9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2

Example 6: Draw four similar rectangles. Divide them into 2, 4, 6 and 8 equal parts. Then Solution: colour 1 2 3 and 5 parts of the rectangles respectively. Compare these , , 246 8 coloured parts and write the fractions using >, = or <. 11 22 22 4 33 66 55 88 From the coloured parts of these rectangles, we can see that all of them except 5 are of the same size. So, the fractions, 1 , 2 and 3 are 8 24 6 equivalent. Therefore, 1 = 2 = 3 . 246 Fractions - I 15 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 51 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM

Concept 8.2: Identify and Compare Like Fractions Think Jasleen has a circular disc coloured in blue, green, red and white as shown. She wants to know if there is any special name for the fractions shown by different colours on the circular disc. Do you know any special name for such fractions? Recall In Class 3, we have learnt to represent shaded parts of a whole as fractions. Recall the same through the following example. Jasleen’s colourful circular disc is given here. Find the fractions represented by the following colours: a) Red b) Green c) Blue d) White & Remembering and Understanding 12 3 Fractions such as , and , that have the same denominator are called like fractions. 88 8 Fractions such as 1 , 2 and 3 that have different denominators are called unlike fractions. 84 7 Fractions with numerator ‘1’ are called unit fraction. such as 1 , 1 , 1 and so on. 234 To understand these fractions, consider the following examples. Example 7: Identify like and unlike fractions from the following fractions. 3 ,3 , 1, 5 , 6, 1, 4 7 5 7 7 7 4 11 16 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 52

Solution: 3 , 1 , 5 and 6 have the same denominator. So, they are like fractions. 777 7 Example 8: a) 3 , 1 and 4 have different denominators. So, they are unlike fractions. 54 11 Find the fraction of the parts not shaded in these figures. b) c) d) Solution: Which of them represent like fractions? a) Number of parts not shaded = 1 Total number of equal parts = 2 Fraction = Number of parts not shaded = 1 Total number of equal parts 2 b) Number of parts not shaded = 3 Total number of equal parts = 4 Fraction = Number of parts not shaded = 3 Total number of equal parts 4 c) Number of parts not shaded = 3 Total number of equal parts = 5 Fraction = Number of parts not shaded = 3 Total number of equal parts 5 d) Number of parts not shaded = 3 Total number of equal parts = 6 Fraction = Number of parts not shaded = 3 = 1 Total number of equal parts 6 2 a) and d) have denominator equal to 2. They represent like fractions. Fractions - I 17 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 53 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM

Application We can compare like fractions and tell which is greater or less than the others. To compare like fractions, we compare their numerators. The fraction with the greater numerator is greater. Let us understand this better through some examples. Example 9: Jai ate 1 of the apple and Vijay ate 2 of the apple. Who ate more? Solution: 33 Fraction of apple Jai ate = 1 3 Fraction of apple Vijay ate = 2 3 21 Since, 2 > 1, > 33 Therefore, Vijay ate more. Example 10: The circular disc shown here is divided into equal parts. The parts are painted in different colours. Write the fraction of each colour on the disc. Compare the fractions and tell which colour is used more and which the least. Solution: Total number of equal parts on the disc is 16. Number of parts painted yellow is 3. Fraction = Number of parts painted yellow = 3 Total number of equal parts 16 The fraction of the disc that is painted white = Number of parts painted white = 6 Total number of equal parts 16 The fraction of the disc that is painted red = Number of parts painted red = 4 Total number of equal parts 16 The fraction of the disc that is painted blue = Number of parts painted blue = 3 Total number of equal parts 16 18 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 54

Comparing the numerators of these fractions, we get 3 < 4 < 6. Since, 6 is 16 the greatest and 3 is the least, white is used the most and blue and yellow 16 are the least. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us see a few more examples using comparison of like fractions. Example 11: Colour each figure to represent the given fraction and compare them. 3 5 2 5 Solution: Clearly, the part of the figure represented by 3 is greater than that 5 represented by 2 . Hence, 3 is greater than 2 . 55 5 Let us try to arrange some like fractions in ascending and descending orders. Example 12: Arrange 1 , 6 , 2 , 5 and 4 in the ascending and descending orders. 777 7 7 Solution: Comparing the numerators of the given likeTrfraacintionMs, y Brain we have 1 < 2 < 4 < 5 < 6. 12 4 56 So, < < < < . 77777 Therefore, the required ascending order is 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 . 77777 We know that, the descending order is just the reverse of the ascending order. So, the required descending order is 6 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1 . 77 7 7 7 Fractions - I 19 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 55 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM

Concept 8.3: Add and Subtract Like Fractions Think Jasleen has a cardboard piece, equal parts of which are coloured in different colours. Some of the equal parts are not coloured. She wants to find the part of the cardboard that has been coloured and left uncoloured. How do you think Jasleen can find that? Recall Recall that like fractions have the same denominators. To compare them, we compare their numerators. Let us answer the following to recall the concept of like fractions. Compare the following using >, < and =. a) 2 ____ 1 b) 4 ____ 8 c) 3 ____ 5 d) 7 ____ 3 e) 1 ____ 4 33 10 10 77 88 55 & Remembering and Understanding While adding or subtracting like fractions, add or subtract only their numerators. Write the sum or difference on the same denominator. Let us understand addition and subtraction of like fractions through some examples. Example 13: In the given figures, find the fractions represented by the shaded parts using addition. Then find the fractions represented by the unshaded parts using subtraction. a) b) c) Solution: We can find the fractions represented by the shaded and the unshaded parts with the following steps. 20 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 56

Solved Solve these Steps Step 1: Count the total Total number of equal Total number of Total number of number of equal parts. equal parts = ____ parts = 6 equal parts = ___ Step 2: Count the a) N umber of parts a) Number of parts a) Number of parts number of parts of each coloured pink = 1 coloured yellow coloured violet = colour. = ______ _______ b) N umber of parts coloured blue = 2 b) N umber of parts b) Number of parts coloured violet = coloured brown _______ = ______ Step 3: Write the fraction Pink: 1 , Blue: 2 Yellow: ________ Violet: ________ representing the number 66 Violet: ________ Brown: ________ of parts of each colour. Step 4: To add the like The fraction that The fraction that The fraction that fractions in step 3, add represents the their numerators and represents the shaded represents the shaded part of the write the sum on the given figure is same denominator. part of the given shaded part of the ____ + ____=____. figure is given figure is 1 + 2 = 1+ 2 = 3 . ____ + ____=____. 66 6 6 Step 5: Write the whole Like fraction Like fraction Like fraction representing the representing the as a like fraction of the representing the whole = 6 . whole = _______. whole = _______. sum in step 4. Then, to 6 So, the fraction So, the fraction So, the subtract the like fractions, that represents the that represents the subtract their numerators. unshaded part of the unshaded part of fraction that Write the difference on given figure is the given figure is represents the the same denominator. unshaded part of ____ − ____=____. the given figure is 6−3 =6−3 = 3. 66 6 6 ____ − ____=_____. Fractions - I 21 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 57 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM

Example 14: Add: a) 3 + 1 45 23 57 88 b) + c) + 13 13 100 100 c) 48 – 26 3 1 3 +1 4 Solution: a) + = = 125 125 88 8 8 b) 4 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9 13 13 13 13 c) 23 + 57 = 23 + 57 = 80 100 100 100 100 Example 15: Subtract: a) 8 – 4 b) 33 – 25 99 37 37 Solution: a) 8 – 4 = 4 99 9 33 25 = 33 − 25 = 8 b) – 37 37 37 37 48 26 48 − 26 22 c) – = = 125 125 125 125 Application In some real-life situations, we use addition or subtraction of like fractions. Let us see a few examples. Example 16: The figure shows some parts of a ribbon coloured in blue and yellow. Find the total part of the ribbon coloured blue and yellow. What part of the ribbon is not coloured? Solution: Total number of parts of the ribbon = 9 Part of the ribbon coloured blue = 2 9 Part of the ribbon coloured yellow = 3 9 Total part of the ribbon coloured = 2 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5 99 9 9 22 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 58

Part of the ribbon that is not coloured is 9 − 5 = 9 − 5 = 4 99 9 9 (Note: This is the same as writing the fraction of the ribbon not coloured from the figure. 4 parts of the 9 parts of the ribbon are not coloured) Example 17: Suman ate a quarter of a chocolate bar on one day and another quarter of Solution: the chocolate on the next day. How much chocolate did Suman eat in all? How much chocolate is remaining? Part of the chocolate eaten by Suman on the first day = 1 4 Part of the chocolate eaten by him on the next day = 1 4 Total chocolate eaten by Suman on both the days = 1 + 1 = 1+1 = 2 44 4 4 He ate 2 chocolate in all. Remaining chocolate = 4 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2 4 44 4 4 Example 18: Manav painted two-tenths of a strip of chart in one hour and four-tenths of it Solution: in the next hour. What part of the strip did he paint in two hours? How much is left unpainted? Part of the strip of chart painted by Manav in one hour = 2 10 1st hour: Part of the strip painted by him in the next hour = 4 10 2nd hour: Part of the strip painted by him in two hours = 2 + 4 = 2 +4 = 6 10 10 10 10 Part of the strip of chart left without painting = 10 – 6 = 4 10 10 10 [From the figure, the total part of the strip painted = 6 and the part of the 10 strip not painted = 4 .] 10 Fractions - I 23 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 59 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us see some more examples of addition and subtraction of like fractions. Example 19: Veena ate 5 of a pizza in the morning and 1 in the evening. What part of Solution: 88 the pizza is remaining? Part of the pizza eaten by Veena in the morning = 5 8 Part of the pizza eaten by Veena in the evening = 1 8 T  o find the remaining part of pizza, add the parts eaten and subtract the sum from the whole. Total part of the pizza eaten = 5 + 1 = 5 +1 = 6 88 8 8 6 86 2 Part of the pizza remaining = 1 – = – = 8 88 8 Drill Time Concept 8.1: Equivalent Fractions 1) Shade the regions to show equivalent fractions. a) 1 and 2   2 4  b) 1 and 2  5 10  24 1/7/2019 2:57:08 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 60

2) Write four equivalent fractions for each of the following fractions. a) 1 b) 4 2 7 c) 3 d) 4 10 11 Concept 8.2: Identify and Compare Like Fractions 3) Identify like and unlike fractions from the following. a) 2 , 2 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 7 , 6 , 2 b) 7 , 4 , 4 , 2 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 69 83286889 9 5 9 9 7 4 4 c) 6 , 5 , 5 , 4 , 8 , 7 , 9 , 2 d) 3 , 4 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 4 14 14 17 17 17 14 17 14 5 5 5 7 9 11 4) A  rrange the following fractions in the ascending order. a) 3 , 1 , 7 , 4 b) 3 , 2 , 9 , 5 11 11 11 11 13 13 13 13 c) 1 , 3 , 4 , 2 d) 1 , 8 , 7 , 9 7777 14 14 14 14 5) Arrange the following fractions in descending order. a) 1 , 8 , 7 , 4 b) 3 , 6 ,10 , 8 9999 17 17 17 17 c) 7 , 9 , 2 ,13 d) 1 , 7 , 8 , 3 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 Concept 8.3: Add and Subtract Like Fractions 6) Add: a) 2 + 5 b) 3 + 16 77 11 11 c) 9+ 4 d) 8 + 4 5 5 17 17 e) 1 + 2 13 13 Fractions - I 25 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 61 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

7) Subtract: b) 9 − 5 a) 15 − 7 88 66 d) 7 − 4 c) 11 − 3 45 45 40 40 e) 13 − 12 30 30 8) Word problems a) Leena paints three-sixths of a cardboard and Rani paints half of similar cardboard. Who has painted a smaller area? b) Colour each figure to represent the given fraction and compare them. 57 88 c) A jit ate 1 of a cake in the morning and 2 of it in the evening. What part of the cake 55 is remaining? 26 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 62

Chapter Fractions - II 9 Let Us Learn About • finding fractions of a number. • problems based on finding fractions. • p roper, improper and mixed fractions. • converting improper to mixed fractions and vice versa. Concept 9.1: Fraction of a Number Think Jasleen’s father told her that he spends two-thirds of his salary per month and saves the rest. Jasleen calculated the amount her father saves from his salary of ` 25,000 per month. How do you think Jasleen could calculate her father’s savings per month? Recall In Class 3, we have learnt how to find the fraction of a collection. To find the fraction of a collection, we find the number of each type of object in the total collection. Let us answer these to recall the concept. a) A half of a dozen bananas = _______________ bananas b) A quarter of 16 books = _______________ books c) A third of 9 balloons = _______________ balloons NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 63 27 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

d) A half of 20 apples = _______________ apples e) A quarter of 8 pencils = _______________ pencils & Remembering and Understanding To find the fraction of a number, we multiply the number by the fraction. Let us now learn to find the fraction of a number. Suppose there are 20 shells in a bowl. Vani wants to take 1 of them. So, she divides the 5 shells into 5 (the number in the denominator) equal groups and takes 1 group (the number in the numerator). This gives 5 groups with 4 shells in each group. So, 1 of 20 is 4. Vani’s 5 sister Rani wants to take 3 of the shells. So, she divides the shells into 10 (the number in the 10 denominator) equal groups, and takes 3 groups (the number in the numerator) of them. This gives 2 shells in each group. Hence, Rani takes 6 shells. Therefore, 3 of 20 is 6. 10 We write 1 of 20 as 1 × 20 = 20 = 4. 5 55 Similarly, 3 of 20 = 3 × 20 = 6. 10 10 Example 1: Find the following: 1 a) 2 of a metre (in cm) b) 10 of a kilogram (in g) 5 Solution: a) 2 of a metre = 2 × 1 m = 2 × 100 cm = 2 × 100 cm = 200 cm = 40 cm 5 55 55 b)  1 of a kilogram = 1 × 1 kg = 1 × 1000 g = 1000 g = 100 g 10 10 10 10 Example 2: Find the following: a) 2 of an hour (in minutes) b) 1 of a day (in hours) Solution: 3 4 a) 2 of an hour = 2 × 1 h = 2 × 60 min = 2 × 60 = 120 = 40 min 3 3 3 33 b) 1 of a day = 1 × 1 day = 1 × 24 h = 1 × 24 h = 24 hrs = 6 h 4 44 4 28 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 64

Application Let us now see some real-life examples in which we find the fraction of a number. Example 3: Ravi has ` 120 with him. He gave two-thirds of it to his sister. How much money is left with Ravi? Solution: Amount Ravi has = ` 120 Amount Ravi gave his sister = 2 of ` 120 = 2 × ` 120 = 2 × ` 40 = ` 80 33 Difference in the amounts = ` 120 – ` 80 = ` 40 Therefore, ` 40 is left with Ravi. Example 4: Reema completed one-tenth of a distance of 2 kilometres. How much distance (in metres) has she covered? Solution: The total distance to be covered by Reema = 2 km We know that 1 km = 1000 m. So, 2 km = 2000 m. The distance covered by Reema = 1 of 2 kilometres = 1 x 2000 m = 200 m Example 5: 10 10 Therefore, Reema has covered 200 metres of the distance. A school auditorium has 2500 chairs. On the annual day, 4 of the auditorium 5 was occupied. How many chairs were occupied? Solution: Total number of chairs in the auditorium = 2500 4 Fraction of chairs occupied = 5 4 4×2500 10000 Number of chairs occupied = × 2500 = = 5 55 Therefore, 2000 chairs were occupied in the auditorium. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us now see some more examples where we have to find the fraction of a number. Example 6: Venu paints three-sixths of a cardboard and Raj paints a third of it. If the cardboard has an area of 144 sq.cm, what area of the cardboard did each of them paint? Fractions - II 29 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 65 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

Solution: Fraction of the cardboard painted by Venu = 3 6 Fraction of the cardboard painted by Raj = 1 3 Area of the cardboard = 144 sq. cm 3 Example 7: Area of the cardboard painted by Venu = × 144 sq.cm 6 Solution: =3 × 144 sq.cm = 432 sq.cm = 72 sq.cm 66 Area of the cardboard painted by Raj = 1 × 144 sq.cm 3 =1× 144 sq.cm = 144 sq.cm = 48 sq.cm 33 Therefore, Venu painted 72 sq.cm of the cardboard and Raj painted 48 sq.cm of the cardboard. Find if 2 of 154 and 4 of 49 are equal to each other or one of them is greater 11 7 than the other. To find if the fractions of the numbers are equal, we first find their values and compare them. 2 of 154 = 2 × 154 = 2 × 154 = 308 = 28 11 11 11 11 4 of 49 = 4 × 49 = 4 × 49 = 196 = 28 77 77 Therefore, 2 of 154 = 4 of 49. 11 7 Concept 9.2: Conversions of Fractions Think Jasleen knew about fractions in which the numerators were less than their denominators. She wondered if there could be some fractions in which the numerators are greater than their denominators. Do you know of such fractions? 30 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 66

Recall In the previous chapter, we have learnt about addition and subtraction of like fractions. Recall that the sum of two like fractions is a like fraction. Let us answer these to recall the concept. a) 2 + 1 = ______ 41 5 5 b) 7 + 7 = ______ c) 1 + 5 = ______ d) 3 + 1 = _______ 11 11 22 e) 1 + 3 = ______ f) 2 + 1 = _______ 88 99 & Remembering and Understanding Consider 1 + 5 = 6 . Here, the sum of two like fractions is a like fraction with its numerator less 888 than its denominator. Such fractions are called proper fractions. Sometimes ,it is possible that we get the sum with its numerator greater than the denominator. For example, 7 + 5 = 12 . Here, the sum of two like fractions is a like fraction with its 88 8 numerator greater than its denominator. Such fractions are called improper fractions. Note: In some cases, the sum of the numerators of the like fractions may be equal to the denominator. Then, the fraction is said to be an improper fraction. For example, 3 + 4 = 7 , 3 + 5 = 8 and so on. 7 7 78 8 8 Fractions such as 7 , 8 and so on can also be written as a whole, that is 1. 78 12 8 + 4 . This has a whole We can write 8 as the sum of like fractions as 88 8 and a proper  8  = 14 . Such fractions are called mixed fractions. fraction  4  . That is, 12 =1+ 4 8  8  8 8 A mixed fraction is also called a mixed number. For example, in the mixed fraction 12 3 , 12 is the whole and 3 is the proper fraction. 88 Fractions - II 31 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 67 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

In short, we can say that, Proper fractions – Fractions having the numerators less than the denominators. Improper fractions – Fractions having the numerators greater than the denominators. Mixed fractions – Fractions having whole numbers and proper fractions. Example 8: List out proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed fractions from the following: Solution: 13 ,15 7 , 11 , 37 , 9 , 65 13 , 143 , 75 3 ,107 27 , 72 , 68 2 , 29 , 50 23 , 69 , 53 18 9 34 6 14 17 98 4 49 59 5 32 35 32 30 From the given fractions, Proper fractions: 13 , 11 , 9 , 29 18 34 14 32 Improper fractions: 37 , 143 , 72 , 69 , 53 6 98 59 32 30 Mixed fractions: 15 7 , 65 13 , 75 3 , 107 27 , 68 2 , 50 23 9 17 4 49 5 35 We usually write fractions as proper or mixed fractions. So, we need to learn to convert improper fractions to mixed fractions and mixed fractions to improper fractions. Conversion of improper fractions to mixed fractions Let us understand the conversion of improper fractions to mixed fractions by solving a few examples. Example 9: Convert 37 to its mixed fraction form. Solution: 6 To convert improper fractions into mixed fractions, follow these steps. Solved Solve these Steps 37 143 72 69 53 6 98 59 32 30 Step 1: Divide the numerator 6 by the denominator. )6 37 − 36 1 32 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 68

Solved Solve these 37 Steps 6 143 72 69 53 30 98 59 32 Step 2: Write the quotient as The mixed the whole. The remainder is fraction form of the numerator of the proper fraction and the divisor is its 37 is 6 1 . denominator. This gives the 66 required mixed fraction. Conversion of mixed fractions to improper fractions Let us understand the conversion of mixed fractions into improper fractions by solving a few examples. Example 10: Convert 15 7 into its improper fraction. 9 Solution: To convert mixed fractions into improper fractions, follow these steps. Solved Solve these 75 3 Steps 15 7 65 13 4 107 27 9 17 49 Step 1: Multiply the whole by the 15 × 9 = 135 denominator. Step 2: Add the numerator of the proper 135 + 7 = 142 fraction to the product in Step 1. Step 3: Write the sum as the denominator The improper of the proper fraction. fraction form of This given the required improper fraction. 15 7 is 142 9 9. Application Let us now see a few real-life examples involving conversions of fractions. Example 11: Rohan wants to arrange 60 books in his shelf. If only 13 books can be put in a rack, how many racks will be filled by the books? Give your answer as a mixed fraction and as an improper fraction. Fractions - II 33 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 69 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

Solution: Number of books Rohan wants to arrange = 60 Number of books that can be arranged on each rack = 13 Number of racks that are filled = 60 ÷ 13 = 4 8 13 Example 12: Improper fraction equivalent to 4 8 = 60 Solution: 13 13 On a science fair day, a group of students prepared 12 1 litres of orange 2 juice. Express the number of litres of orange juice as an improper fraction. Number of litres of orange juice made = 12 1 2 Improper fraction equivalent to 12 1 = 12 × 2 +1 = 25 2 2 2 Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Conversion of fractions is done when we need to add and subtract fractions. In the previous chapter, we have already learnt addition and subtraction of like (proper) fractions. Let us see a few examples that involve addition and subtraction of improper and mixed fractions. Example 13: Add: a) 42 + 35 b) 50 23 + 16 Solution: 25 25 35 35 a) 42 + 35 25 25 T o add the given like improper fractions, we add their numerators and write the sum on the same denominator. Therefore, 42 + 35 = 42 + 35 = 77 25 25 25 25 W e usually write fractions as proper or mixed fractions. So, we convert the sum into a mixed fraction by dividing the numerator by the denominator. 77 = 3 2 (77 ÷ 25 gives the quotient as 3 and remainder as 2.) 25 25 Therefore, the sum of the given fractions is 3 2 . 25 34 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 70

b) 50 23 + 16 35 35 T o add the given fractions, we have to convert the mixed fraction into improper fraction. So, 50 23 = (50×35)+23 =11777530 + 23 =1773 35 35 35 35 35 T hen add their numerators and write the sum as the numerator. Therefore, 50 23 + 16 = 1773 + 16 = 1773 + 16 = 1789 . 35 35 35 35 35 35 Convert the improper fraction into a mixed fraction. 1789 = 51 4 (1789 ÷ 35 gives the quotient as 51 and the remainder as 4.) 35 35 Therefore, the sum of the given fractions is 51 4 . 35 Example 14: Subtract: a) 342 - 135 b) 34 17 - 37 Solution: 25 25 42 42 a) 342 - 135 25 25 To subtract the given improper fractions, we subtract their numerators. We then write the difference as the numerator. Therefore, 342 - 135 = 342 −135 = 207 25 25 25 25 A s we usually write fractions as proper or mixed fractions, we convert the difference into a mixed fraction. 207 = 8 7 (207 ÷ 25 the quotient as 8 and the remainder as 7.) 25 25 Therefore, the difference of the given fractions is 8 7 . 25 b) 34 17 - 37 42 42 T o subtract the given fractions, we first convert the mixed fraction into an improper fraction. So, 34 17 = 34 × 42 + 17 = 1445 42 42 42 T hen subtract their numerators and write the difference as the numerator. Fractions - II 35 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 71 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

Therefore, 34 17 − 37 = 1445 − 37 = 1445 − 37 = 1408 42 42 42 42 42 42 Again convert the improper fraction into a mixed fraction. 11440485 = 33 22 (1408 ÷ 42 the quotient as 33 and the remainder as 22.) 4422 42 Therefore, the difference of the given fractions is 33 22 . 42 Drill Time Concept 9.1: Fraction of a Number 1) Find the following: a) 1 of 20 b) 3 of 24 c) 3 of 20 d) 4 of 12 e) 2 of 18 2 4563 Concept 9.2: Conversions of Fractions 2) Convert the following improper fractions to mixed fractions. a) 35 b) 121 c) 93 d) 100 e) 115 4 12 12 26 20 3) Convert the following mixed fractions to improper fractions. a) 15 6 b) 23 2 c) 40 4 d) 125 9 Traei)n40M35 y Brain 8 3 5 10 4) Word Problems a) A t Sudhir’s birthday party, there are 19 sandwiches to be shared equally among 13 children. What part of the sandwiches will each child get? Give your answer as a mixed fraction. b) I bought 2 1 litres of paint but used only 3 litres. How much paint is left with me? 22 Give your answer as an improper fraction. 36 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 72

EVS−I (Science) Contents Class 4 9 Birds�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 10 Animal Behaviour���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Inside the Lab – B�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Activity B1: Soil’s Capacity to Hold Water Activity B2: Simple Water Filter 11 Food Storage��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 12 Building Materials�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 13 Types of Cloth�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 73 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

Lesson Birds 9 Let Us Learn About R birds and their body parts. u beaks, claws and sounds of birds. a birds that travel. h birdwatching. Think Aman’s teacher showed him the given pictures. She asked him to identify the bird. Aman quickly gave the correct answer. How did Aman spot the difference between a dog and a bird? Remembering What makes birds look different from other animals? Birds have wings and feathers. They have a pair of wings and a tail covered with feathers. In most kinds of birds, the feathers help them to fly. Feathers are soft hair present all over the body including the wings and tail. They are of different colour, and they form different patterns. 1 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 74

peacock parrot pheasant penguin ostrich Some birds cannot fly. For example, a penguin spends most of its life in the sea. It does not use its wings to fly. It uses them to swim. Birds like the ostrich cannot fly. All birds have beaks. They do not have teeth. They have two feet with claws. Claws are long, curved nails present on the feet of birds. Birds have ear holes instead of ears. Understanding Birds’ beaks are very important. They help the birds gather food and sometimes to rip, tear, or crush the food. A beak can act as an extra hand, such as when parrots use their beak for climbing. Birds use their beaks for building nests, and even to tie knots. They are also important for preening (cleaning and combing feathers with beaks), which is making sure all of the bird’s feathers are in their proper place. Birds use their beaks to feed their young ones and also to protect them from their enemies. The shapes of beaks and claws of birds are based on their food habits and the place they live. Food of the birds includes nectar, fruits, plants, seeds, meat and various small insects and worms. Some birds also eat other birds. TYPES OF BEAKS Look at the picture of the duck and the pigeon. Can you spot the difference between the types of beaks? Discuss with your friends. Let us see the different types of beaks and their function. Birds 2 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 75 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

1) Broad, flat beak: Ducks and swans have broad and flat beaks like a spoon. There are tiny holes on either side of the beaks. When these birds find their food in water, they spoon up the muddy water along with their food. The duck pigeon water flows out from the holes in the beaks leaving the insects, worms and water plants behind. The ducks and swans eat them. 2) Strong, curved beak: Parrots have strong, curved beaks. Such beaks help them to crack open nuts or seeds and scoop out the pulp of fruits with the help of the curve of their beaks. 3) Short, hard, pointed beak: Birds like sparrows have short, hard parrot and pointed beaks. They pick up seeds and worms easily and crush them with their beaks to eat. Pigeons and peacocks also have similar types of beaks. 4) Long, chisel-like beak: Woodpeckers have long, chisel-like beaks to tap the bark of a tree. They make holes in tree-trunks in search of insects. Their long, sticky tongues pull out insects and worms from the holes to eat them. 5) Long, broad, pointed beak: Kingfishers have long, broad and pointed beaks. The beak is used to pick up fish from the water. 6) Sharp, hooked, strong beak: Eagles and hawks have sharp, sparrow hooked and strong beaks to easily tear the flesh of their prey. They eat rats, lizards, snakes, frogs, rabbits and even small birds. 7) Thin, long, pointed beak: The beaks of birds like hummingbirds are thin, long and pointed. They help to suck nectar from flowers. A hummingbird does not sit on a flower when feeding. It hovers above the flower like a helicopter and dips its long beak into the flower. woodpecker kingfisher eagle hummingbird 3 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 76

TYPES OF FEET We have seen how birds have different types of beaks based on their food habits. In the same way, birds have different types of feet. Birds use their feet for climbing, protecting, holding food, swimming and so on. Look at the different types of feet. Can you guess the function of different feet? sparrow crane hen woodpecker eagle emu duck Let us see the different types of feet. 1) Three toes in front and one toe at the back: Some birds have feet to hold branches or wires. The sparrow clamps its toes around a branch so that it does not fall off. 2) Long and thin feet: Some birds stay in water. The heron and crane have long and thin feet that help them to walk and swim in ponds and catch small water animals. 3) Two toes in front and two toes at back: Birds like woodpecker and parrot have feet that are helpful in climbing trees. 4) Powerful curved talons: Eagle, vulture and hawk have talons to catch and hold their prey firmly. 5) Webbed feet: Ducks and penguins use their feet to paddle through the water. 6) Three forward toes: Birds like emu have three toes facing forward. These toes help them to run fast. Birds 4 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 77 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

SOUNDS OF BIRDS Have you heard birds making sounds during sunrise and sunset? A rooster makes sounds during the sunrise. Birds make a variety of sounds to talk to other birds. Here are some of them: 1) Sharp, loud sounds are used to warn other birds of danger. 2) Young birds make different types of sound to call their parents. These are like crying sounds. 3) When birds travel in groups or when they want to signal one another, they use a different type of sound. 4) Some birds sing. Songs are musical sounds that have many purposes. Birds use songs to attract other birds. They use songs to prevent other birds from entering their area or nest. Application BIRDS THAT TRAVEL Birds travel from one place to another to avoid extreme the Siberian crane weather conditions. But the changing environment affects this movement of birds. For example, the Siberian cranes once used to travel in the winter from the cold Siberia to India in large numbers. But now we do not see much of these birds. This is because of the illegal hunting and pollution of water bodies. BIRDS THAT ARE LOST Some birds like the dodo and passenger pigeon vanished due to bad weather condition, or human activities. The population of some birds like the red-headed vulture and the sparrow is also decreasing. They are about to vanish. the red-headed vulture sparrow Amazing Facts Ostriches have the largest eyes of all land animals. Their eyes are bigger than their brains! 5 eye of an ostrich NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 78 1/7/2019 2:57:09 PM

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Birdwatching is observing birds in their natural homes and environment. It can be done with naked eyes or with the help of binoculars. Birdwatching is a hobby for many people. Collect the information about what things you will need for birdwatching. birdwatching Birds 6 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 79 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Lesson Animal Behaviour 10 Let Us Learn About R behaviour and physical features of animals. u benefits of different behaviour and physical features. a similarities in animal and human behaviour. H animal behaviour based on senses. Think Mona wonders why an elephant has a long trunk and a fish has fins. Can you guess? Remembering The animals around us differ in their behaviours and physical features. VARIATIONS IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Groups: Some animals live in groups. They have leaders for their groups. Deer, horses, wild dogs, bison, elephants and wolves are some such animals. A pride of lions have a male leader Animals that live in groups while a clan of hyenas have a female leader. Deer have a separate group for males and a separate group for females and baby deer. Some birds and fish also live and travel in groups. herd of bison herd of elephants 7 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 80

Animals that live in groups herd of deer herd of horses shoal of fish flock of birds Alone: Animals such as tigers, leopards and bears do not live in groups. They live alone for most of their lives. Animals that live alone tiger leopard bear Moving to another place: Birds and animals such as Siberian cranes, monarch butterflies and salmon do not live in the same area throughout the year. They go from one place to another. Siberian crane monarch butterfly salmon Area marking: Animals protect the area they live in. They mark their area. Dogs urinate to mark their area. Leopards mark their area by rubbing themselves against the plants in that area. Sleep: Some animals sleep continuously for many days or months. Bears, bats and ground squirrels are a few such animals. Bears sleep throughout the winter season. Crocodiles sleep during the summer season. bats ground squirrel Animal Behaviour 8 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 81 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

VARIATIONS IN PHYSICAL FEATURES Animals also have differences in their body parts. Let us look at the same. Ears: The shape and size of ears in different ears of a tiger ears of a deer animals varies. The type of sounds they can hear also differs. Animals such as tigers and lions have ears facing forward. Animals such as the rabbit and deer have ears which can be moved around. Hair: Different types of hair patterns are seen in animals. Some animals have long and thick hair, while some others have thin hair. For example, elephants have thin hair, while bears have a thick layer of hair covering their body. Nose: Different types of noses are found Tails: Different types of tails are found in in animals. Elephants have a long nose animals. Kangaroos have long and strong developed into a trunk. tails. trunk of strong tail of a an elephant kangaroo Understanding We have learnt that birds have different types of beaks, feet, feathers and wings. It is due to different food habits and habitats. We have discussed different animal behaviour and some physical features. Why do they have such behaviour and physical features? BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 1) By living in groups, animals can protect themselves better from their enemies. Their young ones are better looked after. They can look for food and shelter together. In a group, the animal which is strong and powerful is the leader. Other animals follow it. For example, elephant, bison and deer. 2) Area marking prevents an animal from entering into another animal’s area. The food available in an area may not be enough for more than one animal to survive. In such cases, area marking helps the animals to survive better. 9 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 82 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

3) Some behaviours help animals to live in the tough weather and adjust to changes in the availability of food. For example, moving from one place to another, sleeping for a long time and so on. BENEFITS OF Different PHYSICAL FEATURES Let us see how the physical features help animals. 1) In animals like tigers and lions, the ears facing forward help to focus on the prey they hunt. In animals like rabbit and deer, the ears which move around help them to know the direction of their enemies. 2) Hair protect the animals from cold weather. The type of hair in animals depend on the climate of the place. For example, animals living in a cold region have thicker hair than those in a warm region. For the animals like fish that always live in water, their body is covered with scales instead of hair. Also, the shape of their body is such that they can swim easily. Feathers of birds cover and protect their body. 3) The trunk of elephants helps to pick up food and put it into their mouth. It also helps them to take up enough water for drinking and bathing. 4) The tails of animals have different uses. For example, monkeys have long tails which help in holding on to branches and jumping from one tree to another. The tails of cats and kangaroos help them to hop and balance. Application We, humans, are social animals. Let us try to find out similarities between us and other animals. 1) Shelter: Animals find caves or build nests for their protection. Like animals, humans also build houses for protection from tough weather and harmful animals. shelters of animals house of humans 2) Living in a group: Many animals live together in groups and follow the rules of the group. We also live in small or large groups in the form of family, community or society. Like the animals, we also follow certain rules within our groups. Animal Behaviour 10 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 83 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Amazing Facts Animals like the chameleon can change their colour to match with the environment! chameleon Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Like us, animals can also smell, see, hear, touch and feel. Some senses of animals are stronger than ours. 1) A dog can hear sounds that we cannot hear. Bats can make and hear sounds which we cannot hear. It helps them while flying. As animals have a sharper sense of hearing, any loud noise can be harmful to them. For example, the sound of crackers affects them a lot. 2) Animals’ sense of smell is also many times stronger than ours. The strong sense of smell helps them to protect themselves from enemies. For example, a rabbit gets the smell of its enemy even when it is far away. Animals can find food easily due to a strong sense of smell. You must have seen the expertise of ants and houseflies in finding food. 3) Animals like cats have night vision which helps them to hunt in the dark. Find out more about such senses of animals. 11 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 84

Inside the Lab – B Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity B1: Soil’s Capacity to Hold Water You will need: four empty glass jars, four filter papers, four empty plastic bottles, four different types of soil, water You need to: 1) cut the empty plastic bottles into half to use the top part as funnels. (Teacher should help the learners while cutting.) 2) place funnels on the mouth of the glass jars. 3) fold the filter papers in cone shape, and place them inside the plastic funnels as shown in the picture. 4) fill the plastic funnels with soil as shown in the picture. Fill different types of soil in each funnels. 5) slowly add 200 mℓ of water in each funnel. 6) find out how much water was retained by the soil by looking at the amount of water falling into the glass jars. 7) We will observe that different types of soils have different capacity to hold water. Activity B2: Simple Water Filter Let us now make a simple water filter. You will need: a large plastic bottle, a container, cotton cloth, gravel, sand, muddy water, knife NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 85 12 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

You need to: 1) make about 8–10 holes in the bottom of the large, empty plastic bottle. 2) cut off the top of the bottle evenly. (Teacher should help the learners while cutting.) 3) spread the cotton cloth in the bottom covering all the holes. 4) add a layer of gravel. 5) fill the bottle with sand. 6) pour your muddy water through the homemade filter. 7) retrieve the water in another container placed under the filter. 8) look at the water that comes out of the filter. It should be clear. If not, you may have to pass the water through the filter more than once. Note: muddy water water bottle Now you have made a water filter but the water you get may not be safe to drink. The water may sand still contain harmful bacteria that your filter did not remove. To get water safe enough to drink, you also gravel need to purify it. cotton cloth clean water container simple water filter 13 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 86

Lesson Food Storage 11 Let Us Learn About r food spoilage. u methods to store and preserve food. a benefits of storing food. h food storage during travel. Think Farha’s father cooked biryani for dinner. After dinner, he father smelling the biryani kept the leftover biryani in the kitchen cupboard. Next day, before giving the biryani to Farha, he smelled it. Then he said, “This is spoilt now. Do not eat this. You will fall sick.” What happened to the biryani? Why can’t Farha eat it? Remembering When Farha’s father opened the lid of the cooker, there was a bad smell. He also saw some yellow things on the biryani rice. Can you guess what happened to the biryani? The biryani is spoilt. When food becomes harmful for our health, we say it is spoilt. We should not eat spoilt food. We throw away the spoilt food. Food spoilage means the nutrition from food is lost. This food gets wasted. NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 87 14 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

spoilt food items REASONS FOR FOOD SPOILAGE The food spoils due to the presence of microorganisms. These microorganisms grow faster in a hot climate. Example: fungi, bacteria and so on • Fungi which grow on food are of different sizes. We can see some of them with our eyes and some we cannot. • We cannot see bacteria with our eyes. IDENTIFYING SPOILT FOOD How did Farha’s father know that the biryani was spoilt? The colour, smell, look and touch of the food changes when spoilt. Spot the difference between the two bananas. Some food items that we buy from the market have the date by which the food will be spoilt. It may be given as: • use before, or fresh and spoilt banana • best before, or • expiry date We must always check this date before buying any food item. Think and write how many days the following food items will take to spoil: 1) cooked Maggi: __________________________________ 2) bread: __________________________________ 3) Kurkure: __________________________________ Some food items get spoilt in few hours. Some food items gets spoilt in months. Cooked food items (like roti, curry, dal and so on) get spoilt faster than packaged food items (like biscuits, chips and so on). 15 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 88

Understanding In olden days, people used natural methods to store and preserve food. For example, in cold places, they froze fish and meat on ice. In hotter climates, they dried food in the Sun. Food was stored in cool rivers and caves. frozen fish on ice drying rice grains under the Sun Let us see what methods we use today. METHODS TO STORE FOOD We need to store all types of food items to use them later. Storing food for later use is called food storage. It is important to store food properly to avoid the wastage of food. Think and write where we store the following food items. 1) milk: ______________________________________________________________________________ 2) dals: _______________________________________________________________________________ 3) apples: _ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4) onion: ________________________________________________________________________________ 5) leafy vegetables : ____________________________________________________________________ Different types of food items are stored in different places. Some in the refrigerator, some in a cool and dry place, some in dry food containers and so on. dry food in containers different food items stored in a fridge Food Storage 16 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 89 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

METHODS TO PRESERVE FOOD Storing food ensures that food is fresh, healthy and maintains its nutrient value until we use them. The steps we take to keep the food fresh and nutrient rich is food preservation. Look at the pictures below. Write the names of the food items that you see in the pictures. Hint: This is made from many fruits and vegetables. This dish made from mango is very famous. p _____________________________________________________________________________________ Hint: We put this food item on bread. It is sweet in taste. j ______________________________________________________________________________________ We make pickles to preserve fruits like mangoes, drying in the Sun deep freezer lemons and vegetables like carrots using salt. Mangoes, apples and other fruits are preserved as jam using sugar or jaggery. Some food items like chillies and grapes are preserved by drying them under the hot sun. Some food items like peas, meat and ice creams are frozen in the deep freezer. Application As explained earlier, people preserve food so that it can be consumed later. But there are other reasons for preserving food as well. 17 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 90

• Due to preservation, the food items become available throughout the year. Some fruits and vegetables are seasonal. We can get them in another season due to preservation. For example, mangoes are summer fruits. If we want to enjoy them in winter, we can have canned juice, jams and jellies. Also, we can store them as pickles. • Sometimes, preservation methods add nutritional value, texture and flavour to the food items. For example, adding a large amount of sugar in the fruit pulp makes it tastier to eat. It preserves the fruit pulp at the same time. Example: aamras Amazing Facts Honey is one of the food items which mostly does not spoil. It does not allow microorganisms to grow in it. So, it lasts for years without getting spoilt. honey Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) When we go for a picnic or a long vacation, we take some food with us. What kind of food do we take? Some tips to prevent food spoilage while travelling are: 1) Choose dry food items which do not spoil easily. Example: nuts, chips, dry fruits, biscuits, chiwda, sev and so on. 2) Pack food items carefully to prevent water from getting in. We can use foils, papers and plastic wraps to pack sandwich, roti, paratha, dosa, idli and so on. 3) We should not pack food items when they are hot. family picnic We must cool them first. 4) We should keep the food in a cool place, away from sunlight. Food Storage 18 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 91 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Lesson Building Materials 12 Let Us Learn About R different building materials and tools. u how bricks are made. a houses – then and now. h bhunga. Think Reena went with her father to see the construction of their new house. What all things will she see there? Can you guess? Remembering Materials used to build houses Building a house requires different materials and tools. The materials used for building houses differ from place to place. They depend on the climate, availability of materials and cost. The tools used depend on the type of house being built. Let us look at some of the different materials and tools. 1 Wood: Wooden houses are found in areas wooden house where the climate is cold, and wood is available in plenty. Wood does not allow heat to pass through it. So, wooden houses remain warm in the cold climate. 19 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 92

2 Stone: In stone 3 G lass: Another material that we now regions where house use is glass. Glass makes the house the climate look more airy and spacious. It also is hot, houses lets in natural light so that extra are made of lighting is not needed during the day. stone. Stone keeps the glass used in construction houses cool by keeping the heat out. Today, we mostly use sand, bricks, wood, iron, stones, cement and concrete to build our houses. Concrete is a mixture of sand, cement, water and small stones. Materials used for construction sand bricks wood metal rods concrete We also use different types of paints to paint the houses. Paints protect the walls and make them look beautiful. People such as architects, engineers, masons and carpenters are involved in constructing a house. Engineers and architects create the design and layout of a house. They also decide the type of building materials to be used. A mason cuts and lays the stones of the building. A carpenter does all the woodwork. They use different types of tools. Some of them are given below: tools used by tools used by an tools used by tools for a mason engineer and architect a carpenter construction To build a house, we may also need machines such as the bulldozer, concrete mixer, crane and so on. Machines used for construction bulldozer concrete mixer crane NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 93 20 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Understanding Do you know how bricks are made? Bricks are mostly made of clay or concrete. Here are some of the steps used for making bricks out of clay: 1) Preparing clay: mixing brick clay Water is added to the clayey soil. Mixing is done with water to make the clayey soil smooth and uniform. 2) Moulding: making bricks using moulds Hand moulds are used to shape this wet clay to form bricks. Nowadays, machine moulds are also used to make bricks. 3) Drying: After moulding, the bricks bricks are dried are allowed to slowly in the open air-dry in the open. 4) Firing: bricks are fired in a kiln The dried bricks are hardened using fire. For this, oven-like kilns (bhatta or bhatti) are built in the open fields using the dried bricks. Then this kiln is heated using fire. It takes two weeks for the kiln to cool down after firing. After the bricks are fired and cooled, they are unloaded from the kiln and packaged and stored. Application Houses today have tube lights, bulbs and fans. What about the days when there was no electricity? How did the kings and Maharajas build their huge buildings? Maharajas built forts. Forts are large buildings that used to provide houses for thousands of families. They used to build forts on top of hills to protect themselves from enemies. Let us look at one fort closely to see how they were built and how different it is from the houses we build today. Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur, Rajasthan The Mehrangarh fort is one of the biggest forts in India. Mehrangarh fort It has thick, strong walls. 21 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 94 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

The thick walls of the fort kept the rooms cool and protected the people from the hot desert sun. It has several courtyards with lots of windows. The fort did not have electricity and fans. Did their rooms not get hot? No, the ceilings of the rooms were usually very high. Near the roof, there were small windows. They allowed fresh air to flow within the rooms. The presence of sunlight and flow of fresh air ensured hygienic conditions inside. This is important to prevent diseases. Many open cut-outs allowed the air to flow freely. interior of the Mehrangarh fort What are the things in your house that keep it cool or warm, well-lit or shaded? Some of them are given below: 1) curtains 2) a terrace or a veranda 3) walls 4) the arrangement of the windows and the doors in the house Discuss with your friends how each one helps us. Amazing Facts The Indian Kings used to live in palaces. Palaces were luxurious homes. It is said that some of these Maharajas used gold, silver, gems like diamond and so on to build and decorate their palaces. a palace Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Let us look at a special type of house called the Bhunga. It is a type of house that is built by the people in the Kutch district of the Gujarat state in India. The Bhunga is like a cylinder in shape with a cone-like roof. It has a door and two windows. Even though it is a kaccha house, it does not collapse even Bhunga house during an earthquake. In fact, when the last Kutch earthquake occurred, many pucca houses fell down, but these remained. How is this possible? The cylindrical shape, height of the roof and its conical shape give it the strength to survive ground shakes. Building Materials 22 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 95 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Lesson Types of Cloth 13 Let Us Learn About r different types of cloth material. U making cloth from fibres. A colouring and printing of cloth. H taking care of clothes. Think Elena got a beautiful silk frock as a birthday gift from her aunt. It was soft and smooth to touch. She wondered why the clothes we wear look and feel different. Why some clothes were rough while some others were smooth? Remembering Based on the season and occasion, we wear different types of clothes. The look and feel of the clothes are different. Some of them make us feel warm. Some keep us cool. Some are smooth and shiny. Clothes look and feel different because of the differences in the material used to make them. Cloth is made up of fibres. Fibre is thin like hair. You will see these fibres at any tailor’s shop. 23 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 96

Fibres are of two main types: 1 Natural fibres: These are obtained from 2 Artificial (synthetic) fibres: natural resources. They can be These are human-made fibres. plant fibres or animal fibres. A few examples of natural For example, nylon, rayon. When artificial fibres are thrown fibres are cotton, jute, silk and wool. Cotton and jute after use, they do not break down in the soil like natural are plant fibres while silk and wool are animal fibres. fibres. Hence, they are harmful to the environment. We must Wool is obtained from the fleece of sheep or goat. We avoid using them. also get wool from the hair of rabbits, yak and camels. Silk fibre is drawn from the cocoon of a silkworm. cotton fibre jute fibre silk fibre wool fibre nylon fibre Understanding Now we know our clothes are formed from fibres. But how do we make clothes from fibres? Cotton and jute are most widely used natural fibres. COTTON CLOTH FROM COTTON PLANT Cotton plants are grown in places with long, hot and dry summers. They need plenty of sunshine to grow. The flowers develop into green fruits (pods) with seeds in them. White, soft, fluffy fibres of different lengths grow around the seeds to form bolls. cotton flowers cotton pods cotton bolls NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 97 Types of Cloth 24 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

Let us see the steps to make cotton cloth from a cotton plant. 1 When the pods burst open, we can 2 The cotton picked from see the fibres inside. The bolls are the plants has seeds in it. then collected from the plants. 3 The seeds of cotton 4 The fibre is then spun into yarn are separated using using spinning machines. Yarn is a machine. Then, the a continuous thread formed by cotton is fed into a grouping and twisting the fibres. smtraacighhinteentothceofmibbreas.ndsemeadcs hfrionme sceoptatorantbinoglls We also do this at home while making wicks for oil lamps. hand spinning spinning machine 5 Weaving is done by weaving passing the threads or yarn over and under each other to make a cloth or fabric. 6 The cotton fabric is cut and stitched into different types of clothes. JUTE CLOTH FROM JUTE PLANT Jute is grown during the rainy season. Jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam in India. To make jute fibres, the stem of the jute plant is soaked in water for 2 to 3 days. Then it is pulled out and dried. The fibres are then woven into threads and ropes. These threads are used to make jute clothes and gunny bags. Application Clothes look beautiful and different due to different colours and patterns on them. The fabric is coloured through dyeing and printing. In printing, multiple colours are used to make patterns dyeing printing on the fabric. Dyeing can be done before weaving the yarns into fabric using single or many colours. Natural dyes and chemical dyes are used to colour the clothes. Natural dyes Synthetic dyes • from animals and plants • from chemicals Examples: flowers and roots of plants, Example: mauvine (It is the first synthetic vegetables chemical dye that was unexpectedly discovered in 1856.) 25 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 98

Different methods are used for dyeing and printing clothes. Let us see some of them: Mixing colours: Attractive clothes are made by mixing the colours while dyeing. Different types of colour combinations are used to make them prettier. Block printing: A block of wood with a specific design is used fabric dyed with mixed colours for this. The block is dipped in dye and pressed on the cloth to block printing be printed. The same process is repeated several times to get a beautiful pattern on the cloth. It is one of the oldest methods of fabric printing. We can also do block printing using a potato (or any other vegetable). Take a potato, cut it into two pieces, carve any design you like on the piece. Your ‘block’ is ready. Dip it in water colours. Take a small piece of old cloth, handkerchief or a block prints using vegetables paper. Press the block on it. You can repeat it to get the design of your choice. You can also use vegetables like ladies finger or cut capsicum for this. Amazing Facts Nearly 50,000 silkworms are killed to make one silk saree. Kusuma Rajaiah Kusuma Rajaiah, of Hyderabad, has come up with a method displaying to produce silk without killing silkworms. a silk saree Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Taking care of clothes is important to make them look better and help them last longer. Let us see how to take care of clothes. We need to follow the instructions written on the tag of clothes. drying and ironing clothes Cotton and synthetic clothes should be washed well with a good soap or detergent to remove all the sweat, dirt and stains. They should be dried carefully. Drying dark coloured clothes in direct and bright sunlight for too long can make the colours dull. Ironing clothes makes them wrinkle free. Woollen and silk clothes need a lot of care. They should be dry-cleaned or washed gently with cold water. They are easily attacked by small insects like moth and silverfish. We should store silk and woollen clothes with mothballs or dried neem leaves. These will keep the insects away. Types of Cloth 26 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 99 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM

EVS−II (Social Studies) Contents Class 4 4 Understanding Rivers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 5 India’s Rivers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7 6 Natural Resources: Forests����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 7 Natural Resources: Soil����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 NR_BGM_9789386663351 MAPLE G04 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 100 1/7/2019 2:57:10 PM