51705015_Maple-G4_Textbook Integrated_Term2

INTEGRATED 2 TEXTBOOK - TERM ENGLISH, MATHEMATICS, EVS 4



ENGLISH TERM 2

Contents 4Class Theme 3: Art and Culture 9 A Musical Journey ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 S3 Speaking Project ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 R3 Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Theme 4: Imagination and Adventure 10 The Great Race ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11 11 Adventures with the Fairies ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 12 The Owl and the Pussycat ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 21 S4 Speaking Project ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 R4 Reading Comprehension ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 Theme 5: Exploring the World 13 The Herculean Task ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Glossary �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37

Lesson A Musical Journey 9 Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Rhyming words Word Rhyming words Word way, day sing unwilling play – fine mine, divine – Warm Up Activity • Do you like listening to music? What kind of music do you like? • Can you say what the seven notes in music are? Let us read a poem in which the poet realises that she loves classical music. 1

Reading the Text Classical music was the pits screwed up unenthusiastic Sa–re–ga–ma–pa–dha–ni melodious It was outdated and old fashioned What use was it to me? Mummy told me to practise I would run away to play That’s the pattern we followed Day after day, all the way. One day we had visitors Mummy told me to sing I screwed up my face Unenthusiastic and unwilling. Somehow I got started And found it actually sounded fine Sa-re-ga-ma-pa-dha-ni The melodious voice was mine. Then I realised I love classical music It’s heavenly and divine. – Manjula Shukla Let Us Discuss 1) What kind of music is mentioned in the poem? 2) What does the poet do when her mother asks her to practise music? 3) How does the poet describe her voice? 4) How does the poet describe classical music in the end? 2

Understanding the Text Exercise 1: New words Word Meaning classical music pits screwed up unenthusiastic melodious heavenly divine Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) What did the poet think of classical music in the beginning? Ans.   2) What was the pattern that the mother and the poet followed day after day? Ans.  3) What did the poet’s mother ask her to do when they had visitors? Ans.  4) What did the poet realise in the end? Ans.  A Musical Journey 3

Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) Which art form interests you the most? Why? Ans.    2) You will not know whether you can do something until you try it. Do you agree? Justify your answer with an example. Ans.   Speaking Task Group discussion Divide yourself into groups. Discuss how music plays an important role in our lives. 4

S3 Speaking Project My favourite festival India is known as the ‘land of festivals’. There are many cultural and religious festivals that we celebrate through the year. Festivals are a time for bonding with family and friends and for spreading happiness. All of us have a favourite festival. Which is your favourite festival? Speak for two to three minutes on your favourite festival. Keep the following pointers in mind as you speak: • Name your favourite festival. • Speak about why it is celebrated. • Share a story about it. • Describe how you celebrate it and why it is your favourite festival. 5

R3 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. There was an old king who liked to ride his elephant to town just after sunrise. After the rides, he would send the elephant to its trainer and his wife, who would bathe and feed it. One day, the king fell ill, and his son decided to sell the elephant to the circus. The elephant was very sad. Its trainer said, ‘Don’t be sad. You will be taught many tricks, and you will be happy to see children who will love you.’ True enough, as soon as he entered the ring, the children clapped their hands and called out to him. Everybody loved the elephant, and he was happy travelling across the country with the circus. On one of his trips, he arrived at his old hometown. His wish to see his trainer and the king grew stronger every day. One day, he ran away from the circus and reached the palace. He was shocked to see it broken and empty! The elephant turned back, and tears rolled down his eyes. Suddenly, he heard someone calling out his name. He looked back and saw his trainer. Immediately, he ran towards him, lifted him onto his back and went back to the circus. Everybody was happy to see the elephant. The trainer joined the circus and helped in training the other elephants. 1) Where would the king send the elephant after the rides? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

2) What did the king’s son decide when his father fell ill? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Write the correct pronouns for the words given below. a) king – ____________________________________________________________________ b) palace – ____________________________________________________________________ c) wife – ____________________________________________________________________ 4) Write a word from the passage that rhymes with ‘guide’. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) trainer a) unexpectedly 2) shocked b) coach 3) suddenly c) felt upset and surprised Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. It was a bright and sunny morning. A large group of young boys gathered in the forest with their bows and arrows. But they were not ordinary boys. They were the five Pandavas and the hundred Kauravas. A fierce rivalry between them had begun to grow when they were just children. Reading Comprehension 7

The royal children learnt the skills of using weapons from Dronacharya. He was one of the greatest warriors of his time. He had learnt the secret of powerful weapons from Parasurama. The Pandavas and the Kauravas were quick to learn. Each of them had his own favourite weapon. Duryodhana and Bhima favoured the mace and Yudhisthira the spear. Arjuna was fascinated by bows and arrows. The twins Nakula and Sahadeva were most comfortable with swords. The guru treated all his disciples equally. However, he liked Arjuna the most because Arjuna practised his art with great concentration. Soon, he became the best archer among all. Duryodhana and his brother Dushasana did not like this and openly criticised their guru for favouring Arjuna. As a reply to their criticism, Dronacharya arranged for a test to pick out the best archer from among them. On that day, Guru Dronacharya asked the students to gather by the forest near his ashram. He had placed a wooden bird with a clearly painted eye on one of the trees. The task was to hit the wooden bird in the eye. 1) What was Yudhisthira’s choice of weapon? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) Who was the best archer among all? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Write the comparative form of the adjectives given in brackets to fill in the blanks. a) Ram’s house is ____________________________ than his. (large) b) This dog is running ____________________________ than mine. (fast) c) The bird flew ____________________________ than the others in the sky. (high) 4) Write a word from the passage that means ‘to do again and again to get better at something’. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8

5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) rivalry a) preferred 2) favoured b) disapproved 3) criticised c) competition Reading Comprehension 9

Why are we studying this theme? Human beings have the wonderful gift of imagination. With the help of our minds, we can take off into other worlds and make the impossible, possible. Writers and poets are very good at expressing their imagination in words. Let us read two stories and a poem and go on flights of fantasy.

Lesson The Great Race 10 Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Words with more than four syllables multiplication imagination generosity personality overpopulation identification responsibility enthusiastically Warm Up Activity • D ifferent countries and cultures follow different calendars. The solar calendar is based on the Earth’s movement around the Sun, whereas the lunar calendar is based on the Moon’s movement around the Earth. Which calendar is followed the world over? • Do you know which calendar is followed while deciding the festival dates in India? Let us read an interesting story that will tell us why the Chinese calendar is named after twelve different animals. 11

Reading the Text Long ago, the Jade Emperor of China invited all the animals to a swimming race. He declared that the first twelve animals would each have a year of the zodiac named after them. All the animals lined up along the river bank. The rat and the cat were poor swimmers. They asked the strong ox to help them. ‘Of course’, said the kind ox. ‘Just climb on my back. I will take you across the river.’ zodiac They had almost reached the other bank when the rat pushed the cat into the water. Just as the ox was about to win the race, the rat leapt onto his head and then onto the bank to finish first. ‘Well done’, said the emperor to the proud rat. ‘The first year of the zodiac will be named after you.’ The poor ox had the second year of the zodiac named after him. Shortly after them, an exhausted tiger clawed his way to the river bank. The third year of the zodiac was named after him. The next to arrive was the rabbit. He had reached the shore by floating on a log. The Jade Emperor declared the fourth year after his name. exhausted Just then, a dragon swooped down to take fifth place. The emperor asked, ‘Why didn’t you win the race when you can fly?’ ‘I needed to make rain for a few thirsty animals and swooped people. Then, I blew a puff of wind to help the rabbit float to the river bank.’ puff ‘Well, that was very kind of you. You will have the fifth year of the zodiac named after you’, declared the emperor.  The next thing the Jade Emperor sneaky heard was the sound of the horse’s hooves. Suddenly, a sneaky snake wriggled out from around one of the horse’s hooves. The horse was surprised and jumped wriggled backwards, giving the snake a chance to take the sixth place. The poor horse had to be satisfied with seventh place. 12

Not long afterwards, a raft arrived, carrying the goat, the monkey and the rooster. The emperor said that the goat would be the eighth zodiac animal. The monkey would be the ninth and the rooster the tenth. The next animal to finish was the dog. His reward was to raft have the eleventh year named after him. rooster There was only one place left in the zodiac. Finally, the emperor heard a grunt from the boar. ‘You took a long time to cross the river’, said the emperor to the boar. ‘I was hungry and stopped to eat’, explained the boar. boar ‘You have still done well’, said the emperor. ‘The last year of the zodiac will be named after you.’ As for the cat, he was too late to have a year named after him. He felt very angry with the rat. Since then, cats have never been friends with rats. From that day onwards, the Chinese Zodiac has followed this cycle of years that was named after these twelve animals.  – a Chinese folktale Let Us Discuss 1) What did the Jade Emperor declare? 2) Which animal came first? 3) Which were the animals in the story that were kind and helpful? 4) According to the story, why have cats and rats not been friends since the race? Understanding the Text Exercise 1: New words Meaning Word Jade Emperor zodiac exhausted The Great Race 13

Word Meaning swooped puff sneaky wriggled raft rooster boar Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) How did the rat reach the river bank first? Ans.    2) Why did the dragon not reach first even though it could fly? Ans.    3) Which animals arrived together on a raft? Ans.    4) Name the order in which the twelve animals arrived at the river bank. Ans.    14

Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) Why is the snake called ‘sneaky’ in the story? Ans.     2) Which animal’s efforts do you appreciate the most in the story? Why? Ans.     Speaking Task Role play This is an activity to help you to practise your speaking or conversational skills in English. Conversation 1 Act out the following situation with your partner in front of the class: Situation: Mahesh introduces his cousin Anand to his friend. Mahesh: Hello, Zara, how are you? (greeting) Zara: Fine, thank you. How are you? Mahesh: I am fine too. (responding to the greeting) Mahesh: Zara, meet my cousin, Anand. Anand, meet my friend, Zara. Zara: How do you do? (responding to the first introduction) Anand: I am fine. How do you do? Mahesh: Zara, yesterday I saw your brother at the railway station. Was he going somewhere? Zara: No. He had gone to the station with my grandparents to help them to carry the luggage. The Great Race 15

Conversation 2 Enact the given situation with your partner in front of the class. Situation: A conversation between a shopkeeper and a customer. Shopkeeper: How can I help you? Customer: Can you show me some shoes, please? Shopkeeper: Sure, which colour and size? Customer: Black. And size eight, I think. Shopkeeper: How about these shoes? Customer: They seem to fit well. Could you pack these shoes, please? Shopkeeper: Certainly! Here is your packet. Customer: Thank you! 16

Lesson Adventures with the 11 Fairies Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Here is a tongue twister to practise the ‘ch’ and ‘w’ sounds. Try saying it aloud as fast as you can. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood? Warm Up Activity • H ave you ever sat quietly and observed plants, trees or flowers after a shower of rain? How do they look? • Do you like the rains? Why or why not? Let us read a story about the narrator’s adventures with rain fairies. 17

Reading the Text What I am about to tell you happened a long, long time ago. I was staying with my aunty, Nalini. She lived in an old house with a big garden that had many flowers. I loved staying with her. I used to play in her garden in the mornings and then help her cook. Most important of all, I could have breakfast in bed! I slept on a sofa, which was placed against the wall in her bedroom. As I would drift off to sleep every night, drift off damp I would stare at this big, damp stain on the wall. The stain would take different shapes each night – animals, people, fairies. One rainy night, something very strange happened. I saw something come out of the wall suddenly. It looked like a human figure made of cotton, except that it was dark – as dark as the thunderclouds. I felt a human figure touch my shoulder. I looked closely and saw a beautiful woman. In a deep, sweet, kind voice, she said, ‘Good evening! My name is Storm. Don’t be afraid of me; I’m a good fairy. Want to come with me?’ She offered me her hand. It was a slim hand and smelled of raindrops. I was so surprised that I could not answer. ‘Come along, you’ll love the place I am taking you to’, said the fairy. The next thing I knew, I had been carried by her from the warmth of my bed and transported through the bedroom wall, through the middle of that damp stain. soaring We moved up, soaring high. As we flew faster and faster towards the sky, we wandered through the air as the lightning struck and thunder roared behind us. But I wasn’t scared at all. I felt confident as I held onto Storm’s hand. The rain seemed to come in waves, softly murmuring through the sky. Storm smiled at me, as we went up higher and higher. Then, just as smoothly wandered as we had ascended, we began to float back down. We descended through a fog and went towards an area filled with light. In the blink of an eye, we were bathed in sunlight and around us were seven fairies. Each was just as beautiful and kind as Storm. They all smiled at me. The fairies had thin golden paintbrushes in one hand and a painter’s palette palette in the other. Suddenly, the fog cleared and underneath it appeared flowers, plants, animals and many more things. But strangely, each one of them was completely colourless. 18

The seven fairies floated towards the flowers, plants and the animals. Slowly, they started to create magic with their paintbrushes. What a scene it was! I was so stunned by all this that I was left speechless. But an even bigger surprise was in store! I looked back at the path and saw a lovely rainbow! One of the fairies started to play an instrument. I had never heard such sweet speechless music in my life. I danced, sang and clapped along with them. I wanted to ask so many questions to the fairies. As I opened my mouth, I suddenly heard Nalini Aunty’s voice saying, ‘So now you have started singing in your sleep, have you? I think you need a good breakfast. Come on. I’ll bring you some hot milk and your favourite puri with aloo sabji.’ As I nibbled on my breakfast, I kept thinking whether I should tell her what I’d seen. Would she believe me? Then, she suddenly asked, ‘So, did you enjoy your journey through the damp stain?’ nibbled My breakfast was getting cold. I was also going to be late for school. I didn’t have time to answer her. Anyhow, I still believe that whenever it rains, Storm and her friends come to visit us. They leave everything looking bright, fresh and new.  (Source: http://freestoriesforkids.com/children/stories-and-tales) Let Us Discuss 1) Why did the narrator love staying with Nalini Aunty? 2) What did Storm’s hand smell like? 3) What did the fairies have in their hands? 4) What was the author doing in the dream just before it ended? Adventures with the Fairies 19

Understanding the Text Meaning Exercise 1: New words Word drift off damp soaring wandered in the blink of an eye palette stunned speechless nibbled Speaking Task Pair discussion Divide your class into pairs. Discuss the following questions with your partner. Then, share your combined thoughts with the class. Did the narrator actually have that adventure, or was it a dream? Have you ever had a dream that felt real? What happened? 20

Lesson The Owl and the 12 Pussycat Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Rhyming words Word Rhyming words money guitar are, star, car Word note fowl honey love owl sing boat tarried ring day above nose away stood married shilling wood will grows quince hill sand willing Moon hand – mince spoon – 21

Warm Up Activity • Have you ever seen a pussycat and an owl? Where? • Do you think that two animals can be friends? According to you, which animals can be friends with each other? Let us read a poem about an owl and a pussycat who are on a journey that leads to their marriage. Reading the Text The Owl and the Pussycat went to sea In a beautiful pea-green boat, T hey took some honey, and plenty of money, W rapped up in a five-pound note. pound The Owl looked up to the stars above, And sang to a small guitar, ‘O lovely Pussy! O Pussy, my love, What a beautiful Pussy you are, You are, You are! What a beautiful Pussy you are!’ Pussy said to the Owl, ‘You elegant fowl! How charmingly sweet you sing! O let us be married! Too long we have tarried: But what shall we do for a ring?’ charm ingly They sailed away, for a year and a day, elegant To the land where the Bong-Tree grows shilling And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood With a ring at the end of his nose, His nose, His nose, With a ring at the end of his nose. ‘Dear Pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling 22

Your ring?’ Said the Piggy, ‘I will’. So, they took it away, and were married next day By the Turkey who lives on the hill. They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the Moon, quince The Moon, The Moon, They danced by the light of the Moon. – Edward Lear Let Us Discuss 1) What are the names of the mentioned animals? 2) Where did the Owl and the Pussycat go? 3) What was the colour of the boat? 4) How was the Owl’s song? Understanding the Text Exercise 1: New words Meaning Word pound elegant charmingly tarried shilling mince quince runcible The Owl and the Pussycat 23

Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) What did the Owl and the Pussycat take on their journey to the sea? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) What was the Owl doing on the boat? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) What did the animals in the poem do for a ring for their wedding? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4) How did the Owl and the Pussycat celebrate their wedding? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) The Owl and the Pussycat carried a few things along when they went to sea. If you went sailing for a year and a day, what would you take with you? Why? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Do you find this poem funny? Why? What are the things and words that you think are nonsensical in the poem? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ____________________________________________________________________________________ 24

Speaking Task Role play Form groups and play the characters from the poem. Enact the whole poem with actions and props. Your props can be a jar of honey, a few notes of money, a coin for a shilling, a small ruler that can be used as the guitar and so on. The Owl and the Pussycat 25

S4 Speaking Project My favourite story of imagination and adventure Writers and filmmakers have very creative imaginations. Sometimes, they write stories that cannot happen in real life. Some stories are full of magic, superheroes or mythical creatures. They might take place on another planet or in another undiscovered world. Think of your favourite story or film in which impossible things happen. Share the story with your class and say why you liked it. 26

R4 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Last Sunday, little Phulmani went to see a jatra with her parents. She was thrilled to see the jatra. The next day, when she narrated the story of the performance to the class, her teacher said that jatra is actually a kind of folk theatre. This kind of theatre is performed under different names in different parts of our country. It is called ‘tamasha’ in Maharashtra, ‘nautanki’ in northern India and jatra in Bengal. Most of these folk theatres are based on mythological incidents or characters. India has a rich heritage of classical dance forms, and each deals with a mythological narrative. The dancers wear colourful costumes and dance in harmony with music. Kathak is a dance of northern India, while Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattyam, Kuchipudi and Kathakali are all from southern India. Manipuri and Odissi are dance forms of eastern India. Such a wide variety of dance forms cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Phulmani came to know that Indian kings and rulers patronised classical music and dance in their courts. Emperor Akbar loved to listen to the songs of Tansen. Our country is so big that we have many different styles of classical music like Hindustani and Carnatic. Each of these styles began in temples and developed down the ages. 1) What did the teacher say a jatra was? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Who did Emperor Akbar like to listen to? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 27

3) Rewrite the sentences by correcting spelling and punctuation errors. a) i am very found of signing and dancing. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) My favorite dance is kathak I like bharatanatyam to. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) I want to partisipate in a dance compitition next ear. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) The meaning of ‘mythological’ is  . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) character a) supported or sponsored 2) heritage b) role in a play 3) patronised c) cultural traditions that are passed down through generations Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Welcome to the Arctic! That is the cold, windy area around the North Pole. It includes the Arctic Ocean and the land near it. Snow and ice cover the ground for most of the year. The walrus, polar bear and snowy owl are a few animals that live in this habitat and survive the cold. A walrus spends most of its time in icy water. It has a thick layer of blubber, or fat, under its skin to keep it warm. When a walrus swims, blood flows away from its skin to important organs inside its body. That keeps heat from leaving the walrus’s body, and its skin turns white. When it is warm again, its skin turns pink. A polar bear has special fur to keep it warm. Each hair is shaped like a straw. The shape helps direct sunlight towards the bear’s black skin, which collects and holds in heat. Polar bears also have a layer of blubber under their skin. A snowy owl has two layers of 28

feathers that cover its entire body. The bottom layer, which is soft and fluffy, is called ‘down’. The outer layer of feathers is thick. In strong wind, the snowy owl may hide on the ground behind a pile of snow or rocks to block the wind. 1) Which are the animals that live in the Arctic? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What happens when a walrus swims? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Fill in the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives. Adjective Comparative Superlative a) thick ______________________ _____________________ b) special ______________________ _____________________ c) warm ______________________ ______________________ 4) The meaning of ‘blubber’ is  . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) habitat a) soft, fine feathers 2) down b) continue to live in difficult conditions 3) survive c) the natural home of an animal Reading Comprehension 29

Why are we studying this theme? Travelling the world, meeting people and learning about different cultures is not only exciting but also important. This is how we grow as people. But when travel is not possible, what better way than to read! Let us read a story, a play and a poem in which you get to travel along with the authors and enjoy journeys in your mind.

Lesson The Herculean 13 Task Let Us Start Listen and say aloud Words proven sturdy react accomplished salute pursuit firmly convincing Warm Up Activity • According to you, what qualities should a hero have? • If you were a hero, what qualities would you like to have? Let us read a story about the ‘hero’ of Rome, Hercules, who was famous for his strength and his love of adventure. 31

Reading the Text King Eurystheus was worried. Hercules had proven his courage and strength by completing the ten previous difficult tasks that had been given to him. He was becoming popular. People had started calling him a hero. ‘The next task must be even more dangerous and challenging’, thought the king. ‘It is important that he loses so that the countrymen can see me as their hero again.’ Garden of the King Eurystheus called Hercules to his court and Hesperides congratulated him. He set him the challenge of getting golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides. Hercules set out in pursuit of this new challenge, pursuit and on the way, he met a beautiful nymph. He nymph asked her for help. She told him to seek the old man of the sea, who was the best navigator. ‘But there is one condition – you need to hold him tight. It is difficult to maintain a grip on him. He can change forms’, warned the nymph. Hercules found the old man sleeping on the shore. He quietly moved towards him and held on to him tight before he could react. navigator The old man woke up, startled. ‘Who are you?’ he screamed. ‘I am Hercules. I need your help to show me the way to the Garden of the Hesperides. The old man struggled to get free. However, startled Hercules held on even tighter. The old man turned himself into a deer. He then turned into a kraken – a sea monster resembling a giant octopus. He tried to scare Hercules kraken but failed every time. Finally, the old man told him about the Hesperides, who were the goddesses of the evening. He said that the golden apples were in a garden on an island. To get to the island, Hercules would need to take the help of Antaeus, who was a short-tempered man. Hercules thanked the old man. After some time, he met Antaeus. ‘What do you want from me?’ yelled Antaeus. 32

‘I want you to show me the way to the Garden of the Hesperides.’ ‘How dare you?’ Antaeus was angry. He attacked Hercules. Hercules fought back and lifted Antaeus high up in the air. Antaeus got scared. ‘Please put me down. I will answer all your questions.’ Antaeus told him that the Garden of the Hesperides was guarded by a never-sleeping, hundred-headed dragon named Ladon. Only Atlas could enter the garden and take the mythology golden apples. According to Roman Ladon mythology, it was believed that Atlas had been carrying the weight of the Earth on his shoulders for over a thousand years. Hercules knew that convincing Atlas would be next to impossible. So, on his way, he thought of a plan. He also knew that Atlas hated carrying the Earth on his shoulders. When Hercules reached the Garden, he said, ‘I salute you, Atlas. You have been holding the Earth for so long.’ ‘I am so tired’, exclaimed Atlas. ‘I can help you to ease the load for some time. You only have to get me three golden apples from the Garden of the Hesperides’, offered Hercules. Atlas agreed and brought back the golden apples for Hercules. He could do anything for some rest. ‘You are great, Atlas! It is quite a tough task to hold the Earth’, said Hercules. Atlas When Hercules returned with the three golden apples, the king was shocked and nearly fainted. Let Us Discuss 1) Why was King Eurystheus worried? 2) What was the eleventh challenge given to Hercules by King Eurystheus? 3) Who guided Hercules at the beginning of the challenge? 4) Who guarded the Garden of the Hesperides? The Herculean Task 33

Understanding the Text Exercise 1: New words Word Meaning adventure courage Garden of the Hesperides pursuit nymph navigator startled short-tempered mythology fainted Exercise 2: Literature comprehension 1) Why did the king want Hercules to lose a challenge? Ans.   2) How did the nymph help Hercules? Ans.  34

3) W ho was standing outside the gate of the garden? What did Hercules offer to do for him? Ans.  4) How did the old man at the sea try to scare Hercules? Was he successful? Ans. Exercise 3: Value-based questions – Judgement and appreciation 1) W hat are a few of the important qualities of Hercules that helped him succeed at his task? Ans.   2) G iven below are some qualities that might make a person a hero. Discuss each quality with your classmates. Then, choose three qualities that you would like to have. Give reasons for your choices. courage, humility, patience, ability to understand other people, ability to work hard, honesty, kindness, helpfulness, sensitivity Ans.    The Herculean Task 35

Speaking Task Public speaking Parents, teachers and other elders often give us seemingly difficult tasks to complete. Tell your class about one such ‘Herculean task’ by answering the following questions: • What was the task set for you? •  Who set this task? • What were the challenges that you faced? •  Who helped you? • Did you manage to complete the task? •  What did you learn about yourself? 36

Glossary Sr. No. Word Meaning 1 adventure (n.) a dangerous yet enjoyable activity 2 boar (n.) a wild pig 3 charmingly (adv.) pleasingly or delightfully 4 classical music (n.) traditional music that follows strict rules 5 courage (n.) the ability to control one's fear; bravery 6 damp (adj.) slightly wet 7 divine (adj.) extremely delightful or amazing 8 drift off (v.) to fall asleep 9 elegant (adj.) graceful or having good taste 10 exhausted (adj.) very tired 11 fainted (v.) fell down and became unconscious 12 Garden of the a mythical garden where golden apples grow Hesperides very pleasant or soothing 13 heavenly (adj.) 14 in the blink of an very quickly eye (phr.) 15 Jade Emperor (n.) the primary god in Chinese traditions 16 melodious (adj.) sweet sounding 17 mince (n.) meat that is chopped or cut into small pieces 18 mythology (n.) a rich collection of traditional tales from a particular 19 navigator (n.) culture someone who gives directions of travel 20 nibbled (v.) took small bites 21 nymph (n.) a female spirit that lives in rivers, mountains or forests 22 palette (n.) a plate to mix colours 23 pits (slang) worst possible 24 pound (n.) a basic unit of money in some countries in the UK 25 puff (n.) a short, sudden burst of breath

26 pursuit (n.) an attempt to achieve something 27 quince (n.) a hard, pear-shaped fruit 28 raft (n.) a flat, wooden structure used as a boat 29 rooster (n.) an adult, male chicken 30 runcible (adj.) a nonsense word that has no meaning; created by Lear 31 screwed up (v.) and used in many other of his works to make a face 32 shilling (n.) a coin that was used in Britain; the value is less than that of a pound 33 short-tempered quick to get angry (adj.) secretive 34 sneaky (adj.) 35 soaring (adj.) flying high 36 speechless (adj.) not able to speak 37 startled (v.) got shocked 38 stunned (adj.) taken by great surprise 39 swooped (v.) pounced; moved down very fast 40 tarried (v.) delayed 41 unenthusiastic not excited or interested (adj.) to move without any particular direction 42 wandered (v.) 43 wriggled (v.) twisted and turned quickly 44 zodiac (n.) a cycle of twelve years with animal symbols for each year n. Key v. noun adj. verb adv. phr. adjective adverb phrase

MATHEMATICS TERM 2

Contents 4Class 7 Division 1 7.1 Divide Large Numbers  10 16 8 Fractions - I 20 8.1 Equivalent Fractions  27 8.2 Identify and Compare Like Fractions  30 8.3 Add and Subtract Like Fractions  9 Fractions - II 9.1 Fraction of a Number  9.2 Conversions of Fractions

Chapter Division 7 Let Us Learn About • dividing 4-digit numbers by 1-digit and 2-digit numbers. • d ividing 3-digit numbers by 2-digit numbers. • properties of division. Concept 7.1: Divide Large Numbers Think Jasleen and seven of her friends want to share 3540 papers equally among themselves. Do you think the papers can be divided, without some being left over? Recall Recall that we can write two multiplication facts for a division fact. For example, a multiplication fact for 45 ÷ 9 = 5 can be written as 9 × 5 = 45 or 5 × 9 = 45. 45 ÷ 9 = 5 ↓ ↓ ↓ Dividend Divisor Quotient The number that is divided is called the dividend. The number that divides is called the divisor. The number of times the divisor divides the dividend is called the quotient. 1

Factors Factors Multiplicand × Multiplier = Product Multiplicand × Multiplier = Product 5 × 9 = 45 9 × 5 = 45 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Divisor Quotient Dividend Divisor Quotient Dividend The part of the dividend that remains without being divided is called the remainder. Let us solve the following to revise the concept of division. a) 72 ÷ 9 b) 42 ÷ 3 c) 120 ÷ 5 d) 80 ÷ 4 e) 24 ÷ 1 & Remembering and Understanding In Class 3, we have learnt that division and multiplication are reverse operations. Let us now understand the division of large numbers using multiplication. Division of a 4-digit number by a 1-digit number Dividing a 4-digit number by a 1-digit number is similar to that of a 3-digit number by a 1-digit number. Example 1: Solve: 2065 ÷ 5 Solution: Steps Solved Solve these Step 1: Check if the thousands digit of the )5 2065 )7 3748 dividend is greater than the divisor. If it is not, consider the hundreds digit also. 2 is not greater than Dividend = _____ 5. So, consider 20. Divisor = ______ Step 2: Find the largest number in the Quotient = ____ multiplication table of the divisor that can 4 Remainder = ___ be subtracted from the 2-digit number of the dividend. Write the quotient. Write the )5 2065 product of the quotient and divisor below the dividend. -2 0 Step 3: Subtract and write the difference. 5 × 4 = 20 5 × 5 = 25 25 > 20 4 )5 2065 -20 0 2

Steps Solved Solve these Step 4: Check if difference < 0 < 5 (True) divisor is true. )3 2163 4 If it is false, the division is incorrect. Dividend = _____ Step 5: Bring down the tens digit of the )5 2065 Divisor = ______ dividend and write it near the remainder. Quotient = ____ −20↓ Remainder = ___ 06 )5 1555 Step 6: Find the largest number in the 5×1=5 multiplication table of the divisor that can 5 × 2 = 10 Dividend = _____ be subtracted from the 2-digit number in 5 < 6 < 10 Divisor = ______ the previous step. So, 5 is the required Quotient = ____ number. Remainder = ___ Step 7: Write the factor of the required 41 number, other than the divisor, as the quotient. )5 2 0 6 5 Write the product of the divisor and the − 20 ↓ quotient below the 2-digit number. 06 Then subtract them. − 05 01 Step 8: Repeat steps 6 and 7 till all the digits 1 < 5 (True) of the dividend are brought down. 4 13 Check if remainder < divisor is true. )5 2 0 6 5 Stop the division. (If this is false, the division is incorrect.) −2 0 ↓ 06 − 05 0 15 − 015 000 Step 9: Write the quotient and the Quotient = 413 remainder. Remainder = 0 Step 10: Check if (Divisor × Quotient) + 5 × 413 + 0 = 2065 Remainder = Dividend is true. If this is false, 2065 + 0 = 2065 the division is incorrect. 2065 = 2065 (True) Division 3

Division of a 3-digit number by a 2-digit number Let us understand the division of 3-digit numbers by 2-digit numbers, through some examples. Example 2: Divide: 414 ÷ 12 Solution: )Write the dividend and the divisor as Divisor Dividend Steps Solved Solve these Step 1: Guess the quotient by thinking of )12 414 dividing 41 by 12. )14 324 Find the multiplication fact which has 12 × 3 = 36 the number less than or equal to the 12 × 4 = 48 dividend and the divisor. 36 < 41 < 48 So, 36 is the number to be subtracted from 41. Step 2: Write the factor other than the Write 3 in the quotient and Dividend = _____ Divisor = ______ dividend and the divisor as the quotient. 36 below 41, and subtract. Quotient = ____ Then bring down the next number in the dividend. 3 )12 414 −36 ↓ 054 Remainder = ___ Step 3: Guess the quotient by thinking of 12 × 4 = 48 )16 548 dividing 54 by 12. 12 × 5 = 60 Dividend = _____ Divisor = ______ Find the multiplication fact which has 48 < 54 < 60 Quotient = ____ the number less than or equal to the So, 48 is the number to be Remainder = ___ dividend and divisor. Write the factor subtracted from 54. other than the dividend and the divisor as the quotient. Write 4 in the quotient and 48 below 54, and subtract. 34 )12 414 −36 ↓ 054 − 048 6 Quotient = 34 Remainder = 6 4

Checking for the correctness of division: We can check whether our division is correct or not using a multiplication fact of the division. Step 1: Compare the remainder and the divisor. [Note: The remainder must always be less than the divisor.] Step 2: Check if (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = Dividend Let us now check if our division in example 2 is correct. Steps Checked Step 1: Remainder < Divisor Dividend = 414 Step 2: (Quotient × Divisor) + Divisor = 12 Remainder = Dividend Quotient = 34 Remainder = 6 6 < 12 (True) 34 × 12 + 6 = 414 408 + 6 = 414 414 = 414 (True) Note: a) If remainder > divisor, the division is incorrect. b) If (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder is not equal to Dividend, the division is incorrect. Dividing a 4-digit number by a 2-digit number Dividing a 4-digit number by a 2-digit number is similar to dividing a 3-digit number by a 2-digit number. Let us understand this through the following example. Example 3: Solve: 2340 ÷ 15 Solution: Steps Solved Solve these Step 1: Check if the thousands digit 2 is not greater than 15. So, )12 5088 of the dividend is greater than the consider 23. divisor. If it is not, consider also the hundreds digit too. )15 2340 Division 5

Steps Solved Solve these Step 2: Guess the quotient by )1 Dividend = _____ thinking of dividing 23 by 15. Divisor = ______ 15 2340 Quotient = _____ Remainder = _____ Find the multiplication fact which has −15 )14 4874 a number less than or equal to the 15 × 1 = 15 dividend and the divisor. 15 × 2 = 30 15 < 23 < 30 So, 15 is the required number. Step 3: Write the factor other than Write 1 in the quotient and 15 the dividend and the divisor as the below 23 and subtract. Then quotient. bring down the next number in the dividend. )1 15 2340 −15 ↓ 84 Step 4: Guess the quotient by 15 × 5 = 75 thinking of dividing 84 by 15. 15 × 6 = 90 Find the multiplication fact which has 75 < 84 < 90 Dividend = _____ a number less than or equal to the Divisor = ______ So, 75 is the required number Quotient = _____ dividend and the divisor. Remainder = _____ that is to be subtracted from Write the factor other than the dividend and the divisor as the 84. 156 quotient. )15 2340 − 15↓ 84 − 75 9 6