202110538-SUMMIT-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH_G&C-G04-PART2

PR Vocabulary Q Homographs Homographs are words that have the same spellings but different meanings. Homographs may or may not be pronounced the same way. Examples: •  lead (led) – a type of metal •  minute – 60 seconds   lead – to go first with followers behind minute (mai’nuit) – very small •  d own – in a lower position •  fine – of very good quality   down – soft, furry feathers fine – a sum of money paid as penalty The words ‘fine’ and ‘fine’ and ‘down’ and ‘down’ have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. For ‘lead’ and ‘lead’ and ‘minute’ and ‘minute’, the pronunciations change according to the meanings. Exercise 3.1: Mark the correct meanings for the underlined words in the given sentences. 1) I need a minute to go through the papers. b) very small a) a period of time 2) She was wearing a colourful tie around her neck. b) a n item of clothing worn a) to secure with a string around the neck 3) Park your car here. b) a large green play area in a town a) bring to a stop at one side of the road 4) The hungry seal ate a bucket of fish. b) to join two things together a) a sea animal NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 101 Module 13 97 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

5) We have our annual exams in March. b) to walk in a formal manner a) the name of a month b) p ast tense form of ‘see’ 6) He saw his friend at school. a) a tool used to cut wood Exercise 3.2: Match the pictures in Columns A and B to the correct homographs given in the middle. One is done for you. Column A Homographs Column B 1) 4 bat b a) 2) tear b) 3) wave c) 4) bow d) 5) present e) 6) nail f) 98 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 102

Grammar Contractions The words ‘to contract’ mean ‘to make smaller’. A contraction is made by combining two words to make a single word. This makes it easier to speak these words. Contractions are short forms of words. We make a contraction using the apostrophe. It is a punctuation mark that is made above the letters in a word. Observe the small mark inside the circle given below. it's Here, by using the apostrophe, we have made a contraction of the words ‘it is’. In contractions, there is no space between two words. Let us read some rules to understand how the apostrophe can be used to make contractions. Contractions with ‘is’, ‘am’ and ‘are’ Examples: 1) The ‘i’ in ‘is’ is replaced by the apostrophe. 1) That’s a good story. 2) The ‘a’ in ‘are’ is replaced by the apostrophe. 2) We’re in Class 4. 3) The ‘a’ in ‘am’ is replaced by the apostrophe. 3) I’m tired. she is = she’s he is = he’s why is = why’s how is = how’s that is = they’re you are = you're we are = that’s they are = I'm we’re I am = NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 103 Module 13 99 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

Contractions with ‘will’, ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ Examples: 1) It’ll be a good match. 1) The ‘wi’ in ‘will’ is replaced by the apostrophe. 2) He’d gone to school. 2) The ‘ha’ in ‘has’, ‘have’ and ‘had’ is replaced by the apostrophe. I will = I’ll she will = she’ll he will = he’ll they’ll it will = it’ll you will = you’ll they will = they’ve you have = you’ve we have = we’ve they have = Contractions with ‘not’ Examples: 1) She couldn’t go today. 1) The ‘o’ in ‘not’ is replaced by the apostrophe, 2) Y ou won’t be able to except for ‘will not’ and ‘cannot’. see it. is not = isn’t are not = aren’t has not = hasn’t won’t have not = haven’t was not = wasn’t will not = doesn’t couldn’t were not = weren’t do not = don’t does not = did not = didn’t cannot = can’t could not = 100 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 104

Apostrophe for singular possession The apostrophe is also used to show belonging or possession (that something belongs to someone). We use the apostrophe with the letter ‘s’ to show possession. Examples: •  This is Haris jacket. (incorrect) •  This is Hari’s jacket. (correct) The apostrophe has been used to show that the jacket belongs to Hari. There are two main rules for adding the apostrophe to show singular possession. Let’s understand them. Rule 1 : If the noun is singular, add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the tail of a dog = the dog’s tail Rule 2 : If the noun is singular and ends in ‘-s’, still add the apostrophe + ‘s’. Example : the wheel of the bus = the bus’s wheel Look at the table below for more examples. singular nouns •  My pen’s lid is missing. singular nouns ending in ‘-s’ •  Tell me an elephant’s story. •  That cactus’s leaves are thick and spiny. •  This is my boss’s cabin. Apostrophe with possessive pronouns Sometimes, we may get confused between contractions and possessive pronouns. Remember that possessive pronouns do not need the apostrophe. Examples: Possessive pronouns Correct usage Incorrect usage Correct usage Incorrect usage  yours  your’s  theirs  their’s Module 13 101 NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 105 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

Possessive pronouns  hers  her’s  mine  mine’s  its  ours’ or our’s  it’s  ours Look at the table below to understand some common apostrophe mistakes. Expanded form   could not couldn’t could n’t does not doesn’t does’nt cannot can’t cann’t they are they’re theyr’e Difference between plurals, possessives and contractions Remember ► The plural form of a word shows that there is ‘more than one’ of something. Example: •  The teachers came to school early. ► A possessive noun or pronoun says ‘who or what owns or has something’. Example: •  The teacher’s pen is on the table. ► Contractions are words made by combining two words and leaving out one or more letters. The apostrophe takes the place of the removed letters. Example: •  They’ve come to visit us. Exercise 4.1: Read the given sentences and replace the underlined words with contractions. One is done for you. 1) He has seen you in class today. Ans. He’s seen you in class today. 102 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 106

2) There is no milk in the refrigerator. Ans.   3) It is raining today. Ans.   4) I was not home last night. Ans.   5) The store will not open early. Ans.   6) You cannot sleep in class. Ans.   Exercise 4.2: Rewrite the sentences by correcting the usage of the apostrophe. One is done for you. (Hints: The apostrophe may not be needed in a few places.) 1) Jess’ phone fell on the floor. Ans. Jess’s phone fell on the floor. 2) Youv’e not seen my dress yet. Ans.   Module 13 103 NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 107 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

3) That scooter is their’s. Ans.   4) The cats’ tail moved from side to side as it was angry. Ans.   5) They couldv’e come today. Ans.   6) Texa’ss population is not very high. Ans.   Exercise 4.3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. 104 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 108

I have a big family. I live with my    parents    and grandfather. My (parent’s/parents) _______________________________________ brother and his son also live with us. I have a brother (father’s/fathers) as well. _______________________________________ a happy family. (Wer’e/We’re) _______________________________________ been making a family tree on a chart. (I’ve/Iv’e) All my _______________________________________ also made them for their families. My teacher (friends/friend’s) heard about this activity and said that ______________________________________ interesting! (its/it’s) Writing Formal Writing Explanatory paragraph writing Exercise 5: Hasib is camping overnight in the jungle with his father. Write a paragraph, explaining how he can spend the night safely in the jungle. Use the hints given below to write your paragraph. Hints: •  What are the things that he should carry? •  What are the things that he should do? •  What are the things that he should not do? Module 13 105 NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 109 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

106 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 110

Creative Writing Dialogue writing Exercise 6: Write a dialogue between two friends who are discussing their favourite modes of transport. Use the hints given below to help you write. Hints: •  Make sure that the friends greet each other. •  They can start talking about one of their favourite travel experiences and the modes of transport that they used then. •  The friends can discuss their favourite modes of transport and why they prefer them. •  They can end by talking about modes of transport that are more environment-friendly than others.  NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 111 Module 13 107 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM

108 6/30/2018 11:31:13 AM NR_BGM_9789387888043_Summit G4 English Grammar Composition Part 2_Text.pdf 112