51704173_BGM_Traveller G4 Social Studies Textbook FY_Text_compressed

SOCIAL STUDIES 4TEXTBOOK Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. IMAX presents the Traveller series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching:  Connecting learning to life in the outside world  Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts  Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills  Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process  Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the IMAX textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The IMAX team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of IMAX Traveller series:  Maps to the themes, concepts and learning outcomes specified by the CISCE framework  Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society  Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills  Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills.  Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them  Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Traveller series aims to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors

Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain Contains the list of learning objectives to be concepts and terms covered in the lesson • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or definitions A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent Engages parents in out-of- classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts

Contents 1 The Story of the Past ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 2 Sources of History����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Art Education 1�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 3 Motions of the Earth������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 12 4 Exploring the Earth�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 5 Using Maps�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Infographic 1 - Landforms ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 6 Discovering India��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 7 Mapping India�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 8 The People of India������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 50 Art Education 2�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 9 Calendars to Learn about History������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 10 Responsibilities of a Citizen����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 11 The Environment and Us����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73 Infographic 2 - How to be an Earth Protector ������������������������������������������������� 80

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1Lesson The Story of the Past I Will Learn About • historical events presented orally and in writing. • the differences between the ancient, medieval and modern periods of history. • the role and significance of historical events in today’s context. 1

I Think Rashi and Meher have invented a new game. Each Q. one gets a turn to be the ruler. This time, Rashi is the ruler. How does Meher know that cruel rulers Rashi Meher, go and pluck flowers to put in my are removed by the hair! Then, arrange a visit to the park. people? Meher Rashi, I’m so tired of you being the queen! It’s (A) He studies Maths. my turn now to be the king. (B) He studies History. (C) He studies Science. Rashi I will punish you for disobeying me! (D) He studies English. Meher Tell me Rashi, were real kings and queens harsh like you? I want to choose my ruler! Rashi How can you even think of that? Meher Hah! I study history! I know that cruel rulers are removed by the people! The past ? Which language The word ‘past’ is used for the time that has gone by does the word or the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes ‘history’ come from? from the French word for ‘story’. Thus, anything that has already occurred in the past is called history. Examples: the story of the History is the story of invention of the wheel, the story of invention of the light the past. bulb, the story of India’s freedom struggle. How can we represent the different events of history? Earlier, you have learnt about the timeline. A timeline is a line that represents events in the order in which they happened. Can you arrange the following events on a timeline in the order in which they happened? 1) I stood in the assembly. 2) I made a friend in the first period. 3) I said bye to my friend. 4) It was my first day of school. 2

Let us read about the different ways in which history is divided. Periods in history Pre-historic period Historic period before people people started after people started writing writing started writing a timeline showing the pre-historic and historical periods We divide history into various periods. Periods in history are based on the order of important events. They are also linked to each other. Availability of written records For a very long time, human beings could not read or write. They could only draw pictures to tell stories about what they saw and did. The period in which there is no written recorded history is called the pre-historic period. The period in which people started recording the stories of their lives by writing them in some language is called the historic period. This means that we can read the stories about people and places from those times. Before Christ - BC Anno Domini - AD (Before common Era) (Comment Era) before Jesus Christ was Jesus Christ after Jesus Christ born was born was born a timeline showing ‘BC’ and ‘AD’ The birth of Jesus Christ History is also divided into periods based on the birth of Jesus Christ. All the years before Jesus Christ was born are marked ? Which are the two with the letters ‘BC’. This stands for ‘Before Christ’. This periods based on the is also called ‘BCE’ or ‘Before Common Era’. birth of Jesus Christ? All the years after Jesus Christ was born are marked with the letters ‘AD’. This stands for The Story of the Past 3

‘Anno Domini’. These are words in Latin that mean ‘the year of our Lord (Jesus Christ)’. This is also called ‘CE’ or ‘Common Era’. We will learn more about this type of division in a later lesson. Look at the timeline below. It shows how years are marked on a timeline using BC (BCE) and AD (CE). 100 BC 100 BC 1 AD 1200 AD 1757 AD Today dTimelines are used to divide Indian history into three periods. These are as follows: In the ancient period of Indian history, many events were not recorded using language. These are called pre-historic events. The ancient period includes historic events as well. The medieval period is called the middle period of Indian history. During this time, there were many famous rulers and kingdoms in India. The modern period covers all the events from the medieval period till today. Why we study history People study history for different reasons. Doctors study history to understand different diseases and how they were cured in the past. Architects study history to learn about the types of buildings in the past. They study about the strong and weak materials that were used to built them. This helps them make better buildings in future. Role and importance of historical events today Events from history play an important role in our lives. Example: we can use mobile phones today because Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. A few other reasons to study history are the following: • to understand the stories of persons and groups of people who faced different situations. • to know how events of the past affect our lives now. • to know how changes take place over time. • to know if the changes that occur follow a pattern. Be AmazeYou too can have your reasons for studying history. Can you think of a few? A People have been living in Varanasi (or Banaras) since the pre- historic times. It is the oldest inhabited city in the world. 4

Connect the Dots English Fun There are a few phrases in English with the word ‘history’ in them. Example: ‘to be history’ (meaning ‘no longer part of something’) or ‘to go down in history’ (meaning ‘to be recorded or noted in the history’) and so on. Use these phrases in sentences of your own. Maths Fun Like a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a number line. Smaller numbers are written on the left-hand-side, and larger numbers are on the right-hand side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Words 1) invention – a creation of something new that did not exist earlier 2) Latin – an ancient language that was spoken by the people 3) disease of Rome 4) architect – illness – someone who plans how a house or a building will look A Note to Parent Help your child to build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s opinion. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. The Story of the Past 5

2Lesson Sources of History I Will Learn About • the importance of preserving sources of history. • the differences between archaeological and literary sources. • the differences between a historian and an archaeologist. I Think Meher and Rashi were looking at a very old but Q. beautifully carved box in Mr Irani’s study. Meher: Is this ours? I have never seen this before. Who/ What will help you learn about your family’s Mr Irani: This is a family heirloom. history? (A) neighbours Rashi: What is an heirloom? (B) family heirlooms Mr Irani: An heirloom is a valuable object that (C) school belongs to a family. A family passes down (D) newspapers these objects to future generations. My great-grandparents gave me this box. It is more than a hundred years old! Rashi: Wow! I should ask my parents about our heirlooms as well! 6

How can you learn about your family history? You learn about your family history: • by listening to the stories that your family members remember about each other. • by reading written records of your family history like letters and looking at the photographs and video recordings of your family members. • by studying the clothes, jewellery and other belongings of your family members. Different sources of history We need objects, materials and written stories to study The objects, materials, history. These are called sources of history. Stories that written and unwritten we hear about the past are also sources of history. These stories, poems and stories may or may not be written down. songs used to study the past are called Sources of history are of three types. sources of history. Oral sources are stories, songs and poems that people remember. We can learn about the spoken languages, everyday activities and festivals of the past. guru shishya Example: In olden days, stories from the Mahabharata were told by the ? Name one way by which elders of the community to you can learn about your younger members. They were family’s history. not written down. Such oral sources help us learn the language, the way of life in those times and the style of storytelling. Written sources are writings on stone, wood and metal, paintings on walls or special leaves and paper. We can learn about famous people and places and how people lived in the past from these sources. Example: The king painting from Ajanta caves called Akbar used farmans to pass messages to his people. His farmans were written on paper. We learn about how the government worked in those times from such sources. Material sources are materials that were used to a Dolmen in Maharashtra make buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and so on. Sources of History 7

We can learn about the objects used in the past and the materials used to make them. Example: ‘Dolmens’ mark the burial places of people. They were built very long ago. There are many dolmens in India. From these, we learn about how people in the past took care of the dead people in their communities. Of these, the written and oral sources are called literary sources. Material sources are called archaeological sources. Let us read about the people who use these sources of history to learn about the past. Using archaeological and literary sources Archaeological sources People who study buildings, tools, paintings, clothes and other objects used by people in the past are called archaeologists. The places where these objects are found are called archaeological sites. An archaeologist may find remains of archaeological site at an ancient city, a settlement, pottery, grains, bones or Mohenjo-Daro inscriptions at a site. The archaeologist studies the size, shape, material, age and location of the object and then passes it on to a historian. Literary sources A historian studies the meaning of the text in ? List three examples books, inscriptions and other documents written of sources used by in the past. He or she also searches for the a historian. description of such things or information collected by the archaeologist. Historians study literary sources to record information about the past. Example: Many objects that we see in museums were discovered by archaeologists. Books about history are written by historians. Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. Here is how archaeologists and historians work: 8

AInrfcohrmaeaotiloongical Archaeologists find objects and places used in the past. They describe the object (size, material, shape, colour) and note its location. They pass this information on to historians. Then, historians find books and other written records about similar objects. They collect all the information to write a complete story of the past. Keeping these sources of history safe Archaeological sites and the objects in museums may get damaged due to reasons such as: • people touching them, writing on walls, littering and so on • pollution • natural factors like climate, location and so on However, we need to keep the sources of history and archaeological sites safe. It is because of them that we learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. We learn about important events. We can even understand how art, architecture, science and technology have changed over time. Sources of History 9

Be Amazed A The pillars built by King Ashoka consisted of statues of different animals such as lions and elephants. One such pillar at Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh has four lions standing back to back. It is the National Emblem of India. Connect the Dots English Fun There is a phrase in English – ‘to create history’ – which means ‘doing something that has never been done before’. Use this phrase in a sentence. Science Fun In the olden days, there were no clocks. People used sundials to tell time. In India, there are five sundials called Jantar Mantar. The largest one is in Jaipur. It is also the world’s largest sundial. New Words 1) farman – an order given by a king or a queen 2 settlement 3) inscription – a place where a group of people live 4) museum – a writing on stone or metal – a place where objects of interest and importance are displayed A Note to Parent Visit any historical museum with your child and try to collect information about how the things kept there were found and how they were used. 10

Art Education - 1 Presentation Time! You have read about the different sources of history. Make a presentation about a source of your family’s history. It could be a material source, a written source or even an oral source of history. You can write a few important points that you would like to remember in the space given below. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Keep in mind the following points when you present: • Be well-prepared. • Speak loudly and clearly. • Use the correct expressions and be confident. • Stand straight and use your hands comfortably. • Look at all the people while you speak. 11

3Lesson Motions of the Earth I Will Learn About • the axis, rotation and revolution of the Earth. • the causes of day and night and seasons. I Think Q. Rashi is reading a book about the Earth. She tells What does an Meher about Kepler, a famous astronomer. astronomer do? Meher Who is an astronomer, Rashi? (A) studies the ocean Rashi An astronomer is someone who studies stars, (B) studies people’s planets and natural events that occur in futures space. (C) studies stars, planets Meher Wow! Tell me an interesting thing that you and natural events read. in space Rashi It was Johannes Kepler, a German (D) studies people astronomer, who discovered that planets do not travel along a circular path around the Sun. They travel along an elliptical path that looks like an oval. Meher Wow! 12

All the planets in the solar system move in two ways. • They turn around themselves. • They travel along a fixed path around the Sun. Let us read about these movements and their effects. The Movements of the Earth Rotation Look at the picture given below. Let us imagine that the boy is standing in the same place and turning around. In the same way, a planet or satellite spins around its axis. This movement is called rotation. A rotating object turns on an imaginary central line called an axis. The Earth rotates from west to east. Revolution Look at the picture given below. The boy is walking along a The Earth’s rotation fixed path around a spot in the centre. He moves from position (1) to position (2), then to (3) and returns to position (1). Similarly, the fixed path on which a planet or a satellite travels around another heavenly body is called its orbit. This movement is called revolution. The planets in our solar system revolve around the ? Name two movements Sun. of the Earth. The shape of the Earth’s orbit is elliptical. What are the effects of these movements? Effects of rotation The Earth’s rotation causes day and night. How does this happen? Motions of the Earth 13

Look at the picture below. A rotating object turns on an imaginary central line called rays of the Sun an axis. A planet or heavenly body has Sun Day a fixed path on which it travels Night around another heavenly body. This is called an orbit. Earth day and night Due to the rotation of the Earth, the side facing the Sun keeps changing. It means that for some time, one side of the Earth receives light. During that time, the other side is in darkness. As the Earth rotates, the side that was in darkness receives light. One complete rotation takes 24 hours. So, it can be said that one half of the Earth receives light for 12 hours and the other is in darkness for 12 hours. Effects of revolution The Earth’s revolution is the reason why we have years and seasons. What is a year? The Earth takes almost 365 days to revolution complete one revolution around the Sun. This means that it takes 365 days for the Earth to travel from position (1) in the picture to position (2) and back to position (1). What causes seasons? Seasons are regular changes in the weather in ? Name the three main a year. In most parts of India, the main seasons seasons experienced are summer, monsoon and winter. A few parts of in India. India also experience spring and autumn. In these places, the five seasons are summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. Why does this happen? You may have noticed the tilt of the Earth’s axis in the diagrams above. Due to this tilt, a part of the Earth leans towards the Sun and receives more sunlight. The other part leans away and receives less sunlight. 14

tilted away from the Sun N Sun leaning towards the Sun S South Pole leaning towards the Sun Earth When the South Pole leans towards the Sun, the southern hemisphere experiences summer. At the same time, the northern hemisphere experiences winter as the North Pole leans away from the Sun. Can you tell what will happen when the North Pole leans towards the Sun? Look at the picture given below: N leaning towards the Sun tilted away from the Sun Sun S Earth North Pole leaning towards the Sun However, if the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, then the northern hemisphere will experience summer. At this time, the southern hemisphere will experience winter. In certain positions, such as (2) and (4), neither the North nor the South Pole leans towards the Sun. This is when we experience either spring or autumn. Characteristics of the seasons in the northern hemisphere Seasons depend on where a place is located on the Earth’s hemisphere. India is in the northern hemisphere. So, let us first understand the seasons in the northern hemisphere. Motions of the Earth 15

In January, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. Therefore, the rays of the Sun are weaker. So, India experiences winter. Between March and April, the northern and southern hemispheres experience milder climate. In the northern hemisphere, it is spring. By June, the northern hemisphere revolution causes seasons starts tilting completely towards the Sun. So, India experiences summer and then monsoon. The Earth continues to revolve. In September, the northern hemisphere starts experiencing autumn. At the end of one revolution, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, once again. Characteristics of the seasons in the southern hemisphere Have you heard of New Zealand? New Zealand is a country in the southern hemisphere. There, summer comes in December! How does this happen? In December, the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. Therefore, the rays of the Sun are stronger. So, New Zealand experiences summer. Between March and April, the northern and southern hemispheres experience milder climate. In the southern hemisphere, it is autumn. By June, the southern hemisphere starts leaning completely away from the Sun. So, New Zealand experiences winter. The Earth continues to revolve. In September, the southern hemisphere starts experiencing spring. At the end of one revolution, the southern hemisphere is once again tilted towards the Sun. Be Amaze A d The speed of the rotation of the Earth is gradually slowing down. Scientists say that after thousands of years, days will be 25 hours long. 16

Connect the Dots Maths Fun The length of a day on the planet Jupiter is just 9 hours and 56 minutes. What is the difference between the length of the day on Earth and Jupiter? ____________________________________________________________ Science Fun The shape of the Earth changes every year. Scientists use satellites to record these changes. These satellites measure the distance between their position and that of the Earth. They can measure even a few millimetres of change all the way from space. New Words 1) satellite ― a natural or an artificial object that revolves around a planet 2) elliptical 3) spring – oval-shaped 4) autumn – a season before summer; the season when new plants grow – a season before winter when leaves of trees may begin to fall A Note to Parent Ask your child to find out about the duration of various seasons in India. Also, ask them to find out if the temperature is the same in all the states of India at a given time. If not, then ask them to find out reasons for the same. Motions of the Earth 17

4Lesson Exploring the Earth I Will Learn About • the four domains of the Earth. • major landforms and water bodies. I Think Mr Jain is showing Rashi and Meher the family photo Q. album. What is a small piece of Meher Wow! You have been to so many places, Rashi! land with water on all sides? Rashi Yes. We have seen mountains, plateaus, rivers (A) mountain and oceans! (B) plateau (C) island Mr Jain We should plan our next trip to an island. (D) river Meher What is so special about an island? Rashi An island is a small piece of land with water on all sides. You can only travel to it by a ship or an aeroplane! Meher That is great! Take me with you! 18

Physical features Words like ‘mountain’, ‘river’ and ‘ocean’ may make you imagine different places. Look at the pictures below. mountain river ocean These are all physical features of the Earth. Physical Physical features are features are the formations of land and water bodies on the formations of land the Earth. and water bodies on the Earth. Look at the following picture of the physical features of the Earth: Landforms A quarter of the Earth is covered by land. The rest is water. Continents are large land Exploring the Earth 19

masses that have many different landforms on it. A plain is a flat area on the surface of the Earth. A raised land with a flat top is called a plateau. A plateau is like a table. A hill is an area of land that is naturally higher than the surroundings. A hill has a peak. A mountain is a tall, rocky area of land. It is much higher than the surrounding area. Mountains are much higher and steeper than hills. They have many peaks. A valley is the land between hills or mountains. It is much lower than the surrounding land. It is usually V-shaped. An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides. the Earth’s lithosphere A peninsula is a body of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. However, ? Name any three physical it is still connected to the mainland. features of the Earth. A river delta is a deposit of soil at the mouth of a river as it flows into an ocean, sea or another water body. It often looks like a triangle. All these landforms are part of the Earth’s lithosphere. In Greek, ‘litho’ means ‘rock’. The Earth has two hard outer layers. Underneath the two hard layers is a liquid layer that surrounds a solid centre. Together they form the core. The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest. We walk, build homes and grow plants and trees on the crust. The mantle is the second layer. It lies just below the crust. It is the thickest of the four layers. The temperature increases as we go deeper into the mantle. Together, the two outer layers are called the ‘lithosphere’. Water bodies An ocean is a large body of water that is very deep and filled with salt water. 20

A sea is also a large salt-water body. However, it is smaller than an ocean. Many seas join into oceans. The beginning of Sediments are the a river called its muddy and rocky origin or source. It is materials brought usually a high point down by a river of land. from the mountains delta High Areas: Middle Areas: river flows fast, river slows down, carrying rocks leaving behind and other soil and other material materials Low Areas: mouth of the river, where the river meets a larger water body or disappears A river is a flowing body of water condensation on land. A lake is a large body of water evaporation that is surrounded by land. Some lakes are huge, and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes are not flowing bodies of water. Ponds are smaller than lakes. A glacier is a slowly moving river of the Earth’s hydrosphere ice. An iceberg is a large piece of ice that floats in the sea or ocean. All the water in these water bodies makes up the hydrosphere. In Greek, ‘hydro’ means ‘water’. The hydrosphere also consists of all the water ? What is the water cycle? beneath the surface of the Earth, water frozen in glaciers and icebergs and all the water vapour in the air. Through evaporation and condensation, the state of water in the hydrosphere keeps changing. Evaporation is the process by which water is converted into water vapour Exploring the Earth 21

by the effect of heat. Condensation is the process by which water vapour cools down and becomes water again. This is called the water cycle. Atmosphere There is a layer of air around the Earth. This is the atmosphere. In Greek, ‘Atmos’ means ‘gas’ or ‘vapour’. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of the Earth’s atmosphere different gases. The three main gases are nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Almost every living being on Earth uses oxygen to live. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. The atmosphere is also made up of different layers. Each layer is useful for different activities. Without these layers of the atmosphere protecting the Earth, it would be too hot for living things to live on it. Look at the picture of the Earth below. Observe the relationship among the three spheres of the Earth. lithosphere (land) hydrosphere (water) atmosphere (air) Biosphere The biosphere is made up of all the parts of the Earth where living things can be found. In Greek, ‘bio’ means ‘life’. It ranges from the atmosphere used by birds in flight to the caves deep in the ocean and the peaks standing tall on the land. So, we can say that the biosphere includes the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. 22

the Earth’s biosphere Be Amazed A Glaciers store the most freshwater. Many thousands of years ago, they covered one-third of the Earth’s surface. Connect the Dots Maths Fun The Himalayas grow by more than 6 cm every year. How much will they grow in 300 years? Write the answer in metres. ________________________________________________________ Exploring the Earth 23

English Fun Complete the words using the hints given on the left. (A) River – d _ _t _ (B) Mountain – p _ _ k (C) Hill – v _ ll _ y New Words 1) peak – the pointed top of a hill or a mountain, which is its highest point 2) steep 3) Greek – a slope that rises or falls sharply 4) temperature – the language spoken by the people of Greece 5) gas – how hot or cold something is – the material that makes up the air A Note to Parent You could help your child learn to use an atlas to point out the different landforms and water bodies. 24

5Lesson Using Maps I Will Learn About • how continents and oceans are shown on the map. • differences between the physical and the political map. • uses of signs, symbols, scale and colour schemes on the map. I Think Meher and Rashi were planning a vacation together. Q. Mr Jain was listening to them. Why do we need a Rashi: D o you know how we can to go to map? Nagaland? I have heard it is a beautiful place to visit in the winter. (A) to provide directions Meher: Mr. Jain, how do we locate Nagaland? (B) to show time Mr Jain: You can use a map. (C) to order things (D) to call people Rashi: Do we have a map at home? Mr Jain: M ost mobile phones also provide detailed maps to help you find directions. 25

Last year, we learned about different ways of Continents are the very large representing the Earth. Look at the map of the major land masses on the Earth. landforms and water bodies of the Earth. The areas Oceans are extremely large marked with the different colours are continents. All bodies of salty water. the areas marked in blue are oceans. Continents Continents are very large landforms on the Earth. There are seven continents. From the largest to the smallest, they are as follows: 1) Asia 2) Africa 3) North America 4) South America 5) Antarctica 6) Europe 7) Australia Oceans Oceans are extremely large bodies of salty water. Oceans cover three-fourths of the Earth’s surface. They are the biggest source of water on the Earth. The oceans 26

separate many of the continents from each other. The five oceans of the world, from the largest to the smallest, are listed below: 1) The Pacific Ocean: It covers nearly one-third of the Earth. The deepest point in the world’s oceans is located in the Pacific Ocean. 2) The Atlantic Ocean: It divides North and South America from Europe, Africa and Asia. 3) The Indian Ocean: It is the only ocean to be ? Name the largest and named after a country – India. the smallest continent 4) The Antarctic Ocean: It is also called the and ocean. Southern Ocean. It is the ocean that surrounds Antarctica. 5) The Arctic Ocean: It is located in the Northern Hemisphere and is mostly in the North Polar region. It is the shallowest of the world’s oceans. Let us compare these two maps of the world. Try to answer the following questions: (A) (B) What are the similarities between the two maps? They both show the continents and the oceans. What are the differences between the two maps? Different colours are used to show different information. In map A, we can see only the names and positions of the continents. It is a political map. Map B is a physical map of the world. Therefore, the physical features of different continents have been marked. Example: There are similar brown markings in Africa and Asia to show land with high altitude. Understanding different maps Last year, we learnt that different maps provide different information. How is this done? Maps are of many kinds. Different maps use various/varied signs and colours to show Using Maps 27

different information. The signs, colours and what they show are explained in the key or legend. Colours Let us read about a few common colours used in maps. Different colours are chosen to show different physical features according to their heights. green: plains brown: hills yellow: plateaus blue: water bodies purple and white: tall mountains Now, look at the map. It shows different physical landforms and water bodies features using different colours. Patkai Bum Kara koraKarakoram Pass m Range Zanskar mmoouunnttaaininss Range Pir Panjal Range i H T h a ppr lalaininss m Desert a Aravali l Range a yas Garo Hills Khasi Naga Hills Hills Jaintia Hills Rann of Vindhya Range pplalatteeaauuss Kachchh Satpura Range Chota Nagpur Sundarban Plateau Delta Arabian Western Deccan s Sea Plateau t a h Bay of Ghats Easte hhililsls r Bengal n G Water bodies Rivers Nilgiri Mountains Hills Hills Plateaus Plains INDIAN OCEAN 28

Symbols Imagine that you are a bird and flying over a school. Look down into the school and observe the top view of different things. Now, let us make a few signs to show these things in the school. The signs used on a map are called symbols. Thing Symbol Thing Symbol school buildling basketball court parking lot tree road football ground Let us use these symbols to make a Map of a school map of the school. Have you noticed the symbols that are used in the maps of your city or state to represent places? Scale Last year, we saw that the scale of a map tells us how various distances are represented. Why is this an important part of a map? Suppose that Map A on page 27 is as big as my classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B on page 27 is as big as the page of this book. Using Maps 29

Which map will be easier to use? A map needs to be easy to use, and the measurements also need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. Example: If the distance from the park to your school is one scale kilometre, it can be shown on a map as one centimetre. So, if the distance from the railway station to your school is ten kilometres, it can be shown as ten centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Directions Last year, we also read about showing directions on a map. An arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows north. North is one of the four main ? What is the scale of a directions. The three other main directions, east (E), map? south (S) and west (W) are identified using north as the reference. They are used to find the location of a place or thing on a map. Smartphones, tablets and maps Nowadays, we can see maps on mobile phones. We can view the area that we want to see using these maps. To see more details, we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. A few maps also allow us to see what an area looks like from different positions. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if he or she is standing on the road. Be Amaze A d The Earth’s highest point is Mount Chimborazo in South America. The deepest point lies in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. 30

Connect the Dots English Fun Signs and symbols are used in different ways. Here are a few symbols that are used to show a few words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol stop hospital no parking danger recycle school Science Fun In 1957, the process of taking images using artificial satellites started. This process is called satellite imagery, and it has an important role in making accurate maps. New Words 1) altitude – the height of a place above the sea level 2) accurate – with correct information A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show him or her the road that you will be taking using Google Maps on your mobile phone. Using Maps 31

Infographic 1 Landforms 1 plain: low-lying flat land valley 2 plateau: raised flat land 5 3 hill: higher than surrounding areas; having a peak 4 mountain: steeper and taller than a hill 5 valley: low-lying land between mountains or hills 6 island: completely surrounded by water 7 peninsula: surrounded by water on three sides; connected to the mainland 8 delta: triangular region of land and water at the mouths of certain rivers 10 sea 14 iceberg plateau 2 7 peninsula delta 8 Water bodies 9 ocean: body of salty water, larger than a sea 10 sea: large body of salty water 11 river: flowing water 12 glacier: frozen river 6 island 9 ocean

Landforms 13 lake: body of still water surrounded by land 14 iceberg: floating ice 4 mountain 12 glacier 3 hill 13 lake 11 river 8 1 plain

6Lesson Discovering India I Will Learn About • the location of my state, capital, important cities, landforms and rivers on the map of India. • the cultural heritage of the state that one lives in. • climate (seasons), vegetation and agricultural crops. I Think Q. Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who Do you think that lives in Hubli. He wants his father to send the greeting Mehnaz will get the card. letter if Mr Irani just writes ‘India’ on the envelope? Meher Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? (A) yes Mr Irani We have to write Mehnaz’s address on (B) no the envelope. Here’s the address: Mehnaz Khan, Shamsher Bungalow, Ganesh Peth, Hubli – 580020, Karnataka. Meher Why does an address have so many words? Why don’t you just write ‘India’? After all, we all live in India! 34

Your full address contains your name, the name of your house, street, village or city as well as the state. Look at the picture below to understand where Meher lives. 56 Shivaji Housing Society Senapati Bapat Road Pune in Maharashtra Maharashtra in India Let us convert these pictures into Meher’s address: The smaller divisions in a country are called states. Meher Irani, Flat no. 56, Shivaji Housing Society, Each state has its own Senapati Bapat Road, Pune – 411016, Maharashtra. government. In India, a union territory is an area States and union territories: that is directly ruled by the central government. India is the world’s seventh-largest country. It is divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. India has a central government with a President, a Prime Minister and other ministers. Each state also has a state government with a Governor, a Chief Minister and other ministers. India also has seven union territories. A union territory is an area that is directly governed by the central government. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory, while Lakshadweep is the smallest. Locate these places on the map. Discovering India 35

?Look at your school’s address or your home Locate the state or union territory that you live in on address. Find out the name of the state or union territory that you live in. the map of India. Capital cities and other places A capital city is a place where the offices of the state government are located. Every country also has a national capital where the offices of the central government are located. The national capital of India is New Delhi. Look at the map again. This time, find the capital city of your state or union territory. Other than the capital, there can be many other important cities in the state. These can be cities with many important industries, tourist spots, and cities with heritage sites. Even cities with big markets for various goods are considered as important cities. There are towns and villages as well. Important physical features You have read about different landforms and water bodies in the previous lessons. You have also read about how different colours of a physical map tell us about landforms and water bodies. Let us find out which physical features Meher would see in his state. Legend Pune Look at the physical map of India. Mark your state or union territory on the map. What are the landforms and water bodies in your state? Climate The climate of India can be divided into five main seasons. 1) Summer: (from March to May) Generally, in May, most parts of India experience very high temperature. 2) Monsoon: (from June to September) This period is also called the rainy season. It starts from mid-June. 36

3) Autumn: (from October till November) By the beginning of October, the winds that bring the monsoon rains begin to leave India. In a few parts of India, the leaves fall off trees to prepare for the cold weather. 4) Winter: (from December to February) The ? Name all the seasons average temperature in the northern parts of experienced in India. India is usually lower than the southern parts. 5) Spring: A few parts of India experience spring between winter and summer. Legend border of India State border river mountaimn peak water body mountain range hill range plateau plain Discovering India 37

dCrops Many people in India practises farming. Farming depends largely on the monsoon. The main food grains of India are rice, wheat, maize, jowar, bajra and ragi. Many farmers grow other crops like sugarcane, jute and cotton. Spices like cumin, pepper, turmeric and ginger are also grown here. Indian farmers also grow seeds from which vegetable oil is made. Examples: linseed, groundnut, mustard and sunflower. Which of these crops are grown in your state or union territory? Are other crops grown in your area? The variety of plants is very different in each state. We will read about that in later lessons. Culture and heritage Last year, you read about the cultures and heritage of different communities. Each state in India has a special heritage. This heritage is represented by regional festivals, the archaeological sites and the art forms, food, clothing and language of the state. Find out about the heritage of your state. Be Amaze A The highest cricket ground in the world is located in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. It was built in 1893. Connect the Dots English Fun Did you know that the names of many Indian states and cities have changed recently? ‘Chennai’ used to be called ‘Madras’, ‘Mumbai’ used to be called ‘Bombay’ and ‘Kolkata’ used to be called ‘Calcutta’. Find out from the adults at home if they know of any other states or cities whose names have changed. 38

Maths Fun Rajasthan is the largest and Goa is the smallest state in India. Rajasthan is 92 times bigger than Goa. New Words 1) convert – change into something else 2) govern – to officially control or lead a group of people 3) heritage – something that is handed down from the past A Note to Parent You can put up a map of India in an area where your child will see it regularly. He or she can use it to mark places that you visit or where your guests come from. When he or she reads stories, ask him or her to locate the state or city in which the stories are set. Discovering India 39

7Lesson Mapping India I Will Learn About • the major mountains, hills, rivers and plateaus on the map of India. • the major physical divisions of India. I Think Morad is excited about going on a trip to the Q. Himalayas. Meher wants to know more about the trip. Will Morad get to Morad I’m really excited about this trip. see camels in the Meher Why? Himalayas? Morad Imagine exploring the glorious Himalayas on (A) yes a bike. Imagine being surrounded by snow. (B) no I will also get to see yaks! Meher Wow! Will you get to see camels too? In the previous lesson, you learnt about the different landforms and types of maps. India has a wide variety of physical features and water bodies. Based on this, India is divided into six physical divisions. A physical division is a part of a place made up of specific kinds of landforms and water bodies. The following are the six physical divisions of India: 40

• the Himalayan Mountains ? What are the six A physical division • the Northern Plains physical divisions is a part of a place • the Southern Plateau of India? made up of specific • the Great Indian Desert kinds of landforms • the Coastal Plains and water bodies. • the Islands These natural regions are made up of various landforms and water bodies. Let us read about each of these regions. Mapping India 41

The Himalayan Mountains The Himalayas are divided into three parallel mountain ranges. The Himadri mountains are also known as the Greater Himalayas. The Himadri Range Snow • peaks are covered with snow throughout the year Rainfall • receives scanty rainfall • very cold climate throughout the year The Himachal mountains are also known as the Middle or Lesser Himalayas. The Himachal Range Snow • only a few Rainfall peaks are covered • receives low rainfall with snow throughout the year • winters are very cold and long The Shiwalik mountains are also known as the Lower Himalayas. The Shiwalik range Snow • only a few peaks are covered with snow throughout the year Rainfall • receives moderate rainfall • the climate is moderate throughout the year 42

The Northern Plains India has many rivers, big and small. A few of the most important rivers of India are as follows: Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers 1) Indus 1) Narmada 2) Ganges 2) Tapi 3) Brahmaputra 3) Godavari 4) Krishna 5) Mahanadi The Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra have their sources in the mountain ranges to the north of India. There is a great distance between the source and the end of the river. These are called the Himalayan rivers. The Himalayan rivers have the same level of water throughout the year. Rivers that have water throughout the year are called perennial rivers. The Himalayan rivers are perennial rivers. 1) Indus – The rivers Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Satluj and Beas make up the land of the five rivers or Punjab (‘punj’, meaning ‘five’, and ‘ab’, meaning ‘water’). 2) The Ganges – It is the longest river in India. It meets river Yamuna in Allahabad. Chambal and Betwa rivers are the tributaries of Yamuna. Son river is a tributary of the Ganges. Hooghly in West Bengal is a major distributary of the Ganges. Together, these rivers create the region to the south of the Himalayas. This region is called the Northern Plains. The River Ganges flows through the Northern Plains. Hence, the region is also known as the Gangetic Plain. Other than the Ganges, the river Yamuna also flows through this region. These rivers have made the Northern Plains excellent for farming. Let’s learn about the three basins. The Southern Plateau Satluj Basin Special features • the Bhakra Nangal Dam, built Location the western part of on the Satluj river. It provides the Northern Plains water for farming and electricity Rivers in this basin • Punjab is called the granary Satluj and its tributary, of India or India's bread- basket. Beas Bhakra Nangal Dam Mapping India 43

Brahmaputra Basin Special features • a narrow plain Location • surrounded by hills and lies in the easternmost mountains on three sides part of the Northern Plains Rivers in this basin Brahmaputra, Teesta, Manas Ganga Basin Special features • largest part of the Northern Plains Location • most densely populated area in east of the Satluj India basin • has many historical, religious and Rivers in this basin industrial towns and cities. Examples: Ganga, Yamuna Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Varanasi, and their tributaries Mathura, Haridwar, Patna, Kolkata The Ganga in Haridwar The Southern Plateau is the largest region in India. It is triangular in shape. It lies to the south of the Northern Plains. The River Narmada divides the Southern Plateau into two parts: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Highlands lie in the northern half of the Southern Plateau. The Deccan Plateau lies to the south of the Central Highlands. A few rivers begin in the Features of the Central Highlands • lies to the north of the • formed as a result of River Narmada. It is wide in volcanic activity that the west and narrower in took place a very long the east. time ago • The rivers Chambal, Betwa and Son originate here. The rivers flow from the southwest to the northeast. 44

The Deccan Plateau lies to the south of the Central Highlands. A few rivers begin in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Features of the Deccan Plateau • stretches from the Satpura range to the southern tip of India • Black soil is • The Godavari, Kaveri and found in the Narmada rivers flow through this region. plateau. • Most of the plateau slopes to the east. So, the Godavari and Kaveri meet the Bay of Bengal. A part of it slopes west. So, the Narmada meets the Arabian Sea. The uneven land results in waterfalls. A few other rivers have their sources in the mountain ranges around the Southern Plateau. These are the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges and Sahyadri hills (Western Ghats). These are called peninsular rivers. Examples: Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri and Godavari. These rivers are also non-perennial rivers. ? Point out the Southern Non-perennial rivers do not have water Plateau on the map of India. throughout the year. They have a seasonal or periodic flow of water. The Great Indian Desert This region is also known as the Thar Desert. Here, the summers are very hot, and the winters are very cold. This region also receives very little rainfall. Features of the Thar Desert • It has taken many thousands of years for this desert to form. Winds carried sand from different places and left it in this region. • The famous hill station of this region, called Mount Abu, is in the Aravalli Hills. Mapping India 45

The Coastal Plains and the Islands In India, there are two long stretches of coastal plains. They run along the east and the west coasts of India. They are called the Eastern Coastal Plain and the Western Coastal Plains respectively. The following are the differences between the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains. They: • are about 50 km wide. In • have fast-flowing rivers, some parts in Kerala, they natural indentations are about 96 km wide. and many ports • have a hot and humid climate. They get more rain than the Eastern Coastal Plains. Western Coastal Plains • are 100 to • have many deltas and a few 130 km wide natural ports • have a hot and humid climate. They get rains during the monsoon season. The southern part receives rains during the winters as well. Eastern Coastal Plains India has two groups of islands. They are located on either side of the coastal plains. The Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea, next to the Western Coastal Plains. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal, next to the Eastern Coastal Plains. 46