ENGLISH 4 GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION – 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. IMAX presents the Traveller series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for English language teaching: Connecting learning to life in the outside world Integrating English with other subjects across the curriculum Using meaningful contexts to develop language as a whole Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the IMAX textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The IMAX team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of IMAX Traveller series: B ooks for English are mapped to the assessment patterns of English-I and English-II in ICSE schools. T he grammar concepts covered in English-I have a horizontal and vertical progression across the grades, providing a spiral of learning. T he writing sections contain a wide variety of topics with a focus on process-based writing in higher grades. T he English-II book also covers all the themes recommended by the CISCE curriculum across classes 1–5. A hallmark of ICSE English is a wide representation of authors – Indian and foreign. The Traveller series includes pieces by writers such as Charles Dickens, Rabindranath Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, Oscar Wilde and Mark Twain among others. V ocabulary building is a key focus area for IMAX. Pictures for word meanings are included in each lesson to help students with visual clues for new or difficult words. All in all, the Traveller series aims to generate greater engagement and enhance fluency in English communication, which spans all the four skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. – The Authors
Workbook Features • Subject-related vocabulary building • Scaffolded approach for development of writing skills • Combination of inductive and deductive approaches to grammar teaching • Simple and age-appropriate explanations of grammatical concepts Grammar Engaging grammar explanations and well-crafted exercises W Writing Formal Writing inculcates writing skills by introducing formal writing styles by providing samples and adequate practice Creative Writing exercises to foster creative writing by using imagination and drawing from real-life experiences R Reading Comprehension Interesting reading comprehension passages on varied themes along with questions that focus on language building
Contents 1 Nouns ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 W1: Paragraph Writing ......................... Self, Family, Home, Friends ���������������� 6 Picture-based Description ................... Animals and Plants ���������������������������� 7 2 Punctuation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 W2: Informal Letter Writing .................. Our Country ������������������������������������� 15 Photo-based Character Sketch .......... Self, Family, Home, Friends �������������� 17 R1: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 3 One and Many ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 W3: Paragraph Writing ......................... Self, Family, Home, Friends �������������� 26 Dialogue Writing.................................... Self, Family, Home, Friends �������������� 27 4 Pronouns ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 W4: Informal Letter Writing .................. Self, Family, Home, Friends �������������� 34 Diary Entry ............................................. The World Around Us ������������������������ 36 R2: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 5 Adjectives ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 W5: Editing Exercise ............................. Science and Technology ����������������� 48 Biography Writing ................................. Self, Family, Home, Friends �������������� 49 6 Articles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 W6: Paragraph Writing ......................... Art and Culture �������������������������������� 55 Speech Writing ..................................... Science and Technology ����������������� 56 R3: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 58
1 Nouns Nouns You have learnt about nouns in the previous classes. Let us revise the different types of nouns. Remember • Common nouns are names given to people, places, hospital animals or things of the same kind. They do not begin with a capital letter. Examples: lady, hospital, cheetah, duster • Proper nouns are specific names given to people, places, Tiggy animals or things. They always begin with a capital letter. flock of sheep Examples: Enid Blyton, Amit, Nagpur, Tiggy • C ollective nouns are words that refer to a group of people or things. Examples: flock of sheep, flight of stairs, swarm of bees, audience • M aterial nouns refer to the materials or substances from which things are made. Examples: iron, rubber, silver, silk nails made of iron 1
Gender of nouns Nouns can also be sorted according to their gender • Masculine gender nouns: These • Neuter gender nouns: These are are the names for boys, men and nouns that name non-living things male animals. Examples: son, uncle, without any gender. They are used nephew, prince, horse, gander for objects and places. They are also used to name the months of the year • Feminine gender nouns: These are the and the days of the week. names for girls, women and female Examples: ruler, box, clothes, library, animals. Examples: daughter, aunt, table, stone, truck, building, ocean, niece, princess, mare, goose July, Monday • Common gender nouns: These refer to nouns that can be male or female. Examples: child, singer, coach, engineer, pilot, cousin, referee, parent Exercise 1: Sort the nouns into the table given below. One is done for you. Prakash animal Uma peahen man cookie Proper noun Common noun Gender Prakash masculine feminine neuter common 2
Exercise 2: Classify the given nouns according to their gender. One is done for you. shepherdess gentleman reporter cave stick emperor student bride Masculine Feminine a) c) shepherdess b) d) Common Neuter e) g) f) h) Exercise 3: Complete the sentences using the correct collective nouns. One is done for you. fleet colony pride family bouquet troupe a) I gave my mom a bouquet of flowers. b) I saw a _____________________________ of ants in my garden. c) Jack wanted to meet my _____________________________. d) Kunal saw a _____________________________ of lions on television. e) The _____________________________ of ships moored at the shore. f) The _____________________________ of dancers performed well. Nouns 3
Exercise 4: Match the objects to the materials that they are made of. One is done for you. a) plastic F b) wool c) iron A B D d) glass C e) marble F f) paper E Exercise 5: Read the passage given below and underline the nouns. Then, answer the questions. One is done for you. Arsha, Raj and Leena were good friends. They made a great team. They were polite to their parents and helped the other little boys and girls in their school. They also shared their toys. Raj had an engine made of wood that Leena had gifted him. Arsha had gifted Leena a watch that had a strap made of leather. a) Write a masculine proper noun from the passage. Ans. Raj b) Write a collective noun from the passage. Ans. c) Write a common gender noun from the passage. Ans. d) Write a feminine common noun from the passage. Ans. e) Write a material noun from the passage. Ans. f) Write a neuter gender noun from the passage. Ans. 4
Exercise 6: Read the passage given below and underline the nouns. Then, answer the questions. One is done for you. I like visiting zoos and natural parks. I go there with my uncle and cousin. Last Wednesday, we had gone to an animal shelter. We met a dog named Bruno and a goose named Lucy. Bruno had a collar made of silk around his neck. There was also a litter of kittens at the shelter. a) Write a feminine proper noun from the passage. Ans. Lucy b) Write a common gender noun from the passage. Ans. c) Write a material noun from the passage. Ans. d) Write a masculine common noun from the passage. Ans. e) Write a collective noun from the passage. Ans. f) Write a neuter gender proper noun from the passage. Ans. Nouns 5
W1 Writing Formal Writing Explanatory paragraph writing with linking words Linking words: • link or connect parts of speech. • link an argument to another. • link an idea to another. Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps to complete the paragraph given below. Use linking words like ‘firstly’, ’then’, ‘later’, ‘finally’ and so on to link your sentences. The paragraph explains ways by which you can be an understanding member of your family. There are different ways by which we can ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. ___________________, we must ___________________________________________________________________________________. _________________, we should _______________________________________________________ ______________. ________________, we can ___________________________________________ by _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. _________________, we should respect _______________________________________________ by _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. 6
____________________, we can ______________________________________________________ _______________ by ___________________________________________________ and _________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. Creative Writing Picture-based description Exercise 2: Observe the picture given below. Describe the picture by filling the gaps in the paragraph. Hints: • Describe what you see in the picture. • How do you think the animals feel? • Fill in the gaps with reasons for why you that think animals should not be held captive in zoos. Writing 1 7
This is _____________________________. There are ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ animals in the picture. There is ________________________________________________ at the centre. There are two _____________________________ and ____________________________ each. The flamingos are standing __________________________________________________ __________________________________. A monkey is ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. There are many people ____________________________________________________________. An alligator is ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. However, looking at this picture has made me sad. The animals look like ______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. I think we should not hold animals captive in zoos because __________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________. Their lives should not be ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. Baby animals are sometimes removed from their families, when _____________________ _________________________________________________________. This also affects them in a bad way. Animal rights are important. Even if _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________, they should not become __________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. This is why _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________. 8
2 Punctuation Punctuation Rohan received an e-mail from his pen friend in Trivandrum. He opened the mail in excitement. Here is the e-mail. hi rohan, how are you i want to invite you to the onam celebrations at my house onam is an important harvest festival it is celebrated for ten days yippie i am so excited to think that you may join us for onam this year do tell me about your plans waiting eagerly to hear from you, rajam The e-mail completely puzzled Rohan. Rajam had written it in a hurry. He had missed adding commas, question marks and full stops. He had also not used capital letters where needed. Insert the correct punctuation marks and capital letters. Rewrite the e-mail so that the message is clearer to Rohan. 9
Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. They help us to pause, stop and start our sentences. They are symbols that make a written message clearer and reduce miscommunication. They are used to structure and organise writing. Punctuation marks and Usage Examples capital letters It is placed at the end of a I will travel tomorrow. It is sentence or statement. too late to travel today. Full stop It is placed at the end of a Where are we going? question. Question mark It is used to separate: • He bought vegetables, Comma • words or items in a list. milk, fruits and cheese from the market. Exclamation mark • the person addressed. • Rohan, sit down. • It is placed at the end of • W hat a beautiful beach! sentences that display emotions (happiness, excitement, frustration, anger and so on). • It is placed after • W ow! This room is so big. interjections. 10
Many words always start with a capital letter. Remember the acronym M.I.N.T.S. for the correct usage of capital letters. Acronym Examples M : months, names of days • My birthday is in September. • I go to church on Sundays. I : the word ‘I’ • I bought a new pencil. • I live in Pune. N : n ames of people, states, cities • My friend Sandeep lives in Kochi in Kerala. and countries – proper nouns • I plan to visit Norway next month. T : titles of books and movies • I am going to watch Titanic tonight. • My favourite book is Black Beauty. S : start of sentences • I have a new friend. Her name is Fatima. Punctuation in dialogue Punctuation also plays an important role when we write in dialogue form. Certain punctuation marks are used when we want to show that two or more people are talking. Example: ‘Seema has a book collection’, said Rohan. ‘That is interesting’, replied Naina. • In the sentences above, single quotes (‘ ’) are used to show the part that is spoken. Also, a comma ( , ) is used after the quoted section. • The first word within quotes always starts with a capital letter. Note: All regular sentences use this pattern. Questions or exclamations do not follow this pattern. You will learn about such sentences in Class 5. Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct punctuation marks from the box. One is done for you. . ? ! a) Mango is my favourite fruit. b) When is your birthday______ c) I walk to school every day______ d) What a pretty dress______ e) May I leave now______ f) Oh my god______ Punctuation 11
Exercise 2: Punctuate and rewrite the given paragraph. Use capital letters wherever needed. One line is done for you. ben was a kind and smart boy he had many pets ben had a dog a few cats fish and even a lizard his latest pet was a guinea pig named martin why do you think ben loved having so many pets Ans. Ben was a kind and smart boy. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences with the correct usage of punctuation and capital letters. One is done for you. a) why are you going now. Ans. Why are you going now? b) i will give you the Book tomorrow Ans. c) What a beautiful sight. Ans. d) Do you want to buy the yellow. pink or black shirt! Ans. e) Oops. I dropped the cup, Ans. f) rajeev usman. and tina went to delhi during their holidays? Ans. 12
Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences with the correct usage of punctuation and capital letters. One is done for you. a) .I do not have your pen.? said alia, Ans. ‘I do not have your pen’, said Alia. b) Where is The library! Ans. c) this is an Amazing movie. Ans. d) i have a camp in february. may. july and december? Ans. e) This Is disgusting? Ans. f) ‘we are very Happy’. said The students. Ans. Exercise 5: Rewrite the following passage with the correct usage of punctuation and capital letters. One line is done for you. My favourite pastime is reading books? the authors that I like to read are Roald Dahl. J.K. Rowling and Ruskin Bond. The day my summer holidays began, I found a brown package under my bed! yipee! My mother had gifted me my favourite detective series for the vacation. Can you think and tell me what is your favourite pastime. Ans. My favourite pastime is reading books. Punctuation 13
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following passage with the correct usage of punctuation and capital letters. One is done for you. yuvraj was walking home from School, it was november and there was a chill in the Air? Do you know what Yuvraj loved the most! It was the cool wind hitting his face. Then, he saw his Friend Ramya. hi ramya said Yuvraj. Ans. Yuvraj was 14
W2 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing We write informal letters to our friends and family members. The tone of such letters is friendly and not formal. Read the given sample of an informal letter carefully. See the different parts that a letter has and study the format. There is no need to H. No. 18 - 421 - 12 Your address include the address Forest Colony of the person to Nagpur Date whom you are writing. 2nd June 2018 Introduction Salutation/Greeting In the first paragraph, You can use a Dear Soham, explain why you person’s first name. are writing. Use How are you? Hope you are friendly language Body enjoying your basketball throughout. This is the part camp. I have come to visit my in between the grandparents for the summer, and Closing paragraph introduction and the I am having a really good time. Ask a question or closing paragraph make a suggestion so where you talk My grandparents give me many that the person can about the main idea gifts and let me eat all the things I send a reply. of the letter. want! They also have big cotton and sugarcane farms where I play with Signature the new friends that I have made Sign your name. How here. You should see how beautiful you sign off shows the cotton fields look when the cotton how you feel about bolls are in full bloom. My mom helped the person to whom me take pictures of the fields – I will you are writing. show them to you when I am back. I wish you and Sneha could have come too. See you soon! Please teach me basketball when I get back! Lots of love, Peeyush 15
Exercise 1: Given below is the outline of a letter written by a boy, Suraj, to his cousin, Shalu, who lives in another country. He writes about the unity within his country despite its varied cultures and different languages. Fill in the gaps to complete the letter. Lane 33, Bhandari Nagar JP Nagar Bengaluru 23rd January 2018 Dear Shalu, How ______________________________________________? I have been waiting to finish my school project on ‘India, the Land of Unity in Diversity’ to write to you about it. The project showed how the people of India ____________________________________________ ______________ though they speak different languages and have _____________________ _____________________________________________________________________. Do you know that there are ______________________________ states and seven _________ _______________________________? Yet, people unite in the name of ___________________ _________________________________________. Our cricket, hockey and other sports teams have _____________________________________________________________________________ who play together for _____________________________________________________________. People celebrate ___________________________________________________ and share ____ __________________________________________ happily. I am very proud of ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. I wish you could ______________________________________________ during Christmas. My neighbour, Susan Aunty, makes _____________________________________________________ ______________ for all of us at that time. I told you, ____________________________________ _______________ in India. We celebrate together! Do write and let me know _________________________________________________________. With warm regards, Suraj 16
Creative Writing Photo-based character sketch Exercise 2: Look at the photograph. Fill in the gaps to complete the character sketch of the woman in the photograph. This is the photo of a young boy with his ________________________________. She must be ___________________________________________________________________ years old. She is dressed in a ____________________________________________________. Her hair is _________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________. She looks _______________________________________________________. She is wearing ___________________________. The jewellery that she is wearing is ________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. She looks ___________________________________________________________________________________. It looks like _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________. The grandmother is sitting ____________________________ __________________________________________. He may be _____________________________ _____________________________________________________. Both the people in the picture seem to be _______________________________________________________________________. Writing 2 17
R1 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. The national flag went up fluttering in the air. Everyone looked up and applauded loudly. This was followed by the singing of the national anthem, ‘Jana Gana Mana’. A small group of children sang a few patriotic songs, and Mini’s grandmother gave a short speech about India’s freedom struggle. On the occasion of 15th August, the Indian Independence Day, Mini’s grandmother was invited to hoist the national flag. She was the senior-most resident of the colony, and had been a freedom fighter as a young girl. Mini stood beside her grandmother throughout. Mini often listened to her detailed descriptions of the freedom struggle of India: her life in an India that was ruled by the British and the history and struggles of her family. All the people who had gathered listened keenly to what the 90-year- old freedom fighter had to say. Their hearts were full of pride as they looked at the flag. Soon, sweets were distributed before everyone dispersed. 1) Who gave a speech about India’s freedom struggle? Ans. 2) What is special about 15th August? Ans. 18
3) Rewrite the sentences given below with the correct punctuation and capitalisation. a) minis grandmother gave a short speech about indias freedom struggle Ans. b) everyone sang the national anthem jana gana mana together Ans. c) patriots like gandhi nehru bhagat singh and netaji subhash chandra bose fought for freedom from the british rule Ans. 4) The opposite of ‘senior-most’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) patriotic A) left the area b) pride B) having love and devotion for one’s country c) dispersed C) a feeling of happiness about something or someone related to you Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Once, there was a king who offered a prize to the artist who could paint the best picture of peace. Many artists tried. The king looked at all the pictures. But there were only two that he really liked, and he had to choose between them. One picture was of a calm lake. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. Everyone who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture of peace. Reading Comprehension 1 19
The other picture had mountains as well. However, these were rugged and bare. Above was an angry sky from which rain fell. Down the side of the mountain tumbled a foaming waterfall. This did not look peaceful at all. But when the king looked closely, he saw behind the waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush, a mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest – in perfect peace. Which picture do you think won the prize? The king chose the second picture. To be at peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hard work. To be at peace means to be in the midst of all those things and still be calm in your heart. 6) How many paintings did the king need to choose from? Ans. 7) In the second picture, what did the king see in the bush? Ans. 8) Write the plural forms of the words given below. a) bush – ______________________________ b) waterfall – ______________________________ c) sky – ______________________________ 9) The meaning of ‘tumbled’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) foaming A) above b) overhead B) calmness c) peace C) bubbling up 20
3 One and Many Singular and plural nouns Read the passage given below. Underline the plural nouns. Write their singular forms in the table provided. My friends and I got a few candies from our teachers. We ate it during recess. We ate our lunches and washed our dishes and glasses. While going home, we tied scarves around our necks. We visited a few churches. We could hear echoes in a few of these churches. Plural Singular Plural Singular Remember • R egular plurals are formed by adding ‘-s’ to the end of words. Examples: car – cars, pen – pens • M any plurals are formed in different ways and not just by adding ‘-s’ to the end of words. ♦ T o form the plurals of words that end in ‘-x’, ‘-o’, ‘-s’, ‘-ch’, ‘-sh’ and ‘-ss’, we add ‘-es’ to the end. Examples: fox – foxes, hero – heroes, bus – buses, bunch – bunches, wish – wishes, address – addresses ♦ To form the plurals of words that end in ‘-y’, we change ‘-y’ to ‘-ies’. E xamples: fly – flies, bunny – bunnies, berry – berries ♦ T o form the plurals of words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’, we change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘-ve’ and then add ‘-s’. For a few exceptions, we add ‘-s’ to form plurals for such words. Examples: life – lives, wolf – wolves, self – selves, chief – chiefs 21
More on plurals There are a few nouns that do not change at all in the plural. You have to understand from the sentence whether one or many are being spoken about. Examples: There is a sheep in the field. There are two sheep in the meadow. In the first sentence, ‘a’ sheep is spoken about. This means that there is only one sheep. Here, ‘sheep’ is singular. In the second sentence, there are ‘two’ sheep. Here, more than one sheep is mentioned. So, ‘sheep’ is a plural noun in the second sentence. A few more examples: There are three Eight deer are fish in the pond. grazing near the river. Exercise 1: Write the singular or plural forms of the words given in the table below. One is done for you. Pictures Singular/Plural forms a) four cats b) five ____________________ c) six ____________________ 22
Pictures Singular/Plural forms d) two ____________________ e) one ____________________ f) three ____________________ Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. a) The classes will begin at seven o’clock. (classes/classs) b) Look at those _________________________. (aircraft/aircrafts) c) I need to buy a few _________________________. (shirt/shirts) d) I have three _________________________. (wishes/wishs) e) These _________________________ are very nice. (book/books) f) My friends are baking many _________________________. (cake/cakes) Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the singular forms of the words in brackets. One is done for you. a) The boy plays in the park. (boys) b) The _________________________ is eating grass. (sheep) c) The _________________________ is late. (buses) d) The _________________________ is sleeping. (deer) e) I saw a _________________________ playing outside. (leopards) f) There is a _________________________ on the table. (dishes) Exercise 4: Change the underlined singular nouns to plural. Make other changes to the sentences so that they are grammatically correct. One is done for you. a) The thief stole my necklace. Ans. The thieves stole my necklaces. One and Many 23
b) Seema is planting a tree. Ans. c) I took a photograph of the moose. Ans. d) The member of the winning country will get a prize. Ans. e) The ship was carrying a cargo of cars. Ans. f) The tongs are near the stove. Ans. Countable and uncountable nouns You have learnt that some nouns can be counted and others cannot be counted. Let us recall them. Remember • Anything, singular or plural, that can be counted is called a countable noun. • We use ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘one’ before singular countable nouns. • We use words such as ‘any’, ‘many’, ‘a few’ and numbers greater than one before plural countable nouns. • Many nouns, such as names of materials (plastic), food items (juice), resources (coal) and abstract ideas (love, happiness, information), cannot be counted. They are called uncountable nouns. • Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms. We cannot use ‘a’, ‘an’ or numbers before uncountable nouns. • To show the quantity of uncountable nouns, we use words such as ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘a bag of’, ‘a lot of’, ‘much’ and ‘less’. 24
Making uncountable nouns countable An uncountable noun can be counted if we add a countable noun before it. Examples: • I have three packets of rice. • Soha has a few pieces of jewellery. In the above sentences, the words ‘three packets’ and ‘a few pieces’ make the uncountable nouns ‘rice’ and ‘jewellery’ countable. Exercise 5: Write whether the given nouns are countable or uncountable. One is done for you. a) b) c) toothpaste building slice of bread Ans. uncountable Ans. ______________________ Ans. ______________________ d) e) f) music drums of oil flour Ans. ______________________ Ans. ______________________ Ans. ______________________ Exercise 6: Make the following uncountable nouns countable. One is done for you. a) rice – two kilograms of rice b) water – c) milk – d) furniture – e) jam – f) salt – One and Many 25
W3 Writing Formal Writing Narrative paragraph writing Exercise 1: It is Mother’s Day today. Narrate what you did to make the day special for your mother. Hints: • Y ou may have surprised her with a cake, made a special card on your own, planned an outing or anything else that would make her happy. • Write about your plan in detail. Also write how you executed your plan. • Mention what you did and your thoughts behind each action. • Focus on your feelings for your mother. • Also write what your mother felt and how she reacted. 26
Creative Writing Dialogue writing Exercise 2: Given below is a picture of seven friends. Read their names and the things that they like or want to do. Choose any two friends and write a conversation between them in which they discuss their likes and desires. Writing 3 27
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4 Pronouns Pronouns Read the paragraph given below and underline the pronouns. Identify the types of pronouns. When Anya came into the classroom, she thought to herself, ‘Is there a test today? Why did Sheetal not tell me about it?’ Anya went to the desk that was hers. She sat down next to Vishal and prepared for the test with him. Anya had Vishal’s pen. She returned the pen to him as it was his. Remember • Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. • Subject pronouns perform the action in a sentence. (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) Example: I am a singer. • O bject pronouns receive the action in a sentence. (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) Example: Give that cup to me. • Reflexive pronouns are used when we refer to the subject of the sentence again. In other words, these pronouns are used when the object of a sentence is the same as its subject. (myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself, ourselves) Example: We finished the project by ourselves. • Possessive pronouns show ownership. (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) Example: Is this ring yours? 29
Demonstrative pronouns These pronouns demonstrate or point out someone or something. Demonstrative Usage and pronoun examples It points out a single thing that is near. Examples: this • This is my book. • This is my bag. Singular that It points out a single thing that is far. Examples: • That is my house over there. • That is my dog. He likes running in the park. Plural these It points out multiple things that are near. those Examples: • These are the best books in the library. • These are fresh apples. It points out multiple things that are far. Examples: • Those are my sisters. • Those are my shoes, not hers. Exercise 1: Underline the pronouns in the sentences. Write the types of pronouns as well. One is done for you. a) She is a good singer. – subject pronoun b) Rahul was waiting for me. – c) The green book is his. – d) That is Sheena. – e) Kirti bought herself a new book. – f) The big dog is theirs. – 30
Exercise 2: Underline the subject pronouns and circle the object pronouns in the sentences given below. One is done for you. a) He told me that they do not speak to her. b) We are happy to meet them. c) She bought the tickets for us so that we could watch the movie together. d) That pen is spoilt. It does not work. e) Pamela showed us the painting that she had made for them. f) I voted for her in the class elections. Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the correct possessive or reflexive pronouns. One is done for you. a) My uncle practises English by speaking to himself. b) This book is __________________. It has my name on it. c) You ordered the pizza, so it is __________________. d) Cats become clean by licking __________________. e) That sofa is __________________. We bought it last night. f) My friend and I looked at __________________ in the mirror. Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the types of pronouns mentioned in brackets. One is done for you. a) What is she doing in the park? (subject pronoun) b) The doctor gave medicines to _________________. (object pronoun) c) This pen is _________________. Please return it to her. (possessive pronoun) d) This is your job, Chris. Can you complete it by _________________? (reflexive pronoun) Pronouns 31
e) _________________ is an apple. It is kept right next to me. (demonstrative pronoun) f) _________________ are beautiful forts, but they are far away. (demonstrative pronoun) Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with the correct demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these or those. One is done for you. a) That is a beautiful dress. b) __________________ are red roses. c) __________________ is a difficult test. d) __________________ are books that belong to my friend. e) __________________ is my bicycle. f) __________________ are fresh flowers. 32
Exercise 6: The following paragraph has six incorrect pronouns. Rewrite the paragraph using the correct pronouns. One is done for you. Rani was excited. He was going to a concert. She would be going with her friends, Ira and Rishi. She was happy to be going with they. Rani dressed itself in new clothes before the concert. She also wore a new watch. We had a brown strap and a square dial. Rani asked her brother to give her the bag that he had borrowed. The bag was its, and she wanted to carry a few things in it. Rani and her friends reached the correct location and asked for directions to the concert hall. ‘Those is the hall where the concert will be held. It is at the end of this corridor’, said a lady. Ans. Rani was excited. She was going to a concert. Pronouns 33
W4 Writing Formal Writing Informal letter writing Exercise 1: Imagine that you have just fought with your friend over a pen that she broke by mistake. You lost your temper and shouted at her. Now, she does not want to talk to you. Write an apology letter asking her to forgive you for your behaviour. Hints: • Write how important the pen was to you. • Apologise for getting angry suddenly. • Mention how important her friendship is to you. 34
Writing 4 35
Creative Writing Diary entry A diary is a book in which one can write about things that happen in everyday life. People write diary entries to remember things that happen in their day-to-day lives. People share their thoughts, feelings, hopes and dreams in their diaries. Look at the sample of a diary entry below. Salutation/Greeting Tuesday, 12th April Day and date Signature Dear Diary, Contents of the diary entry I really had a great day today. I Diary entries are turned nine years old. I had my always written in first favourite cake: black forest. My best person friend, Yasser, got me a big jigsaw puzzle. I am waiting to open it and play with it! My other friend, Nitya, made a beautiful wall hanging of a dog for me! She knows that I love dogs. My parents are planning a trip to Kerala this weekend so that we can celebrate my birthday. I am feeling so happy and loved! Puja Exercise 2: Imagine that you were given a chance to explore the world. Where would you go? What would you see? Write the details of the trip in your diary. Friday, 15th ___________________________ __________________________________, I was lucky enough to win a trip for two in a competition. So, Mummy and I went to ___________________________________________________________________________! We saw ____________________________________________________________________________________ such as ___________________________________________________________________________. 36
Mummy and I also visited ___________________________________________________________ and went to a few popular food joints in the city. The trip was ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________! Both Mummy and I learned a lot. I wish we __________________________________________ ___________________________ more days. But we had to return in ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. If we had some more time, _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. ________________________ Writing 4 37
R2 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Anandi looked excited. ‘OK Papa, which places will we visit tomorrow?’ she asked. Manohar said, ‘We will visit Anjuna, Candolim and Calangute beaches tomorrow. We will also visit a few churches. We will go to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa and the church of St Francis of Assisi. Let us go back to the hotel and take rest now.’ The family had a quiet dinner at the hotel. They enjoyed the traditional food of Goa: fish curry, rice and Arroz Doce, a pudding. Sharat and Anandi sat next to their parents on the bed before going to sleep. Sharat asked curiously, ‘Papa, tell us more about Goa.’ Manohar said, ‘Goa is India’s smallest state in terms of area and fourth smallest in terms of population. It is located on the western coast of India along the Arabian Sea. It is renowned for its beautiful beaches. Tourists from all over India and other countries flock here for an unforgettable experience. Panaji is the capital of Goa. The other important city is Margao. Isn’t all this interesting?’ The children nodded, ‘Yes, Papa’. ‘Konkani is the official language here. Marathi, Hindi and Portuguese are also spoken here by the people. So you can learn Konkani here, children.’ 1) Which beaches were Anandi’s family going to visit in Goa? Ans. 2) Where is Goa located? Ans. 38
3) Write the noun forms of the following words: a) traditional – ______________________________ b) excited – ______________________________ c) beautiful – ______________________________ 4) The opposite of ‘unforgettable’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) official A) the residents of a place b) population B) famous or well-known c) renowned C) formal Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Welcome to the Arctic! It is a cold and windy area around the North Pole. The Arctic includes the Arctic Ocean and the land near it. Snow and ice cover the ground for most of the year. Walruses, polar bears and snowy owls are a few animals that live in this habitat and survive the cold. A walrus spends most of its time in the icy water. It has a thick layer of blubber or fat under its skin to keep itself warm. When a walrus swims, its blood flows away from its skin to the important organs inside its body. This helps to keep the walrus warm. Its skin also turns white. When it is warm again, its skin turns pink. A polar bear has special fur to keep itself warm. Each strand of hair is shaped like a straw. The shape helps to direct sunlight towards the bear’s black skin that collects and holds in heat. A snowy owl has two layers of feathers that cover its entire body. The bottom layer, which is soft and fluffy, is called down. The outer layer of feathers is thick. In strong winds, the snowy owl may hide on the ground behind a pile of snow or rocks to block the wind. Reading Comprehension 2 39
6) Which are the animals that live in the Arctic? Ans. 7) What happens when a walrus swims? Ans. 8) Underline the adjectives in the sentences given below. Write what type of adjectives they are. a) There are two poles on either ends of the Earth. Ans. b) Walruses have a thick layer of blubber. Ans. c) There is a lot of snow and ice in the Arctic. Ans. 9) The meaning of ‘blubber’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) habitat A) soft, fine feathers b) down B) continue to live under difficult conditions c) survive C) the natural home of an animal 40
5 Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns. Read the passage and underline the adjectives. State whether these are adjectives of quality, quantity or number. Allan is a tall boy. He is wearing a green T-shirt. He has many toys. He loves his toy cars the most. Allan has seven toy cars. Allan carries some water and a little milk when he goes out to play. Ans. Possessive adjectives Read the following sentences: • I’ll get my bag. • Is that her notebook? In these sentences, the words ‘my’ and ‘her’ are adjectives that tell us who owns or ‘possesses’ the bag and the notebook. In other words, they are possessive adjectives. ‘My’ shows that the bag belongs to the speaker, ‘I’. ‘Her’ shows that the notebook belongs to a girl or woman. The other possessive adjectives are your, his, its, our and their. Examples: His name is Sirish doesn’t have our Priya has your Rustom. phone number. notebook. ‘His’ shows that ‘Our’ shows ‘Your’ shows the name belongs that the that the to Rustom. phone number notebook belongs to ‘us’. belongs to ‘you’. 41
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives are often confused with possessive pronouns. However, there is a difference between the two. Possessive Possessive Possessive Possessive adjectives pronouns adjectives pronouns my mine his his your yours her hers their theirs its its our ours – – Remember A possessive adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It is usually located just before the words (nouns) that it describes. On the other hand, a possessive pronoun is used in place of nouns. Examples: Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns This is our house. The house is ours. My phone is ringing. The phone that is ringing is mine. Their father works in Hong Kong. Is that car theirs? Exercise 1: Rewrite each sentence with another suitable adjective of your choice. One is done for you. Note: The replacement adjectives do not have to be synonyms of the given adjectives. a) Shazia is a beautiful girl. Ans. Shazia is a witty girl. b) The clever monkey knew many tricks. Ans. c) Reema has three new dresses. Ans. d) My teacher says that I am an intelligent student. Ans. 42
e) The man living in that house is so rich. Ans. f) Sandeep is a fast learner. Ans. Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. a) This is my (my/mine) sweater. b) ________________ (Ours/Our) puppy is lost. c) I do not want ________________ (yours/your) pencil. d) Payal likes to eat laddoos from ________________ (my/mine) lunch box. e) ________________ (Hers/Her) voice is very sweet. f) I visited ________________ (their/theirs) house yesterday. Exercise 3: Read the sentences and underline the possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. Write ‘PA’ for the possessive adjectives and ‘PP’ for the possessive pronouns. One is done for you. a) My father cooks dinner for our family every night. – PA b) Your sister is my friend. – _________________________ c) The dog does not like it if its tail is touched. – _________________________ d) You can take that book home. It is yours. – _________________________ e) His house is not far from the post office. – _________________________ f) Is that fluffy kitten theirs? – _________________________ Adjectives 43
Degrees of comparison Read the following sentences: Delhi is cold during winter. Shimla is colder than Delhi Leh is the coldest of the during winter. three cities. • In the first sentence, ‘cold’ is an adjective that simply describes the weather of Delhi during winter. • In the second sentence, the adjective ‘colder’ compares the weather of Shimla and Delhi during winter. • In the third sentence, the adjective ‘coldest’ is used to compare the weather of Delhi, Shimla and Leh during winter. It also shows which city is the ‘most cold’ among the three. To show comparison, adjectives change their form. These forms are also known as degrees of comparison. The three degrees of comparison cold • This is the positive degree of an adjective. It is used when we describe something or someone and not for making a comparison. Examples: clever, strong, small • This is the comparative degree of an adjective. It is used while comparing two nouns or pronouns. colder • We can make a comparative degree by simply adding ‘-er’ to an adjective. Examples: cleverer, stronger, smaller • The word ‘than’ is also used during comparisons. Example: Ramu is quicker than Mohan. 44
• This is the superlative degree of an adjective. It is used to compare more than two things. • It can be formed by adding ‘-est’ to the positive degree. Examples: cleverest, strongest, smallest coldest • We use the word ‘the’ before the superlative degree. Example: Rakesh is the quickest boy in the class. • The word 'among' is used when we compare more than two things or people. It also compares one person or thing in a group to the other people or things in the same group. Example: Jalebis are the sweetest among all the Indian sweets. Let us now look at the degrees of comparison of a few adjectives. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree short shorter shortest long longer longest smart smarter smartest old older/elder oldest/eldest rich richer richest weak weaker weakest new newer newest Exercise 4: Complete the table with positive, comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. One is done for you. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree a) quick quicker quickest b) _____________________ _____________________ oldest/eldest c) _____________________ younger _____________________ Adjectives 45
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree d) poor _____________________ _____________________ e) bright _____________________ _____________________ f) _____________________ _____________________ strongest Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the adjectives given in brackets. One is done for you. a) Rajesh is taller (tall) than his brother, Rakesh. b) Praveen is too _________________ (lazy) to exercise daily. c) Manju likes wearing _________________ (big) earrings with her sarees. d) May is the _________________ (warm) month of the year. e) This shoe is _________________ (clean) than the other. f) That is the _________________ (bright) star in the sky. Exercise 6: Rewrite the paragraph using the correct degrees of comparison. One is done for you. Salman is a smartest boy. He studies in Class 4. He is the taller boy in his class. He is old than his partner, Ajay, but young than his best friend, Sujata. Tony is a newest student who has joined Salman’s class. Salman is the happier among all the students to welcome Tony, as he is friends with him. Ans. Salman is a smart boy. 46
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