51705014_Maple G4_Textbook_Integrated_Term1

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) So far we have discussed the diseases that affect few people at a time. Sometimes, some diseases affect a lot of people at the same time. They spread very quickly and are very difficult to control. These diseases cause great loss of human life. Such diseases are called epidemics. Examples of epidemics are smallpox, plague, yellow fever, malaria, SARS, Ebola, Zika virus epidemics and so on. Did you know that a lot of people die worldwide due to malaria? Find out the symptoms of this disease. With the help of your teachers and parents, put up charts in your school and neighbourhood about the practices needed to prevent malaria. Diseases 17

Lesson Keeping Our Neighbourhood 5 Clean Let Us Learn About R the different types of wastes. U disposal of waste. A the 3Rs – reduce, reuse and recycle. H compost. Think On the way to her aunt’s place, Reena saw four garbage bins near a bus station. They were of different colours. She wondered why they were of different colours. Why were there four bins instead of one? Remembering Every day, we throw away the things which we don’t need anymore. Things that are no longer useful to us are called waste. What are the unwanted things you throw away at school? Waste at school may include paper, chalk pieces, pencil shavings and so on. It may also include leftover food, fruit peelings, chocolate wrappers and plastic covers. In the same way, waste is generated at different places. Wastes are of three types. 18

1) Solid wastes: They may be either wet waste dry waste wet or dry. Wet waste consists of kitchen waste like vegetable and fruit peels and pieces, tea leaves, bones, fish scales, as well as cooked food. Dry waste consists of waste like paper, plastics, metal, glass, rubber and so on. Some solid wastes rot when buried under the soil. This decay of waste happens with the help of air, water and tiny organisms. The waste will become part of the soil. Example: waste that decays waste that does cow dung, dry leaves, leftover food in the soil not decay in the soil Some solid wastes do not decay when buried in the soil. Example: plastic bottles and bags, glass pieces 2) Liquid waste: Waste in the liquid form is known as liquid waste. Example: Wastewater from houses and factories 3) Gaseous waste: Waste in the form of gas is called gaseous waste. Example: smoke from vehicles, factories and many other human activities liquid waste from households gaseous waste from factories, vehicles and firecrackers The waste generated in different places may differ. Waste from cities mainly includes paper, plastic bottles, glass pieces, kitchen waste and so on. Waste from villages mostly includes the waste from fields and farms. It can be in the form of animal waste like cow dung, stalks of the cut crops, dry leaves and so on. Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 19

Understanding What happens if we litter our surroundings with garbage? Some waste will decay, and some will stink. Flies and worms will breed on the garbage. This may cause diseases to spread. Dry waste like broken pieces of glasses or nails can cause injury during handling. Waste materials are harmful and they also make our surrounding dirty. So, waste has to be disposed of carefully. The process of getting rid of the waste is called waste disposal. We must follow the following steps for easy waste disposal. 1) Sorting of waste material: We must sort waste into wet and dry waste. We must also sort waste based on their ability to decay in the soil. 2) Disposing of waste in different bins: We bins for waste disposal should dispose the sorted waste materials in separate bins. Bins of different colours and labels should be used. Do you know what happens to the waste after you sort it and dispose of in different coloured bins? In some cities and villages, waste materials are collected from different places using garbage trucks. Trucks carry these waste materials to dumping yards. Some waste is burnt in big, oven- like machines. Some waste is buried in the soil, while other waste materials are reused to make some useful products. oven-like machine to burn waste materials In places where there is no garbage disposal system, people throw the waste in open fields. They may burn their household waste in their backyard. This makes the surroundings dirty, unhygienic and polluted. 20

Application Heaps of waste are collected every day in cities and villages. Getting rid of all this waste has become a difficult task. Burning waste and plastics causes air pollution. Burying plastic and other harmful waste in the soil will make the soil unfit for living things. This may also pollute the underground water. So, what can we do to manage our waste? Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (R3 or 3Rs) The 3Rs is a method to manage waste correctly. Let us understand what the three Rs mean. 1) Reduce: We should reduce or limit the use of things such as plastic bags that are harmful to the environment. 2) Reuse: We should reuse things as much as possible before replacing them. For example, we can donate some old clothes, toys or other items that are in good condition. The needy people can reuse them. 3) Recycle: Have you seen a person who collects old newspapers, bottles and boxes? What happens to this waste? We can make new useful things from such wastes. This is called recycling of the wastes. For example, old newspapers collected from houses are made into paper pulp. New items like paper cups and dishes are made from the pulp. Have you seen this sign anywhere? We use it to label materials which can be recycled. Sometimes a fourth R is added to the three basic ones, generally standing for either rethink or recover. Rethink means we should think of the impact of things we use, on the environment. Recover means we should practise creating new things from waste. We have seen how to manage the waste from the household. But we recycle also need to manage the waste from our body. Some people defecate in the open. Do you think this is a good habit? What harm can it cause? Amazing Facts Paper is made from the wood of trees. If we recycle 1000 kg of paper, we can save around 17 trees from getting cut. Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 21

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) We have seen that some wastes decay in the soil. Leaves and food form compost after few months of decaying. This compost provides nutrients for the plants and helps them grow. Let us learn how to form compost. 1) Dig a small pit in the backyard. A large-sized pot can also be used instead of a pit. 2) Put wet waste like fruit peels, vegetable waste, adding kitchen waste to compost pit dry leaves and leftover food inside the pit. Chop larger pieces into small ones for easy decay. In villages, animal waste like cow dung is also added to compost pits. 3) Cover the waste with a layer of soil. 4) Spray some water to keep it wet. 5) Keep adding layers of waste and soil for a month or so. 6) The lower layers will get changed into a black compost coloured compost. This compost is rich in nutrients that help in plant growth. It can be used in farms, fields or gardens to grow plants. 22

Inside the Lab - A Inside the Lab – A Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity A1: Digestive System You will need: cardboard, brown paper, tubing or piping of six different sizes (refer to the picture), markers, stickers, adhesive materials (glue or tape), empty soft drink can, a plastic bottle (as shown in the picture), empty tetra pack juice carton, empty toothpaste tube You need to: 1) paste the brown paper on the cardboard mouth using glue or tape. 2) cut off the bottom half of the toothpaste liver food pipe tube. 3) stick the toothpaste tube (as mouth), the stomach plastic bottle (as liver), soft drink can (as the stomach) and juice tetra pack carton on the cardboard using glue or tape, as shown in the picture. 4) use rubber pipes of different sizes for the large small intestine tubular organs such as the food pipe and intestine intestines. Also, cut one small piece of rubber pipe to represent the anus. Once cut out, arrange them in proper order and position. Now, stick these pipes to the board using glue or tape. 5) label the organs in the digestive system anus using markers and stickers: mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and anus. 23

Activity A2: Disease Prevention Charades You will need: chart paper, marker, paper box, mark sheet to mark the scores and a pair of scissors. You need to: 1) divide the class into two teams – team A and team B. 2) let both the teams make disease prevention cards. 3) cut out small cards from the chart paper. 4) write various methods of prevention to keep us away from diseases. 5) put the cards inside the paper box and shuffle. 6) ask one student from team B to pick a card. The child should then act out the method of prevention mentioned in the card without using any words. For enacting one card, give a time limit of 2 minutes. 7) ask the other students from team B to guess what method of prevention is being enacted. 8) ask team A to check the time taken and write the scores on the mark sheet. 9) reverse the role. Now, team A will enact and team B will record the time. 24

Lesson Water Storage and Quality 6 Let Us Learn About R water storage – now and then. U water purification methods. A water pollution. H the effects of water pollution. Think Amit’s class teacher told the students that the class would be visiting the nearby dam the next day. She also said that the entire city got its drinking water from the dam’s reservoir. From where does the dam get the water in its reservoir? a dam and its reservoir Remembering We have learnt that rain is the main source of water. But, the rainy season in India lasts for three to four months. And we need water throughout the year. So, we need to store it for later use. How do we do that? Let us learn about the storage of water in detail. OLD WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS Several methods were used to store water in the earlier times. 25

1) Wells: People dug wells to store stepwell draw well groundwater (rainwater which seeps into the ground). The wells were of different types. Where the wells were shallow, people could draw water with a pot held in hand. Some were deep and needed steps or a bucket with a rope to draw water. Wells are both the source of water and the storage system. 2) Water tanks in the forts: Water tanks were dug to store water. 3) River bunds: Bunds were built across water tank in a fort bund across a river the rivers to store river water. NEW WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS 1) Dams: Dams are the most important water storage systems used in recent times, as well as in the days gone by. Dams are walls or barriers built across the Bhakra Nangal dam Nagarjunasagar dam rivers. These barriers create a large artificial lake. The lake stores huge quantities of water. The large artificial lake formed behind a dam is called a reservoir. India has many large dams like the Bhakra Nangal, Nagarjunasagar, Sardar Sarovar and so on. 2) Borewells: Borewells are dug to draw out groundwater using pumps. They are deeper and narrower than the wells. 3) Water tanks: A water tank is a container for storing water. It is made of bricks, plastic or metal. water tanks 26

The water stored in some of these storage systems may not be clean enough to use for drinking or bathing directly. The water we use for drinking must be clean and safe. It should be free of dirt and germs. It should be free of any smell. Water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without the risk of health problems is known as potable water. Understanding Even though rainwater is pure, while coming from the clouds to the Earth it gets dirty. Dust from the air gets mixed in the rainwater. While flowing over the ground, mud and other unhealthy things also get mixed with it. So, the water from different storages might contain dirt, soil and germs. How do we get clean drinking water? The water from different storages is purified. Water purification means removing all unwanted and unhealthy substances from the water to make it clean and safe for our use. The water from different water sources is taken to water purification centres through huge pipes. Water is purified there. This water is stored in big water tanks at a height or under the ground. Then, from these tanks, water is supplied to every household. water tank source of water water purification centre water supply to homes after purification Water Storage and Quality 27

This is the way to purify water in large amounts. How can we remove the impurities from water at home? Let us see different ways to purify water in small quantities. 1) When we keep muddy water to stand for some time, the mud and sand get settled at the bottom. Once the sand and mud settle at the bottom, We can pour the clear water into another vessel. This water is not fit for drinking. water sand and mud sand and mud clear water separating clean water from sand and mud 2) When we slowly pass water through a sieve or mesh called a filter, the sand and mud get stuck in the sieve. The water is still not safe for drinking. A thin cloth, clay, layers of sand, gravel and charcoal are some types of filter. different types of filters The above two ways remove the impurities from water. But they do not make the water fit for drinking. Even filters cannot remove the tiny impurities. Some methods to make water fit for drinking are: 1) Boiling water for 10–15 minutes kills harmful germs in the water. It is the safest method of purification. 28

2) For larger quantity of water, boiling is not possible. So a chemical alum called chlorine is added to the water to kill the germs. It is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. A chemical called alum is also used to purify water. Swirling some alum in water for some time and then filtering the water makes the water pure. Water purifiers we use today, can filter as well as purify the water and make it fit for drinking. Application You have learnt that the water in water bodies contains impurities. Do the water bodies contain only mud and sand? What are the other things which may get mixed with the water in the water bodies? Water bodies may become dirty because of the addition of the wastewater from households, factories and so on. This wastewater may contain many harmful substances. The addition of harmful substances to the water is called water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are as follows: water from a factory let out in the river 1) Waste from the factories is let out in the nearby rivers and lakes, causing pollution of water. 2) A lot of chemicals are used to grow plants on the farms. Some of them are used to increase the plant growth. Some are used to kill harmful insects. All these chemicals mix with the soil and then get into the underground water. This causes pollution of underground water. 3) In villages and small towns, domestic practices also pollute chemical sprayed in a farm water bodies. For example, washing clothes, cleaning utensils and bathing animals in the water bodies. This leaves the water body polluted with soap, dirt and waste. 4) Open defecation also bathing animals in a river contaminates our water sources. washing clothes in the river Water Storage and Quality 29

We learnt about water pollution and its several causes. Can you list out some of the remedies to prevent the sources of water from getting polluted? Amazing Facts The concept of building dams is as old as early human civilization. The Kallanai Dam, also known as the Grand Anicut, is the fourth oldest dam in the world. It still serves the people of Tamil Nadu, India. The dam was built by the King Karikala Chola. Kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Using polluted water can have several harmful effects. They are as follows: 1) Waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid are caused by harmful germs present in the water. 2) Poisonous chemicals in water may cause damage to our internal organs. 3) Poisonous chemicals in water may also lead to the death of water (aquatic) plants and animals. 4) Soaps, detergents and some chemicals used in farms to grow plants can increase the growth of aquatic plants. They spread very fast and cover the water surface. The water does not get enough oxygen leading to the death of fishes and other water animals. dead fish floating in polluted water a fish that is dead due to the water covered with plants growth of algae 30

Lesson Importance of Soil 7 Let Us Learn About R soil and the living things within the soil. u the importance of soil. a taking care of soil. h the difference between soil and sand. Think Salim was planting a flowering plant in his garden. He found some earthworms in the garden soil. He was afraid that they would harm his plant. What do you think? Are they harmful or helpful? Remembering The soil is loose material that lies on top of the land. It has rocks, minerals, water and air. Soil also has living things and dead things in it. Living and dead things are called organic matter. When the plant and animal matter in the soil rot (decay), a dark layer of humus is formed on the soil. Humus makes the soil nutrient rich. The soil is important for life on the Earth. Soil holds water and nutrients. So, it is the right place for plants to grow. Soil supports the roots and enables plants to stand above the ground to get light from the Sun. soil 31

This helps the plants to grow as they get water, nutrients and light. Soil rich in minerals and nutrients is called fertile soil. It helps in the growth of plants. Many animals dig into the soil and make the soil their home. • Large animals such as rabbits use the soil to make dens for sleeping and giving birth to young ones. • Small animals like ants and earthworms live den earthworms most of their lives in the soil. Earthworms are important for improving the soil. This is because the holes they make allow air into the soil. The holes also let water go through. • Microorganisms like the fungi and bacteria also live in the soil. microorganisms in soil They eat the dead plants and animals. This broken down material becomes food for plants (nutrients). Understanding Soil plays an important role in supporting life on the Earth. There are many uses of soil. Let us discuss a few. 1)  A griculture: Soil is used to grow crops. It has nutrients needed for cultivation. 2) Water storage: When there is rain, soil absorbs water. This water goes into a deeper layer of soil and is used by plants and trees to grow. This water is also available as ground water for drinking and cultivation. 3) H ome for living things: The soil provides shelter for insects, growing crops in the soil reptiles, birds and animals. It is necessary for even other activities like nesting, hatching of eggs and so on. 4) B uilding material: Soil is used for the construction of houses, buildings, roads and so on. Soil is also used for making pots, decorative articles, toys, idols and so on. a hut with a mud wall roof tiles bricks making pots 32

Application What happens to the soil when it rains heavily or winds blow strongly? The soil is swept away. This washing or blowing away of the top layer of the soil due to strong winds and rain is called soil erosion. Some human activities like cutting of trees, farming, grazing of animals soil erosion and so on, also result in soil erosion. How can we prevent soil erosion? 1) The roots of plants hold the soil tightly together. So, by planting more and more plants, we can reduce soil erosion. Grass can also be grown to hold the soil. 2) Bunds can be built across the farms to prevent rainwater from bunds across the farm washing away the soil. Dumping of waste affects the quality of the soil. Using chemicals to grow crops also affects the quality of the soil. The addition of harmful wastes to the soil is called soil pollution. It makes the soil unfit for growing plants. It can have various ill-effects on plants, animals and human beings too. How can we prevent soil pollution? waste dumped on soil 1) We should use products which can be broken down easily by the microbes in the soil. For example, paper breaks down easily in soil but plastic does not. So, we should use paper bags and not plastic bags. 2) Use of harmful chemicals in farming activities should be avoided. 3) Before throwing the waste from industries and houses, it should be treated to prevent soil pollution. Can you think of some other measures to prevent soil pollution? Amazing Facts A small spoonful of soil may contain 5000–7000 types of bacteria. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Have you ever observed the sand on sea shores or river beds? How is it different from the soil we find in farms and fields? sand soil Importance of Soil 33

Lesson Roots and Flowers 8 Let Us Learn About R roots and flowers. u functions of roots and flowers. a uses of roots and flowers. h seasonal flowers. Think Is it easier to pull out some grass than a tree from the soil? Do you know why? Remembering Plants around us are of different shapes and sizes. Most plants have five main parts which are roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Let us discuss about the roots and flowers in detail. ROOTS Root is the part of the plant that usually grows below the ground. There are two main types of roots – tap roots and fibrous roots. underground roots 34

Tap root: This consists of a thick main root and its branches. It grows downwards. The branches grow sideways from the main root. Plants like hibiscus and carrot have tap roots. Fibrous root: This consists of many thin branched roots of almost the same size. Plants like wheat, sugarcane and onion have fibrous roots. main root branches tap root fibrous root FLOWERS Just like roots, we also see a variety in flowers. Flowers are the most colourful and attractive part of a plant. They differ in shape, size, colour and fragrance. hibiscus sunflower zinnia jasmine lotus thunder lily bottlebrush bougainvillea petals All flowers develop from buds. The buds vary in shape and size. Young buds are covered with green, leaf-like sepals. bud and flower They protect the bud. As time goes by, the bud becomes bigger. After a few days, sepals it opens up, to show the petals. Petals may be white or coloured. As the bud opens, the sepals curl back and remain at the bottom of the flower. Roots and Flowers 35

Understanding All plant parts perform different functions which help the plant to live and grow. Now, let us learn about the functions of roots and flowers. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS 1) Hold the plant in the soil: Roots hold the plant in the ground and keep it upright. 2) Absorb water, nutrients and air: Roots absorb water, nutrients and air from the soil and then supply them to the plant. If the roots get damaged, the plant will die. 3) Store food: Plants like carrot, radish and turnip radish, beetroot, carrot and turnip store food in their roots. FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS Producing seeds is the main function of a flower. Most of the flowers grow into fruits which contain one or more seeds inside. Application We have read about functions of roots and flowers. Now let us learn how they are useful for us. USES OF ROOTS 1) Food: Roots such as the carrot, beetroot, turnip and radish store food and nutrients. They are used as food. 2) Medicines: Roots of plants such as ginger, turmeric are used to make medicines. 3) Protect the soil and help it to store water: Roots hold the soil and protect it from getting washed away by water. Moreover, they help the soil to absorb and retain rainwater. USES OF FLOWERS Like roots, flowers are also useful to us. Food: Some flowers like the cauliflower are used as vegetables. cauliflower cloves 36

Spice: Clove is a dried flower bud used as a spice. Medicine: Some flowers like the rose and hibiscus are used to make medicines. Perfumes and soaps: Flowers such as the rose, jasmine and lavender are used to make perfumes and soaps. perfume soap Bouquets and decoration: Flowers are used to make garlands and bouquets. They are also used to make floral carpets (rangoli). Colour: Saffron is used as food colour. Marigold and zinnia are used for making colours to dye clothes. saffron marigold zinnia Amazing Facts Some plants have roots which grow above the ground. In Banyan trees, roots arise from the branches and grow towards the ground. These roots penetrate the soil and support the branches. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) WHEN DO FLOWERS BLOOM? Seasonal flowers: Did you know, in some plants, flowering happens only in a specific season? In summer, we see the gulmohar, jasmine, lily and so on. In winter, we see the rose, chrysanthemum, dahlia and so on. Roots and Flowers 37

gulmohar jasmine lily chrysanthemum Day and night flowers: Flowers bloom at different times of the day. Some flowers like the jasmine open during night. The flowers which open at night are usually white in colour. They have a very pleasant fragrance. Find out the reason. 38

EVS - II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TERM - 1 TERM 1

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Maple series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for state board schools, the Maple series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the State Curriculum Framework and National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Maple EVS-II textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Maple EVS-II books are as follows:  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  C haracter- and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground EVS-II concepts in reality to make them relatable to students  Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Maple series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be covered in Introduces the concept/subtopic and arouses the lesson along with the learning objectives curiosity among students Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to understand Includes elements to ensure that students and achieve the objective of the topic are engaged throughout Pin-Up Note – Contains key retention points Application from the concept Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept.

Contents 4Class 1 Explorations, Discoveries and Inventions 1.1 Ideas that Changed Our Lives������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 Our Earth 2.1 The Shape of the Earth�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 2.2 Continents and Oceans; Latitudes and Longitudes������������������������������������������� 11 3 What Does the Earth Look Like? 3.1 L andforms and Water Bodies������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1 Family andLeLessssoonn Explorations, 1 NeigDhisbcoaounrvdheoroieds Inventions I Will Learn AboutLet Us Learn About 1.1 R explorations, discoveries and inventions. • nucleUa r,djoiffienrtenacneds bseintwgelen-pdaiscreovnetries familiAes .daniscdoinvveerinetsioannsd. inventions used in • changesdianilyfalifme. ily, neighbourhood and ehn vicarohfienldwmreenev.enrty.day things invented by 1

Concept 1.1: Ideas that Changed Our Lives Think Rashi is at Meher’s house. Meher’s elder brother, Morad, is telling them about a girl named Cassidy Goldstein from the United States of America. Morad: There is a girl living in the US named Cassidy Goldstein. When she was 11 years old, she was writing an assignment with crayons. But, she faced a problem. Her crayons were broken and the pieces were too small to hold onto. Rashi: What did she do, then? Morad: She found a way to use the small pieces of crayons by putting them into plastic tubes. Rashi: That is so cool! Morad: Now, other people can buy Crayon Holders too! She found a solution to the problem. Q. Why did Cassidy Goldstein make a holder for crayons? (A) She had a lot of free time. (B) She wanted to be famous. (C) Her science teacher asked (D) She wanted to be able to use her to do it. small pieces of crayons. Remembering In olden days, it was only possible to travel across Asia, Africa and Europe by land. However, many rulers from Asia, Europe and Africa blocked the different roads passing through their lands. So, people had to find new ways to reach these places. EXPLORATIONS People travel through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. This activity of searching and finding about something is called exploration. Explorers are the people who travel and find out more about a place. 2

land and sea routes used by traders and explorers Some famous explorers were: 1) Vasco da Gama: He discovered a way to reach India from Europe by sea. 2) Alexandrine Tinne: She explored the path followed by the River Nile in Africa for the first time. 3) Yuri Gagarin: He was the first person to travel into space. Exploration might lead to a discovery. Vasco da Gama Alexandrine Tinne Yuri Gagarin DISCOVERIES Finding or learning about something that no one knows about is called a discovery. The process of designing and creating something new, which did not exist earlier, is called an invention. Explorations, Discoveries and Inventions 3

Discoveries are made in every field. A few of them are: 1) One of the most important discoveries made by early human beings was finding out how fire could be created and used . 2) Charaka was a very learned man from ancient India. He discovered the importance of cleanliness for proper digestion and good health. He is usually known as the 'Father of Medicine' in India. 3) Look at the tips of your fingers. Can you see patterns on your skin? These are fingerprints. The use of fingerprints, which are different for every human being, to find criminals was discovered about 100 years ago. INVENTIONS All tools and machines are the examples of inventions. They generally make a fingerprint our lives easier. They help us to complete our work faster. Some important inventions are: Wheel: The wheel is one of the most important inventions. It made travel and transport quicker and easier. paper Paper: The Chinese invented paper to wrap delicate materials. a wheel But, soon, people found out that it was useful for writing, too. Ballpoint pen: In 1939, L J Biro invented the first ballpoint pen. Before this, people could only use fountain pens that needed to be dipped in ink. Understanding IMPORTANCE OF DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS Humans discovered many things in nature. Discoveries led to inventions. Inventions generally make our lives easier. Example: the discovery of fire led to many stove different inventions. the discovery matchstick Discovery and invention are related to each other. of fire However, there are certain differences between discoveries and inventions. fire extinguisher 4

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISCOVERY AND INVENTION Discovery Invention the information or object already exists a new object is designed and created Example: fire Example: stove 1) Identify the following as a discovery or an invention. Tick the correct column for each: Discovery Invention wheel­ oxygen computers fruits television gravity groundnut oil Application 1) List five discoveries and five inventions that you use in your daily life. Think about the objects and materials in your home, school or other places that you have visited: Discoveries Inventions 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let's read about some inventions designed by children: ice-candy Ice-candy: It was invented by an 11-year-old boy named Frank Epperson. He was making juice. He left the stick that he had used to stir the juice in the glass. The juice froze in the cold winter. He used the stick to pull out the frozen juice. Explorations, Discoveries and Inventions 5

earmuff Everyone around him loved this idea. Earmuffs: These were invented by a 15-year- old boy named Chester Greenwood. He was feeling cold even though he had wrapped a scarf around his ears. With the help of his grandmother, he used wire and animal fur to make the first earmuffs. Trampoline: It was invented by a 16-year-old boy named George Nissen. He wanted to jump like the performers whom he saw in the circus. So, he built the first trampoline. trampoline Amazing Facts An elephant's large brain allows it to be a great problem solver. It displays problem-solving in many creative ways. Example: An elephant uses a stick to scare away the flies that trouble it. So, animals can also use some form of tools! New Words 1) delicate – something that can break easily 6

Lesson Our Earth 2 Let Us Learn About 2.1 R the shape of the Earth and its movements. U why the Earth is an oblate sphere. A how we know that the Earth is an oblate sphere. h about other planets. R latitudes and longitudes. 2.2 U the positions of continents and oceans. A the continental drift. h finding a sea route from one place to another. Concept 2.1: The Shape of the Earth Think Rashi is reading a book about the Earth. She tells Meher about a famous astronomer named Kepler. Meher: Who is an astronomer, Rashi? Rashi: An astronomer studies stars, planets and natural events that occur in space. Meher: Wow! Tell me one interesting thing that you have read. Rashi: It was Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer, who discovered that planets do not travel in circles around the Sun. They travel along an elliptical or oval-shaped path. Meher: Wow! an ellipse 7

Q. What does an astronomer do? (B) studies people’s futures (D) studies people (A) studies the ocean (C) studies stars, planets and natural events in space Remembering THE SHAPE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH an oblate sphere The Earth is the third planet from the Sun. The shape of the Earth is similar to that of the other planets. The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate sphere. This means that it is flattened at the top and widened near the middle. This is caused by the movements of the Earth. The two main movements of planets are rotation and revolution. Rotation Revolution A planet or satellite spins around itself. This movement is called rotation. All planets in our A planet or satellite travels along a solar system rotate. fixed path around something else. This movement is called revolution. All planets The Earth takes approximately 24 hours to revolve around the Sun. complete one rotation. The Earth’s rotation causes days and nights. The Earth takes approximately 365 days to complete one revolution around the Sun. The Earth’s revolution causes seasons and years. the rotation of the Earth the revolution of the Earth around the Sun 8

An imaginary line about which a body rotates is called an axis. A planet or heavenly body has a fixed path on which it travels. This is called an orbit. When we stand in an open field, we cannot see the true shape of the Earth. It looks flat. When we look at the ocean, we see a line where the sky looks like it is touching the ocean. This line at which the sky and the Earth's appears to meet is called the horizon. We will read more about it later. But if the Earth is shaped somewhat like a ball, why does it appear flat to us? Understanding UNDERSTANDING THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH In ancient times, people believed that the Earth really was flat. They thought that if they kept sailing in one direction for a long time, they would fall off the Earth! During ancient times, the famous Greek philosopher, Plato, explained that the Earth was a sphere. However, he had no evidence to prove this. His student, Aristotle, observed the movement and positions of the stars to conclude that the Earth was not flat but had a curved surface. Finally, in the 16th century, an explorer named Ferdinand Magellan began sailing west from Spain. His team and he continued sailing towards the west for a long time, until they came back to where they started from. Their journey showed, practically, that it was not possible to fall off the Earth. It confirmed that the Earth is round in shape. The Earth's axis passes through its centre and connects the top of the Earth to its bottom. This diameter of the Earth from the top to the bottom is about 12,714 12,714 km km. The diameter across the Earth is about 12,756 km 12,756 km. Hence, the diameter from the top to the bottom is shorter than the diameter across the Earth. This means that the Earth is an oblate sphere. the diameter from the the diameter across top to the bottom the Earth Our Earth 9

Application PROOF THAT THE EARTH IS AN OBLATE SPHERE The position from where we look at the horizon affects its shape. The curve of the horizon can be seen from high above the surface of the Earth. The following methods can be used to see this: From the Earth's surface: We can use binoculars to observe ships that appear to 'sink' below the horizon. As they sail away from us, they go across the curve of the Earth's surface. From a great height: The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth from a distance of about 350 km. From this distance, the curve of the Earth can be seen. From outer space: An astronaut can see the complete shape of the Earth from the Moon. This is because the Moon is about 3,84,400 km away from the Earth. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Draw the axis for the given image of the Earth: 2) L ook at the picture given here. It shows the sizes of the Sun, the Crust Earth and other planets. Core • Which planet is the largest? layers of the Earth • Which planet is the smallest? • What can you observe about the shapes of the planets? 10

Amazing Facts The famous picture called 'Earthrise' shows the view of the Earth from the Moon's surface. It was shot in 1968 by William Anders. It is one of the most famous pictures in the history of space travel. Concept 2.2: Continents and Oceans; Latitudes and Longitudes Think There are many other people who can tell us about the Earth. Rashi: Meher, can you guess what an oceanographer studies? Meher: I don’t know! Rashi: An oceanographer studies the oceans. He or she studies plant and animal life under the sea. An oceanographer also studies the movement of ocean water and the chemicals and minerals found in the ocean water. He or she even gets to dive into the ocean in special robot vehicles! Meher: Wow! Now I want to be an oceanographer! Q. Can you guess what an oceanographer studies? (A) the stars and planets (B) the oceans (C) lakes and rivers (D) rain and snow Remembering 11 There are four main directions: north (N), south (S), east (E) and west (W). They are based on the positions of certain points on the Earth. The North Pole is the point at the top of the Earth. The South Pole is the point at the bottom. So, north is the direction towards the North Pole, and south is the direction towards the South Pole. The axis of the Earth passes very close to these poles. Based on these points, we can draw imaginary vertical and horizontal lines around the Earth. These lines are placed at regular intervals. They are called latitudes and longitudes. They are measured in degrees. Example: 1°N Our Earth

Latitudes Longitudes Latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines Longitudes are imaginary vertical lines around the Earth. connecting the North Pole to the South Pole. The International Date Line is the longitude by The Equator is the imaginary line that divides which the dates are calculated around the the Earth into two horizontal halves. They world. are called the northern and the southern hemispheres. Longitudes are used to study the different time zones. Latitudes are used to study the different climatic zones. Every place is situated on a latitude and longitude. The latitude and longitude, together, make the coordinates of a place. This can be used to locate any place on the Earth. Even the place where you are, at this very moment, has an exact coordinate! Example: 27.1750°N, 78.0419°E are the coordinates of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. If you look for this coordinate on the internet, it will direct you to the Taj Mahal. using coordinates to find a place on the internet 12

Understanding Let us now learn about continents and oceans. CONTINENTS Continents are the very large land masses on the Earth. There are seven continents. From the largest to the smallest, the seven continents are: 1) Asia 5) Antarctica 2) Africa 6) Europe 3) North America 7) Australia 4) South America People live on all the continents except Antarctica. The South Pole is located in Antarctica and is mostly covered in ice. Oceans Oceans are extremely large bodies of salty water that cover three-fourths of the Earth’s surface. They are the biggest source of water on the Earth. The oceans separate some of the continents from each other. The five oceans of the world, from the largest to the smallest are: Our Earth 13

1) The Pacific Ocean: It covers nearly one-third of the Earth. The deepest point in the world’s oceans is located in the Pacific Ocean and is called the Mariana Trench. The Mariana Trench is located near Japan. 2) The Atlantic Ocean: It covers nearly one-fifth of the Earth. 3) The Indian Ocean: It is the only ocean to be named after a country – India. 4) The Southern Ocean: It is also called the Antarctic Ocean. It is the ocean that surrounds Antarctica. 5) The Arctic Ocean: It is located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the North Polar region. It is the shallowest of the world’s oceans. Look at the map of the world to see the positions of the oceans and continents. Application The Earth’s appearance has been changing since its formation. Inside the Earth, the temperature is very high. This has melted the rocks at the centre of the Earth. We live on the stiff, outermost, rocky layer of the Earth. This is called its crust. This layer is cooler and harder compared to the Earth's interior. 225 million years ago 150 million years ago 65 million years ago present day continental drift 14

The crust is made of many sections. The continents are located on these sections. These sections of rock were a part of one big piece, and all the continents were joined together. After many years of moving around, the continents have moved to their current positions. This is called continental drift. The continents are always moving around very slowly. Even now, the continents are constantly moving. Most of the time, we cannot feel the effects of these movements. However, sometimes, they can be felt. Example: Some parts of the continent of Asia moved recently. The movement caused this land to push against the rest of the continent. This caused a major earthquake in Nepal in 2015. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Use an atlas to find and mark the cities given below on the blank world map. Label all the oceans as well. Next, connect the cities by drawing the shortest possible routes using the oceans on the map. (A) N ew York, North America to Sydney, Australia (B) Mumbai, Asia to Rio de Janeiro, South America (C) L ondon, Europe to Shanghai, Asia Our Earth 15

Amazing Facts As you have read, the continents are constantly moving because of movements happening deep under the surface of the Earth. Between,1994 and 2006, the continent of Australia has moved 152 cm away from its original position. New Words 1) planet – a natural, ball-shaped body that revolves around a star 2) sphere – shaped like a ball 3) satellite – a natural or an artificial object that revolves around a 4) evidence planet 5) diameter – facts to show that something is true or false; proof – a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or 6) vehicle 7) interval sphere 8) hemisphere – a machine used to travel from one place to another 9) climatic – gaps; breaks 10) appearance – a shape like a ball cut into two halves; a half-sphere 11) million – related to the usual and long-term weather conditions – the way that something looks – a number equal to 1000000 16

Lesson What Does the Earth 3 Look Like? Let Us Learn About 3.1 R major landforms and water bodies. U how landforms and water bodies are shown on a map. A the physical features of the Earth. h using the colours on a map to point out the landforms on it. Concept 3.1: Landforms and Water Bodies Think Meher challenges Rashi to name some water bodies. Rashi: That's easy! Oceans, rivers and lakes! Meher: There are many more! Rashi: Wow! Meher: Seas are also salty, like oceans, but they are two large lakes in Europe which smaller. But, in the past two large lakes were also were mistaken for seas called 'Seas'. Rashi: That is strange! Why ? Meher: People during that time did not know that these large lakes were smaller than the other big oceans around continents. Q. Which of the following is not a water body? (A) lakes   (B) oceans    (C) rivers   (D) hills 17

Remembering I Think Physical features are the bodies of landform and water on the Earth. People have physical features like height, weight, body structure and so on. Similarly, the Earth also has physical features. These are of two kinds: landforms and water bodies. LANDFORMS Plain: A plain is a flat area on the surface of the Earth. a delta Plateau: A raised land with a flat top is called a plateau. A plateau is like a table. Hill: A hill is an area of land which is naturally higher than the surrounding area. A hill has a peak. Mountain: A mountain is a tall, rocky area of land. It is much higher than the surrounding areas. Mountains are much taller and usually steeper than hills and have peaks. Valley: A valley is the land between hills or mountains. 18

GEOGRAPHICAL MAP It is much lower than the surrounding land. It is usually Arabian peninsula Bay V-shaped. Sea (land) of Bengal Island: An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides. water water Peninsula:A peninsula is a body of land that is surrounded water by water on three sides. However, it is still connected to the main land. Indian OceaInndian peninsula Delta: A river delta is formed at the mouth of a river as it flows into an ocean, sea or another large water body. WATER BODIES Rivers: A river is a flowing body of water. Lakes: A lake is a large body of water which is surrounded by land. Some lakes are very big, and in the past of few people called them seas. Lakes are not flowing bodies of water. Ponds are smaller than lakes. Glaciers: A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. Icebergs: An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the Perito Moreno Glacier, South sea. America Understanding How can we show physical features on a map? Last year, you learned that a map is, usually, a flat drawing of a place. How can we show the differences among tall mountains, hills, plateaus and plains on a map? Look at the picture. It shows some landforms and water bodies. How are colours chosen to show the difference between a mountain and a hill? Different colours are chosen to show different physical features according to their heights. Green: plains Purple and white: tall mountains Yellow: plateaus Blue: water Brown: hills Now, look at the map. It shows different physical features using different colours. What Does the Earth Look Like? 19

Kara koraKarakoram Pass m Range Zanskar mmoouunnttaaininss Range Pir Panjal Range i H T h a ppr lalaininss m Patkai Bum Desert a Aravali l Range a yas Garo Hills Khasi Naga Hills Hills Jaintia Hills Rann of Vindhya Range pplalatteeaauuss Kachchh Satpura Range Chota Nagpur Sundarban Plateau Delta Arabian Western Deccan s Sea Plateau t a h Bay of Ghats Easte hhililsls r Bengal n G Legend Water bodies Nilgiri Hills Rivers Mountains Hills Plateaus Plains INDIAN OCEAN Application Here are a few exciting facts about the physical features of the Earth: • The West Siberian Plains are the largest • The Himalayas are the tallest mountains in plains in the world. the world. • The largest plateau in the world is the • The Arabian Peninsula is the world’s largest Tibetan Plateau. It is ten times bigger than peninsula. the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. • Greenland is the largest island in the world 20

(5) (1) (2) (1) the West Siberian Plains (3) (2) the Tibetan Plateau (4) (3) the Himalayas (4) Arabian Peninsula (5) Greenland Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the given map. Identify the plains, plateaus and mountains using the colours used on the map. Amazing Facts The ocean can be deeper than our tallest mountain. While Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall, the deepest point on the Earth, Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 10,994 m deep. That is about two km more than the height of Mount Everest! New Words 1) peak – the pointed top of a hill or a mountain that is its highest 2) steep point – having a slope that is almost vertical What Does the Earth Look Like? 21