PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK_Combine

ENGLISH TEXTBOOK – Grade 4 Name: _________________________ Section: ________Roll No: _______ School: ________________________

Contents Class 4 Part 1 R1 Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 2020 R22 Reading Comprehension ������������������������������������������������������������������� 422 R3 Reading Comprehension �������������������������������������������������������������������� 6565 Part 2 2 R4 Reading Comprehension �������������������������������������������������������������������� 2222 R55 Reading Comprehension ������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 R66 Reading Comprehension ������������������������������������������������������������������ 6565 NR_BGM_9789388700856 PASSPORT G01 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 4 poegmrsammar stories word meanings language games writing 12/19/2018 12:12:36 PM

R1 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. The national flag went up fluttering in the air. Everyone looked up, and loud clapping was followed by the singing of the national anthem, ‘Jana-Gana-Mana’. A small group of children sang a few patriotic songs, and Mini’s grandmother gave a short speech about India’s freedom struggle. All this while, Mini stood beside her grandmother. All the people who had gathered keenly listened to what the 90-year-old freedom fighter had to say. Their hearts were full of pride as they looked at the flag. Soon, sweets were distributed before everyone dispersed. On the occasion of 15th August, the Indian Independence Day, Mini’s grandmother was invited to hoist the national flag. She was the senior-most resident of the colony and had been a freedom fighter as a young girl. Mini often listened to her detailed descriptions of the freedom struggle of India; her life in an India, that was ruled by the British and the history and struggles of her family. 1) Who gave a speech about India’s freedom struggle? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What is special about 15th August? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 20 12/15/2018 10:43:52 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 24

3) Rewrite the sentences given below with the correct punctuation and capitalisation. a) minis grandmother gave a short speech about indias freedom struggle Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) everyone sang the national anthem jana gana mana together Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) p atriots like gandhi nehru and netaji subhash chandra bose fought for freedom from the british rule Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) The opposite of ‘senior-most’ is ____________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) patriotic a) left the area 2) pride b) having love and devotion one’s country 3) dispersed c) a feeling of happiness about something or someone related to you Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. There once was a king who offered a prize to the artist who would paint the best picture of peace. Many artists tried. The king looked at all the pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them. One picture was of a calm lake. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. All who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture of peace. The other picture had mountains. They were rugged and bare. Above was an angry sky from which rain fell. Down the side of the mountain tumbled a foaming waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all. Reading Comprehension 21 NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 25 12/15/2018 10:43:52 AM

But when the king looked closely, he saw behind the waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush, a mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird in her nest – in perfect peace. Which picture do you think won the prize? The king chose the second picture. To be at peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hard work. To be at peace means to be in the midst of all those things and still be calm in your heart. 1) How many paintings did the king need to choose from? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) In the second picture, what did the king see in the bush? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the plural forms of the words given below. a) bush – ______________________________ b) waterfall – ______________________________ c) sky – ______________________________ 4) The meaning of ‘tumbled’ is ______________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) foaming a) above 2) overhead b) calmness 3) peace c) bubbling up 22 12/15/2018 10:43:52 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 26

R2 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Anandi looked excited, ‘OK Papa, which places will we visit tomorrow?’ Manohar said, ‘We will visit Anjuna, Candolim and Calangute beaches tomorrow. We will also visit some churches. We will go to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa and the church of St Francis of Assisi. Let us go back to the hotel and take rest now.’ The family had a quiet dinner at the hotel. They enjoyed the traditional food of Goa: fish curry, rice and Arroz Doce. Sharat and Anandi sat next to their parents on the bed before going to sleep. Sharat asked curiously, ‘Papa, tell us more about Goa.’ Manohar said, ‘Goa is India’s smallest state in terms of area and fourth smallest in terms of population. It is located on the western coast of India along the Arabian Sea. It is renowned for its beautiful beaches. Tourists from all over India and other countries flock here for an unforgettable experience. Panaji is the capital of Goa. The other important city is Margao. Isn’t all this interesting?’ The children nodded, ‘Yes, Papa.’ ‘Konkani is the official language here. Marathi, Hindi and Portuguese are also spoken here by the people. So you can learn Konkani here, children.’ 1) Which beaches were Anandi’s family going to visit in Goa? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 42 12/15/2018 10:43:54 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 46

2) Where is Goa located? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the noun forms of the following words: a) traditional – ______________________________ b) excited – ______________________________ c) beautiful – ______________________________ 4) The opposite of ‘unforgettable’ is  . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) official a) residents of a place 2) population b) famous or well-known 3) renowned c) formal Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Little Meera was a disobedient child. Despite being only eight years old, she pretended to be a grown-up. She would hardly listen to her parents or her elder sister, Keira, who was twelve. Her parents and teachers were tired of trying to correct her. Her mother kept complaining to her father about her. ‘What a disobedient girl! She asks me, “What’s the use of sending her to school when she can figure out everything on the internet?”’ exclaimed Mrs Thomas to her husband. ‘Give that tiny one some time. She is only eight and doesn’t know how tough life can get.’ In the evening, while Meera was watching how to make a grilled chicken sandwich on the internet, she requested her mom to make one for her. ‘What’s the use of making a sandwich, Meera? You can just grab a bite from the internet!’ ‘Mom! How can I do that? It’s a screen. I will hurt my teeth instead.’ Reading Comprehension 43 NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 47 12/15/2018 10:43:54 AM

‘Exactly! The Internet can help you see and hear but not taste, touch or feel. You can learn a lot from it, but you can’t taste a sandwich or get the feel of a classroom from the other side of the screen. I hope you understand the difference between the real world and the world of computers.’ ‘Yes, Mom! Now can we please have some sandwiches?’ The happy family of four had some delicious grilled chicken sandwiches for snacks. As the parents sipped their tea, Meera settled down at her study table and completed her homework happily. What more could her parents ask for? 1) What kind of a child was little Meera? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What did Meera’s mother want her to understand? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write if the following nouns are of masculine, feminine, neuter or common gender. a) Keira -___________________________ b) teacher -___________________________ c) sandwich -___________________________ 4) The meaning of ‘requested’ is  . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) disobedient a) spoke with strong emotion 2) exclaimed b) unwilling to obey 3) grilled c) cooked lightly on a grill 44 12/15/2018 10:43:54 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 48

R3 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. There was an old king who liked to ride his elephant to town just after sunrise. After the rides, he would send the elephant to its trainer and his wife, who would bathe and feed it. One day, the king fell ill, and his son decided to sell the elephant to the circus. The elephant was very sad. Its trainer said, ‘Don’t be sad. You will be taught many tricks, and you will be happy to see children who will love you.’ True enough, as soon as he entered the ring, the children clapped their hands and called out to him. Everybody loved the elephant, and he was happy travelling across the country with the circus. On one of his trips, he arrived at his old hometown. His wish to see his trainer and the king grew stronger every day. One day, he ran away from the circus and reached the palace. He was shocked to see it broken and empty! The elephant turned back, and tears rolled down his eyes. Suddenly, he heard someone calling out his name. He looked back and saw his trainer. Immediately, he ran towards him, lifted him onto his back and went back to the circus. Everybody was happy to see the elephant. The trainer joined the circus and helped in training the other elephants. NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 69 65 12/15/2018 10:44:01 AM

1) Where would the king send the elephant after the rides? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) What did the king’s son decide when his father fell ill? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3) Write the correct pronouns for the words given below. a) king – ____________________________________________________________________ b) palace – ____________________________________________________________________ c) wife – ____________________________________________________________________ 4) Write a word from the passage that rhymes with ‘guide’. Ans. �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) trainer a) unexpectedly 2) shocked b) coach 3) suddenly c) felt upset and surprised 66 12/15/2018 10:44:01 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 70

Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. It was a bright and sunny morning. A large group of young boys gathered in the forest with their bows and arrows. But they were not ordinary boys. They were the five Pandavas and the hundred Kauravas. A fierce rivalry between them had begun to grow when they were just children. The royal children learnt the skills of using weapons from Dronacharya. He was one of the greatest warriors of his time. He had learnt the secret of powerful weapons from Parasurama. The Pandavas and the Kauravas were quick to learn. Each of them had his own favourite weapon. Duryodhana and Bhima favoured the mace and Yudhisthira the spear. Arjuna was fascinated by bows and arrows. The twins Nakula and Sahadeva were most comfortable with swords. The guru treated all his disciples equally. However, he liked Arjuna the most because Arjuna practised his art with great concentration. Soon, he became the best archer among all. Duryodhana and his brother Dushasana did not like this and openly criticised their guru for favouring Arjuna. As a reply to their criticism, Dronacharya arranged for a test to pick out the best archer from among them. On that day, Guru Dronacharya asked the students to gather by the forest near his ashram. He had placed a wooden bird with a clearly painted eye on one of the trees. The task was to hit the wooden bird in the eye. 1) What was Yudhisthira’s choice of weapon? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2) Who was the best archer among all? Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Reading Comprehension 67 NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 71 12/15/2018 10:44:01 AM

3) Write the comparative form of the adjectives given in brackets to fill in the blanks. a) Ram’s house is ____________________________ than his. (large) b) This dog is running ____________________________ than mine. (fast) c) The bird flew ____________________________ than the others in the sky. (high) 4) Write a word from the passage that means ‘to do again and again to get better at something’. Ans. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) rivalry a) preferred 2) favoured b) disapproved 3) criticised c) competition 68 12/15/2018 10:44:01 AM NR_BGM_9789388751148 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 72

R4 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Last Sunday, little Phulmani went to see a jatra with her parents. She was thrilled to see the jatra. The next day, when she narrated the story of the performance to the class, her teacher said that jatra is actually a kind of folk theatre. This kind of theatre is performed under different names in different parts of our country. It is called ‘tamasha’ in Maharashtra, ‘nautanki’ in northern India and jatra in Bengal. Most of these folk theatres are based on mythological incidents or characters. India has a rich heritage of classical dance forms, and each deals with a mythological narrative. The dancers wear colourful costumes and dance in harmony with music. Kathak is a dance of northern India, while Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattyam, Kuchipudi and Kathakali are all from southern India. Manipuri and Odissi are dance forms of eastern India. Such a wide variety of dance forms cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Phulmani came to know that Indian kings and rulers patronised classical music and dance in their courts. Emperor Akbar loved to listen to the songs of Tansen. Our country is so big that we have many different styles of classical music like Hindustani and Carnatic. Each of these styles began in temples and developed down the ages. 1) What did the teacher say a jatra was? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Who did Emperor Akbar like to listen to? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 22 12/15/2018 10:55:35 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 26

3) Rewrite the sentences by correcting spelling and punctuation errors. a) i am very found of signing and dancing. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) My favourete dance is kathak I like bharatanatyam to. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) I want to partisipate in a dance compitition next ear. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4) The meaning of ‘mythological’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) character a) supported or sponsored 2) heritage b) role in a play 3) patronised c) c  ultural traditions that are passed down through generations Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Welcome to the Arctic! That is the cold, windy area around the North Pole. It includes the Arctic Ocean and the land near it. Snow and ice cover the ground for most of the year. The walrus, polar bear and snowy owl are a few animals that live in this habitat and survive the cold. A walrus spends most of its time in icy water. It has a thick layer of blubber, or fat, under its skin to keep it warm. When a walrus swims, blood flows away from its skin to important organs inside its body. That keeps heat from leaving the walrus’s body, and its skin turns white. When it is warm again, its skin turns pink. A polar bear has special fur to keep it warm. Each hair is shaped like a straw. The shape helps direct sunlight towards the bear’s black skin, which collects and holds in heat. Polar bears also have a layer of blubber under their skin. A snowy owl has two layers of Reading Comprehension 23 NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 27 12/15/2018 10:55:36 AM

feathers that cover its entire body. The bottom layer, which is soft and fluffy, is called ‘down’. The outer layer of feathers is thick. In strong wind, the snowy owl may hide on the ground behind a pile of snow or rocks to block the wind. 1) Which are the animals that live in the Arctic? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What happens when a walrus swims? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Fill in the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives. Adjective Comparative Superlative a) thick ______________________ _____________________ b) special ______________________ _____________________ c) warm ______________________ ______________________ 4) The meaning of ‘blubber’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) habitat a) soft, fine feathers 2) down b) continue to live in difficult conditions 3) survive c) the natural home of an animal 24 12/15/2018 10:55:36 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 28

R5 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. ‘It is a wonderful book, Maa’, Barun replied happily. ‘I am reading about Rakesh Sharma right now.’ ‘So you are reading about the first Indian to go to space’, said his mother. She sat on the bed beside her son and asked him, ‘Have you read about Kalpana Chawla?’ Barun started reading about Kalpana Chawla in the evening. Kalpana Chawla was born in 1962 in Karnal in the state of Haryana. Nicknamed ‘Montu’ by her family, she went to school at the age of three. Later, she studied Aeronautical Engineering at Punjab Engineering College, India. In 1982, Kalpana went to the USA to study at the University of Texas at Arlington. In 1988, she became a research scientist at NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, California. In November 1996, Kalpana joined the STS-87 mission aboard space shuttle Columbia. The mission flew in November–December 1997, during which Kalpana spoke with the then Prime Minister of India, Mr Inderjit K. Gujral, from the orbit. On 16th January, 2003, Kalpana again went into space. She was on board the space shuttle Columbia. After a successful flight, Columbia was lost with its crew during reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere on 1st February, 2003. A hill on Mars and a star in deep space have been named after Kalpana. Her story shows the value of hard work and sincerity that is remembered even when one is no more. 1) Who was the first Indian to go to space? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Where was Kalpana Chawla born? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 44 12/15/2018 10:55:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 48

3) Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the options given in brackets. a) Kalpana Chawla was born _____________________ (on/in) Haryana. b) She was _____________________ (under/among) a group of astronauts who travelled to outer space. c) The rocket flew _____________________ (over/with) the Earth. 4) Another word for ‘answer’ in the passage is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) space shuttle a) honesty 2) crew b) spacecraft 3) sincerity c) team Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Kite flying is one of the world’s oldest sports. In China, people used to fly different coloured kites to send different messages. No one knows for certain who invented kites. Some historians believe that the Egyptians were the first to fly kites. Ancient Egyptian carvings depict men flying objects attached to strings. Some believe that Ancient Greeks invented kites, while others believe that the Chinese made the first kites. Throughout the centuries, kites have been used for various purposes. Once, a Chinese emperor who had been imprisoned was saved by a kite. His followers flew a huge kite over the tower in which the emperor was imprisoned. Recognising the kite, he took hold of the huge ropes hanging from the kite and flew away to freedom. Benjamin Franklin used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity. He flew a kite in a thunderstorm and was almost killed when lightning travelled down the wet string and lit up his instruments. The kite was also responsible for the invention of aeroplanes. The Wright Brothers flew many kinds of kites and studied their movements before making the first aeroplane. Actually, the first aeroplane was a huge kite glider that was specially made to carry an engine and a person. Reading Comprehension 45 NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 49 12/15/2018 10:55:38 AM

1) Which is one of the world’s oldest sports? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Who used a kite to prove that lightning is a form of electricity? Ans. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the past tense of the words given below. a) fly – ___________________________ b) make – ___________________________ c) take – ___________________________ 4) The meaning of the word ‘ancient’ is _____________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) invented a) a period of hundred years 2) historian b) created for the first time 3) century c) someone who studies and records history 46 12/15/2018 10:55:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 50

R6 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Spit keeps our mouths moist and softens our food when we chew. Without spit in our mouths, we would have a hard time talking and swallowing. But for some animals, spit works better after it has left the mouth. Some animals are experts at surviving because they are expert spitters. Llamas are animals that like their personal space. A llama that feels threatened or annoyed will spit slimy gobs at you to get you to leave it alone. Sometimes, llamas even spit on each other to steal food! Llama spit includes food from the llama’s stomach, and it can be quite smelly. When a llama spits on another animal, the animal usually loses its appetite and walks away, leaving its food behind. The archer-fish is a very skilled spitter. It takes aim and spits jets of water at insects and other small creatures to knock them into the water. Then, it gulps them down quickly. Spitting cobras are also known for their expert aim. These snakes spray venom from their fangs to protect themselves. Scientists believe that these snakes actually aim for the eyes! When the cobra’s venom gets into the eyes of an animal, the venom causes terrible pain and even blindness. This gives the snake plenty of time to get away. 1) How does spit help human beings? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 69 65 12/15/2018 10:55:40 AM

2) How do spitting cobras protect themselves? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the present continuous tense form of each of the words below. a) walk – ___________________________ b) talked – ___________________________ c) stole – ___________________________ 4) The meaning of ‘appetite’ is ______________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) soften a) continuing to live in spite of problems 2) surviving b) poison 3) venom c) to make soft Passage 2 Read the story and answer the questions given below. Once upon a time, there lived a beast in a faraway land. The beast lived in a large house that had a beautiful garden. It had flower-bearing plants and fruit-bearing trees. It was so beautiful that people could not stop praising it. Children especially loved it. They always came to play in this garden. But soon, the beast got irritated with them coming into his garden. The annoyed beast shooed the children away and built a huge wall around the garden. He stood at the gate, guarding it. The children were no longer welcome in his garden. The beast kept watch, and the children stayed away. 66 12/15/2018 10:55:40 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 70

Many days passed, the garden lost its vigour and did not bear any flower or fruit. One day, a small girl entered the garden without the beast noticing. Once inside, she was scared of being caught by the beast. So, she climbed a tree to hide from the beast. In her presence, the tree started flowering. Seeing the tree flower in the company of the girl, the beast realised his mistake. It broke open the garden gate and let all the children play happily. The garden thus grew beautiful once again. (Source: Adapted from http://www.itsaperfectstory.com/blogs/naturestories/page/3/) 1) Who loved the garden the most of all? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2) What did the beast do when he got irritated with the children? Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the given sentences in the simple present tense. a) There lived a beast in a faraway land. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) It was so beautiful that people could not stop praising it. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) T he annoyed beast shooed away the children and built a huge wall around the garden. Ans. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Reading Comprehension 67 NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 71 12/15/2018 10:55:40 AM

4) The opposite of ‘pleased’ in the passage is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B 1) beast a) being there 2) faraway b) a dangerous animal 3) present c) distant 68 12/15/2018 10:55:40 AM NR_BGM_9789388751186 PASSPORT G04 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK PART 2_Text.pdf 72