• are covered by forests • have a warm climate, but cool sea breezes blow constantly Be Amazed A A tribe from the North Sentinel island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands rejects contact with modern people. They do not practise agriculture and still hunt and gather food like early humans. Connect the Dots English Fun Which words rhyme with the following? hill _______________________________________________________________ plain _______________________________________________________________ mountain _______________________________________________________________ lake _______________________________________________________________ river _______________________________________________________________ Mapping India 47
Science Fun This is a picture of a cactus plant. It grows in deserts. The green, fleshy parts are not the leaves. They are the stem of the plant. The cactus requires very little water to stay alive. New Words 1) coastal – related to the coast, where the land meets the sea 2) parallel – lines that are always at the same distance and never meet 3) peak – the pointed top of a hill or mountain, which is its highest point 4) source – the beginning of a river 5) tributary – a river flowing into a larger river or lake 6) distributary – a branch of a river that does not return to the main river after leaving it 5) densely populated – a region where a lot of people live 6) originate – begin 7) slope – slant up or down; to be diagonally up or down 8) peninsular – relating to land that is surrounded by water on more than two sides 9) indentation – a cut in the land 10) port – a place where ships and boats can come to the land 11) reject – to say ‘no’ to something 48
A Note to Parent Discuss the physical features of your hometown with your child and discuss the local vegetables and fruits available. Also, do this when you go anywhere for a vacation. Point out to him or her various landforms, vegetation and climate. Mapping India 49
8Lesson The People of India I Will Learn About • similarities and differences in the lives of people of India. • unity in diversity. I Think Rashi met Morad on the road. He was wearing a Q. turban she had never seen before. Which community has Rashi: H i Morad bhai! What are you wearing on your head? the Paghdi as part of its traditional costume? Morad: This is a Pagdhi. It is part of a traditional Parsi (A) Jains costume. Every community has a traditional (B) Parsis dress. Jain monks also wear traditional white (C) Kashmiris robes. Rashi: W e are all so different and similar at the (D) Christians same time! 50
India is a huge country and you have read about its six physical divisions. The lives of the communities in each physical region are very different from that of the others. Why do these differences occur? India has cold mountains in the north and warm plains in the south. We have dry heat in the west and humidity in the east. The climate and natural regions affect the culture of each region. The People of India 51
Climate and natural regions affect the crops that Name one similarity are grown. The staple diet or main food depends on what is easily available. It also affects the ? between the clothing of clothing of different regions. the people in northern and western India. Different languages, types of food and clothing make India diverse. Diversity means ‘variety or range of different things’. Let us read about the differences and similarities between the lives of various communities. Languages Hindi and English are the official languages of the central government. Official languages are used by governments for their work. States choose their own official languages. 52
The 22 official languages used in India are as follows: Language States Language States Assamese Assam, Arunachal Dogri Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh Pradesh and Punjab Bangla West Bengal, Tripura, Gujarati Gujarat, Daman and Diu, dadra Assam, Jharkhand, and Nagar Haveli Bodo Andaman and Nicobar Hindi Islands Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Kannada West Bengal, Assam Kashmiri Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Madhya Konkani Maithili Pradesh Malayalam Karnataka Manipuri Kashmir Marathi Goa, Maharashtra Nepali Bihar Odia Kerela Punjabi Manipur Sanskrit Maharashtra, Goa Santhali Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Odisha Punjab, Haryana, Sindhi Uttarakhand, Mattur in Tamil Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand Karnataka and Odisha Telegu Rajasthan, Gujarat, Pun- Urdu Tamil Nadu, Puducherry jab Andhra Pradesh, Telen- Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu gana and Kashmir, Delhi, Bihar Other than these, there are about 1600 languages in India. Official languages Example: Bhojpuri, Tulu, Lepcha, Marwari and many more. are used by Which language do you speak? Is it on the list? governments for their work. Look at the map. It shows a few languages that are used by the majority of people in different regions. Food and clothing Indians use different kinds of food and clothing too. Read about these people from different parts of India. Find out which state they live in , their language , their clothes and 4 1 2 3their favourite food . Find them and their families on the given map. Use the given map and your previous knowledge to fill in the blanks in the next page. The People of India 53
____________________! I am Irfan. Namaste, I am Vimala. 1 _________________________ 1 Rajasthan 2 Kashmiri and Urdu 2 Hindi and _____________ 3 _________________________ 3 g hagra choli with mirrors 4 kulcha and rogan josh 4 ______________________ ________________! I am Arissa. Namaskar, I am Tukaram. 1 Nagaland 1 Maharashtra 2 ___________ and English 2 __________________ 3 woollen shawl 3 d hoti, Pheta 4 m eat, fish, rice and 4 ___________ (like a roti) and vegetables with tathu ________ (made from brinjal) (tathu is a chutney) Hello! I am Jacob _____________, I am Lakshmi. 1 ______________ 1 Karnataka 2 English, ______________ and 2 _______________ 3 sari Portuguese 4 __________________ – rice 3 cotton pants and shirt cooked with spices 4 __________ – meat in a curry and dals 54
In India, people often speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called bilingual. People who can speak three or more languages are called multilingual. Most Indians are either bilingual or multilingual. Festivals Earlier, you have read about a few regional and national festivals. Let us now read about how different communities celebrate the same event in different ways. Every community has its own celebration of the new year. These celebrations happen at different times in different regions. The new year begins on different days for different communities. They are as follows: Name of the festival Community Gudi Padwa People of Maharashtra Muharram Muslim community Ugadi People of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana The People of India 55
Navroze Parsi community All these factors make India a diverse ? Name three different country. Yet, all Indians are part of one big celebrations of the new year. country. This is why people say India has unity in diversity. Be Amaze A d Four major religions of the world began in India. They are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Connect the Dots English Fun Many words from Indian languages have become a part of English. The Gujarati word ‘bungalo’ is used for a house in English. It is spelled ‘bungalow’ in English. Science Fun Very small living things in food can change the food. The look, smell and feel of the food changes. This is called fermentation. Rice dishes like idli are made by fermentation. 56
New Words 1) humidity – the amount of moisture in the air 2) climate – a particular pattern of weather 3) majority – a greater number of something 4) unity – being together as one kind A Note to Parent You can organise a small fancy dress party for your child and her or his friends. Ask them to wear their traditional clothes to the party. Their parents can bring the food that they cook at home. The People of India 57
Art Education - 2 Making Festoon of Flags, Garlands and Bouquets You have read about the different festivals of India. During these times of the year, many places are decorated with colourful festoon of flags of different shapes. Now, try making a few festoon of flags for the upcoming celebration at home or in school. You will need: • glaze or crepe paper or glossy newspaper • scissors • long pieces of rope • glue You need to do the following: • Cut the paper in whatever shape you like (mostly people use regular shapes like triangles, rectangles). Make sure you cut the paper evenly. • Place the coloured paper pieces on the rope and stick them on carefully. • Let the festoon of flag dry. • Put them up on the walls or ceilings the next time there is a celebration. 58
9Lesson HCLeaisaletrnondraaybrosutto I Will Learn About • different calendars and the rules of their design. • sequence of events and marking them on a timeline. I Think Rashi is visiting the home of the Irani family to celebrate Q. Navroze. Navroze is the new year celebration of Parsis. How do you wish Rashi It’s so funny! We wish each other ‘Happy New someone on Navroze? Year’ so many times between January and December! (A) Happy Diwali Mr Irani You’re right! Different groups of people have (B) Happy New Year different events that are important to them. Rashi But how come there are so many new years? (C) Navroze Mubarak Mrs Irani I’ll tell you. Different groups of people in India use (D) Merry Christmas different calendars. In each calendar, the new year is celebrated by a certain special event. Morad And we all celebrate each other’s festivals as well. This is why I wish you ‘Happy New Year!’ during Diwali. And you wish me ‘Navroze Mubarak!’ on Navroze. Rashi I want to make a timeline so that I can remember to wish everyone on their special days! 59
What are the different kinds of calendars? What do we use to know the month of the year? Can you see it in this classroom? A calendar is used to tell the month of the year. It is used to know the day, week and month of a particular year. Gregorian and Saka calendars When we use the following names for days and months, we use the Gregorian calendar. Days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday Months January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used by most countries of the world. The people in India also use the Saka calendar along with the Gregorian calendar. The Saka calendar was founded by King Shalivahana. ? Name the first and last months of the Saka calendar. 60
Calendars based on positions of the Sun and the Moon We can see the Sun’s position in the sky change over the year. The time taken for this movement was used to make calendars. The calendars that use the position of the Sun are called solar calendars. Example: Gregorian calendar. 21st June 21st December Equator the changing position of the Sun in the sky Have you ever observed the Moon? We can see its shape change throughout the month. It takes about 15 days for the Moon to be fully visible as full Moon from no Moon. The time taken for the Moon to change its appearance was also used to make calendars. These calendars are called lunar calendars. Measuring time in history There have been many ruling dynasties in India. Archaeologists have discovered many places in India that were inhabited 5000 years ago. To learn about them, we must first learn about the measurement of years in history. Look at the timeline. Calendars to Learn about History 61
Timeline The timeline is divided into two parts. The letters on the timeline change from ‘BC’ to ‘AD’. The event used to mark this change is the birth of Jesus Christ. So, the year of the event is calculated by the number of years before or after the birth of Jesus Christ. Old term Full form New term Full form BC AD Before Christ BCE Before Common Era Anno Domini (‘the year of the Lord’in Latin) CE Common Era We count time from the birth of Jesus Christ. The time before that is counted in descending order from left to right on the timeline. Therefore, any event years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the numerical value of the year becomes higher. Read the story of the woman called Rivka. The Story of rivka She was born in 200 BC. She She turned 30 She turned 90 turned one year old in 199 BC. years old in years old in 170 BC. 110 BC. Moving from left to right on the timeline – the ? When time is counted before numerical value of the year is in descending the birth of Jesus Christ, order. is it in ascending order or descending order? Is 310 BC Read the story of King Harsh. closer to the birth of Jesus Christ or 103 BC? When we count time after the birth of Jesus Christ, time increases in ascending order from left to right. A set of ten years is called a decade. A set of one hundred years is called a century. 62
BC Century Years AD Years 1st century BC 1 AD – 100 AD Century 100 BC – 1 BC 2nd century BC 101 AD – 200 AD 200 BC – 101 BC 1st century AD 2nd century AD Some Indian dynasties Name of the dynasty Region Period Maurya Most of the Indian peninsula 322 BC – 185 BC Chola Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Bihar 300 BC – 1279 AD Gupta 320 AD – 550 AD Mughal Bihar and Uttar Pradesh 1526 AD – 1858 AD Most of the Indian sub-continent Almanacs An almanac records weather predictions, the times at which the Sun will rise and set and many more details. Hundreds of years ago, there was no television news and no internet. It was difficult to share information. Almanacs were used to share local information. Example: An almanac for a region near the sea would contain information about the high tides and low tides. Almanacs also predict rains, which helps farmers decide when to sow crops. Calendars to Learn about History 63
An almanac is Year a very detailed Months calendar. Other predictions how the for each day Moon will look date and day weather prediction An almanac Designing a calendar Another way of reading time is through a calendar. A calendar can be made in various ways. Special details can be added according to the needs. • It shows time in weeks, days and months. • Days are given column-wise and dates are given row-wise. • We can even show days row-wise and dates column-wise. • A few days are marked in red. It indicates a holiday or a special day. • In a few calendars, special days are also written below the date. 64
You can also make your own calendar by putting dates and events important to you. Be Amazed A In ancient times, the month was calculated based on the time taken by the Moon to complete one orbit around the Earth. This gave rise to the word month, which actually meant ‘moonth’. Calendars to Learn about History 65
Connect the Dots English Fun In the past, many calendars used the appearance of the Moon to calculate time. This is why the word ‘month’ is closely related to the word ‘Moon’. This meant that one cycle of the moon was equal to one ‘month’. Maths Fun There are usually 28 days in February. A leap year has 29 days in February. Complete the series of leap years. 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, _________, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, _________ After how many years do we have a leap year? _______________________________________________________________________________ New Words 1) event – something that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) sub-continent – a part of a larger continent. 3) prediction – saying what will happen in the future 4) local – for a particular place 5) tide – the regular rise and fall of the level of the sea or ocean water A Note to Parent You should encourage your child to find out about the different calendar systems of the world. The Islamic, Chinese and Korean calendars are a few examples. 66
LESSON 6 10Lesson Responsibilities of a Citizen I Will Learn About • being a worthy citizen, developing civic sense and appreciating its significance. • respect towards public and private property and its upkeep. • responsibilities of solving issues in school and in the neighbourhood. I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are walking down the staircase Q.in their building. They spot one of their neighbours drawing on the wall. Why should Gaurav not Rashi Hey Gaurav! What are you doing? draw on the staircase Meher Can I join you? wall? Rashi No! What he is doing is wrong! (A) because the wall is dirty Morad bRausilhdii’nsgri.gWhte. Gaurav, many families live in this all use the staircase. (B) because many families live in that Gaurav So what? building Morad That means all of us are responsible for taking (C) because Morad said care of it. that he cannot Gaurav But my drawing will make it beautiful! (D) because there are no lights on the staircase Rashi Even so, you need permission! You must ask all the families living in this building if they would like it. Morad We live together, and so we must take all important decisions together! 67
Your full address contains your name, the name of your Civic sense consists house, street, village or city, as well as the state. of the behaviour and Many families share the facilities in a housing society. habits that do not have All the students share the facilities in a school. In the a bad effect on the same way, people, or the citizens of India, share certain environment and the facilities. A citizen is anyone who belongs to a particular people. place. Citizens of a country are given certain rights. They also have certain duties. The study of rights and duties is called civics. Behaviour and habits that do not have a bad effect on the environment and the people around is called civic sense. Look at the following pairs of pictures. Which of these actions are right? or or We live together in communities. We work together. We give and get many things from each other. To live together happily and peacefully, we should be mindful of our actions. We should work not only for our own benefit but also try to be good and kind to each other. Being a good person is the first step towards becoming a good citizen. How to be a good citizen A good citizen: 1) obeys the laws and rules of a place. 2) participates in the elections by voting. He or she can even choose to become a candidate in the elections. In this way, he or she can participate in government work. 3) does not hurt any living beings or other people who are different from him or her. 4) tries to learn new things always. He or she makes an effort to remain a peaceful part of the community. 5) takes care of people in need. He or she also cares for the environment. 68
6) does not damage or dirty public property like ? State any one role of trains, buses, roads and places like monuments a good citizen. and parks. 7) helps people who are being harmed by others. Sometimes, this means being courageous and stopping something bad from happening. A good citizen stops people from damaging public and private property. He or she also stops people from harming the environment. 8) is honest. He or she does not give or take bribes. He or she does not steal from others. Initiate responsibilities for solving issues in school • Talk to your teacher if a student is bullying others. • The class leader or monitor should take responsibility for classroom cleanliness by involving all classmates. Responsibilities of a Citizen 69
• Share ideas on how everyone can get a fair What should be done chance to use play areas. ? if you hear loud music • Switch off lights and fans when leaving the coming from the classroom. neighbourhood? • Do not litter or spill food in the classroom. Importance of being a good neighbour There are different ways in which poor civic sense can affect others. We follow rules to keep our neighbourhoods clean and safe. Playing loud music at night or throwing trash everywhere is not allowed. Breaking these rules affects our neighbours. Similarly, if we break the rules and laws of our country, we affect other citizens. Given below are the images of two train stations in India. Which one would you feel comfortable waiting at? Why? or Station A Station B vandalism Places like train stations, roads, bridges, community parks and so on are public property. Sometimes, heavy usage damages public property. However, damages often happen due to misuse by the citizens and carelessness of the government. The government is responsible for maintaining and repairing public property. Citizens are responsible for using it carefully. Citizens with bad civic sense act irresponsibly and damage public property. A few citizens damage and destroy public property on purpose. This is called vandalism. Vandalised property becomes useless and unsafe. Repairing this damage may cost the government a lot of money. 70
d Be Amaze A ‘Mawlynnong’, a village in the East Khasi district of Meghalaya, is the cleanest village in Asia. This village is famous for its cleanliness and natural beauty and was recognised as the Cleanest Village in Asia by Discover India Magazine in 2003. Connect the Dots English Fun To be good citizens, we must be good members of the community. The word ‘community’ comes from two Latin words. The first part, ‘com’, means ‘together’, and ‘munity’ means ‘work or service’. So, ‘community’ means ‘working together’. Science Fun Animals do not have any written rules and laws. But, they do have their kind of civic sense. Elephants travel in groups. They make sure that the young ones are well fed and the old ones are not left behind while travelling. Responsibilities of a Citizen 71
New Words 1) staircase – the place in a building where the stairs are 2) bribe – offering money, gifts or favours so that someone else does 3) steal something for you 4) littering – to take something without permission – to make a place untidy with many things lying around A Note to Parent Children usually develop a good civic sense by observing their elders. Be a role model for your child by being a good citizen and displaying good civic sense. You could ask your child to explain why he or she thinks that a certain action shows good civic sense. 72
11Lesson The Environment and Us I Will Learn About • various causes and kinds of pollution in the environment. • identify the causes and list the effects of pollution. • the importance of preventing pollution and ways to reduce the various kinds of pollution. • demonstrating sensitivity towards the right methods of waste disposal. I Think Q. Mr Irani’s school friend has come to visit the Irani family Why is it important to after many months. keep rivers clean? Meher Hello, Ajay Uncle! How are you? (A) to throw waste into them Ajay Uncle Hi, Meher! I’ve been busy with work. (B) to help birds build a Meher Yes, I heard that you were doing some nest work to keep Nashik’s rivers clean. What work do you do for the rivers? (C) to ensure the good health of villages Ajay Uncle W ell, Meher, I work with an NGO that and cities organises events to pick up the waste thrown into rivers. We talk to school (D) to build roads over children about keeping rivers clean. We them also speak to the government about making strict cleanliness rules. It is very important to keep our rivers clean because the health of our villages and cities depends on them. Meher Oh! Are rivers really that important? 73
What is pollution? Earlier, you have read about pollution and its types. You read about a few activities that cause pollution. Let us read about the ways in which pollution affects our environment. Pollution is the process of adding harmful waste materials to the environment. The things that cause pollution are called pollutants. The person responsible for the release of pollutants is called a polluter. Example: When Rohan burns plastic, he acts as a polluter. This creates poisonous gases, which act as pollutants, causing air pollution. In our everyday lives, we create many types of waste that get added to the environment and cause contamination. Types of pollution You have learnt about different types of pollution. Example: air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution and so on. Almost all types of pollution are caused by various human activities. Air pollution Air pollution Pollutants: Effects Action: • gases like: burning fuels, smoke from vehicles and factories carbon dioxide, • breathing sulphur dioxide problems carbon monoxide like asthma • small particles of and Polluter various materials allergies • smog caused by the combination of • reduced vision smoke and fog In November 2016 and 2017, there was a thick blanket of smog in Delhi. It was caused by air pollution from vehicles and industries in and around New Delhi. Most vehicles release gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and so on. Farmers find it easier to burn remains of crops, called agricultural waste, in the fields rather than take them away safely. The smoke released from such sources contains carbon and other small particles. When there is no breeze to smog in New Delhi 74
blow the smoke away, a thick blanket of smog forms, as happened in New Delhi. This caused breathing problems and allergies in many people. It also affected people’s vision and affected people’s routine. Prevention ? List the gases that We can prevent such a situation by: pollute the air. 1) using public transport as much as possible 2) banning the burning of agricultural waste 3) making all factories obey rules regarding pollution 4) educating people and spreading awareness about the environment Water pollution WW aatteerr ppoollluuttiioonn Pollutants: Effects • chemicals from PPPooollllluuuttteeerrr • diseases industrial waste like cholera water and • germs and viruses typhoid from household waste • damage to the nervous Action: system releasing contaminated water from industries and • harm to household waste directly aquatic into water bodies animals On 16th February 2017, a few people found a lot of smoke coming from the middle of Bellandur Lake in Bengaluru. Later, it was found that the lake had caught fire. This was called the ‘burning’ lake incident. The lake caught fire because of water pollution. People living around the lake dumped waste from their households into this lake. Untreated sewage water and homes along the lake shore waste from industries were also dumped into this lake. in Bengaluru All the chemicals reacted with each other. Methane, a gas that easily catches fire, was produced as a result of these reactions, When the household waste caught fire, it became difficult to control. The Environment and Us 75
The pollution caused serious harm to the plants and animals in the lake. The water from the lake is not suitable for use anymore. The lake is also covered by froth because of chemicals. Prevention We can prevent such a situation by: 1) treating all liquid waste from industries and homes to make it safe before it is allowed to drain into water bodies 2) preventing people from throwing waste materials into water bodies 3) cleaning lakes regularly 4) educating people and spreading awareness about the environment Noise pollution NN ooiissee ppoollluuttiioonn Air pollution Pollutants: Effects sounds from • industries • disturbed • vehicles sleep • loud music • increased PPPooollllluuuttteeerrr blood pressure Action: machines, construction • stress activities, and music • hearing loss performances and so on India is a country with many festivals. During these loud sounds cause noise festivals, loudspeakers are used, which causes noise pollution pollution. Loud sounds from loudspeakers is a source of noise pollution. People living near sources of noise pollution may face many problems. Noise causes the heart to beat faster. This increases a person’s blood pressure. Noise also causes stress. Loud sounds for very long periods of time may lead to deafness. Loud sounds can also make cracks appear in buildings. 76
Prevention We can prevent such situations by: 1) making sure that the volume of loudspeakers is kept low 2) not allowing the use of loudspeakers and other sources of loud noises during the night, especially around hospitals and so on 3) educating people and spreading awareness about noise pollution The need for conserving the environment Conservation is the process of keeping something safe Conservation is the from harm. process of keeping something safe When the environment gets polluted, it can harm all living from harm. things. Thus, to protect the environment, we must reduce pollution. We can each practise a few steps to reduce pollution. Earlier, you have read about using public transport and using organic cleaners in your home. You have also learnt how to reduce sound pollution. You have even learnt about separating dry and wet waste. Most wet waste is What are the three biodegradable, while most dry waste is not. Biodegradable ? ways to conserve waste can be buried in the soil. This is because it materials that help to comes from nature and turns back into the soil save the environment? after some time. This biodegradable waste is used for growing plants. There are many more ways of conserving the environment. Reduce, reuse and recycle Reduce: Reducing the amount of waste from our everyday activities. Example: Taking your own bags when you are going shopping. This will reduce the number of new plastic bags that you use. This, in turn, will reduce the amount of plastic that is thrown into rivers, lakes, oceans and even on land. Reuse: Making sure that materials and items are reused for as long as possible. Example: The blank side of the paper with printing on one side can be used for drawing, taking notes and so on. Plastic ice cream spoons can be reused. Reusing is helpful in situations where reducing is difficult. The Environment and Us 77
dRecycle: Giving a new use to old items and materials. Example: plastic bottles can be recycled to make toys, pots for plants, pen stands and so on. Using glass bottles helps the environment as glass can be recycled many times. Newspapers can also be recycled. To satisfy the needs of our increasing population, we have harmed the environment. It is now time to conserve the environment. Be Amaze A There were limits on the level of noise for thousands of years. Thousands of years ago, vehicles called chariots were not allowed to travel during the night. This is because they would disturb people’s sleep. Connect the Dots Maths Fun Each Indian living in a city creates at least 200 to 600 grams of garbage every day. How much garbage does a person create in one week and in one month? ______________________________________________________________________________ Science Fun Eco-towns in the UK are towns designed to reduce pollution. These towns will be built from recycled materials. They will be largely car-free and cycle friendly. 78
New Words 1) contamination – the process of adding impurities or waste to something 2) vision – the ability to see something 3) sewage – dirty water from homes and factories 4) react – what happens when certain chemicals come in contact 5) froth with each other – a thick layer of foam or bubbles A Note to Parent You can make a chart of the things in your house that can be reused or recycled. You can ask your child to note down the names of the materials and items that have been reused and/ or recycled. The Environment and Us 79
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