9789387814202_AlpineKA G5 Social Studies Textbook FY

A PRODUCT OF CLASSKLAP SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK ALPINE SERIES Latest Edition 5 Name: __________________________________ Section: ______________ Roll No.: ________ School: ________________________________ KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 1 2/5/2018 2:59:32 PM

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Alpine series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for state board schools, the Alpine series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the State Curriculum Framework and National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Alpine Social Studies textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Alpine Social Studies books are as follows:  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  C haracter- and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground Social Studies concepts in reality to make them relatable to students  V isually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  Use of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Alpine series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 2 2/5/2018 2:59:33 PM

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic and covered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among students learning objectives Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to understand Includes elements to ensure that students and achieve the objective of the topic are engaged throughout Pin-Up Note – Contains key retention points Application from the concept Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept. KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 3 2/5/2018 2:59:34 PM

Contents 5Class 1 Representing the Earth 1.1 Maps and Globes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1.2 Latitudes and Longitudes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 2 All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 2.1 The Climatic Zones of the Earth���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 3 Our Ancient Cities 3.1 Our Ancient Cities������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 4 The Vedic Age 4.1 The Vedic Age������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 5 Rise of New Religions 5.1 Rise of New Religions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 6 The Mauryas 6.1 The Mauryas����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 7 The Golden Age 7.1 The Golden Age���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 8 Ancient Dynasties of South India 8.1 Ancient Dynasties of South India������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 9 Our Government 9.1 Our Government��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 1 0 Local Administration 10.1 Local Administration������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 1 1 People with Physical Disabilities 11.1 People with Physical Disabilities������������������������������������������������������������������������ 60 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 4 2/5/2018 2:59:35 PM

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... Lesson Family andRepresenting the Earth 11Lesson NeighbourhoodI Will Learn About 1.1 R features of maps and globes. U the differences between maps and globes. A using a map to make a globe. h getting familiar with globes. I Will Learn Abou1t.2 R latitudes and longitudes. U the differences between latitudes • nuclear,ajondinlot nagnituddseisn. gle-parent familiAhes .tuimsinegdlaiffteiturednecseaannddlosntagnitduadreds time. to • changescainlcfualamteiltyim, en.eighbourhood and environment. KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 1 1 2/5/2018 2:59:37 PM

Concept 1.1: Maps and Globes Think Rashi and her friends are planning a holiday. They are looking at travel magazines, when Rashi's father walks into the room. Mr Jain: Hi Rashi! What are you doing? Rashi: Hi Papa! We are looking through travel magazines and trying to decide where we should go on our next holiday. Mr Jain: That’s great. But I don’t see any maps or a globe in front of you. Rashi: Maps? Why maps? Mr Jain: Well, maps are a great way to know about a place. They help you answer questions like, ‘How far away is the place?’ or ‘Where do I go from here?’ They even help you find things like railway stations, hotels and other landmarks. Whereas, a globe shows you where your holiday spot is on the Earth. Rashi: Oh! You are right! I’ll get the globe from the hall right away! Q. What does Rashi’s father want her to look at to plan her holiday? (A) the internet and newspapers (B) maps and a globe (C) maps and her school textbooks (D) a globe and a magazine Remembering Axis Axis A globe is a small model of the Earth. The rod on which a globe spins is called its axis. It passes through the 2/5/2018 2:59:39 PM poles and the centre of the globe. The huge size of the Earth makes it difficult for us to study it as a whole. To make this easy, we represent the Earth in different ways. Two of the most important tools for doing this are maps and globes. MAPS A map is usually a two-dimensional view of a place. There are different kinds of maps. 2 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 2

Some important types of maps and what they show: Maps Political Physical Thematic - boundaries of countries, - landforms and water - information related to a states, cities bodies particular theme - capitals and other cities - the heights of different - Example: major crops, places rainfall in different parts of the country - natural regions and so on Features of maps GLOBES The word ‘globe’ comes from the Latin word ‘globus’, meaning ‘sphere’ or ‘round’. A globe is a three-dimensional object. It is shaped like the Earth. Why can a globe be called 'a little Earth'? • Since it has the same shape as the Earth, the positions of the continents shown are mostly accurate. • Since it is made to scale, the distances between places are also mostly accurate. Features of globes 1) We can turn the globe on its axis to see any part of the Earth we want. Representing the Earth 3 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 3 2/5/2018 2:59:50 PM

2) The axis of a globe is not straight. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° N 23.5° to the north. This shows the tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun. 3) The globe shows some important points and lines. The shape of a globe is similar to that of the Earth. We can, therefore, understand the positions of these lines and points much better on a globe than on a map. Understanding DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAPS AND GLOBES Map Globe • shows the entire Earth at a time. • shows only one part of the Earth • is flat or two-dimensional. at a time. • can provide detailed information. • is spherical or three-dimensional. • cannot be used to study the rotation and revolution of the Earth. • does not provide detailed information as it shows the whole Earth. • is easy to carry. • can rotate on an axis, and so, can be used to study the rotation and revolution of the Earth. • is difficult to carry. Important points and lines on A globe Look at the picture of the globe. Some important points and lines are marked on it. 1) The North and South Poles: They are two Axis ends of the Earth’s axis. They are found at the top and bottom of a globe. North Pole 2) The Equator: It is an imaginary line drawn Tropic of Cancer around the middle of a globe to divide it Equator TropicProimf eCMaperriicdoiarn into two equal parts or hemispheres. To South Pole North East the north of the Equator, is the northern West hemisphere. Below the Equator, to the Axis south, is the southern hemisphere. South 3) The Prime Meridian: It is an imaginary line from the North pole to the South pole that divides a globe into the eastern and western hemispheres. 4 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 4 2/5/2018 2:59:52 PM

The Equator divides the Earth into the The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into northern and the southern hemispheres. the eastern and the western hemispheres. Application MAKING A GLOBE A globe can be made from a special map of the Earth like this one. A map like this can be pasted onto a sphere. Representing the Earth 5 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 5 2/5/2018 2:59:57 PM

A globe can only be made to show the entire Earth. We cannot use a map of a country, city or neighbourhood to make a globe. Do you know why? Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at a globe and point out the following: • the Equator • a continent in the southern hemisphere • a continent which is in all four hemispheres • the continent of which India is a part Amazing Facts The German geographer, Martin Behaim, made a globe more than 500 years ago that still exists. He was able to create the globe after travelling around the world. Concept 1.2: Latitudes and Longitudes Think Rashi: I have decided that I want to visit Australia. Mr Jain: That’s interesting. Can you show me where it is on this globe? Rashi: I can’t see it. Mr Jain: You can use the latitudes and longitudes on the globe to find places. Do you know where Australia is? Rashi: It’s in the southern hemisphere. And it’s to the east of the Prime Meridian. QQ. What does Rashi’s father ask her to use to find the location of a place on the globe? (A) latitudes (B) latitudes and longitudes (C) longitudes (D) the internet 6 2/5/2018 2:59:59 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 6

Remembering The North Pole and the South Pole marked on the globe show the vertical northernmost and the southernmost points of the Earth. Horizontal lines drawn parallel to the equator are latitudes. Vertical lines that join the North and South Poles are longitudes. A globe is divided into small sections. These sections make it easy to find places on the Earth. The lines which make these sections are called latitudes horizontal and longitudes. Latitudes and longitudes are measured using degrees and the direction in which they fall. Example: 20° N is read as ‘20 degrees, north’. LATITUDES They are also known as parallels. This is because these lines do not meet each other at any point. The Equator: It is the longest latitude. It marks 0° on the globe. The Equator is an important latitude. It divides the Earth into the northern and the southern hemispheres. Other than the Equator, there are four other important latitudes: latitudes 1) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N): It is also called the Northern Tropic. 2) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S): It is also called the Southern Tropic. 3) Arctic Circle (66.5° N): It is the latitude that circles the North Pole. 4) Antarctic Circle (66.5° S): It is the latitude that circles the South Pole. Representing the Earth 7 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 7 2/5/2018 3:00:00 PM

LONGITUDES We have read that the Equator is the longest latitude. Do you know vertical that the Equator is a circle? This equatorial circle can be divided into 360°. These divisions of the equatorial circle are used for marking meridians. These meridians are called longitudes. Longitudes range from 0° to 180° in the east and 0° to 180° in the west. 1) 0° meridian: It is also called the Greenwich Meridian as it passes longitudes through a place called Greenwich in the United Kingdom. It is also known as the Prime Meridian. 2) 180° meridian: On a globe, you will find this line opposite to the 0° meridian . The International Date Line roughly follows the 180° meridian. Unlike the 0° meridian, it does not pass through any country. The 0° and 180° meridians divide the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres. Prime Meridian International Date Line Understanding latitudes FEATURES OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES Latitudes: • run from the east to the west. • form complete circles, except at the two poles, which are points. • are parallel lines. The distance between them always remains equal. • decrease in length from the Equator towards the poles. 8 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 8 2/5/2018 3:00:00 PM

Longitudes: • run from the north to the south. • meet at the poles. The distance between longitudes is the least at the poles. This distance is the widest at the Equator. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATITUDES AND SUNLIGHT The tilt of the Earth along with its revolution has various interesting longitudes effects. The most important is that all the latitudes do not get the same amount of sunlight. The latitudes between which the Sun appears directly overhead are the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) in the south. Application Mr Jain lives in Pune. He wants to make a phone call to his cousin who lives in the United Kingdom. Before he calls, he checks his watch to calculate what time it is in London. He does not do this before calling his sister in Jaipur. Why does he need to do this? He needs to do this because of following reasons. Time difference: Every place in the world has a specific longitude. We use longitudes to calculate the time for different places. The time for different places is measured relative to the Greenwich Mean Time. It is commonly called GMT. Standard time: The time is different for different meridians. A country like India has many meridians. So, places on different meridians would be at different times. To avoid confusion, Representing the Earth 9 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 9 2/5/2018 3:00:01 PM

we have a standard time. A standard time is decided on the basis of a centrally located meridian of a region. +5.5 GMT standard times around the world Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) To calculate time using meridians, we need to count 4 minutes for each meridian. So if it is 12 p.m.(noon) at 0°, • It will be 12:04 p.m. at 1° E. We add minutes to the time for meridians to the east of 0°. • It will be 11:56 at 1° W. We subtract minutes from the time for meridians to the west of 0°. Using a time zone map, fill in the table. The time at: Greenwich Time (0°) The time at: 12 p.m. 2° W is 11:52 p.m. 2° E is 12:08 p.m. [2 × 4 = 8. 1 p.m. [2 × 4 = 8. So 12:00 am - 8 minutes = 11:52 So 12:00 am + 8 minutes = 12:08 p.m.] p.m.] 5° W is _________________ 5° E is ____________________ 80° W is ________________ 12 a.m. 80° E is ___________________ 100° W is _______________ 3 a.m. 100° E is __________________ 10 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 10 2/5/2018 3:00:02 PM

Amazing Facts Africa is the only continent that lies on both sides of the Equator and the North Prime Meridian. It is also the only continent in the world that lies in all four hemispheres. West East New Words South 1) represent – show 2) two-dimensional – an object that has length and breadth 3) three-dimensional – an object that has length, breadth and depth 4) geographer – someone who is an expert at, and continues to study geography Representing the Earth 11 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 11 2/5/2018 3:00:03 PM

Lesson All Kinds of Regions Make 2 up the World I Will Learn About 2.1 R weather, seasons and climate. U factors that affect the climate. A climate of India. h climatic zones and countries. Concept 2.1: The Climatic Zones of the Earth Think Meher: Brother, what are you doing with all these maps and magazines? Morad: I am making a list of all the amazing places that I want to see. Meher: Which places do you want to see? Morad: I want to travel to Greenland, the Democratic Republic of Congo and… ummm... Athens! But right now, I want to go to New Zealand. Meher: New Zealand will be much colder than Pune, right? After all, it is December. Q. Do you think it will be cold in New Zealand during December? (A) yes (B) no 12 2/5/2018 3:00:06 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 12

Remembering Between December and February, it gets cold. It might be very cold one day and a little less cold another day. Similarly, it might be less windy one day and very windy the next day. This change in the day-to-day conditions of temperature, humidity and wind at a place is called weather. SEASONS The weather is cold between December and February. October September However, between March to November May, the temperature starts to August Northern Autumn/Southern Spring increase, and we feel hot. December July June These cyclical changes in the Northern Winter/ Northern Summer/ weather, over a period of a Southern Summer Southern Winter year, are called seasons. In January India, there are three main Northern Spring/Southern Autumn seasons – summer, monsoon and winter. February May What causes seasons? March April You have learnt that there are two movements of the Earth – rotation and revolution. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes seasons. The Earth is tilted on its axis. So, while revolving around the Sun, one part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun and receives more hours of sunlight. This part experiences summer. However, the other part is tilted away from the Sun and receives fewer hours of sunlight. This part experiences winter. Sometimes, while revolving, neither part is tilted towards the Sun. This is when we experience either spring or autumn. CLIMATE Climate is the weather of a location recorded over a long period of time. We know that the Earth's revolution leads to seasons. However, even during a particular season, the climate does not remain the same everywhere. Example: during the winter season, it is very cold in the Northern Mountains, but it is pleasant in the coastal plains. This is because many factors affect the climate of a place. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 13 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 13 2/5/2018 3:00:08 PM

Understanding FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE OF A PLACE There are several factors that affect the climate of a place. Some of them are mentioned below. how distance from the Equator affects climate • Distance from the Equator: If a place is closer to the Equator, the sun rays fall directly over it and spread over a smaller area. However, if a place is away from the Equator, the sun rays are slanting and spread over a larger area. Therefore, places closer to the Equator are hotter than the places away from the Equator. • Height above the sea level: The higher one goes, the cooler it gets. So, places located above sea level are much cooler than places located at sea level. Example: Shimla is cooler than Mumbai. • Distance from the sea: Places closer to the sea are cooler than those away from the sea as they experience sea breeze. • Wind and humidity: Wind and humidity also influence the climate of a place. Example: hot winds blowing from the Thar Desert make the climate of Delhi hot during the summer. Similarly, coastal regions are more humid because of the evaporation of water from the seas and oceans. 14 2/5/2018 3:00:09 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 14

CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE EARTH North Frigid Zone You have read that depending on their North Temperate Zone closeness to the Equator, different regions Torrid Zone receive different amounts of heat from the Sun. The Earth is divided into three climatic zones South Temperate Zone based on the amount of heat received. These South Frigid Zone climatic zones are: • the Torrid Zone • the Temperate Zone • the Frigid Zone The Torrid Zone The Temperate Zone All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 15 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 15 2/5/2018 3:00:11 PM

The Frigid Zone Application CLIMATE OF INDIA A large part of India lies in the Torrid Zone, while some part of it lies in the Temperate Zone. Hence, India experiences different types of climatic conditions. The presence of a variety of landforms such as mountains, plains and coasts, also affects India's climate and provides variety. The Thar Desert Himalayan ranges in has a hot and the country are always dry climate. This covered with snow as is because the they are extremely high region has very few above the sea level. waterbodies and receives scanty rainfall. Mumbai is closer to the equator than New Delhi. Yet, it is cooler than New Delhi because it receives sea breeze. 16 2/5/2018 3:00:13 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 16

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Look at the climatic zone map given in this lesson. Using an atlas, find out the zones in which the following countries are located. • Germany • Saudi Arabia • Singapore • Nigeria • France • Norway Amazing Facts The Poles experience six months of sunlight and six months of darkness. Due to the angle of the Earth, each Pole spends six months tilted towards the Sun. So, for six months, there is continuous daylight at one Pole while, the other Pole remains in the dark for those six months. New Words 1) humidity – amount of moisture present in the air 2) cyclical – occurring in a repeated manner 3) monsoon – the season when India receives a lot of rain 4) spring – the season between winter and summer 5) autumn – the season when leaves of trees begin to fall 6) sea level – the average level of the surface of the sea 7) sea breeze – slight wind that blows from the sea towards the land 8) evaporation – the process in which water turns into vapour All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 17 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 17 2/5/2018 3:00:14 PM

Lesson Our Ancient Cities 3 I Will Learn About 3.1 R ancient cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. U features of a civilization – Indus Valley Civilization. A why Indus Valley Civilization was an advanced civilization? h decline of Indus Valley Civilization – reasons and lessons. Concept 3.1: Our Ancient Cities Think Rashi came back from school and she was very excited. Rashi: Ma, do you know what our Social Teacher told us today? Ma: What did she say? Rashi: She said that we will play a detective game tomorrow. Ma: What detective game? Rashi: Teacher will give us some pictures of things used in two very old cities. We will have to say what kind of people used them and how they made those things. Ma: Which are those cities, Rashi? Rashi: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Ma. \"Little detective\", Ma smiled as Rashi sat there looking at the pictures in her social book. 18 2/5/2018 3:00:16 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 18

Q. Read the four options given below and tick the two very old cities Rashi speaks about: (A) Maharashtra (B) Harappa (C) Haryana (D) Mohenjo-Daro Remembering History is all about interesting stories of the past. As we read in the previous grade, knowing about the past of our country or the world, knowing about its ancient history is important. It gives us a lot of understanding of the events and people that influenced who we are today. Most importantly, studying history teaches us to 'think'. It allows us to understand our past, which in turn allows us to understand our present and prepare for the future. How then do we learn about our past? We learn about history from people, objects, materials and written stories of the past. These are called sources of history. These sources tell us exciting stories. Some of the sources could be very old cities, towns, articles used, writing, art, religion, architecture, animals and clothes worn by people of those times. Let us read one such story. The story of how the ancient cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were discovered on the banks of River Indus (Sindhu). One day, about 150 years ago, when India was under British rule, some people were digging the soil for laying railway lines at Harappa in Punjab (now in Pakistan). To their surprise, what came up to the surface was thousands of burnt bricks and the remains of a place. The people did not understand what these structures meant and without understanding the importance of the relics, they went ahead and destroyed the remains. The broken buildings of the most ancient city of India were removed due to the ignorance of the people laying the railway lines. The news about the place came to the notice of British archaeologists. They soon understood that this was an ancient city from a previously unknown civilization and began excavating there. They named this city Harappa. Shortly after that, with help from local guides, they found another city from the same civilization. They called it Mohenjo-Daro. Since that time, archaeologists have found over 1400 cities from this same civilization. We now call this the Indus Valley Civilization or Sindhu Civilization, since the cities have mostly been found in the Indus (Sindhu) Valley. Our Ancient Cities 19 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 19 2/5/2018 3:00:17 PM

The Indus Valley Civilization was thus discovered. Let us now see what they found there and what these things tell us about this ancient society. Understanding The Sindhu Valley of the river Sindhu was a fertile land. Civilized life developed around this region about 5000 years ago. With the discovery of the Sindhu Civilization, India has been looked upon as the cradle for ancient civilization. Since many archaeologists were attracted to this, they continued to discover more sites, 360 sites of which are situated along the banks of the river Saraswati. This is why it is also called the 'Sindhu Saraswati Civilization'. Many cities of the Sindhu Civilization have been excavated. 1) Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan) 2) Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India) 3) Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat, India) 4) Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) Indus Valley Civilization The archaeologists found many details of the life and times of Sindhu Civilization. Let us see how their towns were planned and how they did their business. This will give us an understanding of how advanced the civilization was. 20 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 20 2/5/2018 3:00:17 PM

Town Planning The towns and cities were built on a well-drawn plan. Forts were built to protect cities. Wide roads, public wells, storeyed houses and tidy sewage systems were the main characteristics of this civilization. The underground drainage system was first known to be developed in these societies. The most famous is that of the public bath at Mohenjo-Daro. It had six rooms around it. The highlight of Harappa was that it had six granaries and many nearby labour quarters. Lothal was famous for its harbour. Economic Life The primary occupation of the people in the Sindhu region was weaving cotton and woolen clothes. The secondary occupation was preparing burnt bricks. The Sindhu people are also known for: 1) Domesticating animals such as ox, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, cat, dog, camel, donkey, etc. 2) Growing of cotton for the first time in the world 3) Trading with many countries in Asia and across the Arabian Sea. This tells us the people of the Sindhu Civilization had great engineering and business skills. Application The greatness of a society or a civilization depends on the quality of life its people lead. Let us look closely at the life of these people. We will then understand why it is called an advanced civilization. Social Life Sindhu people were very enthusiastic about cultural activities. Women wore many ornaments such as necklaces, bangles, rings, ear studs, waist bands, anklets, etc. Marbles, balls and dice were their play objects. Bronze idol of a Clay idol of mother Bullfights were a pastime activity. Children would play dancing girl goddess with clay-art and dolls. Art When it comes to art, we find that clay idols of Mother Goddess are plenty. About 2000 seals were discovered. Beautiful pieces of art include the humped bull seal, a bronze idol of a girl Our Ancient Cities 21 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 21 2/5/2018 3:00:18 PM

dancing and lastly the stone trunk of a man. A Shiva linga has also been found at Harrapa and Kalibangan. Humped bull Seal of an imaginary Sindhu script animal with a single horn Religion People worshipped Shiva and Mother Goddess. They also worshipped the humped bull, the Sun, fire, the Earth, water and serpent gods. Sacrifice pits were found at Kalibangan and Lothal. Swastika (sun) Shivalinga found Harappan people had their own scripts and language. seal in Kalibangan Scholars have still not understood the language used by them. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) So you saw from the different sources found at many sites, that Sindhu Civilization was an advanced civilization. This civilization lasted for about 1000 years. After so many years of existence, the Sindhu civilization came to an end. There were many reasons for this: 1) Frequent floods in the Sindhu valley 2) At the same time, scarcity of water due to the drying up of Saraswati river 3) Destruction of forests due to too much burning of bricks The death of the great civilization teaches us some important lessons. Let us discuss some of them. Imagine you are the Chief of the Sindhu Valley and all its cities. You know the problems your cities are facing. Discuss these two questions with your class: 1) What steps would you take to save the civilization? 2) What similarities do you notice between the problems faced by them and by the modern world? 22 2/5/2018 3:00:19 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 22

Amazing Facts The people of the Sindhu Civilization were the first in the world to build and use an artificial Dockyard. In 1954, archaeologists discovered the world’s earliest known proof of building and using of an artificial dockyard in Lothal, located in modern state of Gujarat. This must have connected the city with the ancient path of Sabarmati river. New Words 1) civilization – an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached 2) archaeologist – people who study the past by looking for the remains and artefacts (historical things) left by the people who lived long ago 3) remains – that which is left when parts have been taken away or destroyed 4) relics – something that has survived from the past, such as an object or a custom 5) ignorance – lack of education or information 6) excavate – to uncover by digging 7) sewage – a large underground pipe that carries off the liquid and solid waste of a town or city 8) granaries – a structure built to store grain 9) seals – a seal is something such as a piece of wax or clay which has an official mark on it 10) scholar – a person who is knowledgeable, usually from study Our Ancient Cities 23 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 23 2/5/2018 3:00:19 PM

Lesson The Vedic Age 4 I Will Learn About 4.1 R the Vedas. U characteristics of the Vedic Ages. A epics written in the Vedic Ages. h the Vedic Ages. Concept 4.1: The Vedic Age Think Rashi went to her friend Meher’s house. Meher’s grandfather was reading a book loudly. Everyone lovingly called him Dadaji. Rashi: Dadaji, what are you reading? Dadaji: I am reading a very old book. It is thousands of years old. Rashi: So old? Can you tell more about it, Dadaji? Dadaji: This book is called the Rig Veda. It is one of the oldest books. Rashi: Dadaji, our teacher told us that we are going to read about the Vedic Age after we finish Indus Valley Civilization. Dadaji: Good. You will tell me about it when your teacher finishes the lesson, won’t you? Rashi: Sure, Dadaji. 24 2/5/2018 3:00:22 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 24

Q. Which book belongs to the Vedic Age? (A) The Rig Veda (B) The Jungle Book (C) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (D) The story of my experiments with Truth Remembering What are the Vedas? The word 'Veda' means knowledge. There are four Vedas: \"the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda\". The Vedas are the oldest available religious texts in the world. The language used in the Vedas is Sanskrit. It was edited by Maharshi Vedavyasa. The principle parts of the Vedas are \"the \"Samhitas\", the Brahmanas\", the \"Aranyakas\" and the \"Upanishads\".\" Understanding The Vedic literature was composed during the time of the Aryans. Aryans were people who lived five thousand years ago in the plains of the rivers Sindhu and Saraswati. They called the place Saptha Sindhavah - 'land of seven rivers'. To understand the history of the Vedas, it is important to study the different Vedic ages: Early Vedic Age and Later Vedic Age. Let us learn about the different Vedic ages in detail. Early Vedic Age • Social life: Family was the basic unit of society. Marriage was considered sacred. The father was the head of the family. Guests were treated respectfully. The people loved music. The singing of hymns, Samagana, originated during this time. The games of dice and chariot racing were popular. The Aryans drank sura and soma. • Status of Women: Women were given a high status in the society. They had the right to education. The girls had the initiation to the Vedic rites (Brahmopadesha) and were eligible to study Vedas. Some women The Vedic Age 25 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 25 2/5/2018 3:00:22 PM

who composed Vedic Mantras are Ghosha, Apala and Viswavara. They were called Brahmavadinis. Some women were Upadhyayinis (lady teachers). Child marriages or Sahagamana was not practised. • Economic life: People practised agriculture and animal husbandry. A variety of crops like corn, rice and cotton, were grown. They consumed rice, barley, fish and meat. People were free to practise any occupation of their choice. There were weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, shepherds and potters. The professions of medicine and priesthood were highly respected. Cattle were considered their most precious wealth. In a war, the victorious usually took away the cattle of the enemy. The wealth of a person depended on the number of cattle they possessed. After cattle, horses were considered the most important animals. • Political life: The leader of a clan was called Rajan. The leader of smaller groups was called Raja. They were not dictators. Kingship was inherited from one generation to the other. There were two houses of representatives – Sabha and Samiti. The King was also the judge. However, he had to consult elders before passing a verdict. The King had to fight wars and safeguard the welfare and property of his people. • Religious life: The Aryans worshipped Indra, Surya, Soma and Yama. They performed many Yajnas. Agni (fire) was very important for the Aryans. Marriages were held with Agni as a witness. They also made offerings to Gods through Agni. Later Vedic Age As the population in the Saptha Sindhu area increased, they began to migrate and went southwards. Saptha Sindhu refers to the seven rivers that were flowing in the Sindhu-Saraswati plains. After this, many changes started to take place in their lives. • Social changes – Society was divided on the basis of occupations (varnas). They were Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. This came to be known as the Varna system, and it became a very rigid system as people were not allowed to change their varnas. • Status of women – The status of women began to decline. The birth of a girl child was not welcome. Gargi and Maithreyi were the great Brahmavadinis of this Age. • Political life – The kings were keen on expanding their territories. New titles for the kings were, Chakravarti 26 2/5/2018 3:00:23 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 26

and Samrat. They built vast empires and conducted great sacrifices like Rajasuya, Ashvamedha and Vajapeya. • Religious life – The religious rituals multiplied. There were sixteen samskaras like naming, marriage, funeral and so on, that evolved. Some are still in practice. Application Do you know about the greatest epics of India? Epics are long poems narrating the adventures of historic/mythological characters. They are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Both the epics portray rich Indian culture and wisdom. The values upheld by these epics still guide many people around the world. • Find out who composed these epics. Also, there are a number of simple versions of these epics available. You can read them and write down the summary of one story from the epics. Analyse what values you can learn from it. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) We have learnt about the two different Vedic Ages. Which Age do you think is better and why? Also compare the present Age with the Vedic Ages. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Amazing Facts The Vedas were orally transmitted over generations for nearly 3000 years. Even today, the vocabulary has not changed much in spite of them not being written or printed. This type of unique oral tradition is seen only in the Vedas in the world. The Vedic Age 27 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 27 2/5/2018 3:00:23 PM

New Words 1) precious – something of great value 2) expand – increase in size 28 2/5/2018 3:00:24 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 28

Lesson Rise of New Religions 5 I Will Learn About 5.1 R the Satavahanas and Gautamiputra Satakarni. U the teachings of Buddhism and Jainism. A similarities between Ganarajya and Indian parliament. h the groups in Buddhism and Jainism. Concept 5.1: Rise of New Religions Think Meher came running to Rashi’s house. Meher: Rashi, where are you? Ma: What is the hurry about? Meher: Aunty, a Japanese uncle came to my house. He works in my father’s company. And Dadaji asked me to call Rashi. Rashi came out of her room. She took Ma’s permission and went to Meher’s house. Dadaji smiled when he saw Rashi. Dadaji: This is the girl I have been telling you about. She is full of questions. Dadaji: Rashi, you will be interested to know that Mr. Chen Tao follows Buddhism. He is visiting Bodh Gaya. Rashi: What is Buddhism, Dadaji? Chen Tao: Buddhism is about the teaching of Buddha. He lived about 2500 years ago. Here, take this comic book on the life of Buddha. You will like it.\" KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 29 29 2/5/2018 3:00:26 PM

Rashi thanked Mr. Chen Tao. She and Meher opened the comic book and started reading the ‘Life of Lord Buddha’. QQ. What is Buddhism about? (A) Teachings of Chen Tao (B) Teachings of Buddha (C) Teachings of Mahavir (D) Teachings of Rama Remembering The period between 600 BC and 400 BC saw the emergence of new faiths. These new faiths rejected the complicated Vedas and focused on a simple life. Two faiths that grew really popular during this time were Jainism and Buddhism. Jainism and Buddhism were founded by Mahavira and Gautama Buddha respectively. Both of them shared their ideas with people and had many followers. Understanding Let us learn more about the founders of Jainism and Buddhism. Mahavira His Life: He was born 2500 years ago at Kundagrama near Vaishali in Bihar. He was born to a rich Kshatriya family. His father was Siddhartha (the head of Kundagrama) and his mother was Trishala Devi. Mahavira’s parents named him Vardhamana. Vardhamana left his home to seek spiritual knowledge. He spent some time as a digambara muni. Later, he spent twelve years in meditation and realised true knowledge. He was called the ‘Jina’ - the one who conquered desire. His followers were called Jains. He taught to all classes of people. He left his body at Pawapuri in Bihar. His teachings: 30 2/5/2018 3:00:27 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 30

Non-violence was the most important lesson that Mahavira taught his followers. No other religion would have focused so much on the importance of non-violence as Jainism. The five principles or code of ethics of Jainism are: Ahimsa Sculpture depicting Ahimsa, the (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (to not steal), fundamental tenet of Jainism Aparigraha (to not possess) and Brahmacharya (to control senses). Gautama Buddha His Life: Gautama Buddha was born as Siddhartha at Kapilavastu in Nepal. His father was the head of Shakya Republic. His name was Shuddhodana. His mother was Mayadevi. Gautama Buddha married Yeshodhara and they had a son named Rahula. Siddhartha was brought up in a very happy and joyful environment. However, he remained an unhappy and worried man. During these times, he met an old man, a sick person, a monk and also saw a funeral procession. These experiences made him very sad. He decided to go in search for the causes of human misery. He ran away from his home in order to find an answer. He met many intellectuals and teachers. However, none of them could satisfy him. One day, he sat under a banyan tree in Bodh Gaya to meditate. Suddenly, he felt true knowledge flash in his mind. Since then, he has been called the Enlightened One. He was also called Gautama Mahabodhi temple Siddhartha, Tathagata and Shakyamuni. and the Bodhi tree. In the beginning, Buddha had five disciples at Saranath near Varanasi. He travelled to Bihar and other places to preach. His reputation grew and many emperors became his disciples. Buddha attained nirvana at Kushinagara in Bihar. His teachings: Dharma - to attain knowledge by practising purity in life and thought. We learnt that Buddha left his home to find the reasons and solution for human misery. The following are the Aryasatyas (fundamental truths) and Ashtangamarga (fundamental percepts) of Buddha: The Aryasatyas – i. World is filled with misery ii. Desire is the cause of misery iii. One can win over sorrow by conquering desire iv. Ashtangamarga (the eight-fold path) helps conquer misery. Ashtangamarga – i. Right Understanding ii. Right Aspiration iii. Right Speech iv. Right Action v. Right Livelihood vi. Right Effort vii. Right Mindfulness viii. Right Concentration Rise of New Religions 31 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 31 2/5/2018 3:00:28 PM

He taught that karma (deeds done in the past) is responsible for one’s Dharmachakra, condition. Evil deeds in the past attract punishment. In order to avoid representing the misery, one has to be truthful, be charitable, control desires, love, be noble eight-fold path compassionate and practise non-violence. Buddha’s teachings are written in Pali language and compiled in ‘Sutta Pitaka.’ Application During the time of Buddha, there were sixteen kingdoms of various sizes in the Sindhu-Ganga plains. These kingdoms were called Mahajanapadas. The famous Mahajanapadas were Magadha, Kosala and Vatsa. During the same time, there were many states that had representative governments. They were called Ganarajyas. One of the most famous republic was Vajji. It was a union of many republics, and Vaishali city of Bihar was its capital. Vajji had a legislature consisting of two 32 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 32 2/5/2018 3:00:28 PM

houses with both senior and junior members. This Sabha took care of the administration. Each member of the Sabha was called a ‘Raja’. All matters related to the union were discussed in the Sabha meetings. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Among the Jains and the Buddhists there are two different groups or classes. Find more information about them and also understand the difference between them. Ans. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Amazing Facts Animal sacrifices were widespread before the spread of Jainism and Buddhism. As an impact of Jainism and Buddhism, animal sacrifice came to an end. Vegetarianism began to spread widely. New Words 1) deeds – a person's actions Rise of New Religions 33 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 33 2/5/2018 3:00:29 PM

Lesson The Mauryas 6 I Will Learn About 6.1 R the Mauryan dynasty and Chandragupta Maurya. U Ashoka’s adoption of Buddhism. A the Mauryan empire. h differences between present day government and the Mauryan Empire. Concept 6.1: The Mauryas Think Rashi and her parents were having dinner. Rashi: Papa, Today, I was not able to answer one question in the General Knowledge Quiz that our teacher conducted. Papa: What is the question, Rashi? Rashi: It was about the National Emblem. I did not know where we took it from. Papa: That is a very interesting story in history, Rashi. It is based on the stone statue called the Lion of Sarnath. It was on top of a tall pillar. It was built 2300 years ago by the great king, Ashoka. Rashi: Please tell me more, Papa. Papa: Let’s finish dinner. I will tell you the story of Ashoka. After dinner, Rashi sat beside her Papa as he opened a history book full of pictures and told her the story of Ashoka. 34 2/5/2018 3:00:31 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 34

QQ. The National Emblem is based on the stone statue called: ( A) The Lion of Somnath (B) The Lion of Sindhu ( C) The Lion of Ashoka (D) The Lion of Sarnath Remembering The Mauryan dynasty was established by Chandragupta Maurya. After he lost his father at a young age, Chanakya, a Brahmin teacher, took him to Takshashila and educated him. Chanakya advised Chandragupta as he wanted to free the north-western part of India from the Greeks. He also wanted to free the Magadha empire from the misrule of the existing kings. After completing his education, Chandragupta raised an army and succeeded in overthrowing the The Mauryan Empire Greek empire. After that, his army marched into battle against the king of Magadha and defeated him too. Thus, with the help of Chanakya, Chandragupta established the Mauryan empire in northern India. He made Chanakya Pataliputra (now Patna) the capital of his empire. Chandragupta also defeated the Greek General Seleucus, and they entered into a peace treaty. Seleucus surrendered Afghanistan and Balochistan to Chandragupta Maurya and in return, received 500 elephants trained in warfare. Seleucus appointed Megasthenes as his ambassador to Chandragupta’s court. ‘Indica’ is a book written by him describing India and the Indian society in great detail. Understanding After Chandragupta’s death, the next great king to take over the Mauryan empire was Ashoka the Great. He was the grandson of Chandragupta and the son of Bindusara. The Mauryas 35 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 35 2/5/2018 3:00:32 PM

Following in the footsteps of his forefathers, Ashoka fought many wars to Ashoka expand his kingdom. The Kalinga war was a turning point in his life as he witnessed large scale death and misery caused by the war. He decided to shun warfare and adopted Buddhism. He decided to spend the rest of his life spreading the teachings of Dharma and Ahimsa. He propagated good conduct, universal love and brotherhood. He sent preachers to different parts of India and also to places outside of India. He inscribed the principles of Dharma on rocks and pillars throughout his empire. Thirteen inscriptions, depicting the life and achievements of Ashoka, can be found in Karnataka even today. As a result, the empire of Ashoka experienced 40 years of peace, harmony and prosperity. That is why Ashoka occupies a unique place among the emperors of the world and is called ‘Ashoka the Great’. Application The Mauryan Administrative System Central Village Government Administration The King was the head of the Central Government and all powers were centred in his hands. The Council of Ministers offered him advice. The kingdom was divided into several provinces for the convenience of administration. The Gramika headed the village administration along with the help of the village elders. Villages were to a large extent independent to administer themselves. Disputes were adjudged by the village council known as the Gram Sabha. 36 2/5/2018 3:00:33 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 36

Architecture and Sculptures: Art of Ashoka's time survives till today, as he encouraged the use of stone rather than wood. Stupas, pillars and caves are the most prominent examples. The Sanchi Stupa built by Ashoka is the oldest stone structure in India. The walls of the stupa contain numerous inscriptions. The stupas are large hemispherical structures in which the relics of Buddha are placed. Ashoka’s capital pillars are amongst his finest Sanchi Stupa and best known works. The Lion Capital at Sarnath has been adopted as the National Symbol of India. Decline of the Mauryan Empire: After Ashoka’s death, the Mauryan empire declined. Some of the reasons for The Lion Capital the decline are as follows: • No proper communication and transport systems to manage the huge empire • Kings after Ashoka were weak • Frequent invasions on the north western part of the country • The chief of the Mauryan Army led a revolt and killed the last king Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Some of the characteristics of the Maurya administration can be found even in today’s administration in our country. Can you find out more about the present day administration and its resemblance to the Mauryan Empire? Ans. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Amazing Facts Before receiving the title Samrat Ashoka, he was known as Chanda Ashoka (cruel Ashoka). The Mauryas 37 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 37 2/5/2018 3:00:34 PM

New Words 1) propagated – spread and promote an idea an object surviving from an earlier time 2) relics – 38 2/5/2018 3:00:34 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 38

Lesson The Golden Age 7 I Will Learn About 7.1 R the Gupta empire and Samudragupta. U the achievements in the Gupta period. A other important kings of southern India. h similarities among Pushyabuti, Badami and Pallava kingdoms. Concept 7.1: The Golden Age Think Meher and Rashi were learning to paint. Their drawing teacher was helping them. On the table was a book titled \"Ajanta and Ellora Paintings\". There were many beautiful pictures in it. Rashi was curious to know more about the painting. Rashi: Teacher, who painted these pictures? Teacher: These are very old paintings found in the caves of Ajanta and Ellora. They were painted 1500 years ago. Come let us look at them. As Rashi and Meher turned the pages of the book, the teacher added. Teacher: These were made during the Golden Age of India. Rashi: Golden Age? Teacher: Yes, I am sure your Social teacher will tell you more about it. She told me that you will read about it soon.\" Rashi and Meher closed the book, thanked their teacher and continued to paint. KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 39 39 2/5/2018 3:00:36 PM

QQ. The paintings found in the caves of Ajanta and Ellora were painted: ( A) 3500 years ago (B) 1500 years ago ( C) 5500 years ago ( D) 500 years ago Remembering The Gupta Empire covered most of northern India and eastern Pakistan, parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan and what is now eastern India and Bangladesh. Their capital was Pataliputra, present day Patna, in the Indian state of Bihar. The centre of their trade lay in the fertile land of Madhyadesha covering Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Samudragupta was known for his bravery and heroism. Many kings who knew of his strength surrendered willingly, while others were defeated. Gold coin depicting In ancient India, the kings used to have an interesting custom. When Samudragupta they thought that they had conquered the whole land, they would let loose a white horse. If the horse returned home without being captured, playing the veena it meant that everyone in the land recognized the power of the king. The horse was then offered as sacrifice and killed. The ceremony was called Ashvamedha Yajna and was performed by Samudragupta in Pataliputra. Samudragupta was also called ‘Kaviraja’ as he was a great poet and musician. Chandragupta Vikramaditya II, the son of Samudragupta, was an expert in warfare. He ended the three century rule of the Satrapas in Gujarat. This was his greatest military achievement. He assumed the titles of ‘Sakari’ and ‘Vikramaditya’. Understanding The Gupta Period is known as the Golden Age in Indian history. Literature, architecture, art, science and mathematics made huge progress during this period. Sanskrit Literature Sanskrit grew tremendously due to royal patronage and became the official state language. 40 2/5/2018 3:00:37 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 40

Kalidasa, the great Sanskrit poet, was a scholar of the Gupta court. Kalidasa He along with eight other poets and scholars adorned the court of Chandragupta Vikramaditya II. They were called the Navratnas (nine gems). Temple Architecture The Gupta period marks the beginning of the Indian temple architecture. The temple at Sachi in Madhya Pradesh is the most ancient temple in India. The Gupta Temple Stupas and Chaityas Dhamek Stupa, 128 feet tall, at Sarnath near Varanasi is an example of the brilliant craftsmanship of the Gupta times. Paintings Dhamek Stupa During the Gupta period, the art of painting reached its height of glory and splendour. The pictures painted on the walls and ceilings of the Ajanta and Ellora caves are famous all over the world. Science, Mathematics and Astronomy Aryabhata, of Pataliputra, was a well-known mathematician of the Gupta Period. ‘Aryabhatiyam’ is one of his most well-known works. At a very young age of 23, he contributed immensely to his field. He contributed to the field of trigonometry and algebra and explained the causes of eclipses. Brahmagupta was another eminent mathematician of the time. The Golden Age 41 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 41 2/5/2018 3:00:38 PM

Varahamihira, a great astronomer, also belonged to the Gupta period. Metallurgy The famous Iron pillar stands tall as evidence to the skill and expertise of the metallurgists of the Gupta period. This pillar, though 1500 years old, has not rusted even today. Ayurveda Doctors in the age of the Gupta Period standardised the practice of Ayurveda. Surgery was also practised during this time. Surgeons had the knowledge of 127 surgical instruments and were able to remove iron and stones from the human body. Application Other Important Kings of Southern India: Born in 590 AD, King Harshvardhana of the Pushyabhuti Dynasty ascended the throne at a young age of 16. After defeating all his enemies, he established his rule over northern India, making Kanauj his capital city. After expanding his empire in the north, he turned his attention to the south. Harshavardhana crossed the Kaveri River and won over the Chola, Kerala and Pandya kings. He also successfully defeated the Pallavas of Kanchi. His empire now extended from the east cost to the west coast. King Harshavardhana was defeated by King Pulakeshin II, of the Badami Kingdom, when he tried to take over his kingdom. The Chalukyas of Badami ruled over Karnataka for over two centuries and their capital was Vatapi in Bagalkot district. Pulakeshin II was known as a brave and strong king. He fought many wars to expand his kingdom and vanquish the rebels. He also defeated the kings of Kalinga, Kosala and Ganga, and King Kadamba willingly surrendered without a fight. 42 2/5/2018 3:00:39 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 42

After an initial defeat at the hands of Pulakeshin II, Pallava King Narasimhavarman I, invaded Badami and conquered it as part of the Pallava Empire. The Pallavas of Kanchi were one of the famous dynasties of southern India and ruled for nearly 300 years. Their capital was at Kanchi, Tamil Nadu. Narasimhavarman I was the greatest amongst the Pallava kings and assumed the title of ‘Mahamalla’- meaning The Great Wrestler. He transformed the port city of Mamallapura (present day Mahabalipuram) in Tamil Nadu into a beautiful city. Even though these kingdoms were constantly in battle with one another, literature and architecture prospered. Literature and Education A lot about Harshavardhana is known mainly through the works of Banabatta, who wrote ‘Harshacharita’, a biography of the king. The great king converted to Buddhism and is described as a just and fair ruler. He established the first diplomatic relations with China by sending an ambassador in 641 AD. The king himself wrote three plays namely Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda. He also made huge donations to the Nalanda University. It was the greatest centre of Buddhist learning and thousands of students from Japan, China and other countries came here to continue their education. Hiuen-Tsang, a great traveller who visited the kingdom, was himself a student here too. Although Buddhism was the main subject of study, subjects like Yoga, Veda and medicine, were also taught here. Later on, Nalanda University was violently attacked and set on fire. Architecture: Structures of Chalukya architecture can be found at Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal, Mahakuta and Nagarhole. Aihole is also called ‘The Cradle of Temple Architecture.’ The representation of Vishnu in Relief of Vishnu at Badami Cave Temple these cave temples is beautiful and attracts many tourists. Pattadakallu is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Golden Age 43 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 43 2/5/2018 3:00:39 PM

The Pallavas built huge temples. The Shiva temple on the sea shore of Mahabalipuram is the most famous. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Although Pushyabuti, Badami and Pallava kingdom quarreled with each other over plunder, prestige and territorial resources, they had many similarities amongst them. Find out what they were. Ans. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Amazing Facts Fa-hien was a Buddhist pilgrim from China who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya II. He has written about the peace and prosperity prevalent during the Gupta Empire. He travelled by foot from China to India! New Words 1) prosper – to succeed 44 2/5/2018 3:00:40 PM KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 44

Lesson Ancient Dynasties of 8 South India I Will Learn About 8.1 R the Satavahanas and Gautamiputra Satakarni. U the features of the Satavahana empire. A other kingdoms in South India. h Thirukkural. Concept 8.1: Ancient Dynasties of South India Think One evening, Rashi and her parents went to her uncle’s house. She liked her uncle very much because he told her many stories about kings and queens who ruled India many years ago. He would open a big book full of pictures and read her stories from it. And with each story, he would also ask her what she learnt from it. Rashi: Uncle, my Social teacher told us interesting stories about the Golden Age of India. Uncle: That was a great time in the history of India. Did you hear about the great kings of the South? Rashi: No. I don’t know much. Can you tell me please? Uncle: Come, I will tell you about the ancient rulers of South India. Rashi ran and sat beside her uncle. Q. Rashi's uncle told her about the ancient rulers of: ( A) North India (B) East India ( C) West India (D) South India KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 45 45 2/5/2018 3:00:42 PM

Remembering The Satavahanas They were an ancient dynasty that ruled parts of southern India, with Prasthistanapura as their capital. Gautamiputra Satakarni (78 - 102 CE) was the most important king of this dynasty. He defeated some foreign powers ruling India, and established himself as a powerful ruler. He fought many wars and added many kingdoms to his own. Some parts of Karnataka, too, were under his rule. He is described as very handsome and well-mannered. He was also kind- hearted towards the poor and the needy. Understanding Religion and Society Even though the Satavahanas were ardent followers of Hinduism, they patronised Buddhism too. Both these religions grew a lot under their rule. The rulers followed various Vedic rituals like Ashwamedha and other yagnas. Gautamiputra himself reintroduced many Vedic rites and brought them back to practice. Shiva and Vishnu were both worshipped. Women were given a lot of respect in society. They The Vedic practice of Ashwamedha Yajna held properties and donated to religious centres. Many rulers took on the names of their mother, Gautamiputra is one such king. Architecture The Satavahanas contributed a lot to architecture. Chaithyas are the prayer halls of Buddhists and Viharas are the living space of Bouddha monks. Satavahanas Art 46 KA_Alpine_SST_G5_TB.indb 46 2/5/2018 3:00:43 PM