202110804-TRAVELLER_PREMIUM-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G04-PART1

SOCIAL STUDIES 4TEXTBOOK 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. ClassKlap presents the Traveller series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching:  Connecting learning to life in the outside world  Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts  Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills  Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process  Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Traveller series:  CISCE framework  Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society  Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills  Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills  Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them  Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Traveller Social Studies books aim to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain C ontains the list of learning objectives to be concepts and terms covered in the lesson • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or definitions A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent Engages parents in out-of-classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts

Contents 1 The Story of the Past ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 2 Sources of History�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Art Education - 1���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 3 Motions of the Earth������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 4 Exploring the Earth��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Infographic 1 - The Earth’s Physical Features �������������������������������������������������������22 5 Using Maps��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1Lesson The Story of the Past I Will Learn About • historical events presented orally and in writing. • the differences between the ancient, medieval and modern periods of history. • the role and significance of historical events in today’s context. 1

I Think Q. Rashi and Meher have invented a new game. Each How does Meher one gets a turn to be a ruler. This time, Rashi is know that cruel rulers the ruler. are removed by the people? Rashi M eher, go and pluck flowers to put in my hair! Then, arrange a visit to the park. (A) He studies maths. Meher R ashi, I am so tired of you being the queen! (B) He studies history. It’s my turn now to be the king. (C) He studies science. Rashi I will punish you for disobeying me! (D) He studies English. Meher Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? I want to choose my ruler! Rashi How can you even think of that? Meher H ah! I study history! I know that cruel rulers are removed by the people! Meaning of history ? Which language The word ‘past’ is used for the time that has gone by does the word or the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes ‘history’ come from? from the Greek word ‘historia’. It means ‘a story’ or ‘an account of anything that has happened’. Thus, a study of past events is called history. History is a study of It also refers to the past and all things that happened at that the past. time. Examples: The history of the invention of the wheel and the history of India’s freedom struggle How can we show the order of different events in history? Earlier, you have learnt about the timeline. It is a drawing that shows the order of events that took place in the past. In a timeline, past events are marked on a line in the order in which they happened. Can you arrange the following events on a timeline in the order in which they happened? 1) I went to a park. 2) I made a friend. 3) We said goodbye. 4) We played together. 2

As you may know, a timeline can also be used to show how the past is divided. Let us read about the different blocks in which history is divided. Periods in history We divide history into blocks of time known as periods. The periods in history are linked to each other. Each period is decided according to the important events that happened during that time. Let us read about some of these periods. Availability of written records For a very long time, human beings could not read or write. They could only draw pictures to tell stories about what they saw and did. This period, for which there is no recorded history, is called the pre-historic period. In India, the pre-historic period was followed by the ancient, medieval and modern periods. The ancient period has very few written records. It saw the growth of an ancient civilization and early cities. The medieval period is the middle period of Indian history. During this time, there were many famous rulers and kingdoms in India. The modern period covers all the events after the medieval period. The Indian freedom struggle took place during the modern period. The periods of Indian history are shown below. Periods in Indian history The birth of Jesus Christ The years in each period are numbered to show whether they occurred before or after the birth of Jesus Christ. All the years before Jesus Christ was born are marked ? How are the years with the letters ‘BC’. This stands for ‘Before Christ’. after the birth of ‘BCE’ or ‘Before Common Era’ is also used to mark Jesus Christ marked? these years. All the years after Jesus Christ was born are marked with the letters ‘AD’. This stands for ‘Anno Domini’ which in Latin means ‘the year of our Lord’ (Jesus Christ). The Story of the Past 3

dThese years are also marked as ‘CE’ or ‘Common Era’. In India, the ancient period has events that occurred in BC (BCE) and AD (CE). In the medieval and modern periods, the years are marked as AD (CE). On a timeline, we can mark the BC and AD years as shown below. In Lesson 9, we will learn more about how to mark important dates on a timeline. A timeline showing ‘BC’ and ‘AD’ Role and importance of historical events today Events from history play an important role in our lives. Example: We use telephones today because Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. A few other reasons to study history are the following. • to understand the stories of persons and groups of people who faced different situations • to know how events of the past affect our lives now • to know how changes take place over time • to know if the changes that occur follow a pattern People study history for different reasons. Doctors study history to understand different diseases and how they were cured in the past. Architects study history to learn about the types of buildings in the past. They study the strong and weak materials that were used to construct these buildings. This helps them to make better buildings. You too can have your reasons for studying history. Can you think of a few? Be Amaze A Do you know that Varanasi (Banaras) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world? People have lived in Varanasi continuously for more than 2,000 years. 4

Connect the Dots English Fun There are a few phrases in English with the word ‘history’. Example: ‘to be history’ (meaning ‘no longer be a part of something’) or ‘to go down in history’ (meaning ‘to be recorded or noted in history’) and so on. Use these phrases in sentences of your own. Maths Fun Similar to a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a number line. Smaller numbers are written on the left-hand side, and larger numbers are on the right-hand side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Words 1) invention – creation of something new that did not exist earlier 2) civilization – a society good at art, science and governance 3) Latin – an ancient language spoken by the people of Rome 4) disease – a physical disorder that causes illness 5) architect – someone who plans how a house or a building will look A Note to Parent Help your child to build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s opinion. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. The Story of the Past 5

2Lesson Sources of History I Will Learn About • the importance of preserving sources of history. • the differences between archaeological and literary sources. • the differences between an archaeologist and a historian. I Think Meher and Rashi were looking at a very old but Q. beautifully carved box in Mr Irani’s study. Meher Is this ours? I have never seen this before. Who/What will help you learn about your family’s Mr Irani This is a family heirloom. history? Rashi What is an heirloom? (A) neighbours (B) family heirlooms Mr Irani An heirloom is a valuable object that (C) school Rashi belongs to a family. A family passes down (D) newspapers these objects to future generations. My great-grandparents gave me this box. It is more than a hundred years old! Wow! I should ask my parents about our heirlooms as well! 6

How can you learn about your family history? You learn about your family history in the following ways. • by listening to the stories that your family members remember about each other • b y reading written records of your family history such as letters and by looking at the photographs and video recordings of your family members • by looking at the clothes, jewellery and other belongings of your family members Different sources of history The objects, materials, written We need objects, materials, buildings and written stories to and unwritten study history. These are called sources of history. Stories that stories, poems we hear about the past are also sources of history. These stories and songs used to may or may not be in writing. Let us read about three types of study the past are sources. called sources of history. Oral sources are stories, songs and poems that people remember. We can learn about the languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals of the past from them. Example: In the olden days, stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata were told by the elders of the community to the younger members. They were not written down. Such oral sources help us to learn about the culture of the past through the art of storytelling. ? Name one way by which Written sources are you can learn about your writings on stone, wood, family’s history. metal, leaves and paper. We can learn Storytelling about famous people and places and how people lived in the past from these sources. These are also known as literary sources. Example: Emperor Akbar used farmans to pass orders to his people. His farmans were written on paper. We learn about how the government worked in those times from such sources. Manuscript from medieval India A farman Sources of History 7

Archaeological sources refer to the A dolmen in Maharashtra buildings, tools, coins, clothes and jewellery of the past. We can learn about the objects used in the past and the materials used to make them. Example: Dolmens mark the burial places of people. They were built very long ago. There are many dolmens in India. From these, we learn about how people in the past took care of the dead in their communities. Let us read about the people who use these sources of history to learn about the past. Using archaeological and literary sources How does an archaeologist study history? An archaeologist studies buildings, tools, paintings, clothes and other objects used by people in the past. The places, where these objects are found, are called archaeological sites. An archaeologist would excavate the remains of a settlement, pottery, grains, bones or inscriptions at a site. The archaeologist studies the Archaeological site at an ancient city, Mohenjo-Daro size, shape, material, age and location of the objects and classifies them. They ? List three examples would also write books to explain their findings and of sources used by write the history of the place for that period. a historian. How does a historian study history? A historian studies the meaning of the text in books, manuscripts and other documents written in the past. They also refer to the description of such things or information collected by an archaeologist. Historians study literary sources to record information about the past. Example: Many objects that we see in museums were discovered by archaeologists. Historians study old books kept in libraries or objects kept in museums to write about the past. Archaeologists and historians often work together to learn about the past. Study the following flow charts to know how archaeologists and historians work. 8

Keeping these sources of history safe Archaeological sites and the objects in museums may get damaged due to the following reasons. • people touching them, writing on walls and littering • pollution • natural factors such as climate and location However, we need to keep the sources of history and archaeological sites safe. It is because of them that we learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. We learn about important events. We can even understand how art, architecture, science and technology have changed over time. Sources of History 9

Be Amaze d A The pillars built by Emperor Ashoka consisted of statues of different animals such as lions and elephants. One such pillar at Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh has four lions standing back to back. It is a part of the national emblem of India. Connect the Dots English Fun There is a phrase in English — ‘to create history’ — which means ‘doing something that has never been done before’. Use this phrase in a sentence. Science Fun In the earlier times, people used sundials and water clocks to tell the time. In India, there are five sundials called Jantar Mantar. The largest one is in Jaipur. It is also the world’s largest stone sundial. New Words 1) farman – an order given by a king or a queen 2) dolmen – a tomb with a large, flat stone laid on upright stones 3) settlement – a place where a group of people live 4) inscription – words written or carved on stone or metal pillars 5) manuscript – an old book or document written by hand before books were printed 6) museum – a place where interesting and important objects are kept for people to see A Note to Parent Visit any historical museum with your child. Try to collect information about how the things kept there were found and how they were used. 10

Art Education - 1 Making Collages You have read about the different sources of history. Make a collage about the sources of your family’s history. You can use an archaeological source, a literary source or an oral source of history. Gather the following. • Chart paper • Child-friendly scissors • Glue • Pictures/letters/heirlooms such as jewellery and coins You need to do the following. • Choose the source on which you want to work. A family collage • Collect pictures or letters and arrange them. • Paste them carefully on the chart paper. • If you are using heirlooms, you can draw the heirlooms or paste pictures of them on the chart paper. • D escribe your source of history on the chart paper. • Display the chart in the classroom. If you are using an oral source of history, you can A collage of an heirloom make a presentation in class. Keep in mind the following points when you present. • Be well-prepared. • Speak loudly and clearly. • Use the correct expressions and be confident. • Stand straight and use your hands comfortably. • Look at all the people when you speak. Art Education - 1 11

3Lesson Motions of the Earth I Will Learn About • the axis, rotation and revolution of the Earth. • the causes of day and night and seasons. I Think Rashi is reading a book about the Earth. She tells Q. Meher about Kepler, a famous astronomer. What does an Meher Who is an astronomer, Rashi? astronomer do? Rashi An astronomer is someone who studies stars, (A) studies the ocean planets and natural events that occur in space. (B) studies people’s future Meher W ow! Tell me an interesting thing that you read. (C) studies stars, planets and natural events Rashi It was Johannes Kepler, a German in space astronomer, who discovered that planets do not travel along a circular path around the (D) studies people Sun. They travel along an elliptical path that looks like an oval. Meher Wow! 12

The movements of the Earth All the planets in the solar system move in two ways. • They turn around a fixed central point. • They travel along a fixed path around the Sun. The Earth also moves in these two ways. Let us read about these movements of the Earth and their effects. Rotation Look at the picture given below. Let us imagine that the boy is standing in the same place and turning around in an anti-clockwise direction. In the same way, a planet or a satellite spins around its axis. This movement is called rotation. The axis is an imaginary straight line that passes through the poles of the Earth. The Earth rotates from west to east. Revolution Look at the picture given below. The boy is walking along a fixed path around a spot at the centre. He moves from position (1) to position (2), then to (3), then to (4) and returns to position (1). The Earth’s rotation (4) Similarly, the fixed (1) (3) path on which a planet or a satellite travels around another heavenly body is called its orbit. The movement of the Earth around the Sun along its orbit is called revolution. (2) ? Name two movements of the Earth. The planets in our solar system revolve around the Sun. The shape of the Earth’s orbit is elliptical. What are the effects of these movements? Effects of rotation The Earth’s rotation causes day and night. How does this happen? Motions of the Earth 13

Look at the picture below. Due to the rotation of the Earth, the side of the Earth facing the Sun keeps changing. It means that for some time, one side of the Earth receives light. During that time, the other side is in darkness. As the Earth rotates, the side that was in darkness receives light. One complete rotation takes about 24 hours. Thus, one half of the Earth receives light for 12 hours while the other is in darkness for 12 hours. rays of the Sun The axis is an imaginary straight line that passes through the Sun poles of the Earth. A planet or a heavenly body Day has a fixed path on which Night it travels around another heavenly body. This is called Earth an orbit. Rotation of the Earth Effects of revolution The Earth’s revolution is the reason why we have years and seasons. What is a year? (4) The Earth takes 365 ¼ days (3) to complete one revolution around the Sun. This means that it takes 365 ¼ days for the Earth (1) to travel from position (1) in the picture of the revolution of the Earth to position (3) and back to position (1). What causes seasons? (2) Seasons are periodical changes Revolution of the Earth of weather in a year. In most parts of India, the main seasons are summer, monsoon and winter. A few parts of India also experience spring and autumn. Why does this happen? ? Name the three main You may have noticed the tilt of the Earth’s axis in seasons experienced the diagrams above. Due to this tilt, a part of the in most parts of India. Earth is tilted towards the Sun and receives the vertical rays of the Sun. Thus, this part of the Earth gets more heat. The other part is tilted away and receives the slanting rays of the Sun which produce less heat. 14

South Pole tilted towards the Sun When the South Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the southern hemisphere experiences summer. At the same time, the northern hemisphere experiences winter as the North Pole is tilted away from the Sun. Can you tell what will happen when the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun? Look at the picture given below. North Pole tilted towards the Sun If the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the northern hemisphere will experience summer. At this time, the southern hemisphere will experience winter. In certain positions, such as (2) and (4) in the diagram of revolution on page 16, neither the North Pole nor the South Pole leans towards the Sun. This is when we experience either spring or autumn. Characteristics of the seasons in the northern hemisphere Seasons of a place depend on where it is located on the Earth’s hemispheres. India is in the northern hemisphere. So, let us first understand the seasons in the northern hemisphere. Motions of the Earth 15

In January, the northern (4) hemisphere is tilted away from (3) the Sun. Therefore, the rays of (2) the Sun are slanting and have Revolution causes seasons. less heat. So, India experiences winter. (1) Between March and April, the northern and southern hemispheres receive equal heat from the rays of the Sun. So, the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold. At this time, there is spring in the northern hemisphere. By June, the northern hemisphere is tilted completely towards the Sun. So, India experiences summer. The Earth continues to revolve. In September, both hemispheres once again receive equal heat from the Sun. So, this time the northern hemisphere starts experiencing autumn. At the end of one revolution, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, once again. Characteristics of the seasons in the southern hemisphere Have you heard of New Zealand? New Zealand is a country in the southern hemisphere. There, summer comes in December! How does this happen? In December, the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. Therefore, the rays of the Sun are stronger. So, New Zealand experiences summer. Between March and April, the northern and southern hemispheres experience milder climate. In the southern hemisphere, it is autumn. By June, the southern hemisphere is once again tilted away from the Sun. So, New Zealand experiences winter. The Earth continues to revolve. In September, the southern hemisphere experiences spring. At the end of one revolution, the southern hemisphere is once again tilted towards the Sun. Be Amaze A d The speed of the Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing down. Scientists say that after thousands of years, a day might be 25 hours long. 16

Connect the Dots Maths Fun The length of a day on planet Jupiter is just 9 hours and 56 minutes. What is the difference between the length of the days on Earth and Jupiter? ____________________________________________________________ Science Fun The shape of the Earth changes over time. Scientists use satellites to record such changes. These satellites measure the distance between their position and that of the Earth. They can measure even a few millimetres of change from space. New Words 1) elliptical – oval-shaped 2) satellite – a natural or an artificial object that revolves around 3) spring a planet 4) autumn – a season before summer; the season when new plants grow – a season before winter when leaves of trees may begin to fall A Note to Parent Ask your child to find out about the duration of various seasons in India. Also, ask them to find out if the temperature is the same in all the states of India at a given time. If not, then ask them to find out reasons for the same. Motions of the Earth 17

4Lesson Exploring the Earth I Will Learn About • the four domains of the Earth. • major landforms and water bodies. I Think Mr Jain is showing Rashi and Meher the family photo Q. album. What is a small piece of Meher Wow! You have been to so many places, Rashi! land with water on all sides called? Rashi Yes. We have seen mountains, plateaus, rivers (A) mountain and oceans! (B) plateau (C) island Mr Jain We should plan our next trip to an island. (D) river Meher What is so special about an island? Rashi An island is a small piece of land with water on all sides. You can travel to it only on a ship or an aeroplane! Meher That is great! Take me with you! 18

Layers of the Earth Mountains, rivers and oceans are present on crust the crust of the Earth. The crust is the thinnest mantle outermost layer of the Earth. We walk, build outer core homes and grow plants and trees on the crust. Four layers make up the Earth. The first two inner core outer layers are hard. The mantle is the second layer. It lies just below Layers of the Earth the crust. It is the thickest of the four layers. The temperature increases as we go deeper into the mantle. Underneath the two hard layers is a liquid layer that surrounds a solid centre. Together, they form the core. The crust and part of the mantle make up the Earth’s lithosphere. In Greek, ‘lithos’ means ‘rock’. The lithosphere consists of solid rock and soil. Many physical features are also present on the Earth’s lithosphere. Let us read about these physical features. lithosphere The Earth’s lithosphere Physical features Words such as ‘mountain’, ‘plateau’ and ‘island’ mentioned by Rashi and Mr Jain may make you imagine different places. Look at the pictures below. Mountain Plateau Island Exploring the Earth 19

All of these are some of the physical features of the Physical features are Earth. Physical features are the formations of land or the formations of land landforms and water bodies on the Earth. or landforms and water bodies on the Earth. Landforms Almost one-fourth of the Earth is covered by land. The rest is covered by water. Continents are large land masses that have many different landforms on them. A plain is a flat area on the surface of the Earth. A raised portion of land with a flat top is called a plateau. A plateau is like a table. A hill is an area of land that is naturally higher than its surroundings. A mountain is a tall, rocky area of land. Mountains are much higher and steeper than hills. Sometimes mountains form a chain together. Such a chain is called a range. A range often has many peaks. A valley is the land between hills or mountains. ? Name any three physical It is much lower than the surrounding land. It is features of the Earth. usually V-shaped. An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides. A peninsula is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. A part of the peninsula remains connected to the mainland, from which it extends into the water. A river delta is formed by deposition of soil at the Delta mouth of a river as it flows into a sea or an ocean. It often looks like a triangle. Water bodies An ocean is a deep and vast expanse of salt water. A sea is also a large saltwater body. However, River it is smaller than an ocean. Many seas join into the oceans. For example, the waters of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea join with the Indian Ocean. A river is a flowing body of water that follows a course on land. A lake is a large body of water that is surrounded by land. Some lakes are huge, and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes are not flowing bodies of water. 20

Ponds are like lakes, but smaller. Iceberg A glacier is a slowly moving river of ice. An iceberg is a large piece of ice, broken off a glacier and is floating out to the sea or ocean. These different water bodies make up the hydrosphere. In Greek, ‘hydro’ means ‘water’. The hydrosphere also consists of all the water beneath the surface of the Earth and all the water vapour in the air. hydrosphere The Earth’s hydrosphere Water cycle Through evaporation and condensation, the state of water in the hydrosphere keeps changing. Evaporation is the process by which water is converted into water vapour by the effect of heat. Condensation is the process by which water vapour cools down and becomes water again. This is called the water cycle. The water cycle Exploring the Earth 21

Infographic 1 The Earth’s Physical Features Landforms 1 plain: low-lying flat land 2 plateau: raised flat land 3 hill: higher than surrounding areas 4 mountain: steeper and taller than a hill 5 valley: low-lying land between mountains or hills 6 island: a piece of land completely surrounded by water 7 peninsula: a piece of land surrounded by water on 5 valley three sides; connected to the mainland 8 delta: triangular region of land and water at the mouths of certain rivers 10 sea 14 iceberg 2 plateau 7 peninsula 9 ocean Water bodies 6 island 9 ocean: body of salt water, larger than a sea 10 sea: large body of salt water 11 river: flowing water 12 glacier: frozen river of ice 13 lake: body of still water surrounded by land 14 iceberg: floating ice

4 mountain 12 glacier 3 hill 13 lake 11 river 8 delta 1 plain

Atmosphere There is a layer of air around the Earth. This is the atmosphere. In Greek, ‘atmos’ means ‘gas’ or ‘vapour’. atmosphere The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of different gases. The three main gases are nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Almost every living being on Earth uses oxygen to live. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. The atmosphere is also made up of different layers. Each layer is useful for different activities. Without these The Earth’s atmosphere layers of the atmosphere protecting the Earth, it would be too hot or too cold for living things to live on it. Look at the picture and observe the three domains of the Earth — the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. lithosphere (land) hydrosphere (water) atmosphere (air) Three domains of the Earth Biosphere The biosphere is another domain of the Earth. It is made up of all the parts of the Earth where living things can be found. In Greek, ‘bios’ means ‘life’. It ranges from the atmosphere to the caves deep in the oceans to the peaks standing tall on the land. So, we can say that the biosphere includes the lithosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. ? What is the water cycle? 24

The Earth’s biosphere Be Amazed A Glaciers store most freshwater. Many thousands of years ago, they covered one-third of the Earth’s surface. Connect the Dots Maths Fun The Himalayas grow by more than 6 cm every year. How much will they approximately grow in 300 years? Write the answer in metres. ________________________________________________________ Exploring the Earth 25

English Fun Complete the words using the hints given on the left. (A) River – d _ _t _ (B) Mountain – p _ _ k (C) Hill – v _ ll _ y New Words 1) temperature – a measurement of how hot or cold something is 2) Greek – the language spoken by the people of Greece 3) steep – a slope that rises or falls sharply 4) peak – the pointed top of a hill or a mountain, which is its 5) course highest point 6) gas – the direction in which a river flows – the material that makes up the air A Note to Parent You could help your child learn how to use an atlas to point out the different landforms and water bodies. 26

5Lesson Using Maps I Will Learn About • h ow continents and oceans are shown on a map. • d ifferences between a physical and a political map. • u ses of signs, symbols, scale and colour schemes on the map. I Think Meher and Rashi were planning a vacation together. Q. Mr Jain was listening to them. Why do we need a Rashi D o you know how we can to go to map? Nagaland? I have heard it is a beautiful place to visit in winter. (A) to provide directions Meher Mr Jain, how do we locate Nagaland? (B) to show time Mr Jain You can use a map. (C) to order things Rashi Do we have a map at home? (D) to call people Mr Jain Yes, but most mobile phones also provide detailed maps to help you find directions to a place. 27

Map of continents and oceans Last year, we learnt how globes and maps are Continents are very large land used to represent the Earth. A globe is a small, masses on the Earth. Oceans three-dimensional model of the Earth. However, are extremely large expanses a map is a flat or two-dimensional drawing of of salt water. the Earth or a part of it as seen from above. Look at the map of the major landforms and water bodies of the Earth. The areas marked in different colours are continents. All the areas marked in blue are oceans. Continents Continents are very large land masses on the Earth. There are seven continents. From the largest to the smallest, they are as follows. 1) Asia 2) Africa 3) North 4) South 5) Antarctica 6) Europe 7) Australia America America Oceans Oceans are extremely large expanses of salt water. Oceans cover almost three-fourths of the Earth’s surface. They are the biggest source of water on the Earth. 28

Oceans separate many of the continents from each other. The five oceans of the world, from the largest to the smallest, are listed below. 1) T he Pacific Ocean: It covers nearly one-third of the Earth. The deepest point in the world’s oceans is located in the Pacific Ocean. 2) The Atlantic Ocean: It divides North and South America from Europe, Africa and Asia. 3) T he Indian Ocean: It is the only ocean to be named after a country — India. 4) T he Antarctic Ocean: It is also called the Southern Ocean. It is the ocean that surrounds Antarctica. 5) The Arctic Ocean: It is located in the northern hemisphere and is mostly in the North Polar region. It is the shallowest of the world’s oceans. Let us compare Map A and Map B. Try to answer the following questions. Q: What are the similarities between the two maps? A: They both show the continents and the oceans. Q: What are the differences between the two maps? A: Different colours are used to show different information. In Map A, we can see only the Map A names and positions of the continents. It is a political map. Political maps show the boundaries marking continents, countries, states and cities. Map B is a physical map of the world. Physical maps show the various features such as mountains, rivers and plains. Therefore, the physical features of different continents have been marked. Example: There are similar brown markings in Africa and Asia to show land with high altitude. ? Name the largest and Map B the smallest continents and oceans. Using Maps 29

Understanding different maps Last year, we learnt that different maps provide us with different information. How is this done? Maps are of many kinds. Different maps use signs and colours to show different information. The signs, colours and what they show are explained in the key or legend of a map. Colours green: plains brown: hills Let us read about a few common colours yellow: plateaus blue: water bodies which are used in maps. Different colours are purple and white: tall mountains chosen to show the different physical features. Colour key for a map Now, look at the map of India. It shows the different physical features using different colours. Ka rako Karakoram Pass Range r a ][ m Pir Panjal Zanskar Range Mountains Range i H Plains m Patkai Bum Thar a Desert l Aravali a Range yas Garo Hills Khasi NHilalsga Hills Jaintia Hills Rann of Plateaus Kachchh Vindhya Range Chota Nagpur Sundarban Plateau Delta Satpura Range Arabian Western Deccan s Bay Sea Plateau t of a h Bengal Ghats Easte KEY r n Water bodies G Rivers Mountains Nilgiri Hills Hills Hills Plateaus Plains Map not to Scale INDIAN OCEAN Physical map of India 30

Symbols Imagine that you are a bird and flying over a school. Look down into the school and observe the top view of different things. Now, let us make a few signs to show these things in the school. The signs used on a map are called symbols. Thing Symbol Thing Symbol Basketball court School building Tree Parking lot Football ground Road Map of a school Let us use these symbols to make a map of the school. Have you noticed the symbols that are used in the maps of your city or state to represent different places? Scale Last year, we saw that the scale of a map tells us how various distances are represented. Why is this an important part of a map? Suppose Map A on page 29 is as big as the classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B on page 29 is as big as the page of this book. Which map would be easier to use? Using Maps 31

A map needs to be easy to use and the measurements also need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. Example: If the distance from the park to your school is one 1 cm = 1 km kilometre, it can be shown on a map as one centimetre. So, if the distance from the railway station to your school is ten scale kilometres, it can be shown as ten centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Directions ? What is the scale of a Last year, we also learnt about showing directions map? on a map. An arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows north. North is one of the four main directions. The three other main directions, east (E), south (S) and west (W), are identified using north as the reference. They are used to find the location of a place or thing on a map. Smartphones, tablets and maps Directions A smartphone Nowadays, we can see maps on mobile phones. We can view the area that we want to see using these maps. To see more details, we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. A few maps also show us what an area looks like from different positions. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if they are standing on the road. Be Amazed A The Earth’s highest point is Mount Chimborazo in South America. The deepest point lies in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. Mount Chimborazo 32

Connect the Dots English Fun Signs and symbols are used in different ways. Here are a few symbols that are used to show a few words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol Stop Hospital No parking Danger Recycle School Science Fun In 1959, the process of taking images using artificial satellites started. This process is called satellite imagery, and it has an important role in making accurate maps. New Words 1) three-dimensional – having length, breadth and height 2) two-dimensional – having length and breadth, but no height 3) altitude – the height of a place above the sea level 4) accurate – correct A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show the road that you will be taking using the maps on your mobile phone. Using Maps 33

N Ka INDIA AFGHANISTAN rako Karakoram PHYSICAL MAP Pass Range CHINA r a ][ m Jhelum LADAKH JAMMU & KASHMIR Indus Pir Panjal RanCgheenab Ravi HIMACHAL Indus i Beas PRADESH H PAKISTAN Sutlej PUNJAB m (Yarlung Tsangpo) Brahmaputra HARYANA UTTARAKHANDa l NEPAL ARUPNRAACDHESAHL UTTAR a PRADESH y Thar DELHI Ganga Patkai Bum Desert Yamuna Aravali a s BHUTAN Range SIKKIM Betwa BrahmapuAtSrSaAM NAGALAND RAJASTHAN Chambal Ghaghara Kosi Teesta NHilalsga BIHAR MEGHALAYA Khasi Hills Jaintia Garo Hills Rajmahal Hills BANGLADESH MANIPUR Son Hills Rann of MADHYA TRIPURA PRADESH JHARKHAND Kachchh Ganga MIZORAM NSaartmpuardaaRangTVaeipnid h y a R a n g e Chota Nagpur WEST GUJARAT Plateau BENGAL MYANMAR Mahanadi Sundarban Delta Daman & Diu CHHATTISGARH DADRA & GodavMaArHi ARASHTRA ODISHA NAGAR HAVELI W Deccan Bay of Arabian Krishna Plateau TELANGANA s Bengal Sea hadra t est a e h r Tungab Puducherry GOA n Easte r Ghats n ANDHRA ANDAMAN GPRADESH KARNATAKA KERALA Puducherry International Boundary & N ICOB A R LAKS(HINADDIAW)EEP Kaveri State Boundary (INDIA) Nilgiri Rivers Hills TAMIL NADU Cardamom Hills SRI LANKA IS L AND S INDIAN OCEAN