85217_MG - 32_222310360-MAGNOLIA-STUDENT-TEXTBOOK-EVS_II(SST)-G03-PART2-min

EVS – II (SOCIAL STUDIES) TEXTBOOK – PART 2 3 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. ClassKlap presents the latest version of this series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. The Magnolia series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the prescribed board curriculum. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improved understanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum has been split into EVS – I (Science) and EVS – II (Social Studies). Our books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. Our books also contain age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian Constitution and human rights. There is also use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the EVS – II (Social Studies) textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the EVS – II (Social Studies) books are as follows.  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  Character and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to make EVS – II (Social Studies) concepts more relatable to students  V isually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  S ubject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, this series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features Let Us Learn About Think Contains the list of concepts to be Introduces the concept/subtopic and covered in the lesson along with the arouses curiosity among students learning objectives Understanding Remembering Explains the aspects in detail that form Introduces new concepts to build on the the basis of the concept prerequisite knowledge/skills to Includes elements to ensure that understand and achieve the objective of students are engaged throughout the topic Application Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an opportunity to apply what students have learnt Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Encourages students to extend the concept learnt to advanced application scenarios Amazing Facts Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept

Contents 3Class 6 Languages, Food and Clothing����������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7 Communities and Festivals������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9 8 Our Occupations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 9 What Is History?����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21

Lesson Languages, Food and 6 Clothing Let Us Learn About R culture, languages, clothing and food habits of different people of India. U diversity and how natural regions and climate affect culture. A ‘unity in diversity’ in India. h how the cultures of different states are similar and different. Think The Jain family is having lunch with the Irani family. Meher: Rashi, would you like to taste this patrani machchi? It is a famous Parsi fish dish. Rashi: I am sure it is very tasty. But, I am vegetarian! The whole Jain family is vegetarian. Meher: Wow! That is interesting. We know very few vegetarian families. Most of our Parsi family and friends love patrani machchi and mutton dhansak. Rashi: Have you noticed that we speak different Patrani machchi languages at home as well? You speak Gujarati, and I speak Marwari. Yet, we live in one country. Meher: We are so different and similar at the same time! 1

QQ. What can be said about the Irani and Jain families? (A) Both families are vegetarian. (B) Both families enjoy non-vegetarian food. (C) Both families speak similar languages. (D) The Iranis and the Jains speak different languages. Remembering India is one country with many different cultures. The language, food, clothing and other habits of a group of people is called their culture. People living in different parts of India speak different languages, eat many types of food and wear special clothes. Let us learn more about these different ways of living. LANGUAGES Many languages are spoken all over the country. Hindi and English are the official languages of the central government. Official languages are used by governments for their work. States choose their own official languages. The 22 official languages used in India are as follows. • Assamese • Bengali • Bodo • Dogri • Gujarati • Hindi • Kannada • Kashmiri • Konkani • Maithili • Malayalam • Manipuri • Marathi • Nepali • Oriya • Punjabi • Sanskrit • Santhali • Sindhi • Tamil • Telugu • Urdu Other than these, there are about 1600 languages in India. Example: Bhojpuri, Tulu, Lepcha, Marwari and many more. Do you speak a language that is not on this list? What is it? 2

In India, people often speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called bilingual. People who can speak three or more languages are called multilingual. Most Indians are bilingual, and many are multilingual. Look at the map. It shows languages used by the majority of people in different regions in India. Languages, Food and Clothing 3

DIFFERENT STYLES OF LIVING Indians have different kinds of food and clothing. Read about these people from different parts of India. Find out which state or union territory they live in 1, their language 2, their clothes 3and their traditional food 4. Find them and their families on the map given on the previous page. Assalam alaykum! I am Afshan. Khamma ghani, I am Murali. 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Rajasthan 2 Kashmiri and Urdu 2 Hindi and Rajasthani 3 pheran 3 b right turban, cotton 4 kulcha and rogan josh angarakha and dhoti 4 dal baati Salemu! I am Akavi. Namaskar, I am Savita. 1 Nagaland 1 Maharashtra 2 Ao and English 2 Marathi 3 woollen shawl 3 parkar polka 4 meat, fish, rice and 4 bhakari (like a roti) and vegetables with tathu bharit (made from brinjal) (tathu is a chutney) 4

Hello! I am Julie. Namaskara, I am Lakshmi. 1 Goa 1 Karnataka 2 English, Konkani and 2 Kannada 3 sari Portuguese 4 bisi bele bhath – rice 3 cotton frock cooked with spices 4 vindaloo – meat in a curry and dals Vanakkam! I am Karthik. Write about yourself below. 1 Tamil Nadu 1 ______________________ 2 Tamil and English 3 mundu 2 ______________________ Paste a 4 idli 3 ______________________ picture of 4 ______________________ yourself in traditional ______________________ clothes ______________________ here. Understanding The different languages, types of food and clothing make India diverse. Diversity means a ‘variety or range of different things’. REASONS FOR DIVERSITY India has cold mountains in the north and warm plains and plateaus in the south. We have dry heat in the west and humidity in the east. The climate and natural regions affect the culture of each region. Climate and physical features also affect the crops grown. The staple diet or main food depends on what is easily available. These factors also affect the clothing of different regions. The map on the next page tells us more about the diversity in India. Languages, Food and Clothing 5

DIVERSITY IN INDIA Climate: It is cold in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and so on. Clothing: People use warm, woollen clothing. Kashmiri pashmina shawls and shawls from Nagaland and Manipur are famous. Food: Seasonal fruits and vegetables are used to make food. Meat is popular too. Climate: In the desert of Rajasthan and Gujarat, it is either very hot or very cold. There are very few trees, plants and flowers. Clothing: Clothes are made from light cotton cloth. They are bright and colourful. Mirrors are used to decorate clothes. Woollen shawls are used to keep warm during winters. Food: Bajra and meat are popular in the desert. Climate: In the plains, highlands and plateaus, the climate is good for agriculture. Many grains are grown. Clothing: People wear cotton dhotis, kurtas and saris in the warm season and warm clothes in the colder season. Food: Grains, seasonal fruits and vegetables are used. Climate: It is hot and humid in the coastal regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Clothing: People wear cotton mundus, dhotis and saris. These loose cotton clothes do not stick to the body. Food: Fish is an important part of the staple diet. Rice grows as well. Hence people make many dishes from rice. 6

Application Which languages are hidden in these jumbled letters? • UNPBIAJ – _____________________ • UUDR – _____________________ • DIHNI – _____________________ • DOOB – _____________________ Read about the following people in the table on pages 4 and 5. Find out about the languages they speak 2 Tick those who are bilingual. Circle those who are multilingual. Savita Karthik Lakshmi Julie Akavi Murali Afshan How many languages do you speak? Are you bilingual? Are you multilingual? Indians are diverse. At the same time, we are united as people of India. We sing the same national anthem and celebrate the same national festivals such as Independence Day and Republic Day. All Indians are also united by the same constitution. The Constitution of India contains the laws followed in India. It states that all Indians are equal in front of the law. Thus in India there is unity in diversity. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1)  Choose any two states along with a partner. Find out the following. • the official languages in their states • one traditional food item from each state Find a picture of the traditional clothes worn in those states. Make a chart and compare them. Languages, Food and Clothing 7

Amazing Facts There are more than 100 ways to wear a sari. Here are four popular ways. New Words 1) unity – being together; feeling like a part of one group 2) vegetarian – of the people who do not eat meat 3) majority – most of a certain group 4) humidity – the amount of water (vapour) in the air 5) climate – the usual weather conditions of a place 8

Lesson Communities and Festivals 7 Let Us Learn About R different communities of India. U the reasons for celebrating festivals. A how communities are created. h my classroom community. Think Rashi: Meher, I am sorry I fought with you three months ago. An agiary A derasar Meher: Oh! You said sorry that same day. Why are you saying sorry again today? Rashi: Today is ‘Paryushana Parva’. On this day, we Jains say sorry for the wrong things we did. We do this every year. It usually falls in August or September. Do Parsis do special things like this? Meher: Of course, we do! We celebrate Parsi New Year or Nowruz. Mom has the whole house cleaned. On this day, we go to the agiary to pray. Rashi: A Jain temple is called a derasar. So, an agiary is a Parsi temple, correct? Meher: Yes, you are right. Also, Rashi, I forgive you for that fight. Rashi: Oh thank you, Meher! 9

QQ. What are Meher and Rashi talking about? (A) their hobbies (B) their family celebrations (C) their classmates (D) their experiences at school Remembering India has many different communities. A community is a group of people who share a common culture. They have different languages, food and clothing habits. They also have various forms of art which include music, dance, drama, drawing, painting and writing. COMMUNITIES IN INDIA Communities are formed in many ways. People from a place form the community of that place. People from Mumbai form Mumbai’s community. Communities from the same place may share the same language. People who speak Assamese form the Assamese community. A religious community has people who follow the same religion. Some major religions practised across India are the following. • Hinduism • Islam • Buddhism • Jainism • Christianity • Sikhism • Zoroastrianism FESTIVALS Followers of the major religions of India People of the same religion usually celebrate the same festivals. A festival is a celebration of an event. We can learn about a community’s culture and traditions through its festivals. 10

Understanding Different communities celebrate different festivals throughout the year. Many festivals are celebrated with new clothes, special food and traditional dances. Festivals can be broadly divided into national, harvest and religious festivals. NATIONAL FESTIVALS Three days are very important in all parts of India: Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. These are known as national festivals. Republic Day is celebrated on 26 January. Republic Day Independence Day is celebrated on 15 August. celebrations Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated on 2 October. They remind us of the people who made India a free country. HARVEST AND RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS Many festivals celebrate the harvest season. Crops are gathered from the fields at the time of harvest. Farmers celebrate these festivals to thank nature for the crops. Some common harvest festivals are mentioned below. Harvest festival Community which celebrates Baisakhi Punjabi people Magh Bihu Assamese people Onam Malayali people Pongal Tamil people The New Year’s days for different communities are also important festivals. Name of the festival Community which celebrates Gudi Padwa Marathi and Kannada people Poila Baisakh Bengali people Ugadi Kannada, Andhra and Telugu people Nowruz People of the Parsi community Some festivals celebrate the end of a long religious period. Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan. Eid-ul-fitr celebrates the end of Ramadan. Some Christians fast during the period of Lent. After Lent ends, Easter is celebrated. Communities and Festivals 11

Can you guess which festivals are shown in the given pictures? Fill in the blanks. __e__ub__i__ D__ __ B__i__a__h__ G__d__ Pa__w__ Events in the lives of gods and goddesses are also celebrated. For Hindus, Bonalu, Diwali and Ganesh Chaturthi celebrate visits of gods and goddesses to the Earth. Durga Puja and Dussehra are celebrated to mark good winning over evil. Christmas is an important celebration for Christians. It marks the birthday of Jesus Christ. Other Special Days Some special days are also celebrated all over India to remember the birthdays of important people. Date Special day Why is it celebrated? 14 April Ambedkar Jayanti Dr B R Ambedkar was a freedom fighter who helped to make laws for India. 5 September Teacher’s Day S Radhakrishnan was the President of India. He dreamed of excellent teachers in India. 14 November Children’s Day Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. He believed children were very important for India. There are many other festivals celebrated in India. Do you know of any other festivals of India? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 12

Application You can belong to many communities at the same time. Example: You can be a Bengali Christian, a Bihari Muslim or a Tamil Buddhist. Many people move from one state to another. Your parents or grandparents might have been from a different state. You may feel like you belong to your old state as well as your new state. People who share the same interests form communities. They celebrate their own festivals. People who love reading can form one community. People who love football can form another community. A person can thus belong to more than one community. Nowadays, people with similar interests create communities even on the internet. They share their ideas and stories. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) Discuss the following with a partner. Make a booklet with their information and photographs. Use the following points. An example has been provided for you. • language or languages they speak • their family’s religion • state or region their ancestors belonged to • two hobbies • their favourite actor or actress Were there any similarities or differences between you and your classmate? Communities and Festivals 13

Amazing Facts In a place called Lopburi in Thailand, there is a festival for monkeys. People leave fruit and treats on the road for monkeys to eat. Thousands of monkeys come to Lopburi to eat these fruit. People believe these monkeys bring good luck. New Words 1) religion – belief in a particular system of faith and worship 2) fast – to not eat for a certain period of time 3) ancestor – someone related to us who lived a long time ago 14

Lesson Our Occupations 8 Let Us Learn About R  the meaning of occupation. U different kinds of occupations. A how occupations are changing. h o ccupations that are not common anymore. Think Rashi was not well. Her mother took her to the doctor. The doctor asked her to take medicines and eat green leafy vegetables. Now, they are on their way to buy medicines and vegetables. Rashi: Ma! Will I get better after I have the medicines? Mrs Jain: Yes, Rashi. You will be fine. A doctor checking Rashi: But I do not like medicines. They taste bitter. a child Mrs Jain: You have to eat them, dear. Now let us hurry up. We need to go to the greengrocer. The doctor said you need to eat green leafy vegetables to become strong. QQ. Who sells green leafy vegetables that the doctor asks us to take? (A) teacher (B) chemist (C) police (D) greengrocer 15

Remembering Greengrocers, doctors, chemists are occupations that people have. ‘Occupation’ means the job or work people do to earn money. They spend that money to buy things and pay bills. People choose occupations according to the following. • their interests • what they learn • their skills Example: Some people are interested in sports and fitness. They may become sportspersons or join the police or army. When people work, they either do some action or make something. Example: A teacher teaches. A potter makes pots. Here are some occupations that involve people doing some actions. Doctor Sweeper Teacher Policewoman Greengrocer Driver 16

Here are some occupations that involve people making things. Farmer Factory worker Chef Potter Carpenter Construction worker Understanding Let us find out the differences between the ‘people who do’ and the ‘people who make’. People who do People who make Their actions are the main part of their They help us by creating or making occupation. things. Example: Sweepers sweep the streets to Example: Farmers grow crops we eat. keep them clean. We can only see the actions they do. We can see, touch and feel the things they make. We can see the work they do every day. They may take days, weeks or even Example: We can see a teacher months to make things. teaching every day. Example: A farmer takes many months to grow onions. Example: teachers, doctors, sweepers, Example: farmers, potters, factory police, nurses workers, chefs, carpenters Our Occupations 17

SOME OTHER OCCUPATIONS All occupations are equally important. We should respect all the people who do or make different things. Postal workers, nurses, painters, electricians, carpenters, mechanics and plumbers are a few other occupations. Let us look at a few more occupations. Policeman and policewoman Monitors in your classroom make sure that everybody follows the rules. The police are the monitors of our country. A police station is a place where several policemen and policewomen work. The police do the following. • They keep our neighbourhoods safe. • They make sure that people follow rules. • They catch people who try to harm others. When someone does something wrong, we can complain to the police. To do this, we must go to a police station. The police help us record what happened. They write down the complaint. Sweepers Sweepers keep our streets clean. They mostly work Food we get from animals during early mornings. This is when there is less traffic on the road. Sweepers work every day. They work in all kinds of weather. They work very hard. We can respect them by throwing waste in dustbins wherever we are. Farmers Farmers grow different crops. Many farmers also rear cows, hens and goats. These animals give us many useful products. Factory workers Factory workers work in factories. They make different A factory worker things such as cars, utensils, shoes, television sets and so on. They learn how to use different types of tools and machines. 18

Application CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONS OVER TIME New inventions: When new machines are invented, people who can run these machines are required. This means that new occupations are created. Example: After the camera was invented, people started A photographer working as camerapersons and photographers. Machines replacing jobs: Sometimes, machines can do things faster than humans and without mistakes. So, sometimes, a machine does the work instead of people. This means people have to leave that occupation. Example: In many factories, cars are Robots making cars in a put together by robots. So, the car-manufacturing factory people who put together cars had to change their jobs. A babysitter Changes in society: Sometimes, people change the way they live. Such changes result in new occupations. Example: Earlier, women used to remain at home and look after children. Now, women have started working. Therefore, many people have started working as babysitters. Easier way of doing things: Sometimes, the occupation remains the same. However, it is done differently. A note-counting Example: Earlier, cashiers working in banks used to count notes machine themselves. Now, banks have note-counting machines which cashiers use. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) These days, some occupations are rarely practised. One such occupation is that of a ‘water seller’ or ‘bhisti’. With the help of adults, find out about occupations that are no longer as common. Our Occupations 19

Amazing Facts Before the invention of machines, ice cream was made by hand. Cream, sugar and fruit syrup were hand-mixed in a bowl. This mixture was placed in a large wooden tub with ice and salt for a few hours to make ice cream. New Words 1) greengrocer – someone who sells fresh fruit and vegetables 2) chemist – someone who sells medicines 3) skill – an ability to do something well 4) crop – a plant grown on a farm for food 5) rear – raise and take care 6) factory – a place where things are made using machines 7) invent – make a thing that has never been created or built 8) cashier – a person whose job is to take in or give out money in a bank 20

Lesson What Is History? 9 Let Us Learn About R ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’. U the importance of learning history. A people who study history and how they use the sources of history. h making a timeline of events. Think Mrs Irani is wearing a sari, and she is proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Mrs Irani: This sari belonged to my grandmother. It is more than one hundred years old! It is a part of our family history. Rashi: What is family history, Mrs Irani? Mrs Irani: Well, it is the story of your family. I know An old family photo stories about what my grandparents did when they were young. My grandfather also told me stories about his father and mother. I learned about my family’s past through these stories. Rashi: I want to know about my family history, too! QQ. What is family history? (A) a poem to learn (B) the story of a family (C) a bedtime story (D) the story of a place 21

Remembering The word past refers to the time that has gone by. It is the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the Greek word ‘historia’. It means ‘a story’ or ‘an account of anything that has happened’. Thus a study of past events is called history. It also refers to the past and all things that have happened at that time. How can we remember all the events that happened in the past? TIMELINE We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline is a drawing that shows the order of events that took place in the past. Look at the example. An example of a timeline On a timeline, the first event is on the left-hand side. The latest event is on the right-hand side. A timeline can only show the order of events that have happened in the past. It helps us to remember when events happened in the past. But how do we learn about history? To learn about history in detail, we need to know more about the sources of history. SOURCES OF HISTORY We need objects, materials, buildings and written stories to study the past. These are called sources of history. Stories that tell us about the past are also sources of history. They may or may not be written. The three types of sources of history are as follows. Oral sources: stories, songs and poems that people remember Written sources: letters, books, plays and travel stories written in the past Archaeological sources: famous buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and other such materials 22

We use different sources of history to learn different things about the past. Sources of history What can we learn from them? Oral sources languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals Written sources laws, famous people and places Archaeological sources commonly used objects, materials used to make things Understanding THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments of the past. A journalist studies history to understand the present events better. An architect learns about ways of constructing buildings and the materials used in the past. The study of materials helps them understand which materials are strong and which are weak. This helps them make new buildings better. Some reasons to study history are as follows. • to understand the stories of people in different situations • to know why events happened in the past • to help us understand the changes in the world • to help us become better citizens WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT FAMILY HISTORY Every person also has a past or family history. How can we know about the family history of our older family members? We can learn about our family history in many ways. Some of them are the following. • W e can look at oral sources such as the stories that our family members remember about themselves and others. • F or written sources, we can read letters, diaries and journals of various family members. • We can also look at old photographs, clothes, jewellery, videos and other belongings. What Is History? 23

Application ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. An archaeologist studies buildings, paintings, clothes and other objects used by the people in the past. A historian studies the meaning of the text in books and other documents written in the past. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1)  Make a timeline of your life with photographs and drawings on a chart paper. You can use the following information. 24

• the day you were born • your first day of school • the first annual day performance • a recent family holiday Remember to take the help of your family to get the information. 2)  Find one written source and one oral source for your family’s history. Write down what they are. Written source: _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Oral source: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Amazing Facts Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is commonly formed on the side of a mountain or a hill. Human beings painted pictures on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is thousands of years old. New Words 1) event – something important that has happened, is 2) archaeological happening or will happen 3) disease – relating to the study of objects and places found 4) journalist by excavating sites where people in the past 5) architect lived 6) excavate – something that makes a living being ill or unwell – someone who writes news for a newspaper or magazine – someone who designs a building – carefully dig in the ground to find objects from the past What Is History? 25

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