottom of the fort reached the fort and continued fighting. The Mughals bit the dust. The Maratha soldiers brought the fort under their control. It was a great victory for the Marathas! But there was no mood of joy of victory in their camp. 1. Who was Suryaji? 2. What was the name of the Mughal commander? 3. What do you understand by the expression, bit the dust‟? 4. What had happened as per the treaty of Purandar? 5. Why was there no mood of joy of victory in the Maratha camp? UNIT - V PLANT A TREE XVII. Read the passage and answer the given questions. Trees are the most useful things in the world. Children play under them. Travellers rest in their cool shade. Trees give us fruit to eat and firewood to burn. We build houses and make furniture with the wood of the trees. We need trees for our lives. If there were no trees, there would be no life on earth. Living things (people and animals) breathe in air. They breathe in oxygen from the air and breathe out carbon dioxide. 1. What are the most beneficial things in the world? 2. What would happen if there were no trees? 3. Which gas do living things give out? 4. What do plants do with the carbon dioxide? 5. What message does this lesson give us? XVIII. Read the passage and answer the given questions. Trees have many more uses. The rubber tree grows in many parts of the world. From the sap of this tree we get rubber. Rubber is a very useful thing. Some trees like eucalyptus give us medicines. In South America there is a tree called the cow tree. People drink the sap of this tree instead of milk! It is less expensive than milk. 218

1. Where is the cow tree found? 2. List the uses of trees. 3. Which tree gives us medicines? 4. What do you mean by the word 'Sap'? 5. What do some people drink in South America instead of milk? XIX. Read the extract of the poem and answer the given questions. If a tree could talk, what would it say? “Don’t chop me down, just walk away.” If a river could talk, what would it say? “Don’t dump in trash, or throw it away.” If the air could talk, what would it say? “The factories must learn to keep smoke away.\" 1. Who is being addressed in the poem? 2. What would a tree say if it could talk? 3. Pick out the rhyming words from the poem. 4. What would a river say if it could talk? 5. From which poem have these lines been extracted? CHILDREN, SPEAK UP! XX. Read the following passage and answer the given questions. I’m only a child yet I know if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this Earth would be. At school, even in kindergarten, you teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us not to fight with others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures, to share – not be greedy. Then why do you go out and do the things you tell us not to do? 1. Who delivered this speech? 2. Where did the girl deliver the speech? 3. When would this Earth be wonderful according to Suzuki? 4. What do the elders teach the young ones? 5. What is the girl questioning the grown ups about? 219

Unseen Comprehension Passages Template for unseen passages These passages or stanzas (from poems) have been picked up from various sources on a variety of topics. They would be immensely beneficial to the students in enhancing their thinking skills and substantiating their understanding. The key concept of CCE, the '5 W and 1 H' has been emphatically incorporated into this section as well. Students must be encouraged to do them on their own. The different type of questions like multiple choice, True or False, fill in the blanks and content based questions would help the children from the examination point of view. Passage – 1 1. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions: Mr Green went to the barber every month to have a haircut. He sometimes took his little son, Philip with him, and Philip sat and looked at magazines during his father’s haircut. But at that time, the barber did not cut Philip’s hair. Mrs Green would always cut it at home. Then one day, Mr Green said to his wife, Philip is five now and the barber is going to cut his hair, next time. He took Philip there the next day, and first the barber cut Mr.Green’s hair. Then the barber put Philip in the chair and said, “How do you want your hair, young man?” “Like my father\", answered Philip, \"with a whole in the middle” Questions: 1. How often did Mr Green go to the barber? 2. What did Philip do during his father’s haircut? 3. Who cut Philip’s hair at home? 4. Why did Mr. Green have the barber cut Philip’s hair? 5. How did Philip want his hair? Passage – 2 2. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions: Margaret took over the tea and sent Becky to cut more and more cake. Susan’s legs ached and an immense hunger seized her; she had eaten nothing but sandwiches since her breakfast at half- past seven, but there was no time, the girls clamoured for more and she ran backward and forward with four helpers, who had their own tea in between. 220

A clothes basket was filled with cut-up pieces of cake, pastry slabs of men‟s cake, apple pastry and current slices. There the box of ginger- snaps was taken round and some girls actually refused. The end was approaching but still Joshua walked up and down the line with food. Questions: 1. What had Susan eaten since morning? 2. What was Joshua doing? 3. How did the girls behave? 4. Where was all the eatables kept? 5. What did the box contain? Passage – 3 3. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions: WHO BECAME THE PRIDE OF THE NATION? At the time of her sacrifice, Sister Myra Ivanovna was only twenty years of age, and was small and frail. Her temperament, however, was such that it produced great activity and most remarkable saying powers. No undertaking seemed too large for the wonderful, courageous spirit within her frail form. In her, we can picture a woman moved by deep religious instincts and burning desire to minister the suffering humanity. When war broke out, she accompanied her brother, a military doctor, to the battle front and did valuable service among the sick and wounded. Her touch, it is said, healed as if by magic. Her presence was the presence of angels. No service was too small, no effort too great. Questions: 1. What was Sister Myra Ivanovna’s age at the time of her sacrifice? 2. Was Ivanovna an active and smart girl? 3. Where did Ivanovna go when the war broke out? 4. What was Ivanovna’s brother? 5. What is the most interesting thing from the passage? Passage – 4 4. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions: Paper was a Chinese invention, and the secret of making it came to Europe through the Arabs. The Babylonians and Assyrians did their writing with a pointed instrument on cakes or bricks of soft earth which was later baked to make them hard. Much of the Roman writing was done with sharp sticks. 221

Other materials which have been used for writing on at different times are sheep’s bones, broken pots, leaves, trees stems, and metals. In Europe, before paper became common, writing was done on a special sort of thin leather. In time, the feather pens which had been used for a great number of years gave place to steel pens, then to fountain pens, ball point pens and of course, pencils. Questions: 1. Who invented paper? 2. How did the invention of paper reach Europe? 3. How did the Babylonians and Assyrians do their writing? 4. Where was much of the Roman writing done? 5. Where did the European write before they started using paper? Passage – 5 5. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions: It is only in difficult moments that we come to know whether a person is brave or not. A majority of the people are not brave. But there is none who does not consider himself brave. Our soldiers met an army of jackals when they fought the Pakistan forces. Indian soldiers are known in the world for their bravery. They never fear death. The day of battle is the only day worthy to be lived. And to die while defending the honour of their motherland is the greatest sacrifice instead of turning back in disgrace. By doing so, they become the pride of the nation. Questions: 1. When do we know whether a person is brave or not? 2. Do all people consider themselves brave? 3. When do our soldiers meet an army of jackals? 4. Which is the day worth living for to the Indian soldier? 222

Writing Discourses 1. Designing an Invitation Card Invitations are a means to announce special occasions in a grand manner. Letting people know about the details of the occasion in charming designs and flowery words, just about defines an invitation. Template The following tips will help in designing an invitation card: The name of the programme must be bold and highlighted. Details about the venue, time, day and date must be given. Key attractions of the programme with pictures must be presented. Host’s name, phone number must be given at the bottom. Now design an Invitation Card for your school on the occasion of Science Exhibition. The following hints would be useful: Hints: • Date, day andtime must be mentioned clearly • Venue – school campus • Occasion – Science Exhibition • Highlights of the exhibition • Entry fee, etc. You are cordially invited for the SCIENCE EXHIBITION ON Sunday, Jan 20th 2019, 10:00 am to 4:00 pm AT THE PATHANJALI SCHOOL CAMPUS Key attractions: Models of Araku Valley, Kailashgiri puppet show, Valmiki Ashram, Globe ISLV- Rocket, Danger zone, and many others. By the students, Staff & Management of PATHANJALI INSTITUTIONS PH: 886642001, Email ID: [email protected] 223

2. Biographical Sketch: A Biographical Sketch is the story of the life of a famous personality- either living or dead, giving details about his personal life, his professional life, his achievement and his fame. Template • The full name date of birth, place of birth, town, state, country, etc. • Some more personal details • Professional details of his career. • His achievements and medals won • His contribution to the nation Write a biographical sketch of Sania Mirza based on the hints given below:­ Born on 15th November 1986 - born in Mumbai - father Imran Mirza, mother Naseema - family moved to Hyderabad - took up tennis at the age 6 - initial coach Roger Anderson - attended Nasar School - graduated from St Mary’s College - Honorary Doctorate from MGR Education & Research University Chennai - turned to professional tennis in 2003 - won 2003 Wimbledon Championship Girl’s Doubles title - won many more titles - currently ranked No. 1 in Women’s doubles ranking - 3rd Indian Women in the Open Era to feature and win a round in a Grand Slam Tournament - A Gem of India Sania Mirza is an Indian Professional Tennis player, who is currently ranked No. 1 in Women’s doubles. She was born in Mumbai on 15th November 1986. Her father, Imran Mirza and mother Naseema moved with their family to Hyderabad when Sania was very young. She took up tennis at the age 6. During the initial years, her coach was Roger Anderson. She attended Nasar School, and later graduated from St. Mary’s College. She was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from MGR Educational & Research University, Chennai. Sania turned to professional tennis in 2003 and in the same year, won the prestigious Wimbledon Championship Girl’s Doubles title. She went on to win many more titles in international tennis circles. She is currently ranked no. 1 in Women’s doubles ranking. She is the 3rd Indian woman in the Open Era to feature and win a round in a Grand Slam Tournament. Sania Mirza stands tall and proud as a true Gem of India. 224

3. Speech Writing:­ A speech is a formal address or discourse delivered to an audience. Speech is a powerful means of communication. Therefore the tone, the words, the language must have a long lasting effect. Template Hints which would make speech writing easier: • Making a good impression • Introduction of the topic in an impressive way • Giving examples related to the topic • Using quotes and similes • Asking questions • Speech must be structured • Conclusion must be memorable Prepare a speech that you would like to make on the occasion of ‘Friendship Day’ in your school during the Morning Assembly. Hints: • Who is a true friend? • Qualities of a friend • How can we maintain their friendship? • Friend in need is a friend indeed. Good morning teachers and my dear friends. As you all know that the first Sunday of August is celebrated as Friendship Day. I am here to share my views on friendship. Friends are God’s gift. Only lucky people get true friends. A friend is one who gives us support like a board and warmth like the fire place. He/she understands our feelings and emotions even when we don’t expect them. Spending time with a friend is as refreshing as the morning dew. The value of a true friend is known only in his absence. Therefore it is very important to make good friends who will guide us along the right path. Maintaining friendship for years is an equally difficult task, but nevertheless a rewarding task. Wishing all of you a Happy Friendship Day. Thank you 225

4. Diary Entry: Diaries are notebooks filled with a writer’s personal & private form of writing, where the inner most feeling, thoughts and ideas are expressed freely. Template The following hints would be useful while writing a diary: • The date must be written at the top of the entry. • It is a day – wise entry • Chronologically organized • The entry is often addressed to the diary as if it were a living thing • Events which happened or incidents are mentioned. Thursday, 20th June, 2019 10 pm Upset over poor exam performance Today I was very upset. Our subject teachers announced the marks scored by us in the recently conducted examinations. My performance was poor. Almost all the teachers scolded me. My classmates made fun of me. I felt terrible. I came home and cried in my room. My mother saw and asked me the reason. I showed her my marks. I was afraid that she too would scold me. But she said she was proud that I tried my best. She said that instead of crying, I should work harder and never give up. I felt so happy to have such a supportive mother. I promised myself that in the next exam, I will work hard and obtain excellent marks and show everybody what I am capable of doing. 226

5. Letter Writing – Informal Letter writing is an important part of written communication. It is generally of 2 types:­ Formal and Informal letters. In this section we would focus on informal letters. All letters follow the block format. Template An informal letter consists of 6 parts in the following order: • The Heading­ consists of the writer’s address and the date. • The salutation – consists of addressing the addressee. • Body of the letter – contains the main content of the letter. • The signature • The superscription – consists of the senders address to be written on the envelope Your friend has got a gold medal at the National Level. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success. Flat No. 208 Surya Apartments Sumanti Nagar Vijayawada 19th January 2019 Dear Suman, How are you? I am fine. Hearty congratulations! I came to know from Siri aunty that you have won a Gold medal in Roller Skating at the National Level. It was wonderful to hear the news. Competing with thousands of participants and winning a medal is an incredibly great achievement. All your hard work and commitment towards the game have helped you to achieve this success. I wish that you win many more such medals. I am proud of you. Mom and dad have conveyed their congratulations and blessings to you. Hoping to see you soon. Your loving friend Malashree To Ms. Suman D/o Mr Venkat Rao 1-12-34 A Shanti Nagar Hyderabad 227