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Part 1 Module 1 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 Module 2 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Module 3 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 Module 4 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37 Module 5 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 Module 6 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Part 2 Module 7 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 Module 8 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������.13 Module 9 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������.��� 28 Module 10 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 40 Module 11 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 55 Module 12 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 70
Module 1 PR Vocabulary Q Animals and their young ones Do you know that there are different names for the young ones of different animals and birds? A baby dog is called a puppy. The young one of a goat is called a kid. Here are a few more examples. • tiger – cub • eagle – eaglet • hen – chick • owl – owlet Exercise 2.1: Look at the given pictures of animals and birds. Fill in the missing letters and complete the names of their young ones. 1) d u ____ k ____ i n g 2) p i ____ ____ e t 3) f a ____ n 4) g o ____ l i ____ g 5) l ____ m ____ 6) t ____ d p ____ l e 2
Exercise 2.2: Match the animals with their young ones. Column B Column A 1) horse a) calf 2) cat b) kid 3) kangaroo c) foal 4) lion d) kitten 5) cow e) joey 6) goat f) cub Grammar Nouns Read the passage and sort the underlined nouns into the given table. Saif studies at St Jude’s School in Darjeeling. He is the 3 captain of the boys’ swimming team. Saif has a pet mare. Her name is Ego. Module 1
Proper noun Common noun Gender masculine feminine Remember • C ommon nouns are the common names given to people, places, animals or things in general. They do not begin with a capital letter. Examples: girl, park, cat, ball • P roper nouns are special names given to people, places, animals or things. They always begin with a capital letter. Examples: Swati, India, Bruno, Monday • M asculine gender nouns are names for boys, men and male animals. Examples: boy, grandson, drake, prince, bull, king • F eminine gender nouns are names for girls, women and female animals. Examples: girl, granddaughter, duck, princess, cow, queen Exercise 3.1: Colour the stars that have proper nouns in yellow. Colour the stars that have common nouns in green. One is done for you. 1) May 2) tree 3) Patna 4) biscuit 5) Monica 6) garden Neuter gender nouns These are nouns that name non-living things that have no gender. They are used for objects and places. They are also used to name the months of the year and the days of the week. Examples: computer, floor, water, chair, school, car, building, river, Thursday, March 4
Exercise 3.2: Here is a passage on how to make yourself some toast. Read the passage and underline the neuter gender nouns. One is done for you. Use a knife to spread some butter on the slice of bread. Put the slices on a hot pan to toast them. Oh wait! Someone just knocked—who could it be? It's just a child tricking the neighbours. Now, let's get back to our toast. But what toast? The kitchen is filled with smoke, and the toast is now black as coal! Oh dear! Seems like there won't be any toast today! Module 1 5
Module 2 PR Vocabulary Q Spellings and jumbled words Exercise 2.1: Underline the correctly spelt word in each of the given word pairs. 1) relativ relative 2) piece peice 3) calendar calender 4) neighbour neybour 5) liberary library 6) whistel whistle Exercise 2.2: Rearrange the jumbled letters to make words related to family. 1) M A L I F Y – ___________________________________________________ 2) R T E H F A – ___________________________________________________ 3) T O H B R E R – ___________________________________________________ 4) S S T R I E – ___________________________________________________ 5) O C U I N S – ___________________________________________________ 6) T E M H O R – ___________________________________________________ 10
Grammar Punctuation Punctuation marks are symbols that are used to make sentences easier to understand. full stop I show the end of a sentence. comma Example: M y mother works in a hospital. She loves her work. I am used to separate three or more words in a list. I also tell readers where to pause. Examples: There are boxes, bags, toys and clothes in the storeroom. Sandeep, please come here. I am used at the end of a question. Example: Do you know a song about friendship? question mark Let us learn about a new punctuation mark. exclamation mark I am used to express strong feelings such as joy, anger, pain, excitement, sadness or surprise. Examples: • What a great surprise! (joy or surprise) • W hat a horrible smell! (surprise or disgust) • Ouch! I hurt my knee. (pain) Module 2 11
Many words always start with a capital letter. We can use the acronym M.I.N.T.S. to help us remember when to use capital letters. Acronym Examples • Our exams are in November. M : months, names of days • Sunday is my favourite day of the week. • I have a new pet. I : the word ‘I’ • It was raining, and I did not have an umbrella. N : special names given to • M y pen pal Ranu lives in Sydney, Australia. • I want to go to Srinagar during the holidays. people, states, cities and countries—proper nouns • I am going to see Harry Potter today. • Feluda is my favourite book. T : titles of books and movies S : start of sentences • Diya has a new pet. His name is Tuffy. Exercise 3.1: Rewrite the paragraph given below with the correct punctuation marks and capital letters wherever required. The first part is done for you. once upon a time, there was a dog named kalu? He loved going for walks and chewing his bone Kalu lived with a Boy named Salim. Salim took good care of Kalu Ans. Once upon a time, 12
Apostrophe for singular possession The apostrophe (’) is used to show that something belongs to someone (possession). The most common way to show belonging is to add -’s to a singular noun. Rita’s new shoes Fred’s house Ali’s guitar (the new shoes that (the house that (the guitar that belongs to Fred) belongs to Ali) belong to Rita) Exercise 3.2: Rewrite the sentences by correctly using the apostrophe for possession. One is done for you. 1) The new T-shirt of Sahil is nice. Ans. Sahil’s new T-shirt is nice. 2) The watch that belongs to Bilal is old. Ans. 3) The letters that belong to Rani fell on the floor. Ans. 4) The bag of Ruma is lost. Ans. Module 2 13
5) The house of John is far from here. Ans. 6) The fields that belong to the farmer are big. Ans. Contractions Read the following conversation. Clara: It’s a beautiful day! Come, we’ll go on a picnic. Alia: That’s a good plan, but I don’t have my bicycle. Clara: Oh! I’ve got an idea. You may ride my old bicycle. Alia: G reat! You’re very clever, Clara. Notice that, while speaking, we shorten words by joining or combining some of them. The short form of a word is called a contraction. 'Contract' is to become small. Examples: it's = it is we’ll = we will that’s = that is don’t = do not I’ve = I have you’re = you are 14
Role of the apostrophe in contractions Contractions use the apostrophe (’) in place of the missing letters in a word. How is How i’s How’s Let us look at some more contractions that are formed by replacing letters with the apostrophe. Contractions with ‘is’, 'am' and ‘are’ (The ‘i’ in ‘is’ and the ‘a’ in ‘are’ are replaced by the apostrophe.) (The 'a' in 'am' is replaced by the apostrophe.) I am = I’m she is = she’s he is = he’s you are = you're how is = how’s that is = that’s they are = they’re we are = we’re Contractions with ‘will’ and ‘have’ (The ‘wi’ in ‘will’ and the ‘ha’ in ‘have’ are replaced by the apostrophe.) I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll it will = it’ll you will = you’ll they will = they’ll you have = you’ve we have = we’ve they have = they’ve Contractions with ‘not’ (The ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe—except for ‘will not’.) is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = won’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = doesn’t did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = couldn’t Module 2 15
The apostrophe is not used for possessive pronouns such as mine, ours, theirs, his, hers and yours. Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage mine mine’s his his’s ours our’s hers her’s yours your’s its it’s theirs their’s – – 16
Module 3 PR Vocabulary Q Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters that we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Every prefix has its own meaning. Examples: Prefix Meaning of prefix Prefix + word Example sentence dis- opposite in dis + like I dislike people who tell lies. meaning / negative = dislike un- opposite in un + kind The children were unkind to the kitten. meaning / negative = unkind We were asked to rewrite our used to mean re + write homework. re- 'again', 'back' or = rewrite It was impossible to repetition compete in the race with a broken leg. im- opposite in im + possible His inability to speak in meaning / negative = impossible French made it difficult for him to travel in France. in- opposite in in + ability meaning / negative = inability mis- opposite in mis + lead We should not mislead others by telling lies. meaning / negative = mislead 22
Exercise 2.1: Complete the table by combining the words with the correct prefixes. One is done for you. im- in- un- re- mis- dis- Base word 1) dishonest New words 1) honest 2) ____________________________ 2) read 3) place 3) ____________________________ 4) ____________________________ 4) pure 5) ____________________________ 6) ____________________________ 5) sufficient 6) cycle Exercise 2.2: Complete the sentences by using the suitable prefixes for the words in brackets. 1) I need to _________________________________________ (fill) my water bottle before we leave for the movie. 2) Y ou can’t leave your work _________________________________________ (finished). 3) Nobody likes _________________________________________ (polite) behaviour. 4) The lion _________________________________________ (appeared) into the jungle. 5) M ou was lost because she followed _________________________________________ (correct) directions to the house. 6) I _________________________________________ (understood) my friend and fought with her. Module 3 23
Grammar Singular and plural Read the passage given below about a visit to a wildlife park. Underline the plurals used in the passage. Then, write their singular forms in the table given after the passage. We went to the Jim Corbett National Park recently. It has many animals and birds. We drove through the jungle full of trees with thick branches. In the park, there were many buses full of tourists. We spotted many foxes, wild pigs and elephants. We also saw a few rabbits behind some bushes. On our way back, we stopped at a restaurant and ate tasty dishes. We also drank many glasses of orange juice. Plural Singular Plural Singular ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ 24
Remember • R egular plurals are formed by adding -s to the ends of words. Examples: car – cars, pen – pens • To form the plurals of words that end in -x, -o, -s, -ch, -sh or -ss, we add -es to the ends of the words. Examples: b ox – boxes, potato – potatoes, bus – buses, church – churches, wish – wishes, glass – glasses Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the plural forms of the nouns given below. One is done for you. Singular Plural 1) brush brushes 2) eraser _______________________________ 3) potato _______________________________ 4) class _______________________________ 5) lunch _______________________________ 6) box _______________________________ Module 3 25
More on plurals Read the following sentences. Tina had a candy. She There is a lady inside the My sister has a diary. bought fifteen more doctor’s office. There are I have many diaries. candies. two ladies in the waiting room. Remember To form the plurals of nouns that end in -y, we remove the -y and add -ies to the ends of the words. Examples: Plural Singular Plural babies enemy enemies Singular cities family families baby countries party parties city country 26
Read the following passage. This is the Patel family. Mr Patel is working in the kitchen along with his two children. His wife, Megha Patel, is doing her office work. The children bought two loaves of bread in the morning to make sandwiches. They carefully cut slices of the bread using knives. Now, Mr Patel is chopping carrots, cucumbers, lettuce leaves and other vegetables. Mr Patel knows where everything is kept on the kitchen shelves. Remember To form the plurals of words that end in -f or -fe, change the -f or -fe to -ve and then add -s. Examples: Plural Singular Plural loaves knife knives Singular leaves shelf shelves loaf wolves thief thieves leaf lives half halves wolf life Note: Some words ending in -f or -fe do not follow this rule. For such words, we simply add -s to form the plurals. Examples: cliff – cliffs, roof – roofs, chief – chiefs Module 3 27
Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blanks with the plural forms of the given nouns. One is done for you. Singular Plural 1) leaf leaves 2) story _______________________________ 3) life _______________________________ 4) half _______________________________ 5) butterfly _______________________________ 6) baby _______________________________ 28
Countable and uncountable nouns Look at the given pictures of nouns. cereal courage books eggs wind coffee You will notice that some of these nouns can be counted whereas the others cannot be counted. can be counted → books, eggs → countable nouns cannot be counted → cereal, courage, wind, coffee → uncountable nouns Module 3 29
Remember • Any singular or plural noun that can be counted is called a countable noun. • W e use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘one’ before singular countable nouns. • W e use words such as ‘any’, ‘many’, ‘a few’ or numbers greater than one before plural countable nouns. Examples: Please give me three I have many friends. There were a few books. oranges left. Remember • M any nouns, such as names of materials (cotton), food items (milk) and ideas (love, happiness, information), cannot be counted. They are called uncountable nouns. • U ncountable nouns do not have plural forms. We cannot use ‘a’, ‘an’ or numbers before uncountable nouns. • To show the quantity of uncountable nouns, we use words such as ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘a bag of’, ‘a lot of’, ‘much’ or ‘less’. 30
Examples: There is a lot of water Roger does not get much There isn’t any sand in the lake. time to listen to music in my socks. nowadays. Module 3 31
Module 4 PR Vocabulary Q Suffixes A suffix is a letter or a group of letters, added to the end of a word to form a new word. Remember Adding a suffix to a word changes the part of speech of that word. • Adding -ness or -ion changes a word to its noun form. Examples: a ware (verb) – awareness (noun) calculate (verb) – calculation (noun) • Adding -ly changes a word to its adverb form. Example: hard (adjective) – hardly (adverb) • Adding -ful changes a word to its adjective form. Example: joy (noun) – joyful (adjective) Exercise 2.1: Add ‘-ness’ or ‘-ly’ as suffixes to the given words to form new words. -ness -ly 1) kind _______________________ _______________________ 2) soft 3) neat _______________________ _______________________ 4) fresh 5) clever -ness = _______________________ _______________________ 6) honest + or _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ -ly _______________________ _______________________ Module 4 37
Exercise 2.2: These balloons are about to fly off! Draw strings to attach the balloons to the box with the correct suffix to make new adjectives. help reject attract care subtract joy -ful -ion Grammar Pronouns Underline the pronouns in the passage below. Sort them into subject and object pronouns. The old explorers were very brave. They travelled to strange lands. I am an explorer too. My brother also likes exploring new places. Other children find us to be very different. They sometimes make fun of us. I do not listen to them because exploring is my passion. Subject pronouns Object pronouns 38
Remember • A subject pronoun is used as the subject (who/what does the action) of a sentence in place of a noun. • An object pronoun is used to replace the noun that receives the action of a verb. Reflexive pronouns He treated himself to a They baked a cake for She can complete the movie. themselves. project by herself. When the subject and the object refer to the same person or thing, a reflexive pronoun is used. In a reflexive pronoun, the subject is the doer and receiver of the action. Examples: • She gifted herself a book. • We bought fruits for ourselves. • I cut myself. When reflexive pronouns are used to put emphasis on the subject, they are called emphatic pronouns. They emphasise that the subject both did and received the action. Examples: • She can complete the project by herself. • Gaurav can repair the toy by himself. Module 4 39
Here is a list of subject, object and reflexive pronouns. Singular Subject pronouns Object pronouns Reflexive pronouns Plural I me myself you yourself you him himself he her herself she it itself it us we you ourselves you them yourselves they themselves Remember • S ingular reflexive pronouns are formed with ‘-self’ and plural ones with ‘- selves’. • When a reflexive pronoun replaces phrases like ‘on my/her/his/our/their own’, the preposition ‘on’ should be changed to ‘by’. Example: Sonia did it on her own. Sonia did it by herself. Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns. One is done for you. 1) I made dinner all by myself. 2) John took a trip to Japan by ________________________. 3) Salma cut ________________________ while chopping vegetables. 4) Haroun and his family built a house for ________________________. 5) Harmaan drew a portrait of ________________________. 6) The kitten made ________________________ comfortable on the couch. 40
Exercise 3.2: Rewrite the sentences given below with the correct reflexive pronouns. One is done for you. 1) He dressed herself this morning. Ans. He dressed himself this morning. 2) W e had to cook all by themselves, as our parents were out of town. Ans. 3) The lady spoke to himself as she crossed the road. Ans. 4) I take pictures of himself. Ans. 5) Did you take lessons in painting, or did you learn it itself? Ans. 6) The players decided to call herself the‘Kolkata Knights’. Ans. Module 4 41
Module 5 PR Vocabulary Q Antonyms An antonym is a word that is opposite in meaning to another word. Examples: Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks by choosing the antonyms of the words marked in bold from the words given below. found loose forgot last always sink 1) W e saw the twig float for some time, and then it began to ____________________. 2) Safar ___________________________ visits us, but we never see Sarah. 3) B unty is usually the first to wake up and the ___________________________ to go to bed. 4) T he dress was too tight at the waist and too ___________________________ in the arms. 5) The pen that was lost in the morning has now been ___________________________. 6) I remembered to post my mother’s letter but ___________________________ to put a stamp on it. Module 5 49
Exercise 2.2: Match the antonyms in Columns A and B. Column A Column B 1) a) construction careful 2) b) fear together 3) c) careless excited 4) d) bored destruction 5) e) apart modern 6) f) old-fashioned courage 50
Grammar Adjectives Read the passage and underline the adjectives of quality. I was lying under my cosy blanket on a cold morning. Something landed on my bed with a loud noise. I woke up. A fluffy kitten was staring up at me. It was orange and had a little, wet nose. The naughty kitten crawled into the blanket. I was happy to see it play. Remember Adjectives of quality point out the quality of nouns. They answer the question: 'of what kind?'. Exercise 3.1: Complete the story by choosing suitable adjectives of quality from the given words. One is done for you. long high sour ripe warm hungry It was a warm day. A fox entered a garden. Among the many wonderful things in the garden was a vine full of bunches of grapes. One of them was a _______________ bunch that hung over the fox’s head. When the fox saw it, it made him feel _______________. Module 5 51
But they were too _______________ for him to reach. He jumped and jumped, but he could not reach the bunch of grapes. After trying for a _______________ time, he decided to give up. ‘The grapes are _______________. I do not want to eat them’, said the fox and walked away. Adjectives of quantity I have a lot of time. He does not have any There is a little water in money. the jug. The words ‘a lot’, ‘any’ and ‘a little’ show the amount or quantity of the nouns. They are adjectives of quantity. Remember Adjectives of quantity tell us ‘how many’ or ‘how much’. Examples: some, a little, all, several, much, many, a lot of, plenty of, few 52
Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blanks with adjectives of quantity from the given words. One is done for you. much enough a little some half all 1) There is a little juice left in the bottle. 2) I have _______________________ food that you can eat. 3) Do you have _______________________ furniture in your house for twelve people? 4) Sandeep has left _______________________ of his lunch. He was late and could only eat half of it. 5) She had spent _______________________ her wealth. She was left with nothing. 6) I don’t have _______________________ time left. Please hurry up! Adjectives of number I came second in the Suraj has three bananas. There is one jug kept race. here. The words ‘second’, ‘three’ and ‘one’ show the position or number of the nouns. They are adjectives of number. Module 5 53
Remember Adjectives of number tell us about the number or position of the nouns or pronouns spoken about. They tell us ‘how many’ or ‘at what position’. Examples: Example: five, seventeen, twenty-four tenth 54
Module 6 PR Vocabulary Q Vocabulary in context Exercise 2.1: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words from the brackets. 1) I am very thirsty, but my _____________________ (plate/bottle) is empty. 2) I spilt milk when I was pouring it from the _____________________ (jug/spoon). 3) H ere is my _____________________ (bowl/spoon). Please give me some more ice cream in it. 4) My aunt served the rice on a large _____________________ (jug/plate). 5) M y sister asked me to finish the curry left in the _____________________ (plate/ pan). 6) May I take a _____________________ (spoon/pan) to have the soup? Exercise 2.2: Colour the shapes next to the correct meanings of the underlined words. Use the context clues in the sentences. One is done for you. 1) The delightful aroma of food made me hungry. sound stink smell 2) Mala was inaudible. The teacher asked her to speak louder. could be heard clearly could not be heard very annoying 3) T he prince and the pauper had very different lives. The prince was wealthy, and the pauper was not. a very poor person a rich person a well-to-do person Module 6 59
4) My little brother always pesters me instead of letting me work in peace. disturbs helps plays with 5) December is a chilly month; we all need warm clothes. comfortable sunny cold 6) Sim is a very warm person; she has always been a great friend to me. cruel hot loving Grammar Articles Articles are words that point out nouns or groups of nouns. There are three articles in English. Articles a an the ‘A’ is used before singular words that begin with a a man consonant sound. an umbrella Examples: a tree, a man, a uniform ‘An’ is used before singular words that begin with a vowel sound (the first letter may or may not be 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o' or 'u'). Examples: an x-ray, an umbrella, an elephant 60
The article ‘the’ is used in the following cases. the Parliament House in Delhi • before a word that has been mentioned earlier Example: I met a girl on a bus. The girl was a swimming champion. • before a word that is unique Examples: the Sun, the Moon • before the names of rivers, mountains, seas and so on Examples: the Himalayas, the Ganges Exercise 3.1: Match the pictures to the correct articles. One is done for you. 1) a 2) 3) an 4) 5) the 6) Module 6 61
Exercise 3.2: Colour the circles with the correct articles and complete the sentences. One is done for you. 1) She ate only a an ice cream for lunch. 2) M y friend gifted me the a small toy car on my birthday. 3) Rita eats the an egg every day. 4) Let us go to a the school playground. 5) Ram has a an large box of chocolates. 6) We visited the an Gateway of India when we were in Mumbai. 62
Module 7 PR Vocabulary Q Word groups Exercise 2.1: Write at least four words that belong to each word group. One is done for you. 1) fruits mango, orange, guava, pineapple 2) vegetables _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 3) flowers _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4) vehicles _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 5) wild animals _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6) clothes _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2
Wordplay If we replace ‘d’ in the word food with ‘t’, what new word do we form? Ans. t food foot If we replace ‘n’ in the word man with ‘t’, what new word do we form? Ans. mant mat If we replace 'o' in the word hot with 'a', what new word do we form? Ans. a hot hat Exercise 2.2: Change a letter in each word to form a new word. Colour the circle of the letter you are changing. One is done for you. 1) c a k e – lake 2) c a g e – __________________ 3) c a r e – __________________ 4) s a m e – __________________ 5) s e l l – __________________ 6) b e a t – __________________ Grammar Verbs Underline the main verbs and circle the helping verbs in the sentences given below. 1) Do you want this book? 2) Shreya is visiting Jaipur today. 3) They were cooking together. 4) Does Heena know you? Module 7 3
Remember V erbs are action words. They show the action that the noun does. Examples: • Anup draws beautiful pictures. • The flowers are fresh. The verbs ‘is’, ‘are’, 'am', ‘was’, ‘were’ are also known as 'be' verbs. When these verbs are used with another verb they become helping verbs. Examples: • She is sick today. • I am happy. H elping verbs do not show any action but help the main verbs to complete their meanings. The helping verbs that you have learnt are ‘is’, ‘are’, 'am', ‘was’, ‘were’, ‘do’ and ‘does’. Examples: • He was playing in the park. • She is feeling unwell. Exercise 3.1: Underline the main verbs and circle the helping verbs in the given paragraph. One is done for you. Meena loves dancing. She attends dance classes every week. Meena is practising for a dance competition in this picture. She is enjoying herself. Parts of a sentence—subject, verb and object A sentence is made up of three parts. Sentence Subject Verb Object It is what or whom the It is the activity or It is the receiver of the sentence is about; it is action of the subject. subject's action—the somebody or something who/that does the action. thing or the person who is acted upon. 4
Observe the subjects, verbs and objects in a few sentences. Sentence Subject Verb Object The snake caught a frog. The snake caught a frog. The children are singing songs. The children are singing songs. He was playing the guitar. He was playing the guitar. The students wear uniforms. The students wear uniforms. Subject and predicate Read the following sentences. The family saw the The dog chased the cat. The girls met Rohan. giraffe. A sentence can be separated into two parts: Subject Predicate (verb+object) S VO The person or thing that we are talking about is known as the subject. Something more about that person or The subject is the doer of the action. thing is the predicate. This part states what the subject is or does. It always begins with a verb. Module 7 5
Look at the table below for some more examples of subjects and predicates. Subject Predicate The words in bold are verbs. The family ate lunch. The dog was wearing a collar. The girls sang songs. Rohan eats cornflakes for breakfast. Remember A meaningful and complete sentence needs both the subject and the predicate. Exercise 3.2: Split the sentences into their subjects, verbs and objects. Then, tick the words that make up the subjects. Put stars on the words that make up the predicates. One is done for you. Sentence Subject Verb Object 1) The lion chased the mouse. The lion chased the mouse. 2) T he men are washing clothes. 3) Ravi is flying a kite. 4) T he monkeys wore red caps. 5) S heela ate a banana. 6) S heela kicked the ball. 6
Module 8 RP Vocabulary Q Synonyms A synonym is a word or a group of words that has the same meaning or a similar meaning as another word. Exercise 2.1: Match the words in Column A with their synonyms in Column B. One is done for you. Column A Column B 1) brave a) inexpensive 2) cheap b) uneven 3) sharp c) odd 4) strange d) pointed 5) rough e) timid 6) shy f) courageous Module 8 13
Exercise 2.2: Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with suitable synonyms. One is done for you. 1) Kabir shut the door behind him. Ans. Kabir closed the door behind him. 2) Meena wears beautiful dresses. Ans. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3) We must behave ourselves and not be impolite. Ans. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4) I was very unhappy when my dog died. Ans. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 5) Mira helped the aged woman to cross the road. Ans. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 6) The wealthy merchant built a big house. Ans. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 14
Grammar Tenses Read the sentences given below. Sam paints every day. Neha and Atif go to school My grandfather reads at seven o’clock. the newspaper in the afternoon. All these sentences describe actions that happen regularly or often. They are in the simple present tense. Can you think of an action that you do every day? Write a sentence for the activity that you do. 1) Module 8 15
Remember The simple present tense describes habits, events and actions that happen regularly or things that are always true. Rule: subject + base verb (+ '-s'/'-es') + object Add ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to verbs that follow ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns. Do not add ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to verbs that come after ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ or plural nouns. Examples: • Heena jogs every morning. • We go to Varanasi every year. Read the sentences given below. It rained last week. I cleaned my room Nupur mopped the floor yesterday. last night. All these sentences talk about finished or completed actions. They are in the simple past tense. Write an action that you did yesterday. 1) 16
Remember The simple past tense describes actions that are finished or completed. Rule: subject + past tense form of verb + object The past tense forms of most words are made by adding ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ (or ‘-ied’ for some words that end in ‘-y’). Examples: • They kicked the football hard. • John cried when he hurt his knee. In the simple past tense, the following happen: is and am was are were Examples: • Azarmi is tired. Azarmi was tired. • I am sleepy. I was sleepy last night. • The students are late for class. The students were late for class. Irregular verbs in the past tense Till now, we have only read about regular verbs that are changed to the past tense form by adding ‘-d’, ‘-ed’ or ‘-ied’. However, many verbs change to the past tense form without following any fixed rule. Such verbs are called irregular verbs. Read and remember the following list of irregular verbs and their past tense forms. Base verb Past tense form Base verb Past tense form (present tense (present tense came ate form) found form) got gave made come eat find get give make Module 8 17
Base verb Past tense form Base verb Past tense form (present tense (present tense met said form) saw form) sat took told meet began say broke see sang sit won take tell begin break sing win Some verbs are the same in the present tense and the past tense. Examples: • cut – cut • put – put • hit – hit Exercise 3.1: Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense forms of the irregular verbs given in brackets. One is done for you. 1) Sumit fell (fall) down two days ago. 2) I _________________________ (get) my report card yesterday. 3) Nita _________________________ (think) that she had missed her bus. 4) Rohit _________________________ (take) the library book home. 5) Luke _________________________ (put) the kettle on the stove. 6) I _________________________ (sit) by the seashore. 18
Read the sentences given below. I will go to the swimming We will travel by train next Kiri will dance at the show on Sunday. pool tomorrow. week. All these sentences talk about actions or events that will happen later. They are in the simple future tense. Write about an action that you plan to do next week. 1) Remember The simple future tense describes actions or events that will happen later or in the future. It also tells us about promises, decisions or hopes about a later time. Rule: subject + will + base verb + object Examples: • I will become a pilot when I grow up. • I will give you the book tomorrow. To talk about events or actions that will NOT happen, we use the word ‘not’ between ‘will’ and the ‘base verb’. Example: • We will not go to Madurai this year. We can also use the words ‘going to’ to talk about future events. Examples: • They are going to go to Goa in October. • She is going to meet her best friend on Saturday. Module 8 19
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