202110736-PERFORM-TEACHER-TEACHER_COMPANION_BOOK-ENGLISH-G08-FY

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Choose the correct alternative while filling in the blanks. An example is provided. I wanted to buy the dress, I didn’t have enough money. a. and b. so c. however d. therefore Ans: however 1. You need to work harder; _______________, you’ll get less marks. a. moreover b. otherwise c. instead d. because 2. He is a weak leader, _______________, most people support him. a. nevertheless b. similarly c. therefore d. because 3. The tiger is endangered, _______________ it is on the endangered species list. a. and b. or c. but d. so 4. Did you want vanilla, chocolate, _______________both kinds of ice cream? a. nor b. or c. so d. yet 5. _______________ the city is becoming so environmentally friendly, it is being called the “greenest” city. a. Since b. However c. Although d. But 6. My new phone is not _______________ my old one. a. expensive than b. more expensive as c. as expensive as d. more expensive 7. _______________it rains, the match will be postponed. a. If b. Or c. And d. Unless 8. I wanted to learn more about the topic, _______________I decided to check online. a. or b. so c. yet d. unless 101

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. _______________I see the sun rise, l always sigh in amazement. a. When b. If c. Where d. Although 10. Every day here, it is_______________ raining _______________ drizzling. a. whether...or b. either...or c. neither...nor 11. _______________she worked in her garden, she went for a walk. a. After b. Because c. If d. Where 12. Meera decided to take an umbrella with her_______________ it looked like it might rain. a. although b. but c. because d. so 13. For dinner we will have_______________ rice or roti. a. both b. either c. neither d. because 14. I would eat ice-cream _______________I am full. a. and b. but c. or d. though 15. Both plants _____________ animals are abundant in this place. a. yet b. and c. nor d. but 16. I was tired, _______________I managed to finish my homework late at night. a. Although b. But c. Yet d. However 17. Which of these dresses do you like better, red _______________blue? a. and b. or c. but d. because 18. I ate too much _______________I had a stomach ache. a. Because b. Since c. Therefore d. Finally 102

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 19. He works hard to earn his livelihood _______________ does not spend much on himself. a. and b. or c. but d. so 20. _______________ my dad and mom enjoy tea. a. both, b. none c. neither d. either Ans: 1. Otherwise 2. Nevertheless 3. So 4. Or 5. Since 6. As expensive as 7. If 8. So 9. If 10. Either...or 11. After 12. Because 13. Both 14. Though 15. And 16. Yet 17. Or 18. Therefore 19. But 20. Both, 103

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following story and fill in the a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. appropriate conjunctions. (10 Marks) He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room. Today, roller skating is easy ______ fun ______ Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll a long time ago, it wasn’t like this. ______ this and finally, he decided to put two wheels under idea occurred to a piano player in 1750, the idea each shoe. These were the first roller skates. of skating didn’t exist. This new adventure was Merlin was very proud of his invention as he invented ______ a man named Joseph Merlin dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while used to dream about new things. ______ his work playing the violin. was making musical instruments, he liked to play On the night of the party as Merlin rolled into the the violin in his spare time. Joseph Merlin was a room playing his violin, everyone was astonished man of ideas and dreams ______ people used to to see him however there was just one problem. call him a dreamer. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates so he rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge One day he received an invitation to attend a mirror that was hanging on the wall and down fancy dress ball. ______ of being very pleased fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot ______ a little excited, he didn’t want to make Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time! a usual entrance to the party. As the day of the party came near, he began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention ______ he could skate into the room. Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll ______ finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention ______ he dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin. On the night of the party ______ Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin, everyone was astonished to see him ______ there was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates ______he rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall ______ down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time! Ans: Today, roller skating is easy and fun but a long time ago, it wasn’t like this. Before this idea oc- curred to a piano player in 1750, the idea of skat- ing didn’t exist. This new adventure was invent- ed because a man named Joseph Merlin used to dream about new things. Though his work was making musical instruments, he liked to play the violin in his spare time. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams so people used to call him a dreamer. One day he received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball. In spite of being very pleased and a little excited, he didn’t want to make a usual entrance to the party. As the day of the party came near, he began to think how to make 104

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 2. The following passage has not been edited. There is a conjunction omitted in each line. Write the omitted word along with the word which comes before and after it. (10 Marks) Before word after they Anxiety ran high in the doctors they awaited the (a) doctors as recovery of a patient. The surgery had been a success the (b) patient developed an infection the situation seemed (c) hopeless. A young doctor recalled a traditional (d) remedy used by the native doctors he applied strips of (e) papaya fruit. Miraculously, it healed! the (f) success, it was made fun of. This incident is of 1977 the (g) doctors’ reactions were sign of few things will happen (h) in the future. There is a distrust about traditional medicine (i) it struggles is seen with superstition and mysticism. ( j) The belief that illnesses occur due to evil or angry (k) spirits gods and rituals of prayers and sacrifice (l) was held. Ans: Before word after (a) doctors as awaited (b) success but the (c) infection so the (d) hopeless. However a (e) doctors and he (f) healed! In spite of the (g) 1977 but the (h) things that will (i) medicine as it (j) struggles and is (k) occur due to evil spirits or gods and rituals of prayers and sacrifice (l) spirits or gods 105

7. Voice Month: January Total Periods: 04 Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • How to use active and passive voice in writing. • Identify verbs in a variety of contexts. • Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for • Analyse verbs to determine whether constructions the audience and purpose of their writing. are in active or passive voice. Concept Map Definition: Voice determines whether the subject of the sentence does not change. performs or receives the action. Uses of Passive voice 1. To highlight the person or object that receives There are two types of voice in English grammar. an action rather than the person or object that 1. Active Voice: Subject performs the action. This performs the action. voice is used in general writing. 2. When we don’t know or do not want to express who performed the action. Structure: Subject + Verb + Object 3. When mentioning the subject is not necessary. • A window had been left open. 2. Passive Voice: Subject receives the action. • Every year thousands of trees are cut. • My car has been stolen. Structure: Object + Verb + Subject Please note: The sentences with intransitive verbs cannot be changed into passive voice. She wrote the test. The test was written Transitive verbs: These kinds of verbs require objects Someone has broken the by her. window. The window has been broken. Please note: When we change the voice, the meaning 106

7. Voice Month: January Total Periods: 04 after them. Future The lion killed the deer. (Active) The deer was killed by the lion. (Passive) The car will be washed next week. Intransitive Verbs: These kinds of verbs do not require washed tomorrow. objects after them. Future continuous The east is where the Sun rises. (Voice can be changed.) washed if they had CHANGE OF SUBJECT The car will be visitors. being if it had been dirty. Present conditional before we arrive. The car would be Active Voice Passive Voice Past conditional I Me He Him The car would have washed She Her been You You They Them Infinitive It It We Us The car must be washed Who Whom Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice. Please note: Sometimes there are two objects in a 1. Present perfect continuous tense sentence. While changing the voice, we can make any 2. Past perfect continuous tense one of the two objects, subject of the passive sentence. 3. Future continuous tense Active: The principal gave the student an appreciation 4. Future perfect continuous tense letter. Passive 1: The student was awarded an appreciation CHANGES IN MODALS: letter by the principal. Passive 2: An appreciation letter was given to the AUXILIARY VERB ACTIVE PASSIVE student by the principal. MODALS IN PASSIVE VOICE VOICE CHANGES IN TENSES: VOICE She can French can speak be spoken Can/ Can/Could+ be+ French. by her. Could 3rd verb He has to His work finish his has to be Simple present Has to/ Has to/ Have work. finished. Have to to+3rd verb You must Traffic obey the rules must The car is washed every day. traffic rules. be obeyed. washed at the This book Present continuous Must Must+3rd verb may be moment. read by The car is being washed yesterday. me. washed the other Simple past May may+be+3rd verb I may read day. this book. The car was washed since you Past continuous left. Might NO CHANGE washed before they Should NO CHANGE The car was being arrived. Present perfect IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like command, order, advice, and request. The car has been REQUEST: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are requested to’. Past perfect had been • Please switch off the lights when you leave the The car room. (Active) • You are requested to switch off the lights when you leave the room. (Passive) 107

7. Voice Month: January Total Periods: 04 ADVICE: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are advised to’. • Take complete rest for immediate recovery. (Active) • You are advised to take complete rest for immediate recovery. (Passive) COMMAND OR ORDER: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘Let or ordered to’ • Get out. (Active) • You are ordered to get out. (Passive) SUGGESTION: • Respect the elders. (Active) • Elders should be respected. (Passive) Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS NO. OF Concept Map and Key Points Recapitulation of rules-active & PERIOD passive voice PS – 1 Self-evaluation PS – 2 3 PS – 3 1 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 108

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice. An example is provided. You should check your answer sheets carefully before submitting. Ans: The answer sheets should be checked carefully before submitting. 1. Somebody found a purse and a phone in the canteen. 2. We use the refrigerator to keep vegetables fresh. 3. Somebody broke into our house while we were away. 4. Do these children play football? 5. Read the instructions before taking the medicine. 6. Some people are requesting the film star for an autograph. 7. You are to take these pills three times a day. 8. Will he accept our invitation? 9. The chief minister praised the boy for his brave act. 10. Write your name at the top of this sheet. 11. She will dust all the furniture before sweeping the house. 12. What have people done about this? 13. I had certainly locked the door before leaving for office. 14. No one has used the building for the last fifty years. 15. Who has broken this vase? 16. The public will forget this incident in some time. 17. No one has ever taken him at his word. 18. You must not take the joke too seriously. 19. Why was she shouting at you? 20. Did the sound frighten you? Ans: 1. A purse and a phone were found in the canteen. 2. The refrigerator is used by us to keep vegetables fresh. 3. Our house was broken into by somebody while we were away. 4. Is football played by these children? 5. Instructions are to be read before taking the medicines. 6. The film star is being requested for an autograph by some people. 7. These pills are to be taken by you three times a day. 8. Will our invitation be accepted by him? 9. The boy was praised by the chief minister for his brave act. 10. Your name is to be written at the top of this sheet. 11. All the furniture will be dusted by her before sweeping the house. 12. What has been done by people about this? 13. The door had been certainly locked by me before leaving for office. 14. The building has not been used for the last fifty years. 15. By whom was this vase broken? 16. This incident will be forgotten by the public in some time. 17. He has never been taken by anyone at his word. 18. The joke must not be taken too seriously. 19. Why were you being shouted at by her? 20. Were you frightened by the sound? 109

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Change the following sentences from passive to active voice.An example is provided. Was homework finished by Shubham on time? Ans: Did Shubham finish his homework on time? 1. The child will be taken care of properly. 2. Research in the field of cancer is being conducted by the scientists. 3. He is considered to be the richest man in the country. 4. Is French being learnt by her? 5. These herbs were recommended by my mother. 6. The old building was taken down by the public authorities. 7. The hall lights were left on by me intentionally. 8. Was the food cooked by mother? 9. The car was pushed into the river by the thieves. 10. A novel is being read by Meera. 11. Has the email been sent by you? 12. A stone was being thrown by the kid. 13. A car has been bought by him. 14. The door had been knocked at by someone. 15. Potatoes are eaten by almost everyone. 16. Why has this ticket been bought by you? 17. The third language is being taught by her. 18. The fish is eaten by the cat. 19. Help was offered to them by her. 20. By whom was this beautiful painting created? Ans: 1. They will take care of the child properly. 2. The scientists are conducting research in the field of cancer. 3. They consider him to be the richest man in the country. 4. Is she learning French? 5. My mother recommended these herbs. 6. The public authorities took down the old building. 7. I left the hall lights on intentionally. 8. Did mother cook the food? 9. The thieves pushed the car into the river. 10. Meera is reading a novel. 11. Have you sent the email? 12. The kid was throwing a stone. 13. He has bought a car. 14. Someone knocked at the door. 15. Almost everyone eats potatoes. 16. Why have you bought the ticket? 17. She is teaching the third language. 18. The cat eats the fish. 19. She offered them help. /She offered help to them. 20. Who created this beautiful painting? 110

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct option given. An example is provided.. My grandfather built this house in 1970. This house ———————- in 1970 by my grandfather. a. Was built b. Was build c. Has built Ans: a. 1. The police has arrested the thieves. The thieves ————————- by the police. a. Have arrested b. Have been arrested c. Had arrested 2. The teacher is revising the chapter for the examination. The chapter ———————- by the teacher for the examination. a. Have revising b. Has been revised c. Is being revised 3. I have been reading this book for five hours. This book ———————- by me for five hours. a. Have been reading b. Has been read c. Have being read 4. He asked the students to submit their reports by the end of the week. The students ———————- to submit their reports by the end of the week. a. Are asked b. Has asked c. Were asked 5. The teacher punished him for lying. He ——————— by the teacher for lying. a. Has been punished b. Punished c. Was punished 6. He has always wanted to become a successful writer. It ——————— wanted by him to become a successful writer. a. Have always wanted b. always wanted c. has always been 7. They are taking good care of the inmates in the prison. Good care of the inmates in the prison———————– by them. a. Is being taken b. Was being taken c. Are being taken 111

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 8. As the patient could not walk, they carried him in a wheel chair. As the patient could not walk he ———————– in a wheel chair. a. Has carried b. Was carried c. Was carrying 9. They took the injured to the nearby hospital. The injured ———————- to the nearby hospital. a. Were taking b. Took c. Were taken 10. I water my plants once a week. My plants ———————- once a week. a. Are watered b. Were watered c. Are watering Ans: 1. b. 2. c. 3. b. 4. c. 5. c. 6. c. 7. a. 8. b. 9. c. 10. a. 2. Read the following set of instructions and fill in the blanks in passive voice in an appropriate way. HOW TO PREPARE ORANGE MARMALADE • Wash the oranges and lemon thoroughly. • Cut the oranges into 1/8-inch slices using a knife, removing the seeds. • Stack the orange slices and cut them into quarters. • Place the oranges into a stainless steel pot. • Add the lemon zest and juice to the water in the pot. • Set it over high heat and bring to a boil for approximately 10 minutes. • After that reduce the heat to maintain a rapid simmer and stir it frequently for 40 minutes. • You can test the readiness of the marmalade by placing a teaspoon of the mixture onto the chilled plate and allowing it to sit for 30 seconds. • Tilt the plate. The mixture should be a soft gel that moves slightly. If mixture is thin and runs easily, it is not ready. • Place a funnel onto the top of the jars and put the marmalade into the jars. Place a ring on each jar and tighten. • You can store it in the refrigerator. Unopened marmalade will last for 6 months outside too. The oranges and lemon (a) are washed thoroughly. The oranges (b) ___________1/8-inch slices using a knife, removing the seeds. The orange slices (c) __________and they (d) __________quarters. Oranges (e) __________into a stainless steel pot. The lemon zest and juice (f) __________to the water in the pot. It (g) __________high heat and (h) __________to a boil for approximately 10 minutes. After that the heat (i) __________to maintain a rapid simmer and it (j) __________frequently for 40 minutes. The readiness of the marmalade (k) __________by placing a teaspoon of the mixture onto the chilled plate and allowing it to sit for 30 seconds. The plate (l) __________. The mixture should be a soft gel that moves slightly. If mixture is thin and runs easily, it is not ready. A funnel (m) __________onto the top of the jars and marmalade (n) __________into the jars. A ring (o) __________on each jar and it (p) __________. It (q) __________in the 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) refrigerator. Unopened marmalade will last for 6 months outside too. Ans: a. are washed b. are cut into c. are stacked d) are cut into e) are placed f) are added g) is set over h) brought i) is reduced j) is stirred k) can be tested l) is tilted m) is placed n) is put o) is placed p) is tightened q) can be stored 113

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following sentences and decide the welfare meeting. whether it is in active voice or passive voice. Some issues ________________ by the residents An example is provided. (10 Marks) during the welfare meeting. a. have been brought up Ram was eating an apple. b. brought up Ans: active c. were brought up 4. The examiner told the students not to talk in 1. Wheat is grown in northern India. 2. They kept a large aquarium at their place. the hall. 3. The chief guest addressed the audience. The students ________________ by the examiner 4. He parked the car on the road. not to talk in the hall. 5. The robber was not found by the police last a. Have been told b. Were told week. c. Were being told 6. The doctors are preparing the patient for a 5. They say that women are more hardworking major surgery. than men. 7. They will keep the tiger in the zoo. Women ________________ to be more 8. The train will be stopped because of some hardworking than men. a. were being said technical problem. b. were said 9. A song is going to be sung. c. are said 10. We must write to her. 6. The recent cyclone has destroyed many Ans: houses. Many houses ________________ by the recent 1. Passive cyclone. 2. Active a. Have been destroyed 3. Passive b. Were being destroyed 4. Active c. Were destroyed 5. Passive 7. She would have called you. 6. Active You ________________ by her. 7. Active a. would have been called 8. Passive b. would be called 9. Passive c. were being called 10. Active 8. She will reject the offer. The offer ________________ by her. 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct option give. a. will have been rejected An example is provided. (10 Marks) b. would be rejected c. will be rejected The management is interviewing new people for 9. This surprises me. the job. I ________________ by this. New people ________________ for the job. a. would have been surprised a. Are being interviewed b. will be surprised b. Were interviewed c. am surprised c. Have been interviewed 10. The king gave him a reward. He ________________ a reward by the king. Ans: a. a. Was given b. Gave 1. Ram is typing his resignation letter. c. Is given His resignation letter ________________ by Ram. 114 a. Is typed b. is being typed c. has been typed 2. Everyone understands English. English ________________ by everyone. a. is understood b. has been understood c. was understood 3. The residents brought up some issues during

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins Ans: 1. a. 2. a. 3. c. 4. b. 5. c. 6. a. 7. a. 8. c. 9. c. 10. a. 115

8. Speech Month: February Total Periods: 06 Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Change different kinds of sentences from direct • Differentiate direct speech from indirect & reported speech to indirect speech and vice versa. speech. • Use direct and indirect speech in writing. Concept Map In the above table, you can capture the basic purposes Speech and the verb of the reporting speech is ‘says’. of knowing reported speech and using it effectively in BASIC RULES our daily lives. Changes in Person of Pronouns: • 1st Person pronouns in reported speech are always Key Points changed according to the subject of the reporting Indirect speech is also known as reported speech. speech. When you report someone else’s statement in your • 2nd Person pronouns in reported speech are always own words without any change in the meaning of the changed according to the object of the reporting statement, it is called indirect speech. speech. Direct Speech: She says, “I am very happy today.” • 3rd  Person pronouns in reported speech are not Indirect Speech: She said that she is very happy today. changed. In the first sentence, we have conveyed the message 3. CHANGES IN PERSON: of the girl using her actual words. In the second 1. First person pronouns (I, we, me, mine, us, ours) sentence, the reporter conveyed her message but in normally change to the third person (he, she, they, his own words without any change in the meaning. his, her, their, him, her, them). Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two The teacher told me, “I want to meet your father.” different ways of reporting a statement of a person. The teacher told me that she/he wanted to meet my “She says” in the above sentence is the Reporting father. Speech, “I am very happy today.” is the Reported 2. There will be no change in the pronoun when the 116

8. Speech Month: February Total Periods: 06 speaker reports his own words. PAST TENSE I said, “I am working in a bank.” I said that I was working in a bank. PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT 3. Second person pronouns (you, yours) change They said, “They They said that they had according to the person of the object of the exercised.” exercised. reporting verb. He told her, “I will buy this dress for you.” PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT He told her that he would buy that dress for her. CONTINUOUS I told her, “You are late for the meeting.” I told her that she was late for the meeting. They said, “They were They said that they had 4. Third person pronouns do not normally change. exercising.” been exercising. She said, “I owe money to him.” She said that she owed money to him. PAST PERFECT (No change) 4. CHANGES IN TENSE FUTURE TENSE: No changes are made except shall Changes in Verbs: and will are changed into would. If the reporting speech is in present tense or future Direct Speech: They said, “They will exercise.” tense, then no change is required to be made in the Indirect Speech: They said that they would verb of reported speech. This verb could be in any exercise. tense i.e., present, past, or future. For example: Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.” 5. OTHER CHANGES IN WORDS: Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill. If the  reporting verb  is in  past tense, then reported WORDS CHANGED INTO verb will be changed as per the following way: This That These Those Here There Now Then Sir/Madam Respectfully Today That Day Yesterday The Previous Day/the day before DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Tomorrow Following Day or Next Day PRESENT TENSE Tonight That Night PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE Good Morning, Greeted They said, “They They said that Good Evening, Good exercise every day.” they  exercised every day. Day PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST • She said, “I am going to Delhi tomorrow.” CONTINUOUS • She said that she was going to Delhi the next day. • They said, “Madam, the time is over.” They said, “They are They said that they were • They said respectfully that the time was over. exercising every day.” exercising every day. CHANGES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES: Let’s see how we change different kinds of sentences PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT from direct to indirect speech. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES They said, “They have They said that they had Sentences that make a statement are called assertive exercised.” exercised. sentences. These sentences may be positive, negative, false, or true statements. In such kind of sentences, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST said is changed into told and above mentioned rules PERFECT CONTINUOUS are followed. Direct Speech: She says, “I am going to recite a poem.” They said, “They have They said that they had been exercising since been exercising since morning.” morning. 117

8. Speech Month: February Total Periods: 06 Indirect Speech: She said that she was going to recite verb said to is changed into asked. a poem. Direct Speech: “What is your profession?” he said. Direct Speech:  Ram said to me, “I was not writing a Indirect Speech:  He asked me what my profession letter to my brother.” was. Indirect Speech: Ram told me that he was not writing In yes/no questions, we use if or whether in the indirect a letter to his brother. speech. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Direct Speech:  “Are you coming for the movie?” she Imperative sentences are sentences that give an order asked me. or a direct command. These sentences may be in the Indirect Speech:  She asked me if/whether I was shape of advice, entreaty, request, or order. coming for the movie. The reporting verb is changed according to reported EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES speech into order in case the sentence gives a direct Those sentences, which express our feelings and command. For example: emotions, are called exclamatory sentences. Mark ORDER: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are of exclamation is used at the end of an exclamatory replaced by the word ‘ordered’. sentence. Direct Speech:  The teacher  said  to me, “Shut the Rules: door.” 1. Interjections (alas,  aha,  hurray,  etc.) are omitted Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered me to shut the door. along with the sign of exclamation. REQUEST: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech 2. Reporting verb, ‘said’ is always replaced are changed into requested. The words ‘Please/Kindly’ are removed without any word in its place. with  “exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, Direct Speech: He said to me, “Please turn on the fan.” exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or Indirect Speech: He requested me to turn on the fan. exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow”. ADVICE: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech Direct Speech:  He said, “Hurrah! We have won the are changed into advised. match” Direct Speech: The teacher said to him, “Utilise your Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that they had time.” won a prize. Indirect Speech: The teacher advised him to utilise his Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam” time. Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she SUGGESTION: These sentences generally start with failed in the exam. ‘Let us’. The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are Direct Speech: Ram said, “Wow! What a nice weather changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’. it is” Direct Speech: She said to him, “Consult a doctor.” Indirect Speech: Ram exclaimed with wonder that it Indirect Speech:  She suggested him to consult a was a nice weather. doctor. Direct Speech: He said, “Oh no! I broke my ankle.” COMPULSION: These sentences generally start with Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with pain/grief that he had “Do not” broken his ankle. Direct Speech: He said to me, “Do not make haste.” 5. OTHER KINDS OF SENTENCES (HOPE, PRAYER, WISH) Indirect Speech: He forbade me to make haste. Direct Speech: My father said to me, “May you live long!” INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Indirect Speech:  My father prayed that I might live long. Those sentences, which ask questions, are called Direct Speech: She said, “I wish that I were rich!” interrogative sentences. Every interrogative sentence Indirect Speech: She wished she had been rich. ends with a sign of interrogation. The reporting 118

8. Speech Month: February Total Periods: 06 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS NO. OF PERIOD Starter activity and Key Points Direct & Indirect speech PS – 1 5 PS – 2 PS – 3 Self Evaluation Self Evaluation Sheet 1 PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Put the following interrogative sentences into asked her. indirect speech. An example is provided. 20. My sister said to me, “Are you going to take a He asked Meera, “Are you going to attend the conference?” bus or a taxi?” Ans: He asked Meera if/whether she was going to Ans: attend the conference. 1. I asked my grandmother when she would be 1. “When will you be coming back again?” I said coming back again. my the grandmother. 2. The reporter enquired the producer when 2. The reporter enquired to the producer, “When he/she is releasing the new movie. are you releasing the new movie?” 3. The teacher asked the student how he/she is 3. “How are you going to solve this problem?” going to solve that problem. the teacher asked the student. 4. He asked his friend why they should turn 4. He said to his friend, “Why should we turn back then. back now? 5. The accident victim asked the passers-by 5. The accident victim said to the passers-by, where he was. “Where am I?” 6. He wondered if he should do it or should ask 6. “Shall I do it or shall I ask someone else to do someone else to do it. it?” he wondered. 7. Meera asked Mohan curiously what he was 7. Meera said to Mohan curiously “What are you going to do with all those tools. going to do with all these tools?” 8. He wondered where everyone had gone. 8. He wondered, “Where has everyone gone?” 9. I asked the new girl where she lived. 9. I asked the new girl, “Where do you live?” 10. The wanderer asked the princess if she 10. The wanderer said to the princess, “Wouldn’t wouldn’t like to be as free as a bird. you like to be as free as a bird?” 11. The policeman asked the driver if he minded 11. The policeman said to the driver, “Do you if he saw his license. mind if I see your license?” 12. I asked my father if he was leaving on Tues- 12. “Are you leaving on Tuesday or on day or on Wednesday. Wednesday?” I said to my father. 13. He asked Reena if she had heard anything 13. He said to Reena, “Did you hear anything interesting in the office. interesting in the office?” 14. The instructor in First Aid asked Mohan what 14. The instructor in First Aid said, “Mohan, what he would do to a fainted person. will you do to a fainted person?” 15. His elder brother asked him impatiently 15. “Where have you been hiding yourself?” his where he had been hiding himself. elder brother said to him impatiently. 16. Mother asked her child why he/she was cry- 16. Mother said to her child, “Why are you crying?” 17. “When shall we ever meet again?” he asked. ing. 18. The boy said to the teacher, “Shall I open 17. He asked when they would ever meet again. 18. The boy asked the teacher if he should open thewindows?” 19. “Have you anything to do this evening?” I the windows. 119

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 19. I asked her if she had anything to do that eve- ning. 20. My sister asked me if I was going to take a bus or a taxi. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Put the following exclamatory sentences into a. please answer indirect speech. An example is provided. b. answers c. answering The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’ d. to answer Ans: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match. Ans: d. 1. Mother said, “______ before going to school.” 1. The old man said, ‘Alas! I broke my arm.’ a. Tidy your room 2. The child said, ‘What a beautiful scene!’ b. to tidy your room 3. The girl said, ‘How beautiful this dress is!’ c. tidy my room 4. The student said, ‘How difficult the sum is!’ d. To tidy my room 5. The students said to the teacher, ‘Good 2. The teacher said, “ ______ what you are morning, Teacher!’ doing?” 6. ‘How glad I am to meet you!’ said Alice. a. if I could know 7. The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our enemies are too b. Can I know c. can you know strong!’ d. If I am knowing 8. ‘Hurrah! I have won a prize‘’ cried the boy. 3. The librarian asked ______. 9. They said to us, “Welcome! Please come in.” a. will we enjoy the book  10. She said, “How foolish I have been!” b. if we are enjoying the book c. if we enjoys the book Ans: d. whether we enjoyed the book 1. The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he 4. The policeman asked the child, “______ the had broken his arm. way to your house?” 2. The child exclaimed with pleasure that it was a. whether you know b. do I know a very beautiful scene. c. Do you know 3. The girl exclaimed with delight that that d. Whether I know 5. I warned him ______ wander off alone on the dress was very beautiful. 4. The student exclaimed with disapproval that road. a. do not the sum was very difficult. b. not to 5. The students greeted their teacher good c. Do not to d. Not to do   morning. 6. The zookeeper said, “ ______ the animals.” 6. Alice exclaimed with delight that she was a. Not to feed b. Do not feed very glad to meet her/him. c. not feed 7. The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that d. not to feed to 7. Mother told me ______ the vegetables for her. their enemies were too strong. a. peel  8. The boy exclaimed with pleasure that he had b. peeling c. to peel won a prize. d. please peel 9. They welcomed us and requested us to come 120 in. 10. She regretted that she had been very foolish. 2. Read the following sentences carefully and make your choice from the options given below. An example is provided. The judge asked the convict ______ him immediately.

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 8. Ram told Meera that ______ for a swim that evening. a. if he was going b. he was going c. whether he go for d. go for 9. The hosts asked the guests ______. a. Whether they liked the food. b. If you liked the food. c. If you are liking the food. d. If they are liking the food. 10. The owner of the bird said, “______ the bird.” a. Did not scare. b. Not to scare. c. Scare not d. Do not scare Ans: 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. d 121

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Rewrite the following sentences into direct 2. Put the following imperative sentences into speech. An example is provided. indirect speech. An example is provided. My father said, “Don’t try to open the tin.” My mother asked me to buy a dozen bananas for Ans: My father forbade me to open the tin. the smoothie. 1. The doctor told him, “You must eat plenty of green vegetables.” Ans: My mother said to me, “Buy a dozen banan- 2. “Don’t try any of your tricks on me,” the boy as for the smoothie.” warned him. 1. I told myself that I would finish this book by 3. She said to the girl, “Leave me alone.” that afternoon. 4. He said to the woman, “Please don’t go 2. The lawyer asked the culprit to speak louder. through so much trouble for me.” 3. The lady requested the engineer to complete 5. The customer said to the waitress, “Please the building by the following week. bring me a glass of plain water.” 4. Ram reported to the police that his wallet had 6. “Don’t be too confident of yourself,” I said to been picked in the bus. her. 5. The gardener asked the young girl which rose 7. The invigilator said, “You may handover your she wanted. test papers.” 6. The principal suggested the teachers and 8. Mother told the children, “Look after students to grow more plants around their yourselves while I am away.” school to beautify it. 9. “Don’t throw the rubbish on the road,” the 7. Brother asked me not to enter his room while lady shouted. he was away. 10. “Bring me that blue file from the shelf,” she 8. The doctor told the patient to read the said to the clerk. prescription carefully before taking the Ans: medicine. 9. The mother warned the boy not to swim in 1. The doctor advised him to eat plenty of green cold water. vegetables. 10. He wondered why there was no sign of life 2. The boy warned him not to try any of his tricks there. on him. Ans: 3. She ordered the girl to leave her alone. 1. I said to myself, “I will finish this book by this 4. He requested the woman not to go through so much trouble for him. afternoon.” 5. The customer requested/ordered the waitress 2. The lawyer said to the culprit, “Speak loud- to bring him a glass of plain water. 6. I advised her not to be too confident of herself. er.” 7. The invigilator instructed to handover our 3. The lady said to the engineer, “Please com- papers to him/her. 8. Mother advised the children to look after plete the building by next week.” themselves while she was away. 4. Ram said to the police,” My wallet has been 9. The lady forbade him to throw the rubbish on the road. picked in the bus.” 10. She ordered the clerk to bring her that blue 5. The gardener said to the young girl, “Which file from the shelf. rose do you want?” 6. The principal said to the teachers and stu- dents, “Let us grow more plants around our school to beautify it.” 7. Brother said to me, “Do not enter my room while I am away.” 8. The doctor said to the patient, “Read the prescription carefully before taking the med- icine.” 9. The mother said to the boy, “Do not swim in cold water.” 10. He asked, “Why is there no sign of life here?” 122

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Change the following sentences from direct that week. speech to indirect speech. An example is d. Reena said that she had met with an accident provided. (10 Marks) the week before. The teacher said to the students, ‘Have you done Ans: d. your homework?’ 1. Vivek said, “I am not watching this programme.” Ans: The teacher asked the students if they had a. Vivek said that I am not watching this done their homework. programme. b. Vivek said that he was not watching this 1. The stranger asked the man, ‘Will you help programme. me?’ c. Vivek said that had not been watching that programme. 2. Rama said, ‘I have been reading this d. Vivek said I had not been watching this magazine.’ programme. 2. Vimal said, “I am very happy today because 3. Mother said to Ram, ‘Go and change your my father has got promotion.” shirt.’ a. Vimal said that he was very happy that day because his father had got promotion. 4. The librarian said, ‘I had read this book before b. Vimal said that I am very happy that day I recommended it to you.’ because my father has got promotion. c. Vimal said that he is very happy today because 5. Shyam said to Meera, ‘I will bring my guitar to his father has got promotion. your party.’ d. Vimal said that he was very happy today because his father has got promotion. 6. The officer told the clerk, ‘Bring me that file.’ 3. The chief guest said in his speech, “The young 7. The teacher said to the students, ‘Have you people of today are tomorrow’s leaders.” a. The chief guest said in his speech that the read this poem?’ young people of that day are the next day’s 8. Meena asked me, ‘Where is your watch?’ leaders. 9. Gyan said to us, ‘I watched this movie last b. The chief guest said in his speech that the young people of today are tomorrow’s leaders. week.’ c. The chief guest said in his speech is that the 10. Mother asked, ‘What is the matter?’ young people of that day are the next day’s leaders. Ans: d. The chief guest said in his speech that the young people of yesterday are today’s leaders. 1. The stranger asked the man if he would help 4. The children said, “We are building a castle him. out of sand.” a. The children said that they would build a 2. Rama said that she had been reading that castle out of sand. magazine. b. The children said that they will build castle out of sand. 3. Mother instructed Ram to go and change his c. The children said that we are building a castle shirt. out of sand. d. The children said that they were building a 4. The librarian said that he had read that book castle out of sand. before he recommended it to him. 5. The doctor said to the patient, “I am looking at your x-ray.” 5. Shyam told Meera that he would bring his a. The doctor said to the patient that I am guitar to her party. looking at your x-ray.   b. The doctor told that patient that I was looking 6. The officer order the clerk to bring him that file. 123 7. The teacher asked the students if they had read that poem. 8. Meena asked me where my watch was. 9. Gyan told us that he had watch that movie the week before. 10. Mother asked what the matter was. 2. Read the following sentences and choose the correct option. An example is provided. (10 Marks) Reena said, “I met with an accident last week. a. Reena said that I met with an accident last week. b. Reena said that I had met with an accident last week. c. Reena said that she had met with an accident

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins at your x-ray. shirt over the counter. c. The doctor told the patient that he was d. Gyan told his mother that he had liked that looking at his x-ray. red shirt over the counter. d. The doctor said to the patient that he was Ans: looking at his x-ray. 1. c 6. Mohan said, “I couldn’t get the tickets for the 2. a 3. b movie. 4. d a. Mohan said that he couldn’t get the tickets for 5. c 6. a the movie. 7. b b. Mohan said that he hadn’t get the tickets for 8. d 9. c the movie. 10. d c. Mohan said that he can’t get the tickets for the movie. d. Mohan said that he couldn’t get the tickets for that movie. 7. The principal said to the student, “You must give an answer to me.” a. The principal told the student that he must give an answer to me. b. The principal told the student that he must give an answer to him. c. The principal told the student that you must give an answer to him. d. The principal told the student that you must give an answer to me. 8. The players said to the captain, “We have been practising since the last week.” a. The players told the captain that we have been practising since the week before.  b. The players told the captain that they had been practising since the last week.  c. The players told the captain that we had been practising since the last week. d. The players told the captain that they had been practising since the week before. 9. The manager said to the new boy, “You may meet me next month.” a. The manager told the new boy that he may meet him the following month. b. The manager told the new boy that you may meet me the following month. c. The manager told the new boy that he might meet him the following month. d. The manager told the new boy that he might meet him the next month. 10. “I like that red shirt over the counter,” said Gyan to his mother. a. Gyan told his mother that he liked that red shirt over the counter. b. Gyan said to his mother that he had liked that red shirt over the counter. c. Gyan told his mother that he had like that red 124

9. Figures of Speech Month: January Total Periods: 02 Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • To critically appreciate a piece of poetry and • To identify figures of speech like simile, metaphor, prose. personification, alliteration, paradox and hyperbole • Use these devices effectively in their own in poetry and prose. compositions. Concept Map We use different figures of speech in “figurative Other examples: language” to achieve the desirable impact in the • Her eyes are like comets. readers. • The glow of the tube-light was as bright as the Today our lesson is about some basic FIGURES OF sunshine. SPEECH • In winter, when it rained, he climbed into bed 1. Simile and felt as snug as a bug in a rug. 2. Metaphor • At exam time, the student was as busy as a bee. 3. Personification 4. Alliteration 2. METAPHOR: A metaphor is like a simile. Two objects 5. Paradox are compared, without the words ‘as or like’. It is an 6. Hyperbole indirect comparison. PURPOSE OF USING FIGURES of SPEECH 1. For adding beauty and variety-by using figurative • Their mom was the rock of the family. (As strong as a rock) language. 2. Clarity- a complex subject can be expressed Other examples: • The ship was a tiger roaring through the water. imaginatively and attractively. • The airplane was an elephant running on the 1. SIMILE: A simile shows a likeness or a direct runway. comparison between two objects or events. A simile is • The girl was a kitten to the new baby. usually introduced with the words- like, as, as……..so. • Time was a thief to me this year. • He’s as dumb as an ox. (As brainless as an ox) Please note: Both similes and metaphors link one thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like” 125

9. Figures of Speech Month: January Total Periods: 02 whereas a metaphor doesn’t. It creates a relationship • Alliteration is found often in poetry and prose, as directly and leaves more to the imagination. well as in commercial writing like brand names Simile: You are like sunshine of my life. and marketing taglines. Metaphor: You are my sunshine. 3. PERSONIFICATION-: In personification, non-living Other examples: objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, persons or human-beings. So in other words, we assign The furrow followed free; human qualities to a non-human object, animal, or an We were the first that ever burst idea. Into that silent sea.” Personification helps the writers to create more vivid (From William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”) descriptions, to make readers see the world in new “From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; ways, and to more powerfully capture the human A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life.” experience of the world (since people really do often 5. PARADOX: interpret the non-human entities of the world as A paradox is a figure of speech that seems to contradict having human traits). itself but at the same time, contains some truth or The rain poured down on the wedding guests, reason. indifferent to their plans. “Life is much too important to be taken seriously” Describing the rain as “indifferent” is an example of by Oscar Wilde (The more important something is, the personification, because rain can’t be “indifferent,” more important it is not to take it seriously.) nor can it feel any other human emotion. Other examples: Other examples: • Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. • The waves winked in the sunlight. • I am nobody. • The wind played hide-and-go-seek among the • “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the trees. young.” – George Bernard Shaw • The shadow of the moon danced on the lake. • Wise fool • There was a heavy thunderstorm, the wind • Truth is honey, which is bitter. • “I can resist anything but temptation.” – Oscar snorted outside, rattling my windowpanes. • The flowers were blooming, and the bees kissed Wilde 6. HYPERBOLE them every now and then. Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which a writer or 4. ALLITERATION: Repeated consonant sounds at speaker exaggerates for bringing emphasis. the beginning of words. It is meant to be more than “My backpack weighs a ton,” (The speaker doesn’t a tongue twister. It is used to emphasize something actually think the backpack weighs a ton but wants to important that a writer or speaker would like to communicate that he is carrying a very heavy load.) express. Other examples: Bob brought the box of bricks to the basement. (Repetition of sound ‘b’) • The homework list was miles long. The repeating sound must occur either in the first • The alarm clock could be heard around the world it letter of each word, or in the stressed syllables of those words. was so loud. Please note: • I felt like I hadn’t seen you in years. • She thought she was the best tennis player on this • Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, not just letters. planet. • Alliterative words don’t have to be right next to each other. Other words can appear between them. 126

9. Figures of Speech Month: January Total Periods: 02 Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS NO. OF PS – 1 PERIOD CONTENT PS – 2 PS – 3 1 Starter Activity and Key Points Figures of Speech: Simile, Self Evaluation metaphor, alliteration, personification, paradox and hyperbole. Self Evaluation Sheet 1 *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 127

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Read the following sentences and identify 8. She was a teddy bear and everyone loved her. which poetic device has been used in each of 9. The moon was a bright ball of smoke in the them. Also explain why you chose this answer. An example is provided.. night sky. Simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, 10. The students in this class are all brains. hyperbole, paradox. She is an angel. Ans: Ans: metaphor (comparison) 1. Comparison of dance with poem-beauty 2. Comparison of laughter with medicine-pro- 1. Loud silence 2. A ton of worry was lifted from his back when vides cure and relief 3. Comparison of daggers with words in anger- he finished the work. 3. My brother was boiling mad. harmful 4. He saw his childhood friend after ages. 4. Comparison of words with pearls of wis- 5. It was early morning – I met a cat yawning and dom-preciousness stretching in the street. 5. Comparison of curtain of night with darkness 6. The assignment was a breeze. 6. Comparison of city with concrete jungle. – 7. The skyscraper was so tall that it seemed to surrounded with multistory buildings kiss the sky. 7. Comparison of sun with a glowing ball of 8. There was a fisherman named Fisher fire- appearance who fished for some fish in a fissure. 8. Comparison of a girl with teddy bear- ex- 9. Life is going to be clear skies from now on. 10. Boneless ribs presses fondness towards her 9. Comparison of moon with a bright ball of Ans: smoke –appearance 1. Paradox (contradiction) 10. Comparison of students with all brains-all 2. Personification (human attributes given to are intelligent students. ton of worry-lifting) 3. Metaphor (Comparison of brother full of an- 128 ger) 4. Hyperbole (Exaggeration) 5. Personification (Human attributes given to cat- yawning and stretching) 6. Metaphor (Comparison of assignment with breeze-easy) 7. Hyperbole (Exaggeration) 8. Alliteration (repetition of sound ‘f”) 9. Metaphor (Comparison of life with clear skies-without hardships) 10. Paradox (contradiction) 2. Spot metaphor in the following sentences and explain their meanings. The first one is done as an example. He saw the soul of dust when passing through the dust storm. Ans: Soul of dust – source of dust 1. Her dance is a great poem. 2. Laughter is the best medicine. 3. Words are daggers when spoken in anger. 4. His words are pearls of wisdom. 5. The curtain of night fell upon us. 6. The city was a concrete jungle. 7. The sun was a glowing ball of fire in the sky.

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Spot personification in the following sentences and explain how personification has been employed in the following. An example is provided. The tall pines in the hilly area fondled the clouds. Ans: humanly attribute of fondling given to tall pines 1. The long road to his home was a twisting snake. 2. The full moon peeped through partial clouds. 3. His car suffered a severe stroke in the middle of the road. 4. The ship danced over the waves of the ocean. 5. When he saw the test, the words and the ideas fled from his mind. 6. The city streets whispered quietly during the night. 7. The tree appeared angry when it lost its leaves. 8. The warm smile of the sun made me happy that summer was finally here. 9. The leaves whistled in the wind. 10. The car died on the side of the road. Ans: 1. Attribute of twisting snake given to the long road 2. Human attribute of peeping given to moon 3. Human attribute of suffering a stroke given to car. 4. Human attribute of dancing given to ship. 5. Human attribute of fleeing given to the words and the ideas. 6. Human attribute of whispering given to the city streets. 7. Human attribute of appearing angry given to tree 8. Human attribute of smile given the sun 9. Human attribute of whistling given to leaves 10. Human attribute of dying given to the car. 2. Spot alliteration in the following sentences and explain alliteration has been employed in the following. An example is provided. The beautiful bouquet blossomed in the bright sun. Ans: Repetition of sounds ‘b’ 1. How many cookies could a good cook cook?  2. Bobby Bippy bought a bat. 3. If coloured caterpillars could change their colours constantly could they keep their coloured coat coloured properly? 4. A fly and flea flew into a flue. 5. How much dew does a dewdrop drop if dewdrops do drop dew? 6. I’m a sheet slitter. I slit sheets. 7. Suzie, Suzie, working in a shoeshine shop. 8. To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock. 9. Betsy baked better bread with bananas, blueberries, and butter. 10. While walking wearily home I wondered where Wally was. Ans: 1. Repetition of sound ‘k’ 2. Repetition of sound ‘b’ 3. Repetition of sound ‘k’ 4. Repetition of sound ‘k’ and ‘l’ 5. Repetition of sound ‘d’ 6. Repetition of sounds ‘sh’ and ‘t’ 7. Repetition of sounds ‘s’ and ‘sh’ 8. Repetition of sounds ‘s’ and ‘d’ 9. Repetition of sound ‘b’ 10. Repetition of sounds ‘v’ 129

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Following is a mix bunch of sentences containing hyperbole and paradoxes. Identify each and name them. An example is provided. I must be cruel only to be kind. Ans: Paradox 1. If there’s one thing that I know, it’s that I don’t know anything at all. 2. I am nobody. 3. The child is father of the man. 4. The weather was so hot that literally everything was on fire. 5. He told that their friendship was deeper than the sea, and sweeter than honey. 6. The blacksmith’s hand was harder than the rock. 7. Their principal was omnipresent, as he seemed to be all around the school all the time. 8. The child is father of the man. 9. Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. 10. The businessman was so busy that he was attending to a million calls simultaneously. 11. The boy was dying to get a new school bag. 12. The old man was older than the Himalayas. 13. The mule is able to lift tons of weight uphill. 14. His classmates laughed at him, saying he had a pea-sized brain. 15. All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. 16. Wise fool. 17. I’ll never reach the end of the race. 18. The final rule you need to remember is to ignore all rules. 19. It took him a million years for finish his homework. 20. The pile of garbage reached the sky. Ans: 1. Paradox 2. Paradox 3. Paradox 4. Hyperbole 5. Hyperbole 6. Hyperbole 7. Hyperbole 8. Paradox. 9. Paradox. 10. Hyperbole 11. Hyperbole 12. Hyperbole 13. Hyperbole 14. Hyperbole 15. Paradox 16. Paradox 17. Hyperbole 18. Paradox 19. Hyperbole 20. Hyperbole 130

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following sentences and identify 2. Spot Simile in the following sentences which poetic device has been used in each of and explain their meanings. An example is them. Also explain why you chose this answer. provided. (10 Marks)  (10 Marks) Simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, The students moved as fast as lightning after the hyperbole, paradox. exams. He remained as cool as cucumber. Ans: Simile (comparison with words as …as) Ans: as fast as lightning-students moving quickly after the exam 1. Something in a thirty-acre thermal thicket of thorns and thistles thumped 1. The history paper was as tricky as a maze. and thundered. Alliteration (repetition of 2. The boys in the playing field were feeling as sound ‘th”) happy as dogs with two tails. 2. The labourer worked all day long and slept 3. He is as straight as an arrow. like a log that night. Simile (comparison with 4. The new baby looked as cute as a cupcake. words like) 5. The frog wasn’t moving because it was as 3. He saw a man as tall a power pole. Hyperbole dead as a doornail. (Exaggeration) 6. When she got her result, her mom was as 4. The tree was pulled down, and the birds cried proud as a peacock. over its dead body. Personification (Human 7. At the end of the day, I feel as free as a bird. attributes given to tree-dead body) 8. Finding the ring she lost was like finding a 5. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. needle in a haystack. Alliteration (repetition of sound ‘p”) 9. The girl walked as slow as a snail because she 6. Dark days Paradox (contradiction) was so exhausted. 7. The audience listened to his speech as quietly 10. He wouldn’t change his mind and was told he as mice. Simile (comparison with words as … was as stubborn as a mule. as) Ans: 8. Nobody goes to the mall anymore — it’s too crowded. Paradox (contradiction) 1. as tricky as- very difficult and complicated 9. The young athlete looked as strong as an ox. 2. as happy as- cheerful and carefree Simile (comparison with words as …as) 3. as straight as – straightforward person 10. The skies of his future began to darken. 4. as cute as – comparison of appearance Metaphor (Comparison of future with skies 5. as dead as – not moving darkening-bleak and hopelessness) 6. as proud as – comparison of pride Ans: 7. as free as – sense of freedom 8. like finding – comparison 1. Alliteration (repetition of sound ‘th”) 9. as slow as –comparison 2. Simile (comparison with words like) 10. as stubborn as –comparison 3. Hyperbole (Exaggeration) 4. Personification (Human attributes given to tree-dead body) 5. Alliteration (repetition of sound “p”) 6. Paradox (contradiction) 7. Simile (comparison with words as …as) 8. Paradox (contradiction) 9. Simile (comparison with words as …as) 10. Metaphor (Comparison of future with skies darkening-bleak and hopelessness) 131

10. Articles Month : August Total Periods : 04 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Define the term “Article” • Identify a Definite and Indefinite article • Choose the proper type of article for a given noun Starter Activity Study the following passages. 1. I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside out house and a man got out. The man was carry a case in his hand. With the case in his hand, the man looked like a salesman. 2. During our journey we came to a bridge. As we were crossing the bridge, we met an old man and spoke to him. The man refused to answer us at first. He could tell at a glance that we had escaped from a prison. As soon as Jim produced a revolver, the man proved very willing to answer our questions. He told us exactly where we were and directed us to a farm where we could find food. The farm was a mile away. We use a/an to introduce a person or a thing for the first time. This shows that the listener or the reader does not know what we are referring to. After the first reference, we use the. These ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called arti- cles. Key Points Today we will take a quick review of ARTICLES which ‘a’ is used before Once upon a time there was you have already learnt in your previous classes. words beginning a a thirsty crow who flew DEFINITION: An article, like an adjective, modifies consonant sound about in search of water. the noun. It adds to the meaning of the noun. An She has been a loyal friend article is always used before a noun or an adjective for many years now. that modifies the noun. One day, when I was reading a book, I received a ‘an’ is used before There was an empty bottle strange telephone call. words that begin of cold drink on the table. In the above sentence, article ‘a’ modifies nouns book with a vowel sound. and telephone call and are placed before book in the first case and adjective strange in the second case We became an independent respectively. country in 1947. TWO TYPES OF ARTICLES: ‘a’ is used before Every big city in India has a Indefinite Articles (A, An) and Definite Articles (The) words that begin university. with e or u when they have an initial Austria is a European coun- USE OF ‘A’ and ‘An’ EXAMPLES y sound. try. I saw her sitting at a desk. Use of ‘a’ before I live in a one-storey build- words that begin ing. Before countable I gave him an orange to eat. with o but sound Deven, a once famous actor nouns in the singu- has now disappeared. We do not say a milk or a like w. lar number tea because they are un- countable nouns. However, The king adopted a son to we can say a cup of milk or a Use of ‘an’ before make him an heir of his mug of tea. words that begin fortune. with a silent ‘h’ Raj Kumar is an honest busi- ness man. 132

10. Articles Month : August Total Periods : 04 He has done an MBA in With nouns Can you pass the jug Use of ‘an’ before Finance. mentioned for please? abbreviations, if the first time, consonants begin I lodged an FIR in the nearest however it clear The city changed with a vowel sound. police station when someone 2 which person completely after the stole my purse. or thing we are riots. talking about. Use of a or an A dog is a domestic animal. before a singular countable noun A cow is a useful animal. Before musical My brother can play instruments. the flute. which is used to represent a class of 3 My mother is fond things. of playing the harmonium. use of a or an to Not a bird could be heard. indicate one An engineer came to check With objects The moon is full our refrigerator. that are unique tonight. 4 (only one of Use of a/an in front She’s an American. (noun) something) The earth revolves of Nationality or around the sun. religion. Kushal is a Buddhist. With nouns This is the man I told use of a/an in front He is a Smith. (a member of followed by you about. of proper nouns the Smith family) 5 a descriptive He is the boy who is like members of a It’s a Dickens novel. (a novel phrase. elected as the head family, literature written by Charles Dickens) boy this year. and art When we The kidnapper is a Use of a/an or one It is a quarter of a kilometre make double man we must catch with: to the school. comparison and the sooner the 6 better. • Whole numbers: He bought a dozen bananas. The higher you go, the a/one hundred, colder it is. thousand. Before sports India won the World • Fractions: a/one cups and Cup last year. quarter, half. 7 trophies. A number of teams are taking part in the • Money: a/one Asia Cup. pound, dollar. Before caste and The Rajputs are • Weights, mea- communities. brave people. sures: a/one kilo, 8 foot The Marathas are DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE”: hard working. Before the This is the same book adjectives that you gave me. USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES ‘same & whole’ With nouns we There is a bedroom and after the The whole class was have mentioned and a living room. adjective ‘all & absent. previously. The bedroom is quite 9 both’ used with large. All the boys were plural nouns. present there. 1 There was a thirsty crow. The crow found Both the brothers some pebbles and a were honest. pitcher. He dropped the pebbles in the pitcher. 133

10. Articles Month : August Total Periods : 04 Before She is the weaker of With You are the first one comparative the two sisters. superlatives, to arrive. degree in case of 19 ordinals, the 10 a choice. Which is the more same, the only. This is the best beautiful of the two choice among all. sisters? With media. What’s on the televi- 20 sion? Before proper Surdas is the Milton I went to the cinema. noun for of India. the sake of Kalidas is the 11 comparison. Shakespeare of India. THE OMISSION OF ARTICLES: Before a She is the woman. 1. Before proper noun. common noun to • Have you spoken to Hema? 12 give it the force He is the man for this • Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka. of a superlative. job. 2. With uncountable nouns • Rice is the main food in Asia. Before the dates. The letter came on • Milk is often added to tea in India. For example the 10th of May. 3. Before names of materials. 13 (i) I was born of the 5th • Silver is a useful metal. of September. • Tea grows in India. Exceptions: Before the The BJP • The tea of Assam is very famous. (particular tea. political parties. The Labour Party • The water of the Ganga is sacred. (particular 14 The Janta Party water) With national The Japanese drink 4. Before abstract nouns as qualities, feelings and groups. too much green tea. states used in general sense. 15 The Indians are • Truth is a noble quality. emotional people. • Honesty is a virtue Exceptions With classes of The old are respected • He always tells a lie. people. by the young. • My father always speaks the truth. 16 We should help the 5. Before collective nouns in general sense. needy. • Life is complex. • Society does not allow this. With individual The lion is fast disap- items which pearing. 6. Before names of languages. represent a class. • French is a difficult language. 17 The rose is a sweet • He speaks German very well. flower. 7. Before ‘hobbies, profession and sports’. • Dancing is her profession With some The Thames flows • Rakesh loves playing hockey. geographical names. In into the North Sea. 8. Before names of disease. • Cancer is the dreaded disease. 18 particular: Have you ever been to • AIDS is spreading like wild fire. oceans, seas, the Netherlands? Exceptions: the Measies, Mumps, the rickets, the rivers, regions. plague, the flu. 9. Before material nouns. • Platinum is an expensive metal. • I like gold than silver. 10. Before Regular meals • I take breakfast at 8 a m. • You should take dinner early. Exception: They gave us a good breakfast. (When preceded by an adjective) 134

10. Articles Month : August Total Periods : 04 • Peter's house. 11. Before expressions such as all day, all night, by 15. Before names of relation like ‘Uncle, mother, air, by sea. father’ etc. in place of possessive adjectives. • Father will go to Delhi Tomorrow. • He will go by air. • Aunt is expected any moment. • He works all day. 12. Names of academic subject • I was never good at Mathematics. • My sister got full marks in English. 13. Days, months and years • 1948 was a wonderful year. • I have an off on Saturday. 14. After the noun’s possessive cases. • His brother's car. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET NO. OF PERIOD Starter Activity and Key PS -1 03 Recap of articles and their PS -2 01 Points types PS -3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 135

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 4. Mental matters relate to having the right attitude and values. I. Read the following sentences and supply ‘the’ or ‘X’. An example is provided. 5. Many diseases that we see are as a result of a lack of X physical and mental discipline. Let us now look into __________ ways of keeping fit. 6. Physical discipline involves maintaining the Ans: Let us now look into the ways of keeping fit. health of the body. 1. Ensuring one’s personal health is ___________ 7. There are many factors to consider in the responsibility of each citizen. matter. 2. It involves being disciplined in ___________ 8. Many people feel proud at building up X physical and mental matters. massive muscles. 3. ___________ former is relevant to maintaining 9. But they fail to remember that after an physical health. age it would be impossible to do such X 4. Mental matters relate to having ___________ exercises. right attitude and values. 10. In maintaining physical health, the better 5. Many diseases that we see are as a result of objective is to follow a strict regimen. a lack of ___________ physical and mental 11. A physical trainer’s advice will be useful in discipline. creating a set of simple exercises that will 6. Physical discipline involves maintaining benefit all the parts of the body. ___________ health of the body. 7. There are many factors to consider in 12. A nutritionist may be able to advice on an ___________ matter. ideal diet that will be helpful for X good 8. Many people feel proud at building up physical health. ___________ massive muscles. 9. But they fail to remember that after an age it 13. Besides, we can also get a good would be impossible to do such ___________ understanding of what types of X food exercises. should be avoided. 10. In maintaining physical health, ___________ better objective is to follow a strict regimen. 14. Having knowledge of X family diseases that 11. A physical trainer’s advice will be useful in a family is prone to suffer will be helpful. creating a set of simple exercises that will benefit all ___________ the parts of the body. 15. The advice of a doctor may be sought to find 12. A nutritionist may be able to advice on an ideal out what may be done to delay or totally diet that will be helpful for ___________ good avoid the onset of family diseases. physical health. 13. Besides, we can also get a good understanding II. Read the following passage and insert of what types of ___________ food should be articles wherever required: avoided. 14. Having knowledge of ___________ family It had rained earlier in day and as Gaurav left diseases that a family is prone to suffer will be house, he lifted his eyes to sky. Sun was coming helpful. out again and quite suddenly rainbow appeared 15. The advice of a doctor may be sought to find up there above trees. Gaurav thought it was good out what may be done to delay or totally avoid sign. His mother had been most positive person ___________ onset of family diseases. he had ever known. His mother was one who had Ans: always believed in pot of gold at end of rainbow. 1. Ensuring one’s personal health is the Mom was undying optimist, he thought. responsibility of each citizen. Ans: 2. It involves being disciplined in X physical It had rained earlier in the day and as Gaurav left the house, he lifted his eyes to the sky. and mental matters. The Sun was coming out again and quite 3. The former is relevant to maintaining suddenly a rainbow appeared up there above the trees. Gaurav thought it was a good sign. physical health. His mother had been the most positive person he had ever known. His mother was the one who had always believed in a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow. Mom was an undying optimist, he thought. 136

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 11. c. the environment 12. c. such a terrible I. Decide which word or words are correct. An example is provided. II. The following passage has not been edited. In each line, there is an article which is omitted. I think that’s ________ thing to say. Supply a, an or the in the following text. An a. a awful b. an awful c. awful example is provided. Ans: I think that’s an awful thing to say. Before Word After 1. Ram goes to _______ on the bus. a. work b. a Prevention is better than cure. This holds good work c. the work even in matter (a) in the matterof road accidents. Accident can happen (b) due to anything. Sim- 2. I don’t know what to do. It’s________ problem. plest but (c) at same time, dangerous perhaps a. quite difficult b. a quite difficult c. quite a is (d)people slipping down on road (e)caused by difficult orange (f)or banana peel. Without meaning any harm, (g)a person may throw away orange peel 3. ________ is my favourite sport. (h)or banana skin on the (i)road or the sidewalk. a. Cricket b. A cricket c. The cricket When person, (j)walking briskly, steps on peel, he or she will (k)slip down. So people must not 4. ________ starts at nine o’clock. a. School b. A throw peelings(l)on road but should deposit (m) school c. The school. them in dustbin. In some (n)countries offenders are severely punished. (o) 5. We had ________ time at the function yesterday. a. really nice b. a really nice c. really a nice Ans: 6. Kamal opened a drawer and took out ________ Before Word After a. photos b. a photos c. the photos a. in the matter 7. Did you learn to play________? a. guitar b. a guitar c. the guitar b. accidents. An accident 8. We can finish the rest of the curry during c. causes. The simplest ________ a. breakfast b. a breakfast c. the breakfast d. at the same 9. While I was in hospital, they gave me________ e. on the road a. X-ray b. a X-ray c. an X-ray f. by an orange 10. I might listen to________ a. radio b. radios c. the radio g. or a banana 11. We need to protect________ from pollution. h. away the orange a. environment b. an environment c. the environment i. or the banana 12. Why do they always play________ music? j. When a person a. so terrible b. such terrible c. such a terrible k. on the peel Ans: 1. a. work l. throw the peelings 2. c. quite a difficult 3. a. Cricket m. on the road 4. c. The school. 5. b. a really nice n. in a dustbin. 6. c. the photos 7. c. the guitar o. countries the offenders 8. c. the breakfast 9. c. an X-ray 10. c. the radio 137

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 10. Her enthusiasm was not dampened in the least! I. Read the following sentences and correct the errors in the articles. An example is provided. II. Read the following passage and insert articles (10 Marks) wherever required: (10 Marks) At an end of the busy day, sleep is a best tonic. As argument became more intense, some by- Ans: At the end of a busy day, sleep is the best standers tried to calm two men, saying that it was tonic. small matter. Mr. Sen and shop owner ignored by- 1. I have just rented the first-class standers and shouted even louder at each other, accommodation with the private bathroom. hurling greater insults and using more violent 2. I recently attended the workshop by our gestures. Suddenly, shop owner was so heated counselor on how to manage time spent on a and angry that he threw punch at Mr. Sen. Mr. use of an internet. Sen recovered from momentary shock and threw 3. Lately an environment has seen the increase in shop owner punch too. This time, nobody wanted randomly strewn rubbish. to get involved for fear that they might get hurt in 4. Halfway through a meal we realised we got a process. Three police men patrolling area were wrong order. attracted by fight too. Panicky screams of crowd 5. I am a avid bird watcher. told them that they had to act fast as more people 6. I would like to propose that the programme be might get hurt. initiated to study about a birds. 7. A Takahe is the flightless bird indigenous to Ans: New Zealand. 8. I suppose I owe her the apology. As the argument became more intense, some 9. You've been studying for the long time. by-standers tried to calm the two men, saying 10. Her enthusiasm was not dampened in a least! that it was a small matter. Mr. Sen and the shop Ans: owner ignored the by-standers and shouted 1. I have just rented a first-class even louder at each other, hurling greater insults and using more violent gestures. Suddenly, the accommodation with a private bathroom. shop owner was so heated and angry that he 2. I recently attended a workshop by our threw a punch at Mr. Sen. Mr. Sen recovered from the momentary shock and threw the shop owner counselor on how to manage time spent on a punch too. This time, nobody wanted to get the use of the internet. involved for fear that they might get hurt in the 3. Lately the environment has seen an increase process. Three police men patrolling the area in randomly strewn rubbish. were attracted by the fight too. The panicky 4. Halfway through the meal we realised we screams of the crowd told them that they had to got the wrong order. act fast as more people might get hurt. 5. I am an avid bird watcher. 6. I would like to propose that a programme be initiated to study about the birds. 7. The Takahe is a flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand. 8. I suppose I owe her an apology. 9. You've been studying for a long time. 138

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with articles a, an, the or x 4. The poor woman lives in a small hut. (where not required.: (10 Marks) 5. The Sun shines brightly during the day. 6. Birds suffer when they are kept in cages. 1. We’re leaving at __________ sunrise. 7. It was the happiest moment of my life. 2. We’re invited to __________ Smiths for 8. Man cannot survive without water. 9. Where did you put the car papers? __________ lunch. 10. The seamstress was an old woman. 3. We must be home before __________ midnight. 4. Let’s have __________ dinner on __________ terrace. 5. I’m often sound asleep at __________ night. 6. Do you always have __________ tea at four? 7. We reached __________ village before __________ sunset. 8. We’ve come here to see __________ sunset. 9. __________ lunch I ordered was delicious. 10. I had __________ nice breakfast at __________ Taj. Ans: 1. We’re leaving at x sunrise. 2. We’re invited to the Smiths for x lunch. 3. We must be home before x midnight. 4. Let’s have x dinner on the terrace. 5. I’m often sound asleep at x night. 6. Do you always have x tea at four? 7. We reached the village before x sunset. 8. We’ve come here to see the sunset. 9. The lunch I ordered was delicious. 10. I had a nice lunch at the Taj. II. Rewrite the following sentences after inserting appropriate articles. In some cases, articles may not be necessary. An example is provided. (10 Marks) We started early in morning. Ans: We started early in the morning. 1. Sun sets in west. 2. Hope for best and prepare for worst. 3. All are brave when enemy flies. 4. Poor woman lives in small hut. 5. Sun shines brightly during day. 6. Birds suffer when they are kept in cages. 7. It was happiest moment of my life. 8. Man cannot survive without water. 9. Where did you put car papers? 10. Seamstress was an old woman. Ans: 1. The sun sets in the west. 2. Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 3. All are brave when the enemy flies. 139

11. Contractions and Possessives Month :July Total Periods : 02 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • avoid common mistakes related to the use of apostro- • explain what an apostrophe is phes • list the uses of apostrophes • use apostrophes to form contractions and show pos- session Starter Activity SET 1 SET 2 It is a sunny day. We are driving in a car, which be- It’s a sunny day. We are driving in my uncle’s car. longs to my uncle. The orders of the customer have been dispatched. The customer’s orders have been dispatched. The cat belonging to Sam is sick. Sam’s cat is sick You cannot feed animals in a zoo. You can’t feed animals in a zoo. The hat which belongs to Rahul is red in colour. Rahul’s hat is red in colour. From the above sets of sentences, we can see how by using a comma above (APOSTROPHE) we can shorten the sentences without changing their meaning Key Points Today our lesson is about Apostrophe for making contrac- To form a contraction: tions and possessives. Words Contractions Examples RECAPITULATION: in your lesson of punctuation marks, Am you have read about apostrophes help to show the pos- is ’m I am disappointed in you. session of a noun. I’m disappointed in you. has Examples: He is not coming with us. • I am using my brother’s pen. Are • Mohan’s house is huge and beautiful. He’s not coming with us. Apostrophes may be small but they are important punctu- Would ’s ation marks. It is his birthday today. USES OF APOSTROPHES: It’s his birthday today. 1. To show possession: He has got a child. (a) With a singular noun, add ’s He’s got a child. • A woman’s hat ’s • The man’s car • My dad’s brother Rama has been angry. (b) With a plural noun (ending in s), add an apostrophe after s Rama’s been angry. • The dogs’ leashes (more than one dog) We are staying in a hotel. • The teachers’ room • Guys’ night out We’re staying in a hotel. (c) With a plural noun (not ending in s), add ’s ’re • Men’s clothing They are football players. • People’s dream • Children’s books. They’re football players. I would love to a cup of tea. I’d love to a cup of tea. ’d They would have gone by now. They’d have gone by now. 140

11. Contractions and Possessives Month : July Total Periods : 02 Words contractions Examples are not- aren’t Had ’d I wish I had waited longer. they are not working today. Have ’ve I wish I’d waited longer. They aren’t working today. Will ’ll He had been married a year. Cannot – can’t He’d been married a year. I cannot come in the She would have cleared the evening. exam. I can’t come in the evening. She would’ve cleared the exam. Could not - couldn’t They could not make to the I have something I want to party. show you. They couldn’t make to the I’ve something I want to party. show you. He will turn twenty Did not - didn’t tomorrow. Ram did not finish his work. He’ll turn twenty tomorrow. Ram didn’t finish his work. She will submit the work in Not Does not - doesn’t the evening. Megha does not work hard. She’ll submit the work in Megha doesn’t work hard. the evening. Do not - don’t They do not belong to this place. They don’t belong to this place. Had not - hadn’t She simply had not looked. She simply hadn’t looked. Has not - hasn’t Ganesh has not returned my call. Ganesh hasn’t returned my call. 141

11. Contractions and Possessives Month :July Total Periods : 02 n’t You have not been good. You haven’t been good. Will not- won’t My uncle will not come today. My uncle won’t come today. Should not- shouldn’t You should not have washed them in the Not n’t machine. You shouldn’t have washed them in the machine. Must not-mustn’t We must not be late. We mustn’t be late. Madam Ma’am Might not-mightn’t of the o’clock It might not have done clock damage inside. Let’s It mightn’t have done Let us damage inside. May I help you, madam? May I help you, ma’am? It is four of the clock. It is four o’clock. Let us look at some examples. Let’s look at some examples. COMMON APOSTROPHE ERRORS: 4. You’re and your • You’re coming with us, isn’t it? (You are) 1. It’s and its • Where is your book? (Possessive) It’s: contraction of the words it is or it has. • It is unclear what he meant. 5. They’re, their and there • It’s unclear what he meant • They’re going to home today. (They are) • It has got to be finished today. • This is their house. (Possessive) • It’s got to be finished today. • Is there any water in the jug? (Pronoun) Its: Indicates possession. 142 The hotel raised its rates. The parlour celebrated its tenth anniversary. 2. Words ending in ‘s’ • I heard dogs barking in the street. (plural of dog) • I heard a dog’s bark in the street. (possessive) 3. who’s and whose • Who is coming to the party? (Who is) • Whose shirt is this? (Possessive)

11. Contractions and Possessives Month : July Total Periods : 02 Work Plan Practice Sheet No. of Period Concept Coverage Coverage details PS -1 02 PS -2 01 Starter Activity and Key Contractions and PossessiveS PS -3 Points Self-evaluation Evaluation with self- Sheet check or Peer check* *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 143

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans: 1. Who’s not in the class today? I. Underline the word that best completes the 2. Whose pen is this? sentence. An example is provided. 3. Who’s broken the vase? 4. Who’s taken my book? The snake sheds (it’s, its) skin every few months. 5. Whose notebook has been stolen? Ans: The snake sheds its skin every few months. 6. Who’s in the room? 1. (It’s, Its) really not my problem, but I will try to 7. Whose dad is a doctor? help you. 8. She’s the woman who’s going to be our new teach- 2. The plane landed late and now (it’s, its) leaving late. er. 3. He said that (it’s, its) the best restaurant in 9. Ask Reena, she knows who’s who. town. 10. Do you know whose car that is? 4. I like the colour of (its, it’s) fur. 5. Why don’t you check (its, it’s) collar? 144 6. The city is known for (its, it’s) culture. 7. (its, it’s) quarter to four. 8. (its, it’s) already late now. 9. I think (its, it’s) going to rain today. 10. (its, it’s) got to be here somewhere. Ans: 1. It’s really not my problem, but I will try to help you. 2. The plane landed late and now it’s leaving late. 3. He said that it’s the best restaurant in town. 4. I like the colour of its fur. 5. Why don’t you check its collar? 6. The city is known for its culture. 7. It’s quarter to four. 8. It’s already late now. 9. I think it’s going to rain today. 10. It’s got to be here somewhere. II. Fill in the blank with ‘who’s’ or ‘whose’ that best completes the sentence. An example is provided. __________ left their shoes here again?’ shout- ed the dad. Ans: Who’s left their shoes here again?’ shouted the dad. 1. ___________ not in the class today? 2. ___________ pen is this? 3. ___________ broken the vase? 4. ___________ taken my book? 5. __________ notebook has been stolen? 6. ___________ in the room? 7. ___________ dad is a doctor? 8. She’s the woman ___________ going to be our new teacher. 9. Ask Reena, she knows ___________ who. 10. Do you know ___________ car that is?

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Contract the highlighted words appropriately. An example is provided. I am very tired. 1. Ram should not talk so much. 2. They have written the report. 3. Let us go to school. 4. He did not play well. 5. I could not find my car. 6. Here is your book. 7. I would ask the class teacher. 8. Who is this lady? 9. They had forgotten their schoolwork. 10. Where are you from? 11. I am not sure who is coming to the cinema tonight. 12. They are waiting for us. 13. She would have failed. 14. The dog is happy. It has had its breakfast. 15. It is a sad state of affairs. Ans: 1. Ram shouldn’t talk so much. 2. They’ve written the report. 3. Let’s go to school. 4. He didn’t play well. 5. I couldn’t find my car. 6. Here’s your book. 7. I’d ask the class teacher. 8. Who’s this lady? 9. They’d forgotten their schoolwork. 10. Where’re you from? 11. I’m not sure who’s coming to the cinema tonight. 12. They’re waiting for us. 13. She would’ve failed. 14. The dog is happy. It’s had its breakfast. 15. It’s a sad state of affairs. 145

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) II. Rewrite the sentences after correcting the mistake. An example is provided. I. Identify whether the apostrophe is used to show possession or a contraction. An example We have three cats. The cats litter box in the is provided. terrace. The Kumars’ garden is done by a professional. Ans: We have three cats. The cats’ litter box in Ans: Possession the terrace. 1. Who’s going to help me? 1. All of the boys went to the restaurant. The boys 2. I need Rita’s phone number. bill was over thousand rupees. 3. It’s on the kitchen shelf. 2. Its lady’s night at the club. 4. You’d better ask your mother. 3. The kids room are very messy right now. 5. I’m never going to tell lies. 4. The boxes labels are mixed up. 6. I shouldn’t have bothered you. 5. The last time I saw Ram, he was in the teachers 7. Why is Neetu’s brother here? room. 8. My mom’s coming home soon. 6. The childrens book section is on the top shelf. Ans: Ans: 1. All of the boys went to the restaurant. The 1. Contraction 2. Possession boys’ bill was over thousand rupees. 3. Contraction 2. Its ladies night at the club. 4. Contraction 3. The kids’ room are very messy right now. 5. Contraction 4. The boxes’ labels are mixed up. 6. Contraction 5. The last time I saw Ram, he was in the 7. Possession 8. Contraction teacher’s room. 6. The children’s book section is on the top shelf. 146

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Form a contraction for each of the following. Ans: (10 Marks) 1. Manoj’s brother’s got blue eyes. 2. Where’s your mother’s car? Sl.No Words Contraction 3. Radhika’s appointment’s at four o’clock. 1 Who is 4. My sister’s boyfriend’s name’s Toby. 2 Cannot Contraction 5. I’m Ram’s best friend. 3 He would Who’s 6. Geeta’s favourite subject’s Maths. 4 They have Can’t 7. Rahul’s 16 and he’s a player. 5 We are He’d 8. Devika’s sister’s a teacher. 6 You had They’ve 9. My father’s brother’s a doctor. 7 I am We’re 10. When’s your sister’s birthday? 8 Should not You’d 9 Will not I’m 10 Could have Shouldn’t Ans: Words Won’t Who is Sl.No Cannot Could’ve 1 He would 2 They have 3 We are 4 You had 5 I am 6 Should not 7 Will not 8 Could have 9 10 II. Rewrite the sentences. Put apostrophes in the correct places. The first one is done as an example. (10 Marks) Its a nice day outside. Ans: It’s a nice day outside. 1. Manojs brothers got blue eyes. 2. Wheres your mothers car? 3. Radhikas appointments at four oclock. 4. My sisters teachers name is Mrs Das. 5. Im Rams best friend. 6. Geetas favourite subject is Maths. 7. Rahuls 16 and hes a player. 8. Devikas sisters a teacher. 9. My fathers brothers a doctor. 10. Whens your sisters birthday? 147

12. Determiners and types Month : August Total Periods : 03 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Use determiners accurately within sentences • Define the term “determiner” • Identify determiners within sentences. • Identity types of determiners. Starter Activity LIST OF DETERMINERS Articles Demonstratives Interrogative Possessive Quantifiers Distributive A This Few/A Few Each An That Whose My Every These Little/A Little Either The Those Which Your Some/Any Neither What His Much/Many/More How Many Her More How Much Its No/enough Our A lot of/lots of/ Their plenty of Number expres- sions: ordinal, cardinal, and percentages From the above sets of sentences, we can see how by using a comma above (APOSTROPHE) we can shorten the sentences without changing their meaning Key Points words starting with a consonant and vowel sounds respectively. EXAMPLES: a boy, an apple, a car, a RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have helicopter, an elephant, a big elephant, an itchy already learnt about “Determiners’. sweater, an ugly duck, a European, a university, a unit, Today we will again take a detailed review of the an hour, an honour. topic DETERMINERS AND THEIR TYPES. Uses: DEFINITION: A determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun and also 1. To refer to something for the first time or to refer comes before any other adjectives used to describe to a particular member of a group or class. the noun. • I’ve finally bought a nice house. Note the highlighted words in the following passage. • An elephant is used to transport logs of wood in These are the determiners which are placed before jungle. nouns. There are those who do not believe that the melting of 2. Names of jobs. glaciers provides evidence that this planet’s climate • My mother is a bank manager. system is changing. But there is other evidence – our • I want to become a professional dancer. summers are getting hotter, a fact brought into sharp focus by a 45-degree Celsius day in Cape Town, which 3. With nationalities and religions in the singular. was the hottest day ever recorded in that city. This • I am an Indian. event must surely have shaken even those cynics • Ms Mary is a Catholic. who argue that global warming is just an obvious lie put out by those with interests in the alternative 4. With the names of days of the week when not energy industry. referring to any particular day. 1. ARTICLES (A, AN and THE) • My brother was born on a Thursday. The two indefinite articles A and An are used with • You could visit on a Saturday sometime. 148

12. Determiners and types Month : August Total Periods : 03 5. With singular nouns after the words ‘what’ and 11. Withcountriesthatincludethewords“republic”, ‘such’. “kingdom”, or “states” in their names. • What a shame! • She’s such an awesome singer. • I am visiting my uncle in the United States. 'the' is a definite article and is used in the follow • Jack is the Republic of China. ing ways. 12. With newspaper names. • I read it in the Deccan Herald today. 1. To refer to something which has already been • Medha works for the Times of India. mentioned. 13. With the names of famous buildings, works of • On Monday, an armed man entered the bank art, museums, or monuments. and he stole money. The thief hasn’t been • Have you ever see the Taj Mahal in full moon? caught yet. It looks fabulous. • I was walking past a juice shop and I decided to • I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower. go into the shop. 14. With the names of hotels & restaurants. • We took our guests to the Golden Lion. • There’s a position available in my firm. The job • They kept the reception at the Taj. will involve some travel in and around the city 15. With the names of families, but not with the 2. To speak about something when there is just one names of individuals. of something in that place. • We’re having dinner with the Kumars tonight. • We went on a walk in the park yesterday. • The Khannas are hosting this party. • Where is the restroom? • I enjoyed the book you gave me. The article ‘the' is not used with names of countries, names of languages, names of meals, People’s 3. In sentences or clauses where you define or names, with titles when combined with names, the’s identify a particular person or object. possessive case, names of shops, years, uncountable • The man who directed this movie is famous. nouns, names of individual mountains, lakes and • He is the physician who is treating me. islands, names of towns, streets, stations and airports 4. To refer to people or objects that are unique. • Clouds drifted across the sky. DEMONSTRATIVES: Demonstratives show the • The Prime Minister will be addressing tonight. relation between an object, event, or person in regards to the speaker. These determiners show 5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers. both the physical and mental closeness as well as • This is the highest building in Bangalore. the distance. • I was so curious that I read the last chapter of 1. This: Used with singular nouns & uncountable the book first. nouns which is near the speaker. 6. With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of • Is this Meera’s house? people. • What a nice surprise this is! • The French enjoy cheese. 2. That: Used with singular nouns & uncountable • My father donated a lot of money to the poor. nouns which is far from the speaker. • Is that Meera’s house over there? 7. With decades. • What a nice surprise that must have been! • My dad was born in the forties. 3. These: Used with plural countable nouns which • This is a painting from the 1820’s. are near the speaker. • These books are mine. 8. With clauses introduced by only • What are you up to these days? • Sunday is the only day when we have a weekly 4. Those: Used with plural countable nouns which off. are far from the speaker. • My sister is the only person I trust. • Those books are yours. • Those days are long gone. 9. With certain Proper Nouns (geographical areas, Demonstratives can be placed in many ways. rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, canals, and oceans) 5. Before the noun or the adjective that modifies • Hiking across the Mount Everest would be the noun. difficult. • This blue car needs repairing. • Sri Lanka is surrounded with the Indian Ocean. • That book over there will help you. 10. With countries that have plural names 149 • Have you ever been to the Netherlands? • I know a man who lives in the Philippines.

12. Determiners and types Month : August Total Periods : 03 • These apples are really juicy. • Either situation might be the case. • Those boys joined the team first. • Neither of them have a clue what is on my mind. 6. Before a number by itself when the noun is 5. Use of all, none and any with more than two understood from the context. people or things. • I would like to try this one. • All the shops were closed during the strike. • That one is spoilt. • None of the shops were open during the strike. • I’ll take these two. • I don’t think any of the shops were open during • Those two are not so beautiful. 7. Can be used by themselves when the noun they the strike. modify is understood from the context. 6. Use of little, a bit of, a lot of, a large amount of • I’ll never forget this. • That has nothing to do with my family. etc. for uncountable nouns. • I didn’t ask for these. • He wanted a little encouragement from the • Those aren’t yours. QUANTIFIERS: They are used in the sentence in teacher. order to express the quantity such as many, few, • The doctor will be in to talk to you in a few enough, little, much, most, any, some, any, etc. minutes. 1. We use quantifiers when we want to give someone • A large quantity of sugar was sold. information about the number of something: how 7. Use of few, several, a large number of with much or how many. countable nouns. • Most babies take their first steps sometime between 9 and 12 months. • Few words to the wise suffice. • We ate some snacks during the picnic. • There are several amendments under • We saw lots of animals in the zoo. consideration. 2. Used with both countable and uncountable nouns: • A large number of people visit this temple. all, any, enough, less, a lot of, lots of, more, most, 8. Use of some, plenty, any, lots of, no etc. with no, none of, some, plenty of, heaps of, a load of, both countable and uncountable nouns. loads of, tons of etc. • He made some profit this year. • Some leaves were lying on the ground. 3. Used with countable nouns only: both, each, • Don’t make any noise while you work. either, few, fewer, neither, several, a couple of, • A golden key can open any door. hundreds of, thousands of etc. • There was lots of space in the car. • This year I bought lots of books. 4. Used with uncountable nouns only: a little, much, • He has no time. a bit of, a great deal of, a good deal of • There are no coins in the piggy bank. HOW TO PLACE QUANTIFIERS: INTERROGATIVES: Like all determiners, these also modify nouns and pronouns. There are three inter- 1. Before a noun when talking about members of a rogative determiners: what, which, and whose. They group in general. are called “interrogative” because they are usually • Few snakes are venomous. used to ask questions. • Both sisters work in the school. • He never have enough money. • What book are you reading? (modifies the noun book) 2. Uofspeeoofptlheeo…r wthhinegnst.alking about a specific group • Few of the snakes are venomous. • Which shirt are you going to buy? (modifies the • All of the adults work for livelihood. noun shirt) • He has spent all of his money. • Whose computer is this? (modifies the noun 3. Use of every or each with a singular noun to computer) mean all: • There was a crowd on every street during Holi. Possessives: Possessive determiners are used to • Each child was given a prize. modify nouns to denote possession. They take the place of the definite article the, and state whom or 4. Use of both, either and neither while talking what an item belongs to. about two people or things: • Both Rahul and Geeta were watching a movie Personal Pronoun Possessive Determin- yesterday. er I My You Your 150