12. Determiners and types Month : August Total Periods : 03 He His She Her Its It Our We Their They Possessive determiners are usually placed in front of the noun they modify. • Please return my books as soon as possible. • Have they returned their books to the library? • The Earth spins on its axis. Whose as a possessive determiner is used in interrogative sentences to inquire about possession. Whose book is lying on the table? Do you know whose idea this was? Please note: Possessive determiners are often confused with possessive personal pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs). While possessive pronouns can stand on their own, taking the place of a noun, possessive determiners cannot. Whose is this mistake? It’s mine. (Correct) It’s my. (Incorrect) since it requires a noun. It’s my book. (Correct) • 6. Distributive Determiners: Distributive determiners refer to a group of people or things, and to individual members of the group. They express how something is distributed, shared, or divided. Some of the examples/ words/list of distributive determiners are- each, every, all, either and neither, etc. • ‘Each’ and ‘Every’: They talk about the individual members of a group. • Each bird likes to hear himself sing. • Every heart has its own sorrow. Each can also be used with plural nouns and pronouns but must be followed by ‘of’. Every cannot be used with plural nouns. • Each of the children received a present. • All’: It collectively talks about the whole group. 1. It can be used with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns. • Money is the root of all evil. • I love all dogs. 2. It can be used with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns also. • He wasted all his time. • All of the birds flew away. 151
12. Determiners and types Month : August Total Periods : 03 3. It can be used with plural pronouns by using ‘of’ • All of us were highly disappointed. • All of them went late that evening. 4. It can be used in questions and exclamations with uncountable nouns by using ‘this’ or ‘that’, and countable nouns by using “these’ and ‘those’. • Who has scattered all this paper in the room? • Why is all of that sugar on the floor? • Look at all those balloons! • Where did all of those flowers come from? Half: It is used to talk about a whole group divided in two. It is prefixed with ‘a’ or ‘an’ for measurements. • I had half a cup of milk left. • I bought half a kilo of flour. • Half the people have already left. • Half of an apple isn’t very much lunch. Both: It refers to the whole pair. It can be used with plural nouns on its own, or it can be followed by “of”, with or without an article. • Both puppies are white in colour. • Both the puppies are white in colour. • Both of the puppies are white in colour. • I told both of them to calm down. Either: It is positive and when used alone, refers to one of the two members of the pair. It can also be used with a plural noun or pronoun if followed by “of”. Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet No. of Period Starter Activity and Key Determiners and their types PS -1 02 Points PS -2 PS -3 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation 01 check or Peer check* Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 152
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) today. Shyam: Sorry, I won’t be able to play as I will I. Complete the following dialogues using this, that, these and those. An example is be away all this week. provided. 7. Ganesh: Hello, Can I help you? Sumi: Hello this is Sumi. Can I speak to your Raj: Are we going out ___________ evening? Rahul: I can’t really. I’ll be working late at the mom, please? office. 8. Rahul: These seats aren’t very comfortable, Ans: Raj: Are we going out this evening? Rahul: I can’t really. I’ll be working late at the office. are they? 1. Meera: I hear you’ve got a new car. Sonia: No, I don’t think I’ll want to sit here Rita: ___________ is right. I’ve just bought a very long. new Swift. II. Complete the following sentences using 2. Sid: What’s the matter? Pooja: It’s ___________ sandals. They don’t fit many, few, much and little. An example is provided. properly. They’re hurting my feet. 1. The main town on the island is very small and 3. Ram: It’s so boring here. Shruti: I know. Nothing ever happens in does not have many important buildings. The people do not have (1) _______ money, and ___________ place. they have (2) _______ contact with the outside 4. Mom: What is wrong with you? You look world. There is not (3) _______ chance of the place attracting large numbers of tourists. frightened. The roads are not very good. There are lots of Vicky: You won’t believe ___________, but I’ve bicycles but not (4) _______ cars. And there are hardly any of the modern facilities which just seen a ghost. visitors expect. There are (5) _______ shops, 5. Geeta: What bikes are ___________? . and there is (6) __________ entertainment. Ans: Tom: I don’t know. They are too far away to The main town on the island is very small and see properly. does not have many important buildings. The 6. Captain: The match is three weeks from today. people do not have (1) much money, and they Shyam: Sorry, I won’t be able to play as I will be have (2) little contact with the outside world. away all ___________ week. There is not (3) much chance of the place 7. Ganesh: Hello, Can I help you? attracting large numbers of tourists. The roads Sumi: Hello ___________ is Sumi. Can I speak are not very good. There are lots of bicycles to your mom, please? but not (4) many cars. And there are hardly any Rahul: ___________ seats aren’t very of the modern facilities which visitors expect. comfortable, are they? There are (5) few shops, and there is (6) little Sonia: No, I don’t think I’ll want to sit here very entertainment. long. Ans: 153 1. Meera: I hear you’ve got a new car. Rita: That is right. I’ve just bought a new Swift. 2. Sid: What’s the matter? Pooja: It’s these sandals. They don’t fit properly. They’re hurting my feet. 3. Ram: It’s so boring here. Shruti: I know. Nothing ever happens in this place. 4. Mom: What is wrong with you? You look frightened. Vicky: You won’t believe this, but I’ve just seen a ghost. 5. Geeta: What bikes are those? Tom: I don’t know. They are too far away to see properly. 6. Captain: The match is three weeks from
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with each or every. An example is provided. There were four dresses in the wardrobe. Each dress was a different color. 1. The Olympic Games are held ______ four years. 2. ______ parent worries about their children. 3. In a game of badminton, there are two or four players. ______ player has a racket. 4. Shyam goes to gym ______ Thursday evening. 5. I understood most of what they said but not ______ word. 6. The book is divided into five parts and ______ of these has three sections. 7. I get paid ______ four weeks. 8. We had a great weekend. I enjoyed ______ min- ute of it. 9. I tried to phone her two or three times, but ______ time there was no reply. 10. Car seat belts save lives. ______ driver should wear one. Ans: 1. Every 2. Every 3. Each 4. Every 5. Every 6. Each 7. Every 8. Every 9. Every 10. Every 154
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. I’m very hungry. Give me ______ food. a. a few I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate option: b. much c. any 1. There isn’t ______ food in the house.any a. many d. some b. some c. a few 10. I’m tired. I need ______ sleep. a. a few 2. How ______ boys have finished the paper? a. a few b. plenty of b. some c. much c. many d. man d. a large number of 3. He spends ______ his time playing video games. Ans: a. many of b. a great deal of 1. a. any c. a few of d. a large number of 2. d. many 4. Can you lend me ______ coins? 3. b. a great deal of a. many b. any 4. c. a few c. a few d. a great deal of 5. c. a little 5. There was ______ rain yesterday. 6. a. a large number of a. a few b. any 7. b. a little c. a little d. many 8. c. much 6. The thieves stole ______ sheep. 9. d. some a. a large number of b. a great deal of 10. b. plenty of c. much d. a little 7. There is only ______ tea in the cup. a. several b. a little c. a few d. a lot of 8. We don’t have ______ time to finish this work. a. a little b. some c. much d. many 155
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Correct these sentences when 3. I told nobody to go with me. I necessary. An example is provided. ____________________________ (10 Marks) 4. They ate nothing during the breakfast. They I’m sorry there isn’t many food left. Can I make didn’t ___________________________ some sandwiches for you? I’m sorry there isn’t much food left. Can I make 5. My friend told no one anything about the some sandwiches for you? result. My friend didn’t __________________ 1. You should drink more water and lesser tea. 2. Have you got much books? I’ve only got a few. 6. Satya didn’t tell anybody about his plans. 3. He has little friends because of his bad Satya told __________________________ behaviour. 4. It was an interesting talk and I paid many 7. I didn’t say anything. I said attention to it. ____________________________ 5. She didn’t bring some food for the picnic so I shared my food with her. 8. The airport isn’t anywhere near here. The 6. We have run out of sugar. There’s only few left. airport is __________________________ 7. There are too much students for the class trip. 8. He didn’t give me some good advice although 9. I don’t want anything to eat. I want he said a lot of things. ____________________________ 9. Rama has given me much good ideas. 10. Can I have any ice-cream, please? 10. The kids did nothing during their vacation. Ans: The kids didn’t ______________________ 1. You should drink more water and less tea. Ans: 2. Have you got many books? I’ve only got a 1. You know no one in this city. 2. Reeta didn’t meet anyone in the library. few. 3. I didn’t tell anybody to go with me. 3. He has few friends because of his bad 4. They didn’t eat anything during the breakfast. behaviour. 5. My friend didn’t tell anyone anything about 4. It was an interesting talk and I paid much the result. 6. Satya told nobody about his plans. attention to it. 7. I said nothing. 5. She didn’t bring any food for the picnic so I 8. The airport is nowhere near here. 9. I want nothing to eat. shared my food with her. 10. The kids didn’t do anything during their 6. We have run out of sugar. There’s only a little vacation. left. 7. There are too many students for the class trip. 8. He didn’t give me much good advice although he said a lot of things. 9. Rama has given me many good ideas. 10. Can I have some ice-cream, please? II. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning. An example is provided. (10 Marks) There wasn’t anyone in front of me in the queue. There was no one in front of me in the queue. 1. You don’t know anyone in this city. You know ____________________________ 2. Reeta met no one in the library. Reeta didn’t ____________________________ 156
13. Pronouns Month : July Total Periods : 03 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Understand the usage of the relative pronoun. • Define the term ‘Pronoun. • Write the sentence by using reduced relative • Differentiate between different types of clauses pronouns and their usage. • Identify pronouns as a part of speech. • Understand the usage of “it” as an impersonal pronoun. Starter Activity Types of Pronouns PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS EMPHATIC PRO- They are used as sub- NOUNS stitutes for a noun or a These are used to show own- They refer to another pronoun in a sentence: ership: His, yours, hers, mine, noun in the sentence They are used for He, I, she, you, it, they, me, ours, theirs, mine etc. and end in –self or – highlighting, stress- him etc. selves: Himself, Myself, ing or emphasizing herself, yourself, our- the noun or pronoun INTERROGATIVE PRO- selves etc.) that comes before NOUNS it: myself, himself, DEMONSTRATIVE PRO- INDEFINITE PRO- herself, itself, your- They are used to ask ques- self, themselves, tions: what, which, who, NOUNS NOUNS ourselves whom, whose etc. They are used to indicate They are used to refer nouns: this, that, these and to some persons or DISTRIBUTIVE those things that are not PRONOUNS definite or specific: all, anything, something, They refer to people each, every, some, any, or things one at a many, one, everything time: each, every, everybody, etc. either, neither Key Points In the above table, you can see various types of • It is raining. pronouns. In your previous class, you have already • ‘What is the time now?’ ‘It is 5 o’clock.’ read about various kinds of PRONOUNS. Let’s take a • It is always cloudy on the hills. quick review of Pronoun and its types. 2. The pronoun ‘it’ is used as a provisional subject, DEFINITION: The word which replaces a noun in a when the real subject is an infinitive. sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps us • It is not easy to defeat him. to avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and • It is dangerous to play with fire. speech. 3. It is used to represent a noun in the neuter gender. EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS: I, me, mine, myself, she, • I am taking the bread back to the bakery because her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves. it isn’t good. Today we will learn about uses of Impersonal Pronoun • The tree was cut. It lost its foliage. (it), Relative Pronouns and Reduced Relative Clauses 4. It can be used to represent a young baby of either sex. USES OF IT: • The baby is crying. It must be hungry. It is also one of the pronouns which is the only • I did not disturb the child because it was impersonal pronoun in English. The following are sleeping. some of the important uses of it. 5. It can also be used for small and domestic animals. 1. It can be used as a subject to an impersonal verb. • I love my dog. It is adorable. 157
13. Pronouns Month : July Total Periods : 03 • I will not sell my cow because it yields 10 litres 5. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way. of milk every day. We met a girl who had lost her way. 6. It is used as an emphasizer before a noun or a REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES: pronoun. A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause • It was Ritu who painted this picture. introduced by a relative pronoun. • It was the Chief Minister who made this announcement. What is the name of that boy who just walked in? 7. It can be used to refer to a preceding statement. Here the clause ‘who just walked in’ is an • Rohan was scolded by his teacher; and he could example of a relative clause. It modifies the not forget it all his life. noun boy. Relative clauses are also called • The weather is getting warm, it is an indication adjective clauses. of the spring approaching. Relative clauses are sometimes shortened. RELATIVE PRONOUN: HOW TO REDUCE A RELATIVE CLAUSE? DEFINITION: A Relative Pronoun joins two sentences A participle can often be used instead of a and refer back to a noun before it. relative pronoun and full verb. EXAMPLES: who, whom, whose, which, that • The girl who sits next to me is my cousin. 1. Jaipur which is called the pink city, is the Now when we shorten the relative clause ‘who sits next to me’, we get: capital of Rajasthan. The girl sitting next to me is my cousin. 2. This is the boy whose work I was telling you • The lady who lives next door works in a bank. about. The lady living next door works in a bank. 3. Pay heed to what I say. • Yesterday I read a book which was written by COMBINING TWO SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE Hemingway. PRONOUN: Yesterday I read a book written by Hemingway. EXAMPLES: 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by • Most people who were invited to the party didn’t turn up. the teacher. Most people invited to the party didn’t turn The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by up. the teacher. • Anyone who enters the garden without 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother permission will be punished. sent it. Anyone entering the garden without The parcel which my brother sent reached me permission will be punished this morning. 3. This is the house. Jack built it. This is the house that Jack built. 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. Bring me the file which is on the table. 158
13. Pronouns Month : July Total Periods : 03 Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET NO. OF PERIOD Starter Activity and Key Recap of pronouns and their PS -1 02 Points types, usage of 'it', relative PS -2 pronoun, reduced relatives PS -3 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet 01 check or Peer check* *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 159
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans: 1. He is no friend of mine. I. Here are some notes. Write them as sentences 2. We watched a play of Shakespeare. beginning with it. An example is provided. 3. Now tell me problem of yours. 4. He is a friend of ours. Pleasant to lie in the sun 5. That loud music of hers drives me crazy! Ans: It is pleasant to lie in the sun. 6. Those neighbors of them have been 1. Certain that he is arriving. 2. Monday, 13th June today. complaining 3. Rains a lot in Assam. again. 4. 22 degree Celsius yesterday. 7. A friend of my sister from phoned from New 5. 100 kilometers from here to Chandigarh. Delhi. 6. Important to get in the meeting yesterday. 8. That radio of yours keeps us awake. 7. Difficult making such decisions 8. A pleasure to welcome you all. 160 9. A pity that they couldn’t come. 10. Nice to see you. Ans: 1. It is certain that he is arriving. 2. It is Monday, 13th June today. 3. It rains a lot in Assam. 4. It was 22 degree Celsius yesterday. 5. It is 100 kilometers from here to Chandigarh. 6. It was important to get in the meeting yesterday. 7. It is difficult making such decisions 8. It is a pleasure to welcome you all. 9. It is a pity that they couldn’t come. 10. It is nice to see you. II. Rewrite these sentences using phrases with ‘of’, making any necessary changes. An example is provided. Your brother is always in trouble. That _______ ______________________________________. Ans: That brother of yours is always in trouble. 1. He is not my friend. He is no ________________ ____________________________. 2. We watched a play by Shakespeare. _________ ___________________________. 3. Now tell me about your problem. ___________ ______________________________. 4. We have known him for years. He is our friend. He is ________________________. 5. Her loud music drives me crazy! That ________ ____________________________. 6. Their neighbours have been complaining again. Those________________________. 7. My sister’s friend phoned from New Delhi. A ___ ____________________________. 8. Your radio keeps us awake. That ____________ ___________________________.
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. I see you have cut ____________ again. Why don’t’ you learn to be careful? I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns. An example is provided. 2. She has no reason to blame ____________ for what has happened. I talked to the girl ___________ car damaged my gate. 3. I think that poor dog has hurt ____________. Ans: I talked to the girl whose car damaged my 4. We enjoyed ____________ playing football on gate. 1. Hari is a taxi driver, ___________ lives in the the beach. corner. 5. Our new neighbours knocked at our door and 2. I live in a house in Mysore ___________ is in Karnataka. introduced ____________. 3. This is the girl ___________ is new in the class. 6. Mohan had to absent ____________ from work 4. That's Ram, the boy ___________ has just been given the first prize. as his mother was ill. 5. I read your story ___________ was very 7. How did dad dry ____________? Did he use my interesting. 6. The man ___________ father is a professor towel? lives next door to me. 8. My aunt prides ____________on her ability to 7. The children ___________ you found shouting in the street are not from our school. judge people’s characters. 8. What did you do with the money ___________ Ans: your mother lent you? 1. Most of those trying to get the free passes 9. You should listen attentively to ___________ your teacher tells you in the class. were unsuccessful. 10. This is the fort ___________ Shivaji built. 2. The money collected during the function will Ans: 1. Thank you for your gift which was really go to help a new orphanage. 3. The woman talking to your mother is my amazing. 2. Our neighbour whose son works in a bank aunt. 4. The house standing at the end of the road has a new car. 3. That’s the hotel where rooms are very small. will soon be sold. 4. Where is the book which I bought yesterday? 5. The man watering the plants is my helper. 5. Do you know the man who is distributing the 6. The boy waiting in the hall expected a phone pamphlets? call. 6. The student who got the highest score is 7. A picture showing the image of a person is a very hardworking. portrait. 7. Those shoes that you want to buy won’t even 8. Animals eating plants are called herbivores. 9. The questions discussed will be important match your dress. 8. Children whose parents are friendly tend to for your exam. 10. The girl picked up by my father from the be more sociable. 9. The questions which the interviewer asked station was my cousin. were difficult. 161 10. Sachin Tendulkar who used to play for Indian cricket team was an exceptional player. II. Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following. An example is provided. I enjoyed ____________ very much at the party. Ans: I enjoyed myself very much at the party.
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) II. Rewrite the following sentences after reducing the relative clauses. An example is I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate relative provided. pronoun. An example is provided. Who is that man who is waving at us? Mrs Joshi ______________ is a teacher, lives Ans: Who is that man waving at us? nearby. 1. Most of those who were trying to get the free Ans: who passes were unsuccessful. 1. Thank you for your gift ______________ was 2. The money which is collected during the really amazing. function will go to help a new orphanage. 2. Our neighbour ______________ son works in a 3. The woman who is talking to your mother is my bank has a new car. aunt. 3. That’s the hotel ______________ rooms are 4. The house that stands at the end of the road will very small. soon be sold. 4. Where is the book ______________ I bought 5. The man who is watering the plants is my helper. yesterday? 6. The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a 5. Do you know the man ______________ is phone call. distributing the pamphlets? 7. A picture that shows the image of a person is a 6. The student ______________ got the highest portrait. score is very hardworking. 8. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores. 7. Those shoes ______________ you want to buy 9. The questions that were discussed will be won’t even match your dress. important for your exam. 8. Children ______________ parents are friendly 10. The girl who was picked up by my father from tend to be more sociable. the station was my cousin. 9. The questions ______________ the interviewer Ans: asked were difficult. 10. Sachin Tendulkar______________ used to play 1. Most of those trying to get the free passes for Indian cricket team was an exceptional were unsuccessful. player. Ans: 2. The money collected during the function will 1. Thank you for your gift which was really go to help a new orphanage. amazing. 3. The woman talking to your mother is my 2. Our neighbour whose son works in a bank aunt. has a new car. 4. The house standing at the end of the road 3. That’s the hotel where rooms are very small. will soon be sold. 4. Where is the book which I bought yesterday? 5. Do you know the man who is distributing the 5. The man watering the plants is my helper. 6. The boy waiting in the hall expected a phone pamphlets? 6. The student who got the highest score is call. 7. A picture showing the image of a person is a very hardworking. 7. Those shoes that you want to buy won’t even portrait. 8. Animals eating plants are called herbivores. match your dress. 9. The questions discussed will be important 8. Children whose parents are friendly tend to for your exam. be more sociable. 10. The girl picked up by my father from the 9. The questions which the interviewer asked station was my cousin. were difficult. 10. Sachin Tendulkar who used to play for Indian cricket team was an exceptional player. 162
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. In each of the following sentences a pronoun a guitar for his birthday. has been highlighted. Identify the type of pronoun from the box given below. An 1. Wecanphonemygrandmaandask___________ example is provided. (10 Marks) about the recipe. (She) Personal Relative Indefinite 2. Are ___________ your friends? (they) Interrogative Reflexive Demonstrative 3. He is working on ___________ presentation. Distributive Emphatic Possessive (he) What is the title of that article? 4. Excuse ___________, can I ask a question? (I) Ans: Interrogative 5. ___________ can swim really well. (they) 1. Those are Rahul’s. 6. He is ___________ neighbour. (we) 2. They didn’t give themselves a chance 7. This is not ___________ jacket, ___________ to prepare before participating in the competition. was blue. (I) 3. The car that hit my neighbour belongs to the 8. She found the suitable dress for her birthday so man down the road. 4. Do you know when the show begins? she bought it for __________. (She) 5. I will send someone at once. 9. These two cats are ___________. (we) 6. Have you been there before? 10. ___________ don’t eat potatoes because 7. Each of the boys was given a present. 8. Who will be the head boy this year? __________ don’t like __________. (they) 9. He yelled to his assistant, “Give me that!” Ans: 10. I myself heard his remarks. 1. We can phone my grandma and ask her Ans: 1. Those are Rahul’s. Possessive about the recipe. 2. They didn’t give themselves a chance 2. Are they your friends? 3. He is working on his presentation. to prepare before participating in the 4. Excuse me, can I ask a question? competition. Reflexive 5. They can swim very well. 3. The car that hit my neighbour belongs to 6. He is our neighbour. the man down the road. Relative 7. This is not my jacket, mine was blue. 4. Do you know when the show begins? 8. She found the suitable dress for her birthday Relative 5. I will send someone at once. Indefinite so she bought it for herself. 6. Have you been there before? Personal 9. These two cats are ours. 7. Each of the boys was given a present. 10. They don’t eat potatoes because they don’t Distributive 8. Who will be the head boy this year? like them. Interrogative 9. He yelled to his assistant, “Give me that!” Demonstrative 10. I myself heard his remarks. Emphatic II. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns made from the words given in the bracket. An example is provided. (10 Marks) Samir looks so happy. _________ friends gave __________ a guitar for his birthday. (He) Ans: Samir looks so happy. His friends gave him 163
14. Rules of Agreement Month : September Total Periods : 03 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: subject-verb and subject-verb related to the • Recall the concept of noun, pronoun, deter- collective nouns miners, subject, verb and collective nouns • write correct sentences according to the rules • Understand the rules of agreement be- tween noun-pronoun, noun-determiners, Starter Activity Rules Of Agreement • Nouns and Pronouns • Subject-Verb Agreement • Nouns and Determiners • Subject Verb Agreement Key Points related to Collective Nouns RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND PRO- 5. Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, what, NOUN and whose. Recapitulation: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, ideas, actions, or qualities. 6. Reflexive pronouns: myself, herself, ourselves, and itself. Types of Nouns 7. Indefinite pronouns: everybody, either, none, and 1. Common Nouns: student, state, dog something 2. Countable Nouns: cat/cats ditch/ditches woman/ Rules: women 1. Singular Noun, Singular Pronoun: When writing a 3. Uncountable Nouns: water, snow, salt 4. Collective Nouns: committee, team, family sentence, using the same word more than once 5. Abstract Nouns: loyalty, value, love can get repetitive. 6. Compound Nouns: necktie, father-in-law, post • Rita did not eat her food as her food was office tasteless. 7. Proper Nouns: William Faulkner, England, Elizabe- • Rita did not eat her food as it was tasteless. than Since food is singular, use a singular pronoun (it) A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun to replace it. or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that • Each student must make his or her own project. has already been mentioned or to a noun that does Since the subject is singular (each), the pronoun not need to be named specifically. (his or her) must also be singular. • Neither Italy nor France expected that it wouldn’t Types of Pronouns get to the quarter finals last year. 1. Personal pronouns: I, we, you, they Since the subject is singular (neither), the 2. interrogative pronouns: what, which, who, whom, pronoun (it) must also be singular. • A group of teachers is meeting to see if it can find and whose 3. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, a way to help weak students. Since the subject is singular (a group), the ours, and theirs. pronoun (it) must also be singular. 4. demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, and 2. Plural Noun, Plural Pronoun: When the subject of the sentence is plural, the pronoun in the sen- those tence becomes plural as well. • When students arrive on the first day of school, students arrive with a mix of emotions. 164
14. Rules of Agreement Month : September Total Periods : 03 • When students arrive on the first day of school, they arrive with a mix of emotions. Since students is plural, use a plural pronoun to replace it. • When a teacher and a student disagree on some question, they should discuss the situation. Since the subject is plural (a teacher and a • Indefinite pronouns (any, each, few, other, student), the pronoun (they) must also be plural. some, etc.) • The mother hoped that the boys had finished • Cardinal Numbers (one, two, three, etc.) their lunch fully. • Ordinal Numbers (last, first, second, etc.) Since the subject is plural (boys), the pronoun • Possessive proper nouns (Bob’s, Sarah’s, (their) must also be plural. • Both the client and the vendor agreed that their America’s) follow-up meeting could be schedules the next Rules: day. 1. No use of articles with singular proper nouns. Since the subject is plural (both), the pronoun (their) must also be plural. Use of article ‘the’ with plural and collective • When Rahul and Vijay joined the team proper nouns. members, they were scared. • Agra is a great place to visit. (Not The Agra) • When Rahul and Vijay joined the team • The Kumars went to Agra for vacation. members, the team members were scared. 2. Use of ‘a’ or ‘an’ for a nonspecific common noun. The pronoun here (they) is unclear--to whom Use of ‘a’ with consonant sound and ‘an’ before does it refer? Was the team scared? Were Rahul a vowel sound. and Vijay scared? In this example, because the • The student carried a pencil and an eraser gave pronoun ‘they’ is uncertain, we can choose a noun. them to the teacher. RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND 3. Use of ‘the’ for a specific common noun. DETERMINERS: Recapitulation: Nouns are words that name peo- • Lata drove the cat to the pet’s clinic. ple, places, things, ideas, actions, or qualities. • Rahul opened the box and found a puppy Types of Nouns • Common Nouns: student, state, dog inside. • Countable Nouns: cat/cats ditch/ditches 4. With singular countable nouns, following can be woman/women • Uncountable Nouns: water, snow, salt used: • Collective Nouns: committee, team, family 1. ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ • Abstract Nouns: loyalty, value, love • Mohit borrowed a story book and a novel from • Compound Nouns: necktie, father-in-law, post office the library. • Proper Nouns: William Faulkner, England, 2. A possessive pronoun Elizabethan • I left my book at their house. Determiners: A determiner is a word which is used 3. A relative pronoun at the beginning of a noun to indicate if the noun is • Whose car is parked in front of our gate? specific or nonspecific. It also indicates how much 4. The singular demonstrative pronouns: or how many, whose, which one, and similar infor- • This winter I am going to the USA to meet my mation about noun that follows. Types of Determiners cousin’s family. • Articles (a, an, the) 5. An indefinite pronoun • Possessive pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, its, • Each student is expected to attend every class. their) 6. A cardinal number (one) • Relative pronouns (whose, which, whichever, • Sarah arranged for one box to be delivered. what, whatever) 7. An ordinal number (last, the • Demonstratives (this, these, that, those) • Singular: this and that • Plural: these and those first, second, third, etc.) • John is the first student to arrive. 8. A possessive proper noun • Sarah’s son will graduate in May. 5. With plural countable nouns, following can be used: 165
14. Rules of Agreement Month : September Total Periods : 03 1. No article • Geeta’s jewellery was stolen yesterday. • Oranges provide a great source of vitamin C. RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND 2. The article ‘the’ VERB: • The trees are blocking the beautiful view. 3. A possessive pronoun (my, our, The subject (Noun/Pronoun) and verb are the most important elements of a sentence. The subject may your, his, her, its, their) be singular or plural. The verb in a sentence must • Her children are reading their books. agree with the subject in number and person. 4. A relative pronoun (whose, which, Number: The verb must be singular if the subject is singular and the verb must be plural if the subject is whichever, what, whatever) plural. • Which boxes need to be moved? Person: The person of the subject can be first (I, we), 5. The plural demonstrative second (you), and third (he, she, it, they). The verb changes according to the number and pronouns these or those person of the subject. • The librarian needs to move these books to 1. Singular subjects need singular verbs, while those shelves. plural subjects require plural verbs. 6. An indefinite pronoun (some, any, • He is an excellent tennis player. • The boys work really hard. much, enough, more, most, other, such, 2. When the phrases function as a subject, they little, less, least, the amount of) have no effect on the verbs. • I had to buy more sheets for the project. • The perspective of different people varies from 7. A cardinal number (two or any number above two) time to time. • The teacher sent five students to the office. • A hundred kilometres is a long distance. 8. An ordinal number (last, the first, second, third, etc.) 3. Nouns connected by conjunction ‘and’ working • Rahul and Amit are the third ones to win the as a subject, will be plural and take a plural verb. scholarship. • My mother and father go to the church every 9. A possessive proper noun Sunday. • John’s dogs are well trained. • Apples and mangoes are my favourite fruits. 6. With uncountable nouns, following can be 4. If the conjunction ‘and’ is replaced by together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ as well as, it used: will not affect the verb. The words used before 1. No article with generalizations these expressions are the subjects. • Salt is a popular spice. (Not The salt) • California, along with Florida and Hawaii, 2. The article ‘the’ is among the most popular US tourist • The mail arrived late. destinations. 3. A possessive pronoun (my, our, • The colouring of the banks notes as well their your, his, her, its, their) size varies in all the countries. • Gopi agreed to publish his poetry. 4. A relative pronoun (whose, which, 5. If two singular nouns refer to the same person or whichever, what, whatever) thing, verb must be singular. • Whose baggage was left out front? • The chairman and the owner of the company 5. The singular demonstrative has arrived. pronouns this or that • The orator and statesman is dead. • She left that food out all weekend. 6. An indefinite pronoun (some, any, both, 6. Certain nouns sound plural in form but singular many, enough, more, most, other, such, in meaning take singular verb. few, fewer, fewest, the number of) • The news has been greeted with dismay by • Mother noticed more water leaking from the local business leaders. ceiling. • Measles is spreading again because children 7. An ordinal number (last, (the) are not being vaccinated. first, second, third, etc.) • The children enjoyed the first snow of the 7. If two singular subjects (compound subjects) season. refers to one idea then the verb may be singular. 8. A possessive proper noun • Slow and steady wins the race. 166
14. Rules of Agreement Month : September Total Periods : 03 • The long and short of the problem is this. • A number of people have been employed to 8. Some nouns are always plural. These nouns deal with the backlog of work. have two parts. Examples: Scissors, shorts, • The number of days in this month is 31. eyeglasses, pants, jeans, trousers, etc. 15. When a compound subject is treated as a single • The scissors are in the kitchen drawer. • The trousers were stained with mud. unit, it takes a singular verb. Note: If these words are preceded by the phrase • Bread and butter is a popular breakfast. a pair of, they will be regarded as singular subjects. • Dal and roti is a north Indian dish. • A pair of jeans is needed by me. 16. When two or more subjects are connected by • A pair of scissors was lying on the table. 9. When a name of a country, a book or a film is either . . . or, or, neither . . . nor, the verb agrees made up of a noun phrase, which has a plural with the number and the person of the nearest head noun, it will take a singular verb. subject. • The United States is a big country. • Neither the government not the people are • The Arabian Nights is a famous book. 10. When a plural number represents a single taking responsibility for this. • Either Reena or I am doing it. quantity for distance, weight or money, it takes 17. When either or neither are subjects, they always a singular verb. • Ten kilometers is a long distance. take singular subjects. • Ten kilos is a heavy weight to carry. • Either of the two has done this. 11. Some nouns are always singular. When these • Neither of them was present in the meeting. nouns become the subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples: each, every, anybody, Subject-Verb Agreement related to collective anyone, anything, Nobody, No one, Nothing, nouns Somebody, Someone, Something, Everybody, Collective nouns name a group or a collection of Everyone, Everything, Either, Neither. persons or things (family, union, group, committee). • Everybody has his merits and faults. 1. When the collective noun refers to a group as a • Neither of them is currently in paid employment. unit, a singular verb is used. 12. When a sentence begins with ‘there’ the verb • The committee is meeting Friday. (The agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows it. committee refers to a single group so the • There is no escape from fate. singular verb ‘is’ is used.) • There are more foolish buyers than foolish • The team is headed to the nationals after winning the state level match. sellers. 2. When the collective noun refers to the individuals 13. When the subject contains the phrase ‘a lot of’, or items that make up the group, a plural verb is used. ‘one of ’it will be singular and take a singular • The committee have met the requirements set verb. by the board of directors. (The committee refers • A lot of extra work is going into this conference. to each individual member of the committee so • A lot of nit-picking was going on about irrelevant the plural verb ‘have’ is used.) • The team were happy with their presentations things. to the judge. 14. When the subject contains the phrase ‘a number of’, it will be plural and takes a plural verb. If it contains ‘The number of’, it will be singular and takes a singular verb. 167
14. Rules of Agreement Month : September Total Periods : 03 Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET NO. OF PERIOD Starter Activity and Key Rules of agreement PS -1 02 Points noun-pronoun, determiners, PS -2 subject-verb, collective nouns PS -3 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation 01 check or Peer check* Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 168
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Paying attention to the meaning of the sentences below, fill in each blank with an I. In the sentences below, fill in the blanks with appropriate pronoun and underline the pronouns which agree with the underlined nouns, they replace. An example is provided. nouns. An example is provided. My grandfather does not want to retire because The man walked slowly because ___________ ________ loves his work. was carrying a heavy parcel. Ans: My grandfather does not want to retire because he loves his work. Answer: The man walked slowly because he was carrying a heavy parcel. 1. The bicycle must be repaired before ________ can be ridden again. 1. Although ___________ knew it was dangerous, the girl decided to ride the horse. 2. When the moon is full, ________ rises just as the sun sets. 2. The tree is very tall, but ___________ does not give much shade. 3. Reema and I love spending time together because ________ share many interests. 3. She and I are not coming because ___________ are too busy. 4. When my uncle was young, ________ enjoyed swimming. 4. The children are happy because ___________ have a holiday. 5. When the lady entered the hotel, ________ asked to speak with the manager. 5. My father and I had planned to visit the zoo, but since it was raining, ___________ decided not 6. My friend and I had to leave early so that to go. ________ could catch the train. 6. The woman is pleased as ___________ found 7. The grandmother is old, but ________ is still her lost wallet. beautiful. 7. After the apples have been cut up, ___________ 8. My mother and father were surprised when should be sprinkled with cinnamon. ________ heard the news. 8. Until ___________ retired, their father managed 9. The boats look beautiful when ________ are a business. tied up in the harbour. 9. Because her brother used to study music, 10. I liked the picture so much that I had ___________ knows to play several musical ________ framed. instruments. Ans: 1. The bicycle must be repaired before it can 10. This chair is useless now since ___________ is be ridden again. very old. 2. When the moon is full, it rises just as the sun Ans: sets. 1. Although she knew it was dangerous, the 3. Reema and I love spending time together girl decided to ride the horse. because we share many interests. 2. The tree is very tall, but it does not give 4. When my uncle was young, he enjoyed much shade. swimming. 3. She and I are not coming because we are 5. When the lady entered the hotel, she asked too busy. to speak with the manager. 4. The children are happy because they have a 6. My friend and I had to leave early so that we holiday. could catch the train. 5. My father and I had planned to visit the zoo, 7. The grandmother is old, but she is still but since it was raining, we decided not to beautiful. go. 8. My mother and father were surprised when 6. The woman is pleased as she found her lost they heard the news. wallet. 9. The boats look beautiful when they are tied 7. After the apples have been cut up, they up in the harbour. should be sprinkled with cinnamon. 10. I liked the picture so much that I had it 8. Until he retired, their father managed a framed. business. 9. Because her brother used to study music, he knows to play several musical instruments. 10. This chair is useless now since it is very old. 169
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) new edition. (no/any) 6. __________ effort has been put into this project. I. Put in a, an, many, much, a few, or a little where necessary. Use X where none is (a lot of /many) required. An example is provided. 7. There aren’t (much/many) __________ I wrote it on ______ piece of ______ paper. examples to prove that I am right. Ans: I wrote it on a piece of X paper. 8. There aren’t __________ dictionaries that can 1. He wants to write it in ______ ink, give him compare with this one (much/many) ______ pen. 9. __________ vehicles have just been recalled 2. He bought ______ orange and ______ banana. because of a design fault. (a lot of/much) 3. They waited for ______ bus for half ______ hour. 10. There has been __________ demand for 4. ______ table is made of ______ wood. 5. During the hot season, most trees have only videos this year than last year. (fewer/less) Ans: ______ leaves. 1. most of the 6. Too ______ exercise is bad for the body. 2. a little 7. The cat caught ______ rats. Now there are no 3. several 4. neither rats here. 5. no 8. There is still ______ tea in the pot. 6. a lot of 9. He didn’t bring his money to buy ______ ticket 7. many 8. many so he borrowed ______ coins from me. 9. a lot of/much 10. Has she got ______ friends? 10. less Ans: 170 1. He wants to write it in X ink, give him a pen. 2. He bought an orange and a banana. 3. They waited for a bus for half an hour. 4. X table is made of X wood. 5. During the hot season, most trees have only a few leaves. 6. Too much exercise is bad for the body. 7. The cat caught many rats. Now there are no rats here. 8. There is still a little tea in the pot. 9. He didn’t bring his money to buy a ticket so he borrowed a few coins from me. 10. Has she got any friends? II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option from the bracket. An example is provided. We have imported __________ (fewer/less) videos this year than last year. Ans: We have imported fewer videos this year than last year. 1. __________ book was written by someone else. (most/most of the) 2. I would like __________ milk in this coffee. (a little/a few) 3. __________ businesses have gone bankrupt this year, (a good deal of, several) 4. We can’t accept the estimates __________ estimate is low enough (neither/either) 5. There have been __________ changes in the
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. I have three blazers, but _________ of them are new. (neither, none) I. Choose the correct option from the bracket. An example is provided. 2. I have read five books on this subject, but _________ of them were very helpful. (neither, The play’s cast (are/is) rehearsing their lines. none) Ans: are 3. He has three sisters, _________ of them have 1. The jury (consists / consist) of twelve people graduated from the same university. (all, both) chosen on the basis of their popularity. 4. He owns three dogs, _________ of them are 2. The class (was / were) listening attentively as Pomeranians. (all, both) the teacher explained the lesson. 5. There are two umbrellas here, but _________ of 3. The committee (meets / meet) every month. them is mine. (neither, none) 4. The procession (was / were) slowly making (its / 6. Gita and Sita are twins. They _________ dance their) way on the road. very well. (all, both) 5. The mob (was / were) running here and there 7. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you waving (its/ their) posters and shouting loudly. seen _________ of them? (either, any) 6. A swarm of bees flew angrily from (its / their) 8. My sister and I _________ enjoy classical music. hive. (all, both) 7. The police (is / are) often called upon at the 9. I found all the questions difficult. Did you accident sites. answer _________ of them correctly? (either, 8. The Board of Directors (was / were) dissatisfied any) with the Chairman’s decision. 10. Rahul and Rohit like playing chess together, 9. A bunch of keys (has / have) been found in the but _________ of them likes to lose a game. (all, both) car park. Ans: 10. The company (has / have) moved to (its / their) 1. I have three blazers, but neither of them are new. head office in Bangalore. 2. I have read five books on this subject, but 11. The government (was / were) elected with an none of them were very helpful. 3. He has three sisters, all of them have increased majority. graduated from the same university. 12. A herd of cows (was / were) scattered over the 4. He owns three dogs, all of them are Pomeranians. three fields. 5. There are two umbrellas here, but neither of Ans: them is mine. 1. consists 6. Gita and Sita are twins. They both dance 2. was their very well. 3. meets 7. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have 4. was its you seen any of them? 5. were their 8. My sister and I both enjoy classical music. 6. their 9. I found all the questions difficult. Did you 7. is answer any of them correctly? 8. was 10. Rahul and Rohit like playing chess together, 9. has but neither of them likes to lose a game. 10. has its 11. was 171 12. was II. Fill in the blanks with the correct word chosen from the pair given in the bracket. An example is provided. I have three pencils. Have you seen _________ of them? (Either, any) Ans: I have three pencils. Have you seen any of them?
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Change the following sentences according to 3. Geeta and Hari called (her, their) friends for the the subject given in the next line. An example party. is provided. (10 Marks) 4. Either Geeta or her friends will present (her, She travels a lot. They ______________________ their) project. _______________________________ 5. Neither my aunt nor my mother said (she, they) Ans: They travel a lot. would be there. 1. They laugh a lot. He ______________________ 6. Every student wants to impress (his or her, _______________ their) teachers. 2. I often drop things. She ____________________ 7. Both Malti and Meeta said (she, they) were not _________________ exercising regularly. 3. We drink a lot of tea. She __________________ 8. The jury was asked to return to (its, their) seats. ___________________ 9. Please remind each student to bring (his or her, 4. I often forget things. He ____________________ their) homework tomorrow. _________________ 10. Neither Monica nor Sonia was willing to admit 5. He often loses things. They _________________ that (she, they) had cheated. ____________________ Ans: 6. We often pass your house. I ________________ 1. Rahul and Raj said they felt too tired to _____________________ travel any longer. 7. I rush around a lot. He _____________________ 2. Either Gyan or Gopi will bring a sample of his ________________ own work. 8. He cries at sad things. I ____________________ 3. Geeta and Hari called their friends for the _________________ party. 9. I wear old clothes at home. She _____________ 4. Either Geeta or her friends will present her ________________________ project. 10. They manage all right. He _______________ 5. Neither my aunt nor my mother said they ______________________ would be there. Ans: 6. Every student wants to impress his or her 1. He laughs a lot. 2. She often drops things. teachers. 3. She drinks a lot of tea. 7. Both Malti and Meeta said they were not 4. He often forgets things. 5. They often lose things. exercising regularly. 6. I often pass your house. 8. The jury was asked to return to their seats. 7. He rushes around a lot. 9. Please remind each student to bring his or 8. I cry at sad things. 9. She wears old clothes at home. her homework tomorrow. 10. He manages all right. 10. Neither Monica nor Sonia was willing to II. Choose the correct form of the admit that they had cheated. pronoun according to the nouns underlined. An example is provided. (10 Marks) The clubs are holding (its/their) meeting. Ans: The clubs are holding their meeting. 1. Rahul and Raj said (he, they) felt too tired to travel any longer. 2. Either Gyan or Gopi will bring a sample of (his, their) own work. 172
15. Sentences and types Month : June Total Periods : 03 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Identify contractions ‘isn’t’ and ‘aren’t’ and • Define a sentence. complete sentences and answer questions • Identify the kind of a sentence. using ‘is/is not (isn’t)’ , ‘are/are not(aren't). • Familiarise themselves with negative • Make question tags and use effectively in sentences. their day to day language. • Transform positive sentences into negative sentences. Concept Map Four types of sentences DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXCLAMATORY IMPERATIVE Makes a statement Asks a question Makes a command Shows surprise or or request strong feeling Ships are large What is your name? Clean up the floor. We won! Ends with a period Ends with a Ends with a period Ends with an question mark exclamation mark . ? .! Key Points 2. Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. It RECAPITULATION: In the above concept map, we can begins with a helping verb or ‘wh’ question words see the kinds of sentences and their basic functions. like who, what, which, when, where and how. It DEFINATION: A SENTENCE is a group of words which ends with a question mark. has a Subject and a Predicate and it makes a complete Examples: sense. • Will you wait here? 4 TYPES OF SENTENCES: • Where have you been all this while? 1. Assertive sentence: An assertive sentence is a 3. Imperative Sentence: Imperative sentence sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are expresses a command, advice or a request. It simple statements. They state, assert or declare usually begins with a verb and the subject ‘you’ is something. They are of two types: Affirmative and hidden and understood. Negative. Examples: Examples: • Don’t speak to me in this way. • My cat always sleeps under the bed. -Affirmative 173 sentence • I don’t need a vacation. - Negative sentence
15. Sentences and types Month : June Total Periods : 03 • Always remember what I said to you. To have have + not = have • Ibhreaavkefansottyeeatt.en To do not / haven’t 4. Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that expresses has + not = has not • They haven’t strong feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise etc. is / hasn’t discussed the called an exclamatory sentence. It ends with an had + not = had not mthaetmte.rs between exclamation mark. / hadn’t Examples: do + not = do not / • She has not writ- • If only I was the spider man! don’t ten a single word • Alas! What has become of those refugees. does + not = does not sinheheetr.answer / doesn’t CHANGING AN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE INTO did + not = did not / • Mohit hasn’t yet NEGATIVE: didn’t realized the im- portance of time. NEGATIVE SENTENCES: state that something is opposite of the truth. We can use the following • I had not forgot- negative words to create a negative sentence. A ten my mother’s negative sentence should only have one negative. birthday. 1. No 2. Not • mHeithteaddhniostpsruobje-ct 3. None till yesterday. 4. No one 5. Nobody • I do not understand 6. Nothing why you were 7. Neither behaving in this 8. Nowhere manner yesterday. 9. Never Negative sentences are created by placing an • I don’t eat cheese auxiliary verb/helping verb. We can use negative since I am allergic sentences by using contractions. to it. is + not = is not / • Rfeesesnioaniaslnsointgaepr.ro- • She does not isn’t acknowledge the are + not = are not / • The existence of efforts of her team- aren’t aliens isn’t prov- mates. en. • Renu doesn’t want • If you are not go- to work here any- ing to work hard, more. ymoaurkwsi.ll get less • I know you did not finish your work. • She didn’t turn up for the annual function. • The superheroes Please note: The ‘be’ verb-‘am’ cannot be contract- in films aren’t real. ed. • My mother was OTHER WAYS OF MAKING NEGATIVE SENTENCES To be not pleased to see WITHOUT 'NOT': was + not = was not me running late / wasn’t for school. My mother never drinks coffee. None of my good friends came to school today. • She wasn’t writing Neither of them has finished the work. to please her Nothing is as refreshing as a cold shower on a hot readers. day. No one (or nobody, or none of the students) in my were + not = were • They were not class studies Sanskrit not / weren’t allowed to enter the premises. • You weren’t there when the accident took place. 174
15. Sentences and types Month : June Total Periods : 03 TYPES OF QUESTIONS: There are two types of questions: 1. Yes or no questions 2. Wh questions - these questions start with words which, when, what, where, how. YES-NO QUESTIONS: Yes or no questions are questions whose expected answer is either \"yes\" or \"no\". HOW TO FORM YES-NO QUESTIONS: Way to form Examples Sentences with an we use order (Verb • They are Indians. - Are they Indians? 1 auxiliary verbs. Subject Object) • She is nice - Is she nice? Sentence with main Invert the subject • They are visiting Delhi. - Are they visiting Delhi? verb and helping (aux- and the (first) help- • She has done the homework. - Has she done the iliary) verb(s) ing (auxiliary) verb. homework? 2 • She has been working all night long. - Has she been working all night long? Other ways add ‘do’ • He will be reading the book. - Will he be reading the Present tense: book? a. With subjects- I, we, • I like apples. — Do you like apples? you, they • They go to a high school. — Do they go to a high school? b. with subject- he, she, • Nancy reads a lot. — Does Nancy read a lot? it does if the subject • He hates basketball. — Does he hate basketball? is the third person add does 3 singular (he, she, it). c. Verb in past tense add did • He discovered the truth. — Did he discover the truth? • She wrote a nice essay. — Did she write a nice essay? • They did the homework. — Did they do the home- work? QUESTION TAGS: Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when we want to: • confirm that something is true or not, or • To encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to. They are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject. RULES FOR MAKING QUESTION TAGS: 1. A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag. • Shyam is from Delhi, isn't he? • You can speak English, can't you? 175
15. Sentences and types Month : June Total Periods : 03 2. A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag. • They aren't sad, are they? • He shouldn't have reacted in this way, should he? WAYS OF FORMING QUESTION TAGS: 1. When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with do / does. • You play tennis, don't you? • Your sister works in IBM, doesn't she? 2. If the verb is in the past simple we use did. • Yesterday, my sister and her husband went to the cinema, didn't they? • She lived in Bangalore, didn't she? 3. When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive • He hardly ever speaks, does he? • They rarely go out, do they? EXCEPTIONS: I am - I am attractive, aren't I? Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you? Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you? Let's - Let's go to the movie, shall we? Have got (possession) - He has got a car, hasn't he? There is / are - There aren't any spiders in the bedroom, are there? This / that is - This is Paul's pen, isn't it? Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET NO. OF PERIOD COVERAGE Recap of sentences, 02 Concept Map and negative sentence, yes-no PS -1 01 Key Points questions, question tags PS -2 Evaluation with self- PS -3 check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 176
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) not finish) 3. He goes to office at 9 o’clock. / He I. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative. An example is provided.: _______________ to office at 9 o'clock. (did not go, does not go, does not goes) He _________________ not go to school by 4. She speaks English fluently. / She bus. (Does, has, do) _______________ English fluently. (does not Ans: does speaks, does not speak, did not speak) 1. I _________________ not like to watch science 5. They arrived in the morning. / They fiction. (do not, has not, not) _______________ in the morning. (did not 2. Rats _________________ not chase cats. (not, arrive, did not arrived, had not arrived) does not, do not) 6. He calls his mother every day. / He 3. Cats _________________ not like to chase dogs. _______________ his mother every day. (did (not, do not, does not) not call, does not calls, does not call) 4. Rama _________________ not want to talk with Ans: Rajni. (does, do) 1. He did not give me a glass of milk. 5. Ram _________________ not work for an 2. The worker did not finish the building in a insurance company. (does, do, has) 6. I _________________ not like black coffee very month. much. (do, does, was) 3. He does not go to office at 9 o’clock. 7. I _________________ not enjoy playing 4. She does not speak English fluently. basketball last evening. (did, does) 5. They did not arrive in the morning. 8. I _________________ not practice the sitar 6. He does not call his mother every day. every morning. (does not, have not, do not) 9. My brother _________________ not take cab to 177 the office. He travels by his own car. (does, do) 10. Our team _________________ not play well yesterday. (did, do, does) Ans: 1. do 2. do 3. do 4. does 5. does 6. do 7. did 8. do 9. does 10. did II. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative sentences. An example is provided. Shyam passed the test. / Shyam _______________ the test. (did not pass, did not passed, had not passed) Ans: did not pass 1. Hegavemeaglassofmilk./He_______________ me a glass of milk. (did not give, did not gave, had not given) 2. The workers finished the building in a month. / The worker _______________ the building in a month. (had not finished, did not finished, did
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans: 1. Are you from Delhi? I. Complete the sentences with the correct 2. Can Namita have a pet? question tags. An example is provided. 3. Do they have dogs? 4. Do we need butter for the sandwich? Mr Sharma is from Jammu. 5. Does your father love curd and cheese? Ans: isn't he? 6. Is there an eraser in your pouch? 1. The car isn't in the garage, ___________? 7. Do your parents like tea or coffee? 2. You are the librarian, ___________? 8. Do you live in the outskirts? 3. Shewenttothemarketyesterday,___________? 9. Does your brother play football? 4. He didn't greet me, ___________? 10. Is this a good restaurant? 5. Vehiclespollutetheenvironment,___________? 6. Mr Kumar has been to Germany recently, ___________? 7. The watch is very expensive, ___________? 8. He won't tell her, ___________? 9. Dad had a red car, ___________? 10. The flight is great, ___________? Ans: 1. is it 2. aren't you 3. didn't she 4. did he 5. don't they 6. hasn't he 7. isn't it 8. will he 9. didn't he 10. 1isn’t it II. Rearrange the following groups of words to make meaningful questions. An example is provided. Need do help you? Ans: Do you need help? 1. from Delhi you are? 2. have can Namita a pet? 3. dogs do have they? 4. we do butter need for the sandwich? 5. love your father does curd and cheese? 6. an eraser there in your pouch is? 7. do like tea or coffee your parents 8. you outskirts do live in the 9. brother your play football does 10. restaurant a this good is? 178
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) Ans: 1. Can your grandmother read? I. Read the following questions and add 2. Might it be broken? appropriate question tags. An example is 3. Will you join? provided. 4. Is Gitanjali going to stay? 5. Is my brother going to be hired? Have you finished your homework? No, 6. Is he being interviewed now? __________. 7. Should he practice more? Ans: I haven’t. 8. Are ships made here? 1. Are you from Delhi? Yes, _________. 9. Has the order been approved? 2. Is she nice? Yes, _________ 10. Does he love this town? 3. Have they finished their work? No, _________. 4. Is the dog in the balcony? Yes, _________. 5. Are you a student? No, _________. 6. Has your letter come? Yes, _________. 7. Is he a teacher? Yes, _________. 8. Have your parents come? No, _________. 9. Are they students? Yes, _________. 10. Are we done? Yes, _________. Ans: 1. Are you from Delhi? Yes, I am. 2. Is she nice? Yes, she is. 3. Have they finished their work? No, they have not. 4. Is the dog in the balcony? Yes, it is. 5. Are you a student? No, I am not. 6. Has your letter come? Yes, it has. 7. Is he a teacher? Yes, he is. 8. Have your parents come? No, they have not. 9. Are they students? Yes, they are. 10. Are we done? Yes, we are. II. Make Yes/No Questions with auxiliary/modal verbs. An example is provided. Maria is a doctor. Ans: Is Maria a doctor? 1. Yes, my grandmother can read. 2. Yes, it might be broken. 3. Yes, we will join. 4. No, Gitanjali is going to leave. 5. My brother is going to be hired. 6. He is being interviewed now. 7. He should practice more. 8. Ships are made here. 9. The order has been approved. 10. He loves this town. 179
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Arrange these groups of words in the right 8. Hand me your coat. order. Add (.), (?), (!). Describe each sentence 9. It’s hard to believe that this paper is made from as assertive, interrogative, exclamatory or Imperative sentence. An example is provided. wood. (10 Marks) 10. There are no more apples in the refrigerator. the coffee/don’t spill Ans: Don’t spill the coffee. (Imperative) Ans: 1. Affirmative 1. today’s papers/have you seen 2. Imperative 2. to meet you/how nice 3. Exclamatory 3. my umbrella/where did you put 4. Negative 4. arrived/the train/fifteen minutes late 5. Interrogative 5. on time/the plane/won’t arrive 6. Affirmative 6. the electricity bill/I can’t pay 7. Negative 7. for me/open the door/please 8. Imperative 8. parked my car/I/of the village/in the centre 9. Affirmative 9. awful mistake/what an 10. Negative 10. by tomorrow/finish/your/will you/work Ans: 1. Have you seen today’s papers? (interrogative) 2. How nice to meet you! (Imperative) 3. Where did you put my umbrella? (interrogative) 4. The train arrived fifteen minutes late. (Assertive) 5. The plane won’t arrive on time. (Assertive) 6. I can’t pay the electricity bill. (Assertive) 7. Please open the door for me. (Imperative) 8. I parked my car in the centre of the village. (Assertive) 9. What an awful mistake! (Imperative) 10. Will you finish your work by tomorrow? (interrogative) II. Read the following sentences and identify the kind of sentence. (affirmative, negative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative). An example is provided. (10 Marks) Why do you believe that? Ans: interrogative 1. I want to know the reason. 2. Please accept my apology. 3. How marvellous the painting is! 4. I am not going to the library. 5. When did you first notice that your bag was missing? 6. Ask my mother for the recipe. 7. Did you solve the worksheet yet? 180
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future tense. Starter Activity Study the following sets of sentences: 1. Hi! I am Meera. I like badminton and usually play the sport every day. Till yesterday, I played only at home. Tomorrow I will play badminton in my school team too. 2. Lim is a lazy boy. He works on a rubber plantation. His job is to empty the tins of latex hanging round the trees that his father taps every day. Yesterday there was a mist in the air. Lim went round the trees, one by one, inspecting the tins and emptying them. “I will take what I have got and not worry about anything else” he thought. Key Points RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have 3. Present Perfect: already learnt about “Verbs’. A VERB is a word that To show an action that started in the past and has is used to convey what the subject of the sentence is, just finished. does or has. • I have finished my work. To show an action when the exact time of the Please notice how the verbs change the forms in the action is not known. above sentences according to the time of the action • We have visited Goa many times. they denote. The form of an action with respective To express an action that started sometime in the time is called TENSE. past and is still continuing. Today our lesson is about TENSES. • I have studied in this school for six years. DEFINITION: Tenses refer to the state of the verb. The state or tense of the verb explains the time of the 4. Present Perfect Continuous: action. This tense shows the action which started in the past and is still continuing at the time of speaking. There are three major tenses in English. These include • I have been studying in this school for ten years past, present, and future. Each of these tenses can now. explain an event that occurred in the past, an event that occurs in the present, or an event that will occur in the future. I. PRESENT TENSE: It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Present Tense: To denote scientific facts, universal truths • The sun rises in the east. To denote work done on daily basis. • They go to school by bus. 2. Present Continuous: To express an action taking place at the time of speaking. • Rohit is swimming in the pool. To denote an action that is going to take place in the near future. • We are going to celebrate Christmas in the school. 181
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS: Subject + V1 + s/es + object She writes a letter. Assertive Subject + does not + v1 + s/es + object She does not write a letter. Simple Negative Does + Subject + v1 + s/es + object Present Does she write a letter? Interrogative Does + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object Negative Does she not write a letter? Subject + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object Interrogative She is writing a letter. Dad is going to Delhi tomorrow. Assertive Subject + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object Present Negative She is not writing a letter. Continuous Interrogative Dad is not going to Delhi tomorrow. is/am/are + Subject + v1 + ing + object PRESENT Negative Is she writing a letter? Present Interrogative Is dad going to Delhi tomorrow? Perfect is/am/are + Subject + not + v1 + ing + Assertive object Negative Is she not writing a letter? Interrogative Is dad not going to Delhi tomorrow? Negative Subject + has/have + v3 + object Interrogative She has written a letter. Assertive Subject + has/have + not + v3 + object She has not written a letter. Present Negative has/have + Subject + v3 + object Perfect Interrogative Has she written a letter? Continuous has/have + Subject + not + v3 + object Has she not written a letter? Negative Subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + Interrogative object She has been writing a letter. Subject + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object She has not been writing a letter. has/have + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object Has she been writing a letter? has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object Has she not been writing a letter? 182
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 II. PAST TENSE: chanting the mantras. Tense symbolizes the ever moving, non-stop 3. Past Perfect tense wheel of time which is forever busy gathering moments of future and throwing them into the To describe an action completed before a certain dustbin of past moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used It is divided further into four kinds. to show the action that took place earlier. 1. Simple Past Tense • The patient had fainted before the doctor came. To express an action that was completed before a To indicate an action completed in the past. It given point of time. often occurs with adverb of time. Sometimes it is • I had finished my work before 5 p.m. used without an adverb of time. 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense • I watched a movie yesterday. To denote an action that began before a certain Used for past habits or regular actions in the past. point in the past and continued up to sometime in • She attended the meetings regularly. past. The second action or event may be started or 2. Past Continuous Tense may be implied. To denote an action going on at some time in the • I had been learning Science in this school for 2 past. • I was watching a cricket match last evening. years. To mark out an action of relatively longer duration • She had been teaching in our school before she in the past. • When we reached the temple, the priest was joined the university. SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE: FORMS: PAST Simple Assertive Subject + V2 + Object. TENSE Past She wrote a letter. Negative Subject + didn’t + V1 + Object. Past She didn’t write a letter. Continuous Interrogative Did + Subject + V1 + Object? Negative Did she write a letter? Interrogative Did + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object? Assertive Did she not write a letter? Negative Subject + was/were +V1+ ing + Object. She was writing a letter. Interrogative Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object. Negative She was not writing a letter. Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object? Interrogative Was she writing a letter? Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Was she not writing a letter? 183
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS Subject + had + v3 + object. She had written a letter. Assertive Subject + had + not + v3 + object. She had not written a letter. Past Negative Had + Subject + v3 + object? Perfect Had she written a letter? Interrogative Had + Subject + not + v3 + object? PAST Negative Had she not written a letter? TENSE Subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object. Interrogative She had been writing a letter. Assertive Subject + had + not been + v1 + ing + object. She had not been writing a letter. Past Negative Had + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object? Perfect Had she been writing a letter? Continuous Interrogative Negative Had + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she not been writing a letter? Interrogative III. FUTURE TENSE: To express an action which will be going on at a A period of time following the moment of specific time in the future. speaking or writing is called as future tense. • He will be doing his homework in the morning. 3. Future Perfect It is divided further into four kinds. To say that something will be finished by a partic- 1. Simple Future ular time in the future. • They will have shifted the house by Sunday To tell us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future morning. • She will meet you tomorrow. 4. Future Perfect Continuous 2. Future Continuous To talk about something that will be in progress To emphasize the duration of an activity that will at or around a time in the future. be in progress before another time or event in the • He will be distributing sweets in temple future. • She will have been completing four years in this tomorrow at 12 o'clock. In the example, the action will start in future school by the end of this month. (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future. 184
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 SYNTAX OF FUTURE TENSE FORMS: Subject + shall/will + V1 + Object. I shall write a letter. Assertive She will write a letter. Subject + shall/will + not + V1 + Object. Simple Future Negative I shall not write a letter. Interrogative She will not write a letter. Shall/Will + Subject +V1 + Object? Negative Shall I write a letter? Interrogative Will she write a letter? Shall/Will + Subject +not + V1 + Object? Assertive Shall I not write a letter? Will she not write a letter? Future Negative Subject + shall/will + be+ V1+ ing + Object. Continuous Interrogative I shall be writing a letter. She will be writing a letter. Negative Subject + shall/will + not + be+ V1+ ing + Object. Interrogative I shall not be writing a letter. She will not be writing a letter. FUTURE Assertive Shall/Will + Subject + be + V1+ ing + Object? TENSE Shall I be writing a letter? Will she be writing a letter? Future Perfect Negative Shall/Will + Subject + be + + not+ V1+ ing Was/were + Interrogative Subject + not + ing+ Object? Shall I not be writing a letter? Negative Will she not be writing a letter? Interrogative Subject + Shall/Will + have + v3 + object. I shall have written a letter. Assertive She will have written a letter. Subject + Shall/Will + not + have + v3 + object. Future Perfect Negative I shall have not written a letter. Continuous Interrogative She will have not written a letter. Shall/Will + Subject + have + v3 + object? Negative Shall I have written a letter? Interrogative Will she have written a letter? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + v3 + object? Shall I have not written a letter? Will she have not written a letter? Subject + Shall/Will + have + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have been writing a letter. She will have been writing a letter. Subject + Shall/Will + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have not been writing a letter. She will have not been writing a letter. Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object? Shall I have been writing a letter? Will she have been writing a letter? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Shall I have not been writing a letter? Will she have not been writing a letter? 185
16. Tenses Month : August Total Periods : 03 Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET NO. OF PERIOD Starter Activity and Key Tenses and forms PS -1 02 PS -2 01 Points PS -3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 min 186
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 9. We ___________ (enjoy) our holiday here very much. I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present of each verb. An example is 10. He always ___________ (upset) people by provided. asking personal questions. Ram ____________ (walk) to work almost every 11. What time ___________ he ___________ day. (arrive) tomorrow? Ans: Ram walks to work almost every day. 1. My uncle ___________ (work) in a factory. 12. The earth ___________ (revolve) around the 2. It’s not right, you ___________ (know). sun. 3. She never ___________ (get) up very early. 4. The concert ___________ (start) at 6 this 13. She never ___________ (forget) to lock the front evening. door. 5. I always ___________ (go) out on Saturdays. 6. He only ___________ (work) at weekends. 14. You can’t believe a word he says. He always 7. The children ___________ (eat) a lot of sweets. ___________ (lie). 8. Ritu and Rahul ___________ (wear) glasses. 9. Water ___________ (boil) at 100 degree Celsius. 15. She ___________ (run) the 1500 meters in the 10. Hot water ___________ (rise). next Olympics. Ans: Ans: 1. My uncle works in a factory. 2. It’s not right, you know. 1. At present, I am solving some algebra prob- 3. She never gets up very early. lems. 4. The concert starts at 6 this evening. 5. I always go out on Saturdays. 2. What are you drinking? It looks awful. 6. He only works at weekends. 3. She is still waiting to see the boss. 7. The children eat a lot of sweets. 4. The Mehtas live in Mumbai. 8. Ritu and Rahul wear glasses. 5. He is hurrying to catch his train. 9. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius. 6. Here comes the bus. 10. Hot water rises. 7. You are constantly panicking. Please calm II. Use Simple Present/ Present continuous tense down. in the following sentences. An example is 8. My father reads the newspaper every morn- provided. ing. Don’t rush me. I ___________ (work) as fast as 9. We are enjoying our holiday here very much. possible. 10. He always upsets people by asking personal Ans: Don’t rush me. I am working as fast as possible. questions. 1. At present, I ___________ (solve) some algebra 11. What time is he arriving tomorrow? problems. 12. The earth revolves around the sun. 2. What are you drinking? It _________ (look) 13. She never forgets to lock the front door. awful. 14. You can’t believe a word he says. He always 3. She ___________ still ___________ (wait) to see the boss. lies. 4. The Mehtas ___________ (live) in Mumbai. 15. She is running the 1500 meters in the next 5. He ___________ (hurry) to catch his train. 6. Here ___________ (come) the bus. Olympics. 7. You are constantly ___________ (panic). Please calm down. 187 8. My father ___________ (read) the newspaper every morning.
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Rewrite these sentences, using the Simple Past see) him in over three years. or the Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets. 12. It ___________ (be) very late when I ___________ An example is provided. (reach) home, but my sister ___________ (be) The train ___________ (leave) when I still waiting up for me. ___________ (reach) the station. Ans: Answer: The train had left when I reached the 1. I rushed to the hospital as soon as I heard the station. 1. I ___________ (rush) to the hospital as soon as I news. ___________ (hear) the news. 2. We had already packed all our things before 2. We ___________ (already pack) all our things before the taxi ___________ (arrive). the taxi arrived. 3. They ___________ (finish) their breakfast just 3. They finished their breakfast just before the before the school bus ___________ (come) for them. school bus came for them. 4. The fire ___________ (destroy) almost the whole 4. The fire had destroyed almost the whole village before someone ___________ (bring) help. village before someone brought help. 5. After I ___________ (wash) my hands, I 5. After I had washed my hands, I sat down to ___________ (sit) down to eat dinner. 6. The film ___________ (already begin) when we eat dinner. ___________ (reach) the cinema. 6. The film had already begun when we reached 7. He ___________ (tell) me that the bus ___________ (leave) half an hour before I the cinema. ___________ (reach) there. 7. He told me that the bus had left half an hour 8. After I ___________ (lock) the door behind me, I suddenly ___________ (remember) that I before I reached there. ___________ (not take) the book along with me. 8. After I had locked the door behind me, I 9. I ___________ (go) out to see a friend after me ___________ (have) my bath. suddenly remembered that I had not taken 10. When I ___________ (reach) the place, I the book along with me. ___________ (discover) that he ___________ 9. I went out to see a friend after I had had my (already shift). bath. 11. When I ___________ (meet) him yesterday, I 10. When I reached the place, I discovered that he ___________ (realize) that I ___________ (not had already shifted. 11. When I met him yesterday, I realized that I had not seen him in over three years. 12. It was very late when I reached home, but my sister was still waiting up for me. II. Read the following passage. There is an error related to verbs in each line. Identify the error and write the incorrect and the correct word in your answer book. An example is provided. Incorrect Correct Ans: I ran Green Way International, a ran run (a) campaigned conservation group that campaigned against (a) ________ ________ and conducted research into environmental (b) ________ ________ campaigns pollution. The data that we received from all corners (c) ________ ________ (b) conducted-conducts of the globe give us no cause for optimism. (d) ________ ________ (c) received-receive The results of our studies testified to the fact (e) ________ ________ (d) give-gives that we are fight a losing battle. Of course, (f) ________ ________ (e) testified-testify environmental pollution was not a modern (g) ________ ________ (f) fight-fighting phenomenon. It begins ever since (h) ________ ________ (g) are-is people start to gather in towns (i) ________ ________ (h) begins-began and cities. The ancient Athenians removes refuse (j) ________ ________ (i) start-started to dumps outside the main city. The Romans dig (k) ________ ________ ( j) removes-removed trenches outside their cities where they deposits (l) ________ ________ (k) dig-dug (l) deposits-deposited their garbage and even corpses leading to the outbreak of diseases. 188
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) hours without taking a break to be able to finish the project today by five p.m. I. Complete the following conversation by using 2. The plane ____________________ (land) by the present perfect or past simple. time we arrive at the airport in this slow traffic. 3. Don’t worry. You and I ____________________ Here is the six o’clock news from CNN, on (cover) most of the work by noon. Monday the 25th April. Our reporter in Nepal 4. Our family ____________________ (run) this ______________ (telephone) us ten minutes ago business for the past two decades. and ______________ (say) that Santosh Kumari 5. Hopefully we ____________________ (finish) and Bachendri Pal, are on top of the world the construction work before the end of this today. They ______________ (reach) the top of month. Mount Everest half hour ago. Our reporter spoke 6. I am aching all over. I ____________________ to another climber on the expedition. (clean) the whole flat on my own. Reporter: Are they still on the top of Mount 7. The machines ____________________ (run) for Everest? the whole day. Climber: No, they ______________ (start) their 8. We are planning to set off in the afternoon. I hope return journey. the weather conditions ____________________ Reporter: How long ______________they (improve) by then. ______________ (spend) up there? 9. I haven’t been able to go anywhere because of Climber: About 10 minutes. the rain that ____________________ (go) on for They______________ (take) some photographs the last three days. of each other. 10. I have noticed that those two dogs Reporter: Are they in good health? ____________________ (bark) at us ever since Climber: Well, they’re both tired but they’re we came here. fine. But there is one problem: the weather Ans: ______________ (change). There is more cloud 1. Has been working and the wind is quite strong. 2. Will have landed 3. Will have covered Ans: 4. Has been running Here is the six o’clock news from ITC, on Monday 5. Will have finished the 25th April. Our reporter in Nepal telephoned 6. Have cleaned us ten minutes ago and said that Santosh 7. Have been running Kumari and Bachendri Pal, are on top of the 8. Will have improved world today. They reached the top of Mount 9. Has been going Everest half hour ago. Our reporter spoke to 10. Have been barking another climber on the expedition. Reporter: Are they still on the top of Mount 189 Everest? Climber: No, they have started their return journey. Reporter: How long did they spend up there? Climber: About 10 minutes. They took some photographs of each other. Reporter: Are they in good health? Climber: Well, they’re both tired but they’re fine. But there is one problem: the weather has changed. There is more cloud and the wind is quite strong. II. Use the verbs in the box in either Future perfect or Present perfect continuous tense. An example is provided. The mountaineers ____________________ (reach) the top by noon. Ans: The mountaineers will have reached the top by noon. 1. The team ____________________ (work) for six
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with the correct 7. I ______ the door before I realized that the keys option. An example is provided. were inside the house. (10 Marks) a. lock Anne is a painter. Right now she __________ for b. locked her new show of her paintings next month. a. is preparing c. has locked b. prepares d. had locked c. prepared 8. When Seema ______ her first pay, she bought presents for her parents. d. prepare a. receive Ans: Anne is a painter. Right now she is b. received preparing for her new show of her paintings next month. 1. Although the police ______ every precaution, c. has received the robber managed to escape. a. take d. had received b. takes 9. It's lovely to wake up in the morning and ______ birds singing. a. hear c. has taken d. had taken b. hears 2. The boys ______ television every night unless c. heard they have homework. a. watch d. hearing b. watches 10. Gopi ______ thousand rupees for that bag. c. watched a. pay d. watching b. paid 3. Rita ______ an appointment to see the doctor. c. pays It is at 10.00 am tomorrow. a. fix d. paying b. fixes Ans: 1. c. has taken c. fixed 2. a. watch 3. d. has fixed d. has fixed 4. c. will come 5. b. likes 4. They ______ when they are ready. 6. c. has been raining a. come 7. b. locked 8. b. received b. came 9. a. hear 10. b. paid c. will come d. have come 5. Rahul ______ watching horror films although he has nightmares afterwards. a. like b. likes c. liked d. will like 6. It ______ every evening for the past week. a. is raining b. was raining c. has been raining d. had been raining 190
SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option. 7. The people ______ to leave the building The first one is done as an example: immediately. (10 Marks) a. ordered The earth ______________ around and around on its axis. b. will order a. is spinning b. spun c. have ordered c. has been spinning d. spins d. have been ordered Ans: The earth spins around and around on its axis. 8. Next year, many famous artists ______ to 1. When I went back to my village after few years, I perform at the charity concerts. found that a lot of changes ______. a. are taken place a. are invited b. were taken place c. have taken place b. were invited d. had taken place 2. Look! A cat ______ by a dog. c. has been invited a. is chased b. is being chased d. will be invited c. was being chased d. has been chased 9. The roof was leaking for the past few weeks but 3. I'm sorry the house is not available any longer. it ______ now. It ______ to a family. a. was repaired a. is rented b. was being rented b. is repairing c. has been rented d. will be rented c. has repaired 4. My dad ______ to Hyderabad in 1997. a. is transferred d. is being repaired b. was transferred c. has been transferred d. should be transferred 10. The price of the fuel______, but I doubt whether 5. Passengers ______ to eat or drink in the metro it will remain so. train. a. went down a. are not allowed b. was not allowed b. will go down c. had not allowed d. will not allow c. has gone down 6. Firemen who battled the fire reported that it ______ under control after forty minutes. d. was going down a. is brought b. was brought Ans: c. can be brought 1. c. have taken place d. has been brought 2. b. is being chased 3. a. is rented 4. b. was transferred 5. a. are not allowed 6. b. was brought 7. d. have been ordered 8. d. will be invited 9. d. is being repaired 10. c. has gone down 191
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