202110729-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-FY_Optimized

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the sources that tell us about villages and cities? 2. If wood and cloth disintegrate over time, how do we know if products made of these materials existed 2500 years ago? 3. What was traded in the port town of Bharuch? How do we know? 4. From which sources do we know that there were different categories of people in the villages? 5. What sources tell us that Mathura was an important city? 6. What sources will tell others about your family? 7. Who wrote Sangam literature and when? 8. What do Jataka stories tell us about life 2500 years ago? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What changes led to increased agricultural production in the villages? 2. What work was assigned to the landless labourers in the villages? 3. Who were the people who lived in the villages and what work did they do? 4. What was the role of the gramabhojaka? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. List the features of the new towns and cities that emerged in this period. 2. What are Shrenis? 3. What were ringwells used for? 4. How do we know that trade happened between Arikamedu and Rome? 5. What are punch-marked coins? 87

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: owners 1. What were the first tools made of iron? 7. Why do Jataka tales have importance even a. Sickle now? b. Iron rods a. They are stories related to various animals c. Axe and plough which kids will enjoy d. Water wheel b. These are moral lessons and ethical teachings which throw light on the common life of the 2. In Tamil region, what were large landowners people in story form called? c. Because these are tales of our great kings a. adimai. which our younger generation should know b. Vellalar and value c. Uzhavar d. These are stories related to various inventions d. grama grihapatis made during those time 3. Construction of canals, wells, tanks, and 8. In these modern times, how could we know artificial lakes were included in the process of about the cities which flourished 2500 years _______. ago? a. Irrigation a. From the literary works that were compiled and b. Construction preserved in those days c. Harvesting b. From the carved scenes depicting people’ s d. Development lives in towns and villages by sculptors c. Another way is from the accounts of sailors and 4. In what ways did kings use the taxes collected travellers who visited them from farmers? d. All of the above a. Construction of forts b. Building strong army 9. From the texts, it was understood that iron c. Making of palaces and roads ploughs were used around 2500 years. How was d. All of the above it helpful in farming? a. Ploughing could be done at faster pace which 5. Why were some of the earliest Tamil literature in turn increased production works named “Sangam”? b. Iron plough was easier and stronger a. Sangam means the first one in Tamil. Hence, it c. This increased the production bringing more was called Sangam money b. Because they were supposed to have been d. All of the above composed and compiled in assemblies of poets c. Sangam means “a confluence of rivers”. Hence, 10. From where do we get salt? all the literary works put together was called a. Because sea water is salty. Plenty of salt con- sangam tent is found in sea water d. Major literary works in Tamil was written by a b. By breaking certain rocks whose powder are philosopher named ‘Sangam’. Hence, his name very fine was kept for all the literary works of that period c. From the bark of few variety of trees d. None of the above 6. Who were given the name of ‘dasa karmakara’? a. Men and women who did not own land and II. Short answer questions had to earn a living working on the fields owned by others 1. Write briefly about grama bhojaka. b. The other craftsmen like blacksmith, potter, carpenter and weaver 2. Archaeological evidence for crafts like fine pot- c. The village heads or chiefs tery called NBPW was found from various texts. d. Independent farmers who were smaller land- Is similar pottery made in these modern times? 3. Why do you think merchants brought gifts for 88

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) the king? III. Long answer questions 1. Why was Mathura so important at that period? 2. From various texts, we could make out that Varanasi in north and Madurai in south were famous in manufacturing of cloth. Analyse the status of the craftswomen who were employed there from these texts? 89

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Name the types of pottery found at (1 mark) 6. On a map of India mark the following. Arikamedu? (3 marks) a. Port towns of Bharuch and Arikamedu b. Mathura and Madurai India Political lVIap 2. Name the different categories of people who lived in the villages? (1 mark) 3. An association of trained craft person, which aslo works as bank is called ________ (1 mark) 4. Which sources tell us about life in early cities? (1 mark) ',. . 0 • 5. What is NBPW? (3 marks) 7. What work could women do in craft of spinning and weaving? What problems did they face? (5 marks) 90

9. Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Discuss the reasons for the transformation of • Identify the various land and sea trade routes and Buddhism and popularity of Bhakti movement. discuss how they came to be established. • Examine the reasons for the spread of religion • Describe the reasons why kings controlled trade and the role of kings, pilgrims and traders. routes. Concept Map Traders Kings Pilgrims • Land routes • Muvendar • Fa Xian • Sea routes • Satavahana • Xaun Zang • Silk routes • Kushana • I Qing • Kanishka Mahayana Use of monasteries Bodhisattva and shelters by monks, Pilgrim centres Nalanda pilgrims and traders as Travel accounts rest stops Bhakthi Feature Spread of religion Key Points Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. • Discovery of silk and the rough terrain from China • New crafts and products were being made in towns and cities, and agriculture and forest to west Asia, rome Central Asia to the mouth of produce was becoming available in plenty. River Indus makes the silk route a popular trade Traders look for new routes to distant lands. route. Around 2000 years ago the Kushanas of central Asia control the silk route after • Explored land routes for caravans and coastal establishing power centres in Peshawar, Mathura routes to find ways to cross the Arabian Sea and and Taxila. the Bay of Bengal. The knowledge of sailing with • Kushana ruler Kanishka comes to power around southwest monsoon winds help traders reach 1900 years ago. He organizes a Buddhist council central Asia, east Africa and Rome. with scholars, including poet Ashvaghosha. It brings about two important changes in • Kings in the south and western regions begin Buddhism. First it ushered in Mahayana to set up kingdoms along coastal regions and Buddhism with two distinct features. Earlier control trade routes. The control of trade routes Buddha was represented symbolically, now idols gave them taxes from traders and pilgrims who were being made. Buddhist texts are now being used the routes. The Muvendar: the Cholas, written in Sanskrit. Second, the Bodhisattva Cheras and the Pandyas, became prosperous were enlightened people and had renounced due to their control of the river valleys and the the world for peace and meditation. They were coasts 2300 years ago. They follow a unique now worshipped and were part of the world as system of tributes and sharing of it among their supporters and earn goodwill. 200 years later the Satavahanas control the Dakshinapatha under 91

9. Traders, Kings and Pilgrims teachers. This form of Buddhism spread to China, I Qing travel with traders to visit and learn in Central Asia, Japan and Korea. The older form, or Buddhist centres. They leave accounts of their the Theravada Buddhism spread to south India travel through land and sea routes and the and south east Asia. challenges they encountered. • Cave monasteries and rock shelters for monks • Bhakti movement begin around 1400 years and nuns become rest places for traders who ago with Appar composing a devotional poem travel through same routes. in praise of lord Shiva. Believers of bhakti see • Pilgrims from China like Fa Xian, Xuan Zang and devotion between God and the devotee. There is no sacrifice or rituals in this system and it is for all classes, castes and women. It inspires sculpture, poetry and art. Also the special deity is now placed in a special place called temple. Work Plan Concept coverage Coverage Details Practice Sheets Traders PS-1 Kings • Exploring the three routes o Land, sea, silk route PS-2 Pilgrims PS-3 • Relationship with o Kings and pilgrims • Controlling trade routes • Relationship with o Traders and pilgrims • Transforming religion • Mahayana Buddhism o Bhakti movement • Using trade routes to explore reli- gion • Relationship with kings and traders Worksheet for “Traders, Kings and Pilgrims” PS-4 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation sheet check or Peer check 92

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What evidence do we have to find out about trade and trade routes? 2. What way did the traders find to sail across the Arabian sea? 3. Why did the traders want to find land and sea routes? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why did kings want to control trade routes? 2. What were transformations took place in Buddhism during the reign of Kanishka? 3. Who were the Muvendar? What was their system of collecting revenue? 4. Who were the lords of the Dakshinapatha? 5. What advantage did the king who controlled the silk route have over others? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. List the features of the bhakti movement. 2. Why did Chinese pilgrims come to India? 3. Why was bhakti movement popular among ordinary people? 4. Name the book in which the idea of Bhakti finds mention? 5. List the reasons why Xuan Zang wanted to study in Nalanda. 6. What things of importance did the Chinese pilgrims carry back with them? 93

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: cleaned and woven into cloth b. Raw silk extracted from the cocoons of silk 1. Which item was called ‘Black Gold’ by Romans? a. Iron worms, spun into thread and then woven into b. Copper cloth c. Pepper c. Butterflies captured, cooked and silk thread ex- d. NBP ware tracted and woven into thread d. Option a and b are correct 2. Who were Muvendar who became powerful in South India around 2300 years ago? 8. Why did Xuan Zang take manuscripts to China? a. Vaishyas a. He was gifted these manuscripts by kings b. Magadhas, Mauryas b. He took them to print and make profits c. Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas c. He translated these manuscripts from Sanskrit d. Pallavas, Guptas into Chinese so that people there could under- stand. 3. Techniques of making silk were first invented in d. He took them to distribute them to people _______ around 7000 years ago. whom he meets on the way a. China b. Russia 9. Why was Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni and other c. Persia Satavahana rulers called Lords of the d. Rome dakshinapatha? a. Satavahana dynasty was the biggest dynasty 4. Which empire is believed to have lots of trade occupying the whole of south India transactions with South India according to b. Dakshinapatha means route leading to the ancient books? south. He wanted to control the whole south a. With Roman empire as many Roman gold coins coasts have been found in South India c. Because they belong to the southern region, b. With Persians as we don’t get to make their they were called like it blankets here d. As the kingdom connected the northern India c. With Aryans as they were better skilled in ar- with the Southern India moury d. With China as they produced silk 10. Why the path from China to places towards west was called ‘silk route’? 5. What is so famous about poet Ashvaghosha who a. Silk worms were found along this path which lived in court of Kanishka? were captured and used to weave silk a. He was a well versed scholar, thinker of that b. We can find silk trees along this route period c. Some people from China carried silk with them b. He was a great mathematician through mountains and deserts escaping its c. He composed a biography of Buddha, the Bud- theft dhacharita in Sanskrit d. The area towards west is generally having d. He was a great disciple of lord Buddha pleasant weather conditions. Hence it is named silk route. 6. What does Christianity which emerged in West Asia preach? II. Short answer questions: a. Jesus was the saviour of the world b. He also taught people to treat others with love 1. How was trade carried on across sea route? and trust others, What goods were traded? c. Be merciful and forgive others d. All of the above 2. How did muvendars became powerful in South India? 7. Which of the procedures is properly arranged in production silk cloth? 3. Why did China keep its silk production a secret? a. Raw silk extracted from bark of silk tree, 94

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) III. Long answer questions: 1. (i) How did Kushanas guard the silk route? (ii) Write shortly about Mahayana Buddhism. 2. Can you state how the idea of Bhakti later became central feature of Hinduism? What was its social impact? 95

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answers the following: 7. Who was Kanishka? What were his 1. Who were the lords of Dakshinapatha? achievements? (5 marks) (1 mark) 2. How were the south western monsoons helpful to traders? (1 mark) 3. Which Chinese pilgrim visited Nalanda? (1 mark) 4. What was the new form of Buddhism? (1 mark) 5. Explain the features of Bhakti movement. (3 marks) 6. Why did kings want to control trade route? (3 marks) 96

10. New Empires and Kingdoms Learning Outcomes • Examine the features of kingdoms from evidence of Harshavardhan and southern kingdoms of At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: Pallavas and Chalukyas. • Identify the sources that give evidence of the • Describe the administration, army, caste reign of Samudragupta. assemblies and life of ordinary people in the • Recognise prashastis as source of information kingdoms. about geneologies of kings as well as their policies. Concept Map Empire Kingdom • Gupta Empire • Sources • Harshvardhan • Samudragupta • Prashastis • Pallavas • Chandragupta • Traveller accounts • Chalukyas • Vikramaditya • Coins and inscriptions Police toward • Administration rule • Army • Assemblies • Ordinary people Key Points • Samudragupta and the Gupta empire Tungabhadrs. Pulakesin II, Prashasti by poet • Chandragupta Vikramaditya, Vikram Samvat and Ravikirit. Stopped Harsha’s advance. Defeated Pallava king at Kanchipuram the new era. • Raided each other’s prosperous capitals. Both • Sources, inscriptions and coins and Prashasti: a replaced by Rashtrakutas and Chola dynasty. • Administration of kingdoms: King took measures source of geneologies and policies. Poet Harsena: to win militarily, social and economically powerful 9 kings of Aryavarta, 12 kings of Dakshinapatha, men. Posts were hereditary, or men who held inner circle of neighbouring states and gana many offices or important men who had a say sanghas, rulers of outlying areas. in local administration. These people could also • A court full of scholars and poets: Kalidasa, challenge and set up own kingdom. Aryabhatta • New army: Well maintained and elaborate • Harshavardhana: Sources: biography by army. There were military leaders who supplied Banabhatta, account of Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang troops when needed. They were given land from and the Chalukya court poet Ravikirit’s prashasti. which they collected revenue. They were called • Success in Magadha and Kanauj and Bengal Samantas; could become independent if ruler was • Challenge from Pulakesin II of Chalukyas in the weak. Deccan • Assemblies in southern kingdoms: sabha: of • Pallavas and Chalukyas important southern brahmins; Ur village assembly of non-brahmin kingdoms landowners and nagaram: assembly of merchants • Pallavas: around Kanchipuram to Kaveri delta. and traders • Chalukyas: Raichur doab between Krishna and 97

10. New Empires and Kingdoms • Ordinary people depicted as simple, caught in Fa Xian, Chinese pilgrim gives a description of how the cleverness of officials, spoke prakrit unlike people considered untouchable by society were brahmins and kings. Kalidasa’s Abhijnana treated. Banabhatta gives description of king’s Sakuntalam has a description of a poor fisherman. army on the move and the plight of villagers. Work Plan Concept coverage Coverage Details Practice Sheet PS-1 Empire • Sources Kingdoms • Emperors PS-2 • Policies • Sources PS-3 • Kings Self-evaluation • Administration sheet • Army • Assemblies • Ordinary people Worksheet for “New Empires and Kingdoms” Evaluation with self-check or Peer check 98

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. List the sources that tell us about the Gupta period? 2. What are Prashastis? 3. Who founded Vikram Samvat and why? 4. What evidence do coins, inscriptions and Prashastis give us about the Gupta period? 5. What are genealogies? 6. Name Samudragupta’s mother. Which family did she belong to. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Who was Harshavardhan? 2. How do we know about Harshavardhan? 3. What was the system of administration in the new kingdoms? 4. What do sources tell us about assemblies in the kingdoms? 5. Describe the new army of the kingdoms. 6. Name 2 court poets. 7. Describe the life of ordinary people in the kingdoms. 99

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: army together which they use whenever they were attacked by outsider 1. What was the name given to Chandragupta II as d. No new kind of army was established a mark of victory over the Shakas? a. Legend 7. How do we know about the lives of ordinary b. Vikramaditya people during this period? c. Adhiraja a. From the word of mouth events and stories d. Maharaja through generations b. From the inscriptions that were found in the ar- 2. Who was the first ruler in the Gupta dynasty to chaeological digging adopt the grand title Maharaj-adhiraja? c. We can catch an occasional glimpse of the lives a. Samudragupta of ordinary people from plays, written by Kali- b. Vikramaditya dasa and Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian c. Chandragupta d. There is no evidence about the lives of ordinary d. Harishena people during this period 3. Who were the learned people who were present 8. Does the concept of untouchability trendy in the court of Chandragupta II? today? a. Kalidasa a. Yes, it is still followed vividly in many parts of b. Aryabhatta India c. Banabhatta b. No, it is not followed anywhere d. Option a and b c. Yes, is followed in some village where the chief is very rich and powerful 4. What does Samudragupta’s prashasti tell us d. No such concept existed in our history about him? a. He was a great ruler who expanded his dynas- 9. What are Prashastis? ty’s power and prestige a. Inscriptions written in form of poetry or ornate b. He was a great warrior who had many victories prose, composed by the court poets. in battle and had great military prowess b. They are the paintings of kings which are done c. He was handsome king who was learned and with special inks the best of poets c. Prashastis are the types of big assemblies d. All the above which are held by great warriors when a nation- al threat is felt 5. What is the story Abhijnana Shakuntalam d. Prashastis are the meetings held by the king about? with his people (Jana) to discuss various as- a. It is the story of the love between a king pects named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala 10. Were Arab countries ignored as they were b. It is the story of a poor untouchable woman deserts? and her success a. There was no inhabitance as it was complete c. It is the story of a girl named Shakuntala and desert with no water her plight b. Even though they were deserts people lived d. It is the story of Abhijnana and Shakuntala there but they were ignored by the rest of the world 6. During this period, a new kind of army started c. No, they were important as Arab merchants to establish? and sailors played an important role in the sea a. The king maintained a well-organised army, trade between India and Europe with elephants, chariots, cavalry and foot sol- d. Yes, as Arab countries they did not have much diers. importance as water was main important b. there were military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them II. Short answer questions: who known as samantas c. Smaller kings came together and formed an 1. Who wrote Harshacharita and what was it about? 100

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 2. Banabhatta says: “The whole world was swallowed up in dust.” What does his statement refer? 3. Why Pallavas and Chalukyas always had a conflict with each other? III. Long answer questions: 1. Who are Pallavas and Chalukyas and how were their kingdoms administered? 2. According to Harisena, Samudragupta followed different policies towards different rulers. Describe them. 101

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following: (1 mark) 1. List three court poets. 2. Who defeated Harsha in Deccan? (1 mark) 3. How many kings of Dakshinapath were there according to the Gupta prashasti? (1 mark) 4. What is Vikram Samvat? (1 mark) 5. What were the local assemblies? (3 marks) 6. Who were Samantas? (3 mark) 7. Describe the life of ordinary people in the kingdoms. (5 marks) 102

11. Buildings, Paintings and Books Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Identify the process of achieving these projects, • Recognise the excellence achieved by metallur- the people who built, wrote and painted these works and their patrons. Elucidate what these gists and architects, artists, painters, scholars, sources tell us about the period. scientists and mathematicians about 1400 years ago through the works they have left behind. Concept Map Metallurgy Buildings, Paintings Books, literature and epics Scientific books Processes of making people who created it Key Points Kalidasa wrote epics poems such as Abhijnana Sakuntalam and Meghadutam. Hindu religious • Metallurgy and architecture: Archaeological stories retold orally for centuries are written excavations show that bronze age Harappan down in the Puranas in this period. They tell and their iron age successors were excellent stories of gods Vishnu, Shiva, Durga and Parvati, metallurgists. how they were to be worshipped, and about Eg: Iron pillar at Mehrauli the creation of the world. Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata also written 1500 years ago. Valmiki • The domed stone stupas with carvings with the wrote Ramayana and Vyasa wrote Puranas and relic casket of the Buddha and the pathway to Mahabharata. These works are written in Sanskrit walk. to be read by brahmins and kings but only heard Eg: Amaravati by other castes and women. • Stories, poems, dances and dramas told and • Carved out rock shelters and cave monasteries performed by ordinary people were captured in and shelters. the Jataka and Panchatantra stories. There were also sculpture and depictions on stupas. Eg: story • Stone temples of Shiva, Vishnu and Durga with of the monkey king depicted on the Bharhut elaborately planned and executed garbagriha stupa in central India. for puja, Shikhara above the garbagriha and the • Books on science: scientists and astronomers, mandapa or the assembly hall. Eg: Bhtargaon, mathematicians such as Varahamihira, Mahabalipuram, Aihole. Bhaskaracharya, Brahmagupta wrote of their discoveries. Aryabhatta’s Aryabhatiyam in • Process of building began with kings, queens and Sanskrit established rotation of Earth on its the rich merchants and officials who financed axis, eclipses, calculated circumference of the project. Sourcing of stones from quarries. a circle. Zero is discovered and changes the Preparing, cutting and carving the stones to way calculations and place value is looked at. required sized pillars, wall panels, floors and Ayurveda knowledge was compiled in Charaka’s ceilings. Finally, placing it according to the plan Charaka Samhita and Sushruta’s Sushruta of the stupa or temple. Samhita. • Paintings of Ajanta made nearly 1500 years ago by Buddhist monks. Used torchlights to light up the cave as they painted. • Books: Tamil epic Silppadikaram recounts the story of Kannagi and was written 1800 years ago. Manimekalai by Sattanar written 1400 years ago. 103

11. Buildings, Paintings and Books Work Plan Concept coverage Coverage Details Practice Sheet Metallurgy • Process of making PS-1 • People who created it Buildings • Examples PS-2 Paintings • Process of making Books • People who created it PS-3 • Examples Self-evaluation • Process of making sheet • People who created it • Examples Worksheet for “Buildings, Paintings and Books” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check 104

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What evidence tells us that Indian metallurgists were master craftsmen in the ancient world. 2. Why is the iron pillar of Mehrauli considered a metallurgical marvel? 3. What are stupas? Describe the structure of a stupa? 4. What are the different elements of a temple? 5. What was special about the architecture of Mahabalipuram? 6. What is unique about the cave paintings of Ajanta? 7. What were the Ajanta caves used for? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Name the epics. 2. What are Puranas? 3. How do we know of the stories told by ordinary people? 4. Where is the story of the monkey king found? 5. What is Aryabhatta’s contribution to science? 6. Name the scientists, astronomers, mathematicians and medical men who contributed to the scientific knowledge. 105

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: about gods. d. These books are stories, verses, literature of 1. Devotees walked around the stupa, in a clockwise direction, on _____ the situation , administration and heroism of a. Walkway various kings during various time periods b. Gateway c. Pradakshina patha 7. Temples at Mahabalipuram are monolithic d. Garbhagruha structures. What does this mean? a. That they are small temples which were carved 2. Name this monument. b. Each of these was carved out of a huge, single a. Kesaria Stupa piece of stone b. Sanchi Stupa c. They are very huge structures where each piece c. Maha Bhodhi temple is kept carefully on the other d. Nalanda monastery d. The temple structures are a combinations of Buddhism and Hinduism sculpting 3. Both the ________ and _______ are supposed to have been compiled by Vyasa 8. How do we know who all had contributed for a. Ramayana and Mahabharata the construction of the temples or stupas those b. Manimegalai silapadigaram days? c. Abhijnana and shakuntala a. Names of the people who contributed were d. Puranas and Mahabharata inscribed on pillars, railings and walls b. It is all guess work about the people and their 4. What was the most important feature of iron contributions pillar at Mehrauli, Delhi? c. Many books and inscriptions are written which a. Tallest iron pillar in the world tell about the constructions in details b. Pillar even though made up of iron has not yet d. These things are told to the temple priests rusted in all these years who note them down and pass on to the next c. Pillar is the oldest known pillar which was built generation priests. in this whole world d. The pillar is the prominent monument which 9. What was the scientific explanation given by was built in Harappa period and still survives Aryabhatta about the occurrence of day and night? 5. Panchatantra and Jataka tales can be a. He stated that the sun rises in the and sets in understood as – the night a. Epics of two great kings b. He stated that day and night were caused by b. Collection of stories of encounters of various the rotation of the Earth on its axis, people with animals during their travel c. The sun rotates around the Earth and gives c. Collection of details of ancient animals, birds light alternatively and various creatures d. He is not a scientist to give any explanation d. An ancient Indian collection of animal stories which speak volumes about moral values. 10. Why were stupas built only by kings or queens? a. The stupas were sacred places and only they 6. Epics are – had authority to build a. Epics are great literary works of great scholars b. Ordinary people were scared to build the stupas and thinkers as they fear the authority b. These books are compilations of various poems c. Kings or queens decided to build these as it was of different authors an expensive affair c. Epics are grand, long compositions, about d. The kings perform very big yagnas and are heroic men and women and include stories destined to build the stupas 106

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) II. Short answer questions: 1. Define the following: a. Garbhagriha. b. Mahabharata c. Ajanta caves 2. What are puranas and how are they relevant today? 3. What are the morals that we can we learn from Ramayana? III. Long answer questions: 1. Describe Stupas. 2. (i) Write about the Hindu temples that were built at this time? (ii) Write few lines about Mahabalipuram. 107

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Name the place where the Jataka tale of the monkey king is found. (1 mark) 2. Name two epics. (1 mark) 3. Give two reasons for the uniqueness of the iron pillar at Mehrauli. (1 mark) 4. Write a brief note about Puranas. (1 mark) 5. What are stupas? (3 marks) 6. What was Aryabhatta\"s contribution to the growth of science? (3 mark) 7. Write a short note cave paintings of Ajanta. (5 marks) 108

1. Understanding Diversity Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students, will be able to: summarise how while history, geography, culture • Identify diversity as differences amongst living and religion add to the diversity in India, it also unifies. beings, nature etc. Recognize that among people, • Recognise diversity in the two states of Ladakh differences are in the nature of religion, caste, and Kerala and determine how the differences equal opportunities, language and culture. are underlined by a historical and cultural • Classify the similarities as actions that all people similarities. do and differences as how it is performed by • Recognise the role of ‘unity in diversity’ in India different people. in the fight to attain independence from colonial • Recognise that diversity enriches the experiences powers. of a people, community and country and Concept Map Understanding Diversity Diversity as Unity as differences similarities Diversity of and Unity in History, Geography, Culture, caste, Religon, Equal oppurtunities Ladakh Kerela Unity in Diversity and freedom movement in India Key Points • Ladakh and Kerala have different geographies, as well as a history that brought in similar cultural • Differences exist among all living beings and influences in trade, religion, practices. in nature. Among people, some differences are of religion, caste, language, culture and equal • Diversity adds to a country’s strength and unifies opportunities. Economic difficulties and caste it. Freedom movement is a prime example of lead to an irreversible system of inequalities that unity in diversity do not give equal opportunities for all. • Similarities also exist among people. All people speak, practise, believe in, dress, eat etc. Difference lies in the way, we do it. • Diversity adds to the richness of our experiences as individuals and as a country. • History and geography play important role in shaping cultures in their unique ways and also unifying it. 109

1. Understanding Diversity Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Diversity as • Identifying differences PS -1 • Differences • Similarities and similarities as PS-2 • Inequality individuals. Diversity • Examining the PS-3 • Ladakh relationship between PS-4 • Kerala the two, through Self-evaluation Sheet • Unity in Diversity diversity in language, • Freedom struggle religion, dress, food, practices, caste and opportunities. • Economic differences, caste and the lack of equal opportunities. • Identifying how diversity helps us. Defining diversity. • Exploring diversity and unity through the History, Geography, Culture, caste, religion, opportunities of the two states • Coining of the term • Story of Jallianwala Bagh • Example of the freedom movement as a mark of Unity in Diversity. • Tolerance, acknowledgement and encouragement of all people. Worksheet for “Understanding Diversity” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 110

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What was different about Samir Ek and Samir Do? 2. What were the similarities between Samir Ek and Samir Do? 3. Name 3 different festivals/ foods/ religions of India? Write 2 common things about them. 4. What kind of diversity do you see in India? 5. What diversity of our country is mentioned in our National anthem? 6. What is an irreversible system of inequality? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What is the difference between the geographical features of Ladakh and Kerala? 2. How are the food habits of the two states different because of their geography? 3. Who were the two kinds of travellers who visited the two states? 4. How did the Arab and Chinese travellers add to the cultures of Kerala and Ladakh? 5. What is the similarity between Kerala and Ladakh? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. The British tried to use divide and rule to govern India, but the people of India stood together to fight the British. Why? 2. What made Jawaharlal Nehru coin the phrase “unity in diversity” to describe India? 3. What were some ways in which unity was expressed during the freedom struggle? 111

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: ination. d. All of the above 1. India’s national anthem is composed by a. RabindranathTagore 8. Are the thoughts of the book “The Discovery of b. Bakim Chandra Chatterji India” relevant even today? c. Lal Bahadur Shashri a. Yes, as still India is a diverse country with rich d. Sarojini Naidu and varied people, culture and tradition living in harmony 2. Who coined the phrase, “unity in diversity” to b. No, the thoughts are not relevant in this period describe the country? of time a. Mahatma Gandhi c. Yes, the book shows about the freedom strug- b. Dr. Radha Krishnan gle of those people and they are inspiration c. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru even now d. Rabindranth Tagore d. The book is the autobiography of Pandit Jawa- harlal Nehru. His principles are valid according 3. Ladakh is also called ________. to certain situations only a. Little desert b. Coldest desert 9. Why did Jewish and Arab traders first to come to c. Little Tibet Kerala? d. Pashmina desert a. They wanted to explore the Western Ghats b. They came to enjoy the weather as Arab coun- 4. Which of these examples are considered as tries are deserts diversity? c. A number of spices like pepper, cloves and car- a. Difference in economic situation – rich and poor damoms are grown on the hills that made an b. Caste system attractive place for traders c. Different religious and cultural backgrounds d. They just landed by chance d. None of these 10. While Kerala and Ladakh are quite different in 5. Ladakh goat is famous for – terms of their geographical features, how were a. They produce Pashmina wool their history been influenced by Chinese and b. They have nice skin Arab traders? c. The goats are of good quality as its hilly region a. Ladakh is near to China and is thus influenced d. They can carry people on its back in hilly region. by it. Kerala is a sea state and thus Chinese and Arab traders first landed here for trade. 6. Which was the most important event which b. As these regions lie at the northern most and occurred in Amritsar during freedom struggle? southern most places, they actually were not a. Quit India movement Plan influenced by any culture b. Jallianwala Bagh massacre c. Many people travelled from Kerala to other c. Dandi March places and came back. They learnt about var- d. Chauri Chaura incident ious traditions and incorporated them. Similar is the situation in Ladakh 7. Writers get the idea for stories from d. The Buddhist monks spread Chinese tradition a. Real accounts of kings and queens and write to Ladakh. They travelled down south to Kerala stories about love and honour (Western Ghats) hearing about its beauty and b. Recall their own childhood memories of school planned to settle there. Thus, Kerala was also and friends and create stories influenced. c. Get their ideas from all sorts of different places – from books, and real life and from their imag- 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) II. Short answer questions: 1. Define the following terms shortly: a. Inequality b. Diversity c. Ladakh – Little Tibet 2. Explain the term caste system which is still pre- vailing in our society. 3. In what way does our national anthem “Jana Gana Mana” describe unity? III. Long answer questions: 1. Explain “unity in diversity” with a struggle of freedom concept? 2. If we take an area or a community, we can see people talking in different languages, following different religion, traditions and customs? How did different people come together? 113

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following: 1. How did people of India show their unity during the freedom struggle? (1 mark) 2. What is the effect of economic difference? (1 mark) 3. What kind of diversity is there in our country? (1 mark) 4. Which lines in our national anthem tell us about our geographical diversity? (1 mark) 5. What is an irreversible system? How does it affect the people? (3 marks) 6. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru say that there is unity in India’s diversity? (3 marks) 7. What attracted Arab and Chinese traders to Kerala? And how did they influence the diversity of Kerala? (5 marks) 114

2. Diversity and Discrimination Learning Outcomes • Summarise how inequality based on economy, caste, profession leads to discrimination At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Recognise the forms of diversity and forms of • Identify the role of the Constitution makers to stop discrimination and inequality and list the inequality. provisions in the Indian Constitution that stops • Identify challenges to practicing diversity such discrimination and encourages diversity. as prejudice and stereotype. • Summarise how challenges to diversity lead to discrimination. Concept Map Understanding diversity Challenges Based on Assumptions Prejudice Sterotypes From belief to action Discrimination Inequality Vision and goals and goals in the Indian Constitution Equality for all Respect for diversity significant for equality. Freedom to follow their religion, speaks their language, celebrate their festivals and express themselves freely. The government must treat all people and religions equally. Key Points • We are diverse. It is written in our Constitution. fixing people into one image based on false All eight major religions of the world are practiced assumptions and notions about them. in India. 1600 languages are spoken in India. • Stereotypes and prejudices stop us from seeing the uniqueness of all individuals • It is difficult to acknowledge, tolerate and • Stereotyping affects those who are being encourage diversity. stereotyped and those who stereotype • Inequality and discrimination happen when • Challenges to diversity are in the form of religion, we act on our prejudices and stereotypes. Both region, language, gender. Caste, profession and treat people as inferior and deny them equal poverty create inequality in society. opportunities. • Discrimination could be on the basis of religion, • Challenges take the form of a prejudices, which region, language, gender, age, disability or is to think negatively of people because they are different and consider them inferior. • Challenges can be also due to stereotyping or 115

2. Diversity and Discrimination caste and poverty. While the first six are forms • Constitution upholds equality for all, and states of diversity, poverty is a form of inequality, like diversity is the essence of the Indian people. caste. Discrimination treats people differently or negatively on grounds of age, disability, gender, • Constitution of India ensure everyone equal income, nationality, colour or religion. rights and opportunities. • Inequality discriminates people who are poor, so-called inferior castes, tribes from equal • Untouchability is a crime and is legally abolished opportunities and facilities because they and by law. People can choose the work they wish to their work are of less value. do. Government jobs are open for all people. • Caste system assigns value to work and fixes social groups in to specific work hierarchy. Those • Constitution holds the government responsible to who are placed in less valued work are denied the take specific steps to realise the right to equality right to equal opportunities as all Indian citizens. for poor and other marginal communities. Example of Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar. • The biggest disadvantage of stereotype is that it • Constitution of India ensures the people to follow tends to ignore the uniqueness of individuals their religion, speak their language, celebrate their festivals and express themselves freely. Work Plan India is a secular country, where people have freedom to practice and follow their religion without any fear of discrimination. Government must consider all religions equally. Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Diversity Forms of Challenges PS -1 Discrimination Inequality • Prejudices PS-2 • Stereotypes Striving for diversity and Definition of discrimination PS-3 equality • Impact of PS-4 Self-evaluation Sheet discrimination Definition of inequality • Impact of inequality Equality • Respect for diversity • Freedom to practise religion, language, festivals and speech • Responsibility of government Worksheet for “Diversity and Discrimination” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 116

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is the biggest disadvantage of stereotypes? 2. What is discrimination? 3. What is a prejudice? 4. How does stereotypes affect people? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How does discrimination occur? 2. How can we say a person is discriminated? 3. Define different grounds of discrimination? 4. Explain caste system. 5. How are untouchables treated? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What action is taken against untouchability? 2. How can we say India is a secular nation? 3. What are the responsibilities given to government by the Constitution to safeguard the disadvantaged people? 117

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: discrimination d. All of the above can happen 1. Can you state how many major religions are 8. What do you think about girls who are not soft practiced in our country? and gentle and those who are naughty? a. 4 a. They are strong and independent b. 9 b. They are bold and confident c. 8 c. Both a and b d. 12 d. They are enjoying life carelessly 9. Discrimination can take place because of several 2. Who was considered as the father of Indian reasons? Which of these could be the reason? Constitution? a. Discriminated against as their customs or prac- a. Mahatma Gandhi b. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar tices c. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa b. Speaking a certain language d. Pt. Jawarhar lal Nehru c. Discrimination against economic backgrounds. d. All of the above 3. Who was the first person from Dalit, who 10. How can we encourage a girl child to be equal as completed college education and went to En- boys? gland to become a lawyer? a. We should always encourage girls to go to a. Dr. Rajendra Prasad b. Dr. Radhakrishnan school c. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar b. Allow her to participate in all sports also d. Murali c. Don’t get prejudiced about girls who are not 4. What do you understand by the word prejudice? soft and gentle a. To judge other person in a positive manner d. All of the above b. To judge other person negatively or see them as inferior II. Short answer questions: c. To never judge anyone 1. Write shortly about the following: d. Discriminator a. Stereotype 5. Choose the stereotyped dialogues which people b. Discrimination relate to girl child? c. Dalit a. Girls are burden to a family 2. A common stereotype about some Muslims is b. Girls don’t cry that they are not interested in educating girls c. Girls are naughty and therefore do not send girls to school. Is this d. None of these true? 3. What prejudices do urban dwellers generally 6. The government refers to this group of people have on rural people and vice versa? as Scheduled Caste- III. Long answer questions: a. Jats of Rajasthan 1. Who are Dalits and what are the difficulties that b. Vokkaliga castes they face? What were the contributions of Dr. B. c. Untouchables R. Ambedkar towards these people? d. Muslims 2. How did Constitution try to bring equality to all the citizens of our country? Why do you think it 7. What are the after effects if we are prejudiced is important? about someone? a. We may act in ways that hurts them. And their 118 self-esteem suffers and they stop trying to im- prove themselves b. Sometimes we don’t want to make friendship with them c. This may lead to bullying and other forms of

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins II. Answer the following 1. What are the challenges to diversity in India? (1 mark) 2. What are prejudices? (1 mark) 3. “People of Hindi speaking regions are very smart” Identify the statement. (1 mark) 4. What happens if caste system is followed in the society? (1 mark) 5. Define discrimination. Explain with an example. ( 3 marks) 6. Distinguish between discrimination and stereotype. (3 marks) 7. What does the Indian Constitution do to stop discrimination and inequality? (5 marks) 119

3. What is Government? Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Identify the three levels of government. • List the functions of a government. • Identify different types of government. • Explain how the government makes laws and • Recognise the basic feature of a democratic enforces it. government. Concept Map Key Points through elections. The government is answerable to the people. • The functions of the government include • In a monarchy, the king or queen have the power undertaking social welfare programmes, maintain to make decisions and run the government. law and order, maintain peaceful relations with The monarch may have a small group of people other countries, protect international borders, to discuss matters with, but the final decision- organise relief works, help people during natural making power remains with the monarch. calamities like tsunami or an earthquake. • In a monarchy, the kings and queens do not have to explain their actions or defend the decisions, • The three levels of the government are: they take. • Local level – village, town or locality • There are different types of democracy such as • State level. - entire state direct and representative democracy. • National level- entire country. • In a Direct democracy, the people make laws and • The government makes laws and everyone who policies by which they are governed. • In a representative democracy, people do not lives in the country, has to follow these to ensure participate directly, but instead choose their that country functions smoothly. representatives through an election process. • There are two types of government: democracy • A crucial element of democracy is Universal Adult and monarchy. Franchise; all adults have the right to vote. • Democracy is the most popular form of government. In a democracy, the supreme power lies with the common people. The people cast votes to elect representatives of their choice 120

3. What is Government? Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Functions of government • Define and list PS -1 • Maintain law and order Maker and Enforcer of • Social Welfare PS-2 Law PS-3 Levels of government programmes PS -4 • Border protection Self-evaluation Sheet • Relief work • Need for Laws • Laws for governance • Overview • Local • State • National Types of government • Direct democracy Basic feature of a • Representative democracy democracy • Universal Adult Franchise Worksheet for “What is Government?” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 121

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is government? 2. What are the functions of the government? 3. How does the government make laws and enforce it? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Which form of government is the most popular today? 2. Why do you think Democracy is the best form of government? 3. Which level of government will take the decision of constructing children’s park in a village ? 4. Which level of government will take the decision of providing free electricity for all farmers? 5. Why do you think, there are different levels of government? 6. What is the difference between direct and representative democracy? 7. Name the types of government. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What do you understand by universal adult franchise? 2. Who were the suffragettes and what did they achieve? 3. Why is the Universal Adult Franchise, a basic feature of a democracy? 122

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: d. The position goes hereditary to the next gener- ation and so thus the power 1. Which model of government do we have in our country? 8. In a democratic form of government, if a person a. Monarch feels that the government policy of medical b. Democratic claim is not being given to him as he belongs to c. Presidential lower class, he should approach to the d. Dictatorship a. court b. Police station 2. During a natural disaster like a tsunami or c. Fire station earthquake, who will organise aid and d. Media assistance for the affected people? a. Only local bodies should get involved 9. What is Universal Adult Franchise? b. Only state government has authority a. It is a universal age wherein the adult is consid- c. Both state and central combine together in giv- ered to be sent outside for earning and enjoying ing aid and assistance. b. The right to vote of all adult citizens (aged d. Only central government has authority above 18) regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, or ethnicity 3. In what level does our government work? c. Right to take any decision irrespective of a. King, minister, administrators whether parents approve or not b. Central , state and local government d. Right to claim property once he reaches the age c. President, Vice president, ministers of majority d. None of these 10. Why was the government divided into different 4. Which level of government takes the decision of levels? laying roads between various states? a. easily manage the administration of the coun- a. Local government try b. State government b. because different people demanded for it c. Central government c. because every state was asking for separate d. Anybody can plan and lay roads powers d. None of these 5. Which of the following decisions cannot be taken by central government? II. Short answer questions: a. Planning for a park in our colony 1. How does a monarchy function? b. Laying roads on the borders of our country 2. The government makes laws and everyone who c. Planning for a manned satellite from our coun- try lives in the country has to follow these. Explain d. Decision of buying of a submarine for our coun- this statement with an example. try 3. Why do you think we need a government to organise us? 6. Which of these is not a central government run III. Long answer questions: organisation? 1. What is Suffrage movement and what were the a. Indian Railways consequences? b. Defence 2. What is a democratic government and explain c. Border Security force how it worked before independence and after d. Road transport corporation independence on women’s right to vote? 7. In a democratic government, how do we give 123 the power to the government? a. Through unanimous decision of a few b. Through elections c. Through voting based on very few scholars or wealthy people

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following (1 mark) 1. Who can vote in India? 2. Name the three levels at which government works. (1 mark) 3. Which level of government would deal with the decision to maintain peaceful relationship with Russia? (1 mark) 4. What do you understand by government? (1 mark) 5. List the welfare functions of the government. (3 marks) 6. How is Universal Adult Franchise, the best example of equality? (3 marks) 7. Find the difference between democracy and monarchy. (5 marks) 124

4. Key Elements of a Democratic Government Learning Outcomes • Identify the reasons for conflicts and determine the role of the government in resolving them. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Identify the key elements of a democratic • Recognise the democratic government’s commitment to equality and justice. government. as participation, resolution of conflict, commitment to equality and justice. • Recognise the different ways to participate in the government and examine the merits of participation in a democratic government. Concept Map Key Elements of a Democratic Government Participation Resolve Equality and justice conflict Distribution of resources Elections Religious processions and Eradicating discriminatory social celebrations practices: Protests to draw attention of the Untouchability, against girl child government to concerns, issues Water conflict Criticism of government policies Media: • Marginalised communities participate through Newspapers social movements to highlight their concerns. Social media Television Conflicts Resolution • Conflicts occur when people of different culture, Key Points religions, or economic backwardness, do not • The key elements of a democratic government along get each other. Some people or groups may are participation, resolution of conflict and feel discriminated. commitment to equality and justice. • Religious processions and celebrations can sometime lead to conflict. Participation: • Sharing of common resources between • Participation of citizens in a democratic individuals, groups or states lead to conflict. For example: River Cauvery is a source of conflict government occurs through elections held every between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. five years. People choose their representatives. • People also participate in the government to 125 show their disapproval of the government’s policies or decisions through dharanas, rallies, strikes, signature campaign etc., • People voice their concerns and criticisms, discuss government issues and responsibility through media such as newspapers, magazines and televisions.

4. Key Elements of a Democratic Government Equality and Justice • Society discriminates between boys and girls. To • Equality is very important in a democracy. It is encourage and support girls, the government has lowered fees in government schools and colleges. inseparable from Justice. • Equality is achieved where there is just distribution of resources. • Discriminatory social practices are done away with. For example: the practice of untouchability is banned by the government. Work Plan Coverage details Practice Sheet Participating election by PS -1 Concept Coverage casting vote Participation PS-2 PS-3 Other ways of Participation in rally, PS-4 participation signature campaign against Self-evaluation Sheet government Participation through media Need to resolve conflict • Conflict due to religious processions and ceremonies • Water conflict Equality and Justice Inequality among weaker section Discrimination against marginalised groups • Dalits •  Girl child Worksheet for “Key Elements of a Democratic Government” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 126

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Name the key elements of a democratic government. 2. Explain how participating in elections helps a democratic government? 3. Why is it difficult to call the South African government of 1994, a democratic government? 4. Who was the leader of ‘Apartheid’ movement in South Africa? 5. How do protests, rallies, signature campaigns, social movements and media help in citizens’ participation in a democracy? 6. What does democracy stand for? 7. What is the duration of goverment in India? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Which are the two states involved in river Cauvery dispute? 2. How can the police stop conflicts during religious celebrations and processions? 3. When do conflict occur? What are the conse- quences of conflict? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Explain how banning untouchability shows the government’s commitment to equality and justice. 127

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: b. Our constitution stated a fixed period. Now, we cannot change the constitution which were 1. Which is the most spoken language in Africa? written 70 years ago a. Zulu b. Afrikaans c. It is important to give chance to other represen- c. Oromo tatives who want to serve our country. d. Xhosa d. The representatives are generally older people 2. ______ fought the apartheid system for several who can’t work beyond five years as managing years in South Africa. a country is a stressful job. a. Robert Mugabe b. Mahatma Gandhi 8. Which of the following is the fastest medium of c. Nelson Mandela passing information these days? d. Desmond Tutu a. Newspaper media b. Word of mouth 3. How do people make the decisions of selecting c. Village head or leader of party a candidate in a democratic country? d. Digital media a. Through unanimous support in the house b. Through voting by electing leaders who repre- 9. In what way was Indian independence struggle sent us similar to South African independence struggle? c. People do not have any right to make decisions a. Both nations were under the same British colo- in democratic country nial empire, d. The president selects one of the candidate from b. Both nations suffered racial discrimination well known leaders c. Option a and b d. They both are at different places. There cannot 4. What do you mean by Apartheid? be any similarity a. The whites South Africans are called Apartheid b. Means separation of people on the basis of race 10. How conflicts and differences are resolved c. A place in South Africa which arise between two communities or two d. A seasonal celebrations time in South Africa states? a. By mutual understanding 5. In India, how long can an elected government b. By following basic rules or laws that are laid be in power? down by Indian constitution a. 12 years c. By violence b. 10 years d. By waging war of words and protests c. 5 years d. 3 years II. Short answer questions: 6. One of the key ideas of a democratic govern- 1. How can religious processions lead to conflict ment is its commitment to: sometimes? a. Free and fair elections for choosing the govern- ment 2. What is the government doing to improve the b. Active participation of the people in political condition of a girl child? life c. Equality and justice to every one 3. What are the various ways in which people par- d. All of the above ticipate in the process of government? 7. Why do you think elections are required after a III. Long answer questions: fixed period regularly? a. The period of 5 years is enough to prove the 1. How does conflict arise between people? credibility by a leader and they will be proper- Explain this using the recent Kaveri water ly accountable for what they have promised to dispute? get re-elected next time 2. How was Maya’s life different with that of Pieter- son’s life in South Africa? 128

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins II. Answer the following 1. Who runs the government in a democracy? (1 mark) 2. What is the procedure of electing someone through voting? (1 mark) 3. What are the other ways in which people participate in the process of government? (1 mark) 4. Mention two ways, how coloured people of South Africa were discriminated by their government. (1 mark) 5. Explain how participating in elections helps a democratic government? (3 marks) 6. Write a note on gender inequality. What are the measures taken by government to improve the condition of sufferer? (3 marks) 7. How can people participate in the government through television? (5 marks) 129

5. Panchayati Raj Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Recognise the levels of Panchayat Raj and its • Understand the Gramsabha, its members and duties. functions • Learn gram panchayat, selection of Panch and Sarpanch Concept Map PPaanncchhaayyattiRRaaj j Gram Sabha Gram Panchayat Levels All members above Ward members Gram Pachayat 18 (panch) Janapad Sarpanch Panchayat Key Points ZPZiliallalnaPchanaycht ayat • Panchayati: the word Panchayat comes from » Levying and collecting local taxes. Panch, which literary means group of five people. » Executing government schemes related to Grama Sabha meeting begins with the panchayat President. Anyone who is 18 years old or more generating employment in the village. and who had the right to vote is the member of • Source for Panchayat: grama sabha. Every village panchayat is divided into wards. Each ward elects ward members. » collecting of taxes on houses, market places, etc., • All members of Gram Sabha elect a sarpanch, who is a panchayat president. The ward panchs » Government schemes funds received and sarpanchs form grama panchayat. through various departments of the government – through Janpad and Zilla • Panchayat is elected for five years. The work of Panchayats. Gram Panchayat is approved by Gram Sabha. » Donations for community works etc. • Functions of Gram Panchayat : • Levels of Panchayats: » the construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage, school buildings » Village level: gram panchayats and other common property resources. » Block level: Block samiti or Janapad Panchayat or Panchayat samiti » District level: zilla parishad. 130

5. Panchayati Raj Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheet Gram Sabha Members of gram sabha PS -1 their duties The Gram Panchayat Division of villages into PS-2 Three levels of Wards Panchayats Its election PS-3 Its duties Self-evaluation Sheet Funds for gram panchayat Janapada Panchayat Zilla Parishad Worksheet for “Panchayati Raj” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 131

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Who prevents the Panchayat from misusing the village money? 2. Which is the first tire of democratic government? 3. What do you mean by Gram Sabha? 4. Explain the responsibilities of secretary. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Who appoints the Secretary of the Panchayat? 2. Which award is given by the Government for excellence by the Panch? 3. Who is Panch? 4. Which is block level of Panchayat Raj? 5. Whom the panchs and gram panchayat is answerable to? 6. What are the problems discussed in the meetings of the Gram Sabha? 7. Describe the formation of Panchayat. 8. Discuss the role of Gram Sabha. 9. Describe the success and failure of Panchayati Raja. 10. What are functions of a Zilla Parishad? 11. Name the sources of funds for Pancahyats. 132

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 8. Hardas village is suffering from acute water shortage. In gram sabha, one villager 1. What is the minimum age for a person to suggested few tips for recharging or conserving become Gram sabha member? water. What were they? a. 15 a. People should plant trees, b. 21 b. Construction of check-dams and tanks. c. 18 c. Water shed development project d. 25 d. All the above 2. The Panchayat president is also called 9. Why are Gram Panchayat further divided into ________. wards? a. Village president a. Easy to administer or manage b. Sarpanch b. It is actually difficult to manage when they are c. Zila president divided so small d. Ward president c. Ward member can understand their wards problem better 3. Which of these constitute smallest areas: d. Option a and c are right a. Ward b. Village 10. Nirmal Gram Puruskar is given to c. Town a. The people who preach purity, selfless work d. Zilla b. The excellent work done by them in the Gram Panchayat 4. The Ward Panchs and the Sarpanch form _____. c. The award given to NGO which performed very a. Ward president well b. Gram sabha members d. None of these c. Gram panchayat d. Zilla parishad members II. Short answer questions: 5. Who elects the Panchayat President? 1. What is Gram Panchayat? a. Ward members b. Gram sabha members 2. Why is it important for Gram Sabha members to c. Panchayat committee members attend gram sabha meetings? d. Zila Parishad members 3. Define these terms: 6. What is the next hierarchy to Panchayat i) BPL president? ii) Secretary a. Ward member iii) Water shed Management Program b. Panchayat samiti c. Block Development Officer III. Long answer questions: d. Zila parishad officer 1. What is the importance of Gram Sabha? What 7. From the chapter it is understood that are its functions? Government is also helping villagers to solve their problem of water shortage. What was the 2. (i) What is the role played by gram panchayat in project for which government is helping by a village? Explain. giving money? (ii) Explain the next levels of Panchayati Raj a. Digital India movement system. b. Water shed development c. Road nirman project d. Nari Shakti project 133

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following 1. Which are the main areas discussed in Gram Sabha? (1 mark) 2. Explain the responsibilities of Panchayat/secretary. (1 mark) 3. Who finalises the BPL list? (1 mark) 4. Which award is given by the Government for excellence by the Panch? (1 mark) 5. Which are the three levels of Panchayat Raj? (3 marks) 6. Explain the work of Gram Panchayat. (3 marks) 7. Describe the success and failure of Panchayati Raj? (5 marks) 134

6. Rural Administration Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Describe the importance of the patwari and land • Recognise that an administrative machinery of revenue department in maintaining land records the government consists of officers who take care of an area. of peoples’ needs in rural areas. • Identify the problems faced by people when such • Describe the importance of police stations and services are not efficient. police officers in maintaining law and order in rural areas. Concept Map Rural Administrartion Police Station Land Records SHO in charge of an area Patwari in charge of Measures land, keeps Writes complaint, registers many villages land records, collects case, give a copy of report land revenue, informs to the complainant, investi- Land revenue government about land gates the case acts department, Revenue and crops, updates officers/ Tehsildar in Supervise the work of charge of many patwaris the patwaris and ensure records are properly kept, land revenue is collected and also hear disputes District Collector Key Points registered cases and act on it. • The patwari maintains land records of an area. • Local disputes are resolved in local police • Each patwari is responsible for a group of villages stations. • Patwari measures land, makes map of the village • All complaints must be heard, written down and and its land, keeps land records and updates it. registered by the local police. • Local police enquire about and investigate all 135

6. Rural Administration • Measures agricultural land in different ways students their caste certificates from the office of • Collects land revenue from farmers, provides the tehsildar. • Farmers need land records for different government with information about crops grown purposes. If it is not available easily it prevents in the area. Patwari is supervised by senior them from buying land, selling land, take a officials in the land revenue department of the bank loan to dig a well, buy fertilisers, or divide government. property among children • Revenue officers or tehsildars who work under • The new Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005) the district collector supervise the work of the allows women to inherit agricultural land. patwaris and ensure records are properly kept, land revenue is collected and also hear disputes. • Farmers can collect copies of their record or Work Plan Concept Coverage Coverage details Practice Sheets Police station • Person in charge Land Revenue Records • Station House Officer (SHO) PS-1 Problems • Write and register complaint • Provide complainant with a copy of com- PS-2 plaint PS-3 • Inquire and investigate Self-evaluation • Resolve case Sheet • Process and hierarchy • Person in charge of many villages o Patwari o Responsibilities • Person in charge of many patwaris o Tehsildar o Responsibilities • Land revenue department • District Collector • Need • Farmers • Students Worksheet for “Rural Administration” Evaluation with self-check or Peer check* 136