202110726-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SCIENCE-G08-FY_Optimized

practice workbook SCIENCE Grade 8 Name: Roll No: Section: School Name:

by classklap IMAX is India’s only customised content and educational assessment m. 610+ Published Books Team of IITians & PhDs IMAX Program has authored about 610+ Content development and automation are publications which are used by more than led by a team of IITians, data scientists and 4,50,000+ students. education experts Workshops Lakh Assessments IMAX Program has conducted IMAX Program has conducted more than teacher training workshops for more 85,00,000+ assessments across 17 states in the last 10 years. than 15,000+ teachers. Copyright © 2020 BGM Policy Innovations Pvt Ltd) All rights reserved. No part of this publication, including but not limited to, the content, the presentation layout, session plans, themes, key type of sums, mind maps and illustrations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior, written permission of the copyright owner of this book. This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/ have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action. Some of the images used in the books have been taken from the following sources www.freepik.com, www.vecteezy.com, www.clipartpanda.com Creative Commons Attribution This book is part of a package of books and is not meant to be sold separately. For MRP, please refer to the package price.

This practice book is designed to support you in your journey of learning Science for class 8. The contents and topics of this book are entirely in alignment with the NCERT syllabus. For each chapter, a concept map, expected objectives and practice sheets are made available. Questions in practice sheets address different skill buckets and different question types, practicing these sheets will help you gain mastery over the lesson. The practice sheets can be solved with the teacher’s assistance. There is a self-evaluation sheet at the end of every lesson, this will help you in assessing your learning gap.



TABLE OF CONTENT • Assessment Pattern: 40 Marks • Assessment Pattern: 80 Marks • Syllabus & Timeline for Assessment Page 1: 1. Crop Production and Management Page 9: 2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Page 17: 3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Page 24: 4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals Page 31: 5. Coal and Petroleum Page 37: 6. Combustion and Flame Page 43: 7. Conservation of Plants and Animals Page 49: 8. Cell: Structure and Functions Page 56: 9. Reproduction in Animals Page 62: 10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence Page 67: 11. Force and Pressure Page 76: 12. Friction Page 83: 13. Sound Page 88: 14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current Page 94: 15. Some Natural Phenomena Page 99: 16. Light Page 108: 17. Stars and the Solar System Page 112: 18. Pollution of Air and Water







ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 40 Grade 8/Science Max Internal PAPER: BEGINNER PAPER: PROFICIENT Mark Option Q.No Skill Level Difficulty Level Skill Level Difficulty Level Easy Medium Difficult Easy Medium Difficult Section A (Question Type: VSA) 11 Remembering • Remembering • Remembering • 21 Remembering • Remembering • Understanding • 31 Remembering • Understanding Remembering • 41 Understanding • Remembering • Remembering • 51 Understanding • Understanding • Understanding 61 Remembering • 7 1 • Remembering • 81 Remembering • 91 Understanding • • • 10 1 • Understanding • Section B (Question Type: SA) 11 3 • Remembering • Remembering • Understanding • 12 3 Understanding • Section C (Question Type: LA) 13 5 • Remembering • Remembering • Understanding • 14 5 • Understanding • Understanding • 15 5 Understanding • Section D (Question Type: LA) 16 3 Applying • Applying • Analysing • 17 3 • Analysing • Analysing • 18 3 Analysing • Beginner Paper: (Easy: 50%, Medium: 40%, Di icult: 10%) Proficient Paper: (Easy: 30%, Medium: 40%, Di icult: 30%) Easy Question (E): Direct reference to concept fact, definition, theories and laws (mostly from worked examples in the book or end of chapter exercise). Medium Di iculty Question (M): Combination of concepts, definition, theories and laws, solving through direct or indirect methods, numerical with direct substitution, drawing diagram and direct labelling, uses and applications, balance equation (mostly modified concepts). Di icult Question (D): Complex numerical, justification, interpret some info and draw diagram, working of appliance, functioning (on-the-fly thinking of solutions based on understanding of concepts).

ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 8/Science ASSESSMENT PATTERN Marks: 80 Grade 8 / Science Max Internal PAPER: BEGINNER PAPER: PROFICIENT Mark Option Q.No Skill Level Difficulty Level Skill Level Difficulty Level Easy Medium Difficult Easy Medium Difficult Section A (Question Type: VSA) 11 Remembering • Remembering • 21 Remembering • Remembering • 31 Remembering • Remembering • 41 Remembering • Remembering • 51 Remembering • Remembering • 61 Understanding • Understanding • 71 Understanding • Remembering • 81 Understanding • Understanding • 91 Understanding • Understanding • 10 1 Understanding • Understanding • 11 1 • Remembering • Remembering • 12 1 Remembering • Remembering • 13 1 Remembering • Remembering • 14 1 Understanding • Understanding • 15 1 Understanding • Understanding • 16 1 Applying • Applying • 17 1 • Applying • Applying • 18 1 Applying • Applying • 19 1 • Applying • Applying • 20 1 Applying • Applying • Section B (Question Type: SA) 21 3 Remembering • Remembering • 22 3 Remembering • Remembering • 23 3 Understanding • Understanding • 24 3 • Understanding • Understanding • Section C (Question Type: LA) 25 5 Remembering • Remembering • 26 5 • Remembering • Remembering • 27 5 Remembering • Remembering • 28 5 • Remembering • Remembering • 29 5 Understanding • Understanding • 30 5 • Understanding • Understanding • Section D (Question Type: SA) 31 3 • Applying • Applying • 32 3 Applying • Applying • 33 3 • Analysing • Analysing • 34 3 Analysing • Analysing • 35 3 • Analysing • Analysing • 36 3 Analysing • Analysing •

SYLLABUS FOR ASSESSMENT Grade 8 / Science CCHHAAPPTTEERRSS PTP-1T-1 TET-1E-1 PT-P2T-2 TE-2 1T.E -2C1r.opCProropdPuroctdioucntaionndaMndanMaagneamgenmtent ✓✓ ✓✓ 2. SMyincrtohoetrigcaFnibisrmess:aFnrdiePnldastoicrsFoes ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓ 3. FSoyrnctehaentidc PFirbersessuraend Plastics ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓ 4. Miactreoroiarglsa:nMisemtasl:sFarinedndNsoonr-MFoeetsals ✓✓ ✓ ✓ 55.. MCoeatallasnadndPeNtoronl-eMuemtals ✓ ✓ ✓ 66.. CFormictbiounstion and Flame ✓ ✓ 77.. CCeolnl:sSetrrvuacttiuorneoafnPdlaFunntsctainodn Animals ✓ ✓ ✓ 88.. CLeigllh: St tructure and Functions ✓✓ ✓✓ 99.. SRteaprsroadnudcTtihoenSinolAanr Simysatlesm (Project) ✓ ✓ ✓✓ 1100.. CRoenascehrivnagtTiohneoAfgPelaonftAsdaonldesAcneinmcaels ✓ 1111.. CFooarcleanadndPePtrreoslseuurme ✓ ✓ 1122.. CFroimctbiounstion and Flame ✓ ✓ 1133.. CShoeumndical Effects of Current ✓✓ ✓✓ 111544... RCSehopeurmnoddicuacltEioffnecintsAonfimElaelcstric Current ✓ ✓✓ 1165.. RSeoamcehiNngatTuhrealAPgheeonfoAmdoelneascence ✓ ✓ ✓ 1176.. SLoigmhte Natural Phenomena ✓ 1187.. PSotallrustaionndoTfhAeirSaonldarWSaytsetre-mBrainstorm for Ideas ✓ ✓✓ 1198.. PPoolllluuttiioonnooffAAiirraannddWWaateterr(Project) Assessment Timeline Periodic Test-1 : 22nd July to 12th August Term 1 Exam : 23rd September to 21st October Periodic Test-2 : 16th December to 13th January Term 2 Exam : 1st March to 30th March



LESSON WISE PRACTICE SHEETS (This section has a set of practice questions grouped into different sheets based on different concepts. By solving these questions you will strengthen your subject knowledge. A self-evaluation sheet is provided at the end of every lesson.)



1. Crop Production and Management Learning Outcomes • List the disadvantages of fertilizers. • Differentiate between manures and fertilizers. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Explain the sources of irrigation. • Classify crops based on growing seasons. • Explain traditional and modern methods of • Cite examples for Kharif and Rabi crops. • List the agricultural practices in a sequence. irrigation. • Explain soil preparation with implements used. • Explain the protection from weeds. • Explain seed selection and method of sowing. • Explain the process of harvesting. • State the need of manure and fertilizer to plants. • Understand the importance of storage. • List the advantages of manure. Concept Map CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Types of Agricultural Crops practices Kharif Rabi Soil Sowing Manures Irrigation harvesting Storage preparation and fertilizers Key Points • Crop rotation helps in maintaining soil fertility. • Weeds are unwanted plants. They compete with • Crops are classified as Kharif crops and Rabi crops depending on their growing season. crops for resources, thus reducing the yield of the crops. • Preparation of soil, sowing of seeds, preparing • Pests and animals that damage crops can be seedlings in a nursery, irrigation, adding manure controlled by using pesticides. and fertilizers to the field, protecting the crops • After harvesting, the plant products have to be from weeds, pests, harvesting and storage are stored under dry conditions and also saved from the main agricultural practices followed in the rodent attacks. cultivation of crops. • Well ventilated shelters, clean drinking water and nutritive fodder are essential for rearing cattle. • To ensure a healthy crop, seeds of good quality • Rearing birds for eggs and meat is poultry farming. should be selected. • Artificial rearing of fish on a large-scale mostly in ponds, for human consumption, is known as • Sowing is the process of introducing seeds into the pisciculture. soil at a proper time. • Rearing of honeybees for commercial purpose is apiculture. • Drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation system as it saves water and maintains soil fertility. • Soil fertility can be enhanced by adding organic manure and with limited use of chemical fertilizers. • Nitrogen fixing bacteria converts nitrogen from the air into nitrates and enriches the soil. 1

1. Crop Production and Management Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO Agricultural practices • Types of crops PS-1 Preparation of soil - Basic practices of crop • Classification of crops Plough production • Preparation of soil Preparation of soil - Cultivator Basic practices of crop • Sowing PS-2 Sowing production • Adding fertilizers and manures Modern Methods of Irrigation: Sprinkler Basic practices of crop • Irrigation PS-3 Modern Methods of production • Protection from weeds Irrigation: Drip Traditional Methods of Basic practices of crop • Harvesting of crops PS-4 Irrigation - Rahat production • Storage of grains • Food from animals Worksheet for “Crop Production and Management” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 2

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Say True or False: 1. Manure contains a huge amount of fibre. 2. Chemical fertilizers are rich in humus. 3. Water holding capacity of sandy soil can be increased by adding chemical fertilizers. 4. When animals are reared in a large scale, it is referred to as animal husbandry. 5. Pongal is a festival of harvest. II. Fill in the blanks: 1. Same kind of plants grown and cultivated at a place constitute the ________. 2. Paddy, maize, soya bean are __________ crops. 3. A triangular iron strip in a plough is called ______________. 4. A modern traditional tool for sowing is ________________. 5. An irrigation system more useful on uneven land with less water availability is ______. III. Here is a list of agricultural practices followed to grow paddy crop. Number them in right order: 1. Sowing seeds in a nursery 2. Tilling the soil 3. Controlling pests. 4. Transplanting seedlings to field 5. Harvesting 6. Irrigation 7. Manuring 8. Storing the harvest PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Select appropriate terms for the following descriptions: 1. Supply of water to crops at different intervals. 2. Large scale storage of grains. 3. Crops grown in winter season. 4. Rearing of animals in large number for commercial purpose. 5. A chemical used to destroy weeds. 6. Activities carried to grow crops by a farmer or by you in your garden. 7. Organic substance obtained from decomposition of plant and animal wastes. 8. Chemical substances rich in a particular nutrient. 9. Plants of same kind grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale. II. Place the following under appropriate heads: FERTILIZER MANURE An inorganic salt Prepared in fields Prepared in factories Contains organic acids with less Does not provide humus to the soil nutrients Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and Natural substance potassium Is rich in nitrogen Provides a lot of humus to the soil 3

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. Which of the following is not true for fertilisers? I. Choose the correct option: a. They increase the yield. 1. Crop rotation helps in: b. Their excessive use disturbs the balance of a. Increasing yield nutrients in soil. b. Maintaining soil fertility c. They are generally used in small quantity. c. Controlling plant diseases d. They are environment friendly. d. Conserving water. 2. Drip irrigation helps in: 10. Given below are statements about the a. Saving water harmful effects of weeds on crop plants. b. Increasing soil fertility i. They interfere in harvesting. c. Saving water and maintaining soil fertility ii. They help crop plants to grow healthily. d. Fixing nitrogen iii. They compete with crop plants for water, 3. Process of introducing seeds in soil is: nutrients, space and light. a. Ploughing iv. They affect plant growth. b. Sowing c. Weeding Choose the correct combination of d. Irrigation statements. 4. Fertilizers contain: a. i, iii, iv a. Decomposed plant and animal remains b. iii, iv and wastes c. iii only b. Inorganic salts d. i, ii, iii, iv c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 11. The process of loosening and turning of soil 5. Which one of the following conditions is not is called: essential to grow maize? a. Irrigation and manuring a. High temperature b. Tilling and ploughing b. Low temperature c. Digging and winnowing c. Humidity d. Harvesting and storage d. Rainfall 6. Which of the following statements is not true 12. The monsoon season in our country is during for organic manure? the months of: a. It enhances water holding capacity of soil. a. April to December b. It has a balance of all plant nutrients. b. November to March c. It provides humus to soil. c. June to September d. It improves texture of soil. d. January to May 7. The term used for the process of separation of grains from chaff is: 13. The system of irrigation wherein water is a. sieving supplied drop by drop near the roots of b. winnowing plants is called: c. threshing a. Pulley system d. hand picking b. Sprinkler system 8. Which of the following tools would a farmer c. Drip system use to remove weeds from the field? d. Lever system a. Hoe b. Axe c. Plough d. Cultivator 4

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. Pick out the odd one from the following words given below, give reason for it. Plough, Seed Drill, Hoe, Chain Pump, Sickle 2. If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation, what will you do before sowing the seeds? 3. During which months do farmers grow mustard in India? 4. Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the field? 5. Beera wants to practice crop rotation in his field. Suggest a Rabi crop and a Kharif crop which will replenish his field with nitrogen. Which crop replenishes nitrogen and why? 6. Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column given below: Maize, paddy, mustard, pea, gram, wheat, groundnut, cotton. 7. Unscramble the words related to crop production and its management and write in the boxes given beneath them. Now, using the circled letters, form one word which is an activity carried out in fields, after maturation of crops. 8. Paddy is a major cereal crop in our country. a. In which season is paddy cultivated? b. Discuss the method of sowing. c. What measures must be taken to prevent spoilage and insect attack of harvested grains? 5

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 8. For cultivation of paddy, choose the correct options. I. Choose the correct option: 1. Linseed is a rabi crop. It is grown in: i. It is sown in kharif season and harvested in a. summer season rabi season. b. rainy season c. winter season ii. It is sown in rabi season and harvested in d. spring season kharif season. 2. Only ________ can make their food iii. It requires more water hence it is grown in the themselves. rainy season. a. Humans b. Animals iv. It requires a high temperature hence it is c. Green Plants grown in the summer season. d. All living organisms 3. Cod liver oil obtained from fish, is rich in: a. i and iv are correct. a. Vitamin B b. i and iii are correct. b. Vitamin C c. ii and iv are correct. c. Vitamin D d. ii and iii are correct. d. Vitamin K 9. Which among the following is not true about 4. Removing weeds by uprooting them by hand the importance of water in agriculture? or cutting them close to the ground, is done a. Water determines the growth of plants. with a: b. Water is essential because germination a. Seed drill b. Weedicide of seeds does not take place under dry c. Sickle conditions. d. Khurpi c. Water is not required for germination of seeds. 5. Weeds are unwanted plants that grow d. Water protects the crop from both frost and naturally. Which one of the following is not hot air currents. true about weeds? 10. Plough is a tool used for tilling the soil. It has a. They compete for space, water, nutrients a triangular iron strip called ‘A’ and a length of wood ‘B’. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. and light with the standing crop. a. A - plough shaft, B -ploughshare b. Tools used to remove weeds are known as b. A - ploughshare, B -plough shaft c. A - hoe, B- ploughshare weedicides. d. A - ploughshare, B – hoe c. They interfere in harvesting. d. They may be poisonous for animals and II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Leaves of which tree are generally used to human beings. store food grains at home? Why? 6. Which among the following is true about 2. A farmer doubted the quality of green gram seeds he was going to sow. Write how you would fertilisers or organic manure? help him to select good quality seeds. a. Fertiliser provides more humus to the soil 3. Classify and categorize agricultural steps with the implements used for each step in the than organic manure. correct sequence. b. Excessive use of manure makes the soil less Agricultural step: harvesting, ploughing, irrigation, sowing, weeding, storage fertile. Agricultural implements: levellers, seed drills c. Usage of manure increases soil porosity and khurpi, silos, sprinklers, combines III. Long Answer Question: soil texture. 1. Watering plants regularly is a key process in d. Fertilisers are environment friendly. agriculture. What is this process known as? Name 7. Freshly harvested food grains from the fields and explain two modern methods of it. should be: 6 a. Immediately stored without losing moisture. b. Thoroughly sun dried before storing. c. Soaked in water to protect from pest. d. Left in open to be eaten by birds and insects.

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 2. Organism ‘O’ helps in a process ‘X’. The process ‘X’ converts and fixes ‘Y’ gas from the atmosphere into nitrogen compound into the soil. Another method ‘Z’ also helps in replenishing soil nutrients. Farmers grow legumes as fodder in one season and wheat in the next season. This helped in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen. Analyse the above and write what could be ‘O’, ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. Also write the place where we can find the organism ‘O’. 7

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. State whether the following statements are 5. Give two examples of Rabi crops. True or False. Correct the false statements: (5 Marks) 6. What is the composition of fertilizers? 1. Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield. 2. Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients. 3. All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field. III. Answer in two or three sentences:  (4 Marks) 4. Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix 1. How will you separate healthy seeds from damaged seeds? nitrogen. 5. Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing. II. Answer in one sentence:  (6 Marks) 1. What are weeds? 2. State two advantages of manure over fertilizers. 2. Why is a seed drill used by farmers? 3. What is the use of plough in agricultural practice? 4. Write any two sources of irrigation. 8

2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Learning Outcomes • Explain the habitat of microbes. • Explain the uses of microbes. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Describe the methods of preservation. • State the group of microbes. • Explain nitrogen cycle. • Give examples for different groups of microbes. Concept Map Microorganisms : friend and foe Types of microbes Uses of microbes Harmful microbes Nitrogen cycle Key Points • Viruses can be viewed only under electron microscopes. • Organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided human eye are termed as • Algae occur as unicellular or multicellular microorganisms. organisms. • Bacteria, viruses, some algae, fungi and • Algae are photosynthetic and occur both in fresh protozoans form microbial groups. water and marine water. • Bacteria are extremely small unicellular • Fungi are unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic organisms. organisms. They mostly occur in damp and dark places. • Bacteria are heterotrophic, autotrophic or chemosynthetic. • Some microbes are useful while some are harmful causing diseases in plants, humans and animals. • Bacteria are either aerobes or anaerobes. • Viruses exhibit the characters of both living and • Salt, sugar, oil and vinegar are food preservatives that prevent food spoilage by bacteria. non living things. Hence are called ‘living entities’. 9

2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO Microorganisms and • Classification of microbes PS-1 Different types of where they live • Single cellular and multi microorganisms - Bacteria, fungi, cellular microorganisms Protozoa, Algae • Where do micro-organisms live? Friendly micro- • Soil fertility PS-2 Nitrogen Fixation in organisms • Fermentation leguminous plants Harmful micro- • Antibiotics organisms • Vaccine PS-3 Food preservation • Cleaning the environment Nitrogen cycle • Pathogens PS-4 • Communicable diseases PS-4 • Non-communicable diseases • Carriers • Common diseases caused by pathogens in plants and animals • Food poisoning • Chemical method • Preservation by salt • Preservation by sugar • Preservation by oil and vinegar • Heat and cold treatment • Storage and packing • Composition of atmosphere • Cycling of nitrogen in the atmosphere Worksheet for “Microorganisms: Friend and Foe” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 10

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) D I. Identify the organisms and write the groups to which they belong to: ABC E F GH I II. Name the discoverer and define the term: TERM DISCOVERER DEFINITION Fermentation Antibiotic Vaccination Anthrax PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks: 1. Fungi and bacteria live in ___________. 2. In agriculture, microbes are used to increase __________. 3. ________________ promotes the formation of curd. 4. __________ reproduces rapidly and produces carbon dioxide during respiration. 5. The first antibiotic was obtained from ____________. II. Complete the following table: DISEASE CAUSATIVE ORGANISM MODE OF TRANSMISSION Tuberculosis Cholera Measles Hepatitis B Chicken pox Malaria Polio Citrus canker Rust of wheat 11

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: b. Waste in pit B degraded faster than that in pit A. 1. Which of the following reproduces only inside a host cell? c. Waste in both pits degraded almost a. Bacteria equally. b. Amoeba c. Virus d. Waste in both pits did not degrade at all. d. Fungus. 8. Microbes that can photosynthesize are: 2. A disease in human beings caused by virus is a. Algae, protozoan, viruses _______. b. Some bacteria, blue green algae and a. Typhoid phytoplanktons. b. dysentery c. Algae, viruses, fungi c. Influenza d. Only viruses. d. Cholera 9. Chlamydomonas moves with the help of: 3. Pathogenic micro-organisms present in host a. Legs cells are killed by medicines called: b. Moist skin a. Pain killer c. Feelers b. Antibiotics d. Flagella c. Antibodies d. Vaccines 10. Milk turns into curd due to action of: a. Lactobacilli, bacteria 4. The two micro-organisms which live in b. Paramecium, protozoan symbiotic association in lichens are: c. Penicillium, fungus a. Fungus and protozoa d. Nostoc, blue green algae b. Bacteria and protozoa c. Alga and bacteria 11. Polio, chicken pox and AIDS are caused by: d. Alga and fungus a. Bacteria b. Viruses 5. The gas released during the preparation of c. Protozoa bread is: d. Fungi a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen 12. Malaria is transmitted by: c. Carbon dioxide a. Air d. Sulphur dioxide b. Water c. Mosquitoes 6. The disease caused by a protozoan and d. Fleas spread by an insect is _________. a. Dengue 13. The process of destroying microbes in milk b. Polio was discovered by: c. Malaria a. Louis Pasteur d. Measles b. Alexander Fleming c. Jonas Salk 7. Paheli dug two pits, A and B, in her garden. d. Edward Jenner In pit A, she put a polythene bag packed with some agricultural waste. In pit B, she 14. Polio vaccine was developed by: dumped the same kind of waste but without a. Louis Pasteur packing it in a polythene bag. She, then b. Jonas Salk covered both the pits with soil. What did she c. Alexander Fleming observe after a month? d. Robert Koch a. Waste in pit A degraded faster than that in pit B. 15. A viral disease in plant is: a. Citrus canker b. Rust of wheat c. Hepatitis-A d. Yellow vein mosaic of Lady’s finger. 12

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. Unscramble the jumbled words underlined in the following statements. a. Cells of our body produce santiidobe to fight pathogens. b. Curbossulite is an air-borne disease caused by a bacterium. c. Xanrhat is a dangerous bacterial disease. d. Yeasts are used in the wine industry because of their property of meronettinaf. 2. Name the process in yeast that converts sugars into alcohol. 3. In soil, which nutrient is enriched by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)? 4. Why should we avoid standing close to a tuberculosis patient while he/she is coughing? 5. Match the microorganisms given in Column A to the group to which they belong in Column B.   Column A   Column B (a) Lactobacillus (i) Algae (b) Aspergillus (ii) Protozoa (c) Spirogyra (iii) Fungi (d) Paramecium (iv) Bacteria 6. Classify the following into friendly and harmful microorganisms: Yeast, malarial parasite, Lactobacillus, bread mould, Rhizobium, Bacillus anthracis 7. While returning from the school, Boojho ate chaat from a street hawker. When he reached home, complained of stomach ache and fell ill. What could be the reason? 13

PRACTICE SHEET -5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: a. Both are similar in structure. 1. This organism acts as carrier of dengue virus. b. Both can fix atmospheric nitrogen. a. Male Anopheles c. Both have same colour. b. Female Aedes d. Both are responsible for food spoilage. c. Male Aedes 8. Which statement is NOT true about vaccines? d. Female Anopheles a. Dead and weakened microorganisms are 2. Here are a few points on usefulness of introduced in a healthy body. microorganisms. Pick the odd one out. b. The body produces antibodies on introducing a. Microorganisms help in making curd and idli. b. Yeast helps in making of wine. vaccine. c. Microorganisms are used in making fibre. c. The body adapts to fight against d. Microorganisms help in fixing nitrogen in soil. 3. Penicillin belongs to this category of microorganisms. d. The microorganisms in vaccine weakens antibiotics. a. Broad spectrum antibiotics immune system of host. b. Narrow spectrum antibiotics 9. This is used as a preservative for storing jellies. c. Both A and B a. Sodium benzoate d. None of them b. Sodium chloride 4. Spirogyra is an example of: c. Sodium carbonate a. Protozoa d. Sodium hydroxide b. Fungi 10. This disease is transmitted to human beings c. Bacteria d. Algae through water. 5. The organism responsible for food poisoning: a. Measles a. Spirogyra b. Tuberculosis b. Lactobacillus c. Hepatitis A c. Clostridium d. Chicken pox d. Yeast II. Short Answer Questions: 6. This is a process in which milk is heated up to 1. How can you identify if food is stale? Include one example. 70°C. a. Fermentation 2. b. Pasteurization The above picture is of a citrus plant. Analyze c. Remediation the image and answer the following questions. d. Sterilization A. Why are the leaves and fruit spotted? B. Which organism causes this disease? Blue- X Rhizobium C. How can the disease be controlled? green 3. Define pasteurization. Who discovered Algae pasteurization? 4. Organism ‘A’ is an example of a unicellular AB organism. Organism ‘B’ is an example of a 7. In the above figure, circle A is blue-green multicellular organism. Organism ‘C’ is a virus and what type is this organism? algae and circle B is rhizobium, and they have one similarity which is marked as ‘X’. What is X in the picture? 14

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) III. Long Answers Questions: 1. How are microorganisms commercially used? Explain the benefits in detail. 2. Analyze the situation given here and answer the following questions. Person ‘A’, an eight-year-old boy, returned from school with high temperature. He stays with his parents in slum area near a stagnant lake. His parents took him to the doctor, and the doctor said that he is suffering from ‘B’ infection caused by a female Aedes mosquito. A. Can you guess the infection ‘B’ from which person ‘A’ is suffering with? B. Which organism is responsible for infection ‘B’? C. How do such infections spread in an area? D. What are control measures you can suggest to avoid such infections? 15

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Suggest a suitable word for each of the 2. Where does Rhizobium live? following statements: (2 Marks) a. Chemicals added to food to prevent growth of microorganisms. 3. State general preventive measures for Hepatitis B. b. Nitrogen-fixing microorganism present in the root nodules of legumes. 4. How is yeast commercially used? c. Agent which spreads pathogens from one IV. Answer in two or three sentences: (4 Marks) place to another. 1. What will happen to ‘pooris’ and unused kneaded flour if they are left in the open for a d. Chemicals which kill or stop the growth of day or two? pathogens. II. Match the names of scientists given in Column 2. How do vaccines work? A with the discovery made by them given in V. Answer In Brief: Column B: (2 Marks) Column A    Column B (3 Marks) (a) Louis Pasteur (i) Penicillin (b) Robert Koch (ii) anthrax bacterium (c) Edward Jenner (iii) Fermentation (d) Alexander Fleming (iv) small pox vaccine (v) Typhoid III. Answer the following in a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Observe the figure and answer the questions 1. How does sugar act as a preservative? that follows: a. Write the name of the disease. b. Name the causative agent of this disease. c. How does the disease spread from one plant to another? 16

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Learning Outcomes • Identify the uses of synthetic fibres. • Classify plastics. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Cite examples for kinds of plastics. • Differentiate between a natural and a synthetic • Explain plastic as a material of choice. fibre. • Classify synthetic fibres. • State the properties of synthetic fibres. Concept Map Synthetic fibres and plastics Types Characteristics Plastics Rayon Types Properties Environmental consequences Nylon Thermo plastics Non reactive Polyester and Thermo setting Light, strong and Acrylic plastics durable Poor conductors of electricity Key Points • A true synthetic fibre is made entirely from chemicals, for example, nylon. • Natural fibres are obtained from plants or animals. • Synthetic fibres are manmade. They are made • Nylon, polyester, rayon and acrylic are some synthetic materials. using chemicals. • A polymer is a very large molecule consisting of • Strength, water absorption capacity, cost and durability are the qualities that distinguish one smaller molecules called monomers. fibre from another. • All kinds of fibres are polymers. • There are two kinds of synthetic fibres: • Thermoset plastics do not melt on heating. They cannot be recycled. Example: Bakelite and regenerated synthetic fibres and true synthetic melamine fibres. • A regenerated synthetic fibre is made from • Thermoplastics melt upon heating. They can be chemically processed natural materials, for recycled. Example: Polythene example, rayon. 17

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO • Classification of fibres as Examples of Synthetic synthetic and natural and Natural Fibers Synthetic fibres and their • Polymer PS-1 Strengths of Different types • Rayon PS-2 Types of Fibres • Nylon • Polyester PS-3 • Acrylic • Characteristics of synthetic fibres Plastic • Thermoplastic and PS-4 Thermosetting plastic PS-5 • Advantages of plastic Self-evaluation • Disadvantages of plastic Sheet • Impact of plastic on environment Worksheet for Synthetic “Fibres and Plastics” Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 18

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the Blanks: 1. Manmade fibres are called _______________. 2. _________ is a natural polymer. 3. Artificial silk is ______________. 4. A popular polyester is ____________. 5. Synthetic wool is ______________. 6. Plastics that get deformed easily are ________________. 7. Thermoplastic used for making water tubes is ________________. 8. __________ is a poor conductor of heat and electricity and hence used for making switches. 9. Floor tiles and kitchenware are made up of ___________. 10. A material that cannot be degraded by natural processes is called ________________. II. Classify the following items as biodegradable and non biodegradable: BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS NON BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Details about rayon, nylon, polyester and acrylic are jumbled up. Can you help Payal to sort them and put them correctly on the pin board? 1. Mixed with wool to make carpets. 2. Prepared from coal, water and air. 3. PET is a very familiar form of polyester 4. Synthetic wool, cheaper than natural wool, durable and washable. 5. Called “Artificial Silk”. 6. Polycot, poly wool and terry wool are the fabrics made by mixing with natural fabrics. 7. Cheaper than silk and can be dyed in variety of colours. 8. Stronger than a steel wire. 9. PET is used for making bottles, utensils and wires. 10. Mixed with cotton to make bed sheets. 11. Socks, ropes, tent, toothbrushes, car, seat belts, sleeping bags are made from this. 12. Made without using any natural raw material. 13. Made from chemical treatment of wood pulp 19

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 10. Which of the following is a source of rayon? a. Wool I. Choose the Correct Option: b. Wood pulp 1. Synthetic fibres are: c. PET a. Polymers d. Silk b. Natural c. Fire proof 11. Polycot is obtained by mixing: d. Biodegradable a. Nylon and wool 2. Polymers are made up of: b. Nylon and cotton a. Natural fibres c. Polyester and wool b. Chemicals from plants d. Polyester and cotton c. Many monomers d. Only one monomer. 12. Which is a thermosetting plastic? 3. A cellulose is a molecule made up of: a. Melamine a. Fibres b. PVC b. Cells c. Polythene c. Two oxygen atoms d. Nylon d. Glucose molecules. 4. This is mixed with wool to make carpets: 13. The material similar to silk in appearance is: a. Nylon a. Nylon b. Rayon b. Polyester c. Terrywool c. Rayon d. Acrylic d. Terylene 5. Artificial wool is: a. Rayon 14. The most suitable material for the b. Acrylic preparation of handles of cooking utensils is: c. Plastic a. Polythene d. Terry cot b. Nylon 6. This is formed from water, coal and air: c. PVC a. Nylon d. Bakelite b. Rayon c. Polyester 15. Which of the following is not a common d. Plastic property of plastics? 7. Thermosetting plastics: a. Non-reactive a. Are soft b. Durable b. Melt on heating c. Good conductor of electricity c. Cannot be recycled d. Light in weight d. Can be moulded any number of times. 8. Thermoplastics: a. Are hard b. Do not melt on heating c. Can be shaped only once d. Can be recycled. 9. Pick the synthetic fibre out of the following. a. Cotton b. Jute c. Nylon d. Wool 20

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Answer the following: 1. A synthetic fiber which looks like silk is obtained by chemical treatment of wood pulp. It is, therefore, known as artificial silk. What is its common name? 2. Terrycot is made by mixing two types of fibres. Write the names of the fibres. 3. A bucket made of plastic does not rust like a bucket made of iron. Why? 4. Rohit took with him some nylon ropes, when he was going for rock climbing. Can you tell why he selected nylon ropes instead of ropes made of cotton or jute? 5. Despite being very useful, it is advised to restrict the use of plastic. Why is it so? Can you suggest some methods to limit its consumption? 21

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: 9. Pick one that is stronger that the steel wire. 1. Natural fibres are: a. Man made a. Rayon b. Polymer c. Waterproof b. Acrylic d. Biodegradable 2. A group of chemicals that have a fruity smell. c. Teflon a. Cellulose b. Glucose d. Nylon c. Esters d. Petrochemicals 10. John wants to buy a sweater for winter, 3. The first fully synthetic fibre was: but he feels that woollen sweaters are too a. Polyester expensive. Pick an alternative for John that b. Rayon would resemble natural wool and be cheaper c. Nylon too. d. Teflon 4. All synthetic fibres are made from this raw a. Terycot material. b. Polywool a. Wood b. Paper c. Acrylic c. Petrochemical d. Water d. Rayon 5. The bristles of toothbrushes are made from; a. Teflon II. Short Answer Questions: b. Acrylic c. Rayon 1. State two example each for thermoplastics d. Nylon and thermosetting plastics. 6. Terelyene, polycot, terrycot, and polywool 2. Write an example of fire-proof plastic. Write belong to this class of fibres. its application. What type of plastic is it: a. Rayon fibres thermosetting or thermoplastic? b. Nylon fibres c. Polyester fibres 3. Classify the given things into biodegradable d. Acrylic fibres and non-biodegradable. 7. Synthetic clothes should not be worn in the coca-cola can, banana peel, bakelite kitchen because they are not: switches, woolen sweater, paper, plastic a. Crease resistant bucket b. Water resistant c. Fire resistant III. Long Answer Questions: d. Wear resistant 8. Rayon is known as ‘artificial silk’. The given 1. Though plastics are not eco-friendly, they are widely used. Why do you think so? What statement makes it more popular as an properties make it popular for use? Write at alternative to silk. Pick the odd one out? least five properties linked to their usage. a. It is cheaper than silk. b. It is water resistant. 2. ‘Sikkim is the first state to ban disposable c. It absorbs sweat. plastic bags. Government of India is working d. It is stronger and easy to dye in different towards a successful implementation of plastic ban in other states too.’ Analyse the colours. given statement and write the importance of it. 22

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks: (5 Marks) 3. Why is it not advisable to burn plastic and synthetic fabrics? 1. A polymer is a chain of many small units joined together which are called _______. IV. Answer in two or three sentences: (2 Marks) 1. A lady went to the market to buy a blanket. 2. The synthetic fibres are also known as The shopkeeper showed her blankets made _________ fibres. of acrylic fibres as well as made of wool. She preferred to buy an acrylic blanket. Can you 3. The first fully synthetic fibre was _ _____. guess why? 4. A fibre similar to wool is _________. 5. A plastic used for making crockery is ___________. II. Match the following: (5 Marks) List A    List B (a) Nylon (i) non-stick coating. (b) PET (ii) electric switches. (c) Rayon (iii) parachutes. (d) Thermosetting plastics (iv) polyester. (e) Teflon (v) artificial silk. III. Answer the following in a sentence: (3 Marks) 1. Plastic articles are available in all possible shapes and sizes. Can you tell why? 2. Plastic is used for making a large variety of articles of daily use and these articles are very attractive. But it is advised to avoid the use of plastic as far as possible. Why? 23

4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals Learning Outcomes • Differentiate metals and non-metals based on their chemical properties. By the end of this chapter, you will be: • Classify elements into metals and non-metals. • Write word equations for the chemical reactions. • Identify metals and non-metals based on their • Identify displacement reactions. • Explain displacement reactions. physical properties. • Predict the nature of the element based on their • Differentiate metals and non-metals based on properties. their physical properties. • State the uses of metals and non-metals. • Identify metals and non-metals based on their chemical properties. Concept Map Materials:Metals and non-metals Physical Physical Chemical Uses of metals Uses of non- properties-metals properties-non- properties-metals metals and non-metals metals 24

4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET SIMULATION/VIDEO Physical properties of • Properties to be covered: PS-1 Activity to show metals metals • Hard are hard • Generally solids at room Activity to show metals temperature are malleable • Malleable • Ductile Activity to show metals • Sonorous are ductile • Good conductor of heat and Activity to show metals electricity are sonorous. Physical properties of • Brittle PS-2 non-metals • Generally gases at room Activity to show metals temperature are good conductors of • Non malleable heat • Non ductile • Non sonorous Activity to show metals • Bad conductor of heat and are good conductors of electricity. electricity Chemical properties of • Reaction with oxygen PS-3 Reaction of metals & metals and non-metals • Reaction with water non with oxygen • Reaction with acids • Displacement reactions Reaction of metal & non with water Uses of metals and non- metals Reaction of metal & PS-4 non with Acids Worksheet for “Materials: Metals and Non-Metals” Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 25

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Complete the following word equations: 1. Iron+ oxygen + water → 2. Magnesium + Oxygen → 3. Copper + Oxygen → 4. Sulphur dioxide + Water → 5. Sodium + Water → 6. Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → II. Fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate words or terms given in the brackets: 1. Melting point of most of the metals are (Greater/Lesser) than non-metals. 2. The property that allows metals to be hammered into sheets is (Malleability/Ductility). III. Circle the correct choice: 1. Substances that are brittle and cannot be rolled into wires are known as: a. Liquids b. Non elastic c. Non-metal d. Metal 2. Non-metals are dull in appearance because they do not reflect: a. Light b. Rays c. Electricity d. Heat 3. Metals react with oxygen to form oxides that are generally: a. Neutral in nature b. Acidic in nature c. Basic in nature d. None of these. 4. Phosphorus is a non-metal. When burnt in air, it forms dense white fumes which dissolve in water to form an acid. The acid formed is: a. Hypophosphorus acid b. Phosphorius acid c. Phosphoric acid d. None of these. 5. Substances conduct heat and electricity because of the property of: a. Ductility b. Conductivity c. Malleability d. Tensile strength 6. The substance that will be flattened on beating with a hammer is: a. crystal of iodine b. lump of sulphur c. piece of coal d. zinc granule 26

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Each statement describes either a metal or a non-metal: 1. I shine when I am polished. Metal/Non-metal: 2. I am a bad conductor of electricity. Metal/Non-metal: 3. I am mostly in gaseous form at room temperatures. Metal/Non-metal: 4. I am a good conductor of heat. Metal/Non-metal: 5. Most matter in the universe is made up of me. Metal/Non-metal: II. Match the metals or non-metals in column A with their uses in Column B: Column A Column B Answer 1. Copper and Aluminium 2. Sodium Used in fertilizers 3. Mercury 4. Gold and Silver Electric wires and cooking vessels 5. Nitrogen Used of making ornaments Nuclear reactors Used in thermometer III. Classify the following substances as metals and non-metals: Sodium Carbon Sulphur Magnesium Bromine Chlorine Gold Aluminium Silver Oxygen Platinum Nitrogen Phosphorus Calcium Iodine Helium Fluorine Neon Iron Manganese Potassium Ans: IV. Which statement is not correct for non-metals: a. Non-metals do not react with acids b. Non-metals are not ductile c. Non-metals are not drawn into wires. V. What happens when: 1. Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on copper plate. 2. Iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution. VI. Explain why zinc metal can displace copper from copper sulphate solution but copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution. VII. Correct the incorrect statement. 1. Carbon dioxide burns with a ‘pop’ sound. 2. Solution of sulphur is used in purple coloured solution which is applied on wounds as an antiseptic. VIII. Find the odd one out. 1. Sulphur, carbon, sodium, oxygen 2. Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, oxide of sulphur, Magnesium hydroxide. IX. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false i) Generally, non-metals react with acids. ii) Sodium is very reactive metal. iii) Copper displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution. iv) Carbon can be drawn into wires. 27

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Answer in brief: 1. Copper coins develop greenish patches when kept unused for a long time. Why? 2. Cooking utensils are made of metals but their handles are made of wood or plastic, Why ? 3. Why does an aluminium vessel lose its shining soon after use? 4. Can we store lemon pickle in iron utensils? Explain. 5. Paheli prepared a blue coloured solution of copper sulphate in beaker A and placed an iron nail in it. Boojho prepared a yellowish green solution of ferrous sulphate in beaker B and placed a copper wire in it. What changes will be observed in the two beakers, after an hour? 6. If a black smith beats an iron piece with hammer, do you think, it will change its shape? If yes, would you expect a similar change in wood log on beating? 7. Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking. Give reasons. 8. A more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution. What do you mean by this reaction? 9. Rakhi bought new flower vase made of copper.After few months, she found that copper vase had lost its lustre and there was a greenish deposit on its surface. Rakhi was confused that it was not of pure copper but her friend Leena advised her to wash it with tamarind or lemon juice to get the lustre back. She followed the advice and got lustre of copper vase back. Read the above passage and answer the following question: i) Why does copper vase lose shine so soon after? ii) Does copper vessel also get rusted? Explain. iii) What values are exhibited by Leena? 28

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 9. Substance A is a metal and substance B is a non-metal. They both combine to give a I. Choose the correct option: product called magnesium chloride. What is 1. Which is not a property of metals? A and B? a. Ductile b. Malleable a. A is magnesium and B is chlorine c. Sonorous b. A is chlorine and B is magnesium d. Volatile c. A is manganese and B is chlorine 2. This metal reacts with hot water to form d. Metals and nonmetals cannot react with each oxides. other. a. Sodium 10. When oxygen reacts with metal, they form an b. Magnesium c. Zinc oxide. This phenomenon is called corrosion. d. Iron Why is corrosion dangerous? 3. A metal that is combined with other a. Chemical plant leak b. Buildings and bridges collapse substances to create a new metal. c. Oil pipeline breaks a. Ore d. All the above b. Pit II. Short Answer Questions: c. Alloy 1. Give an example of a metal, other than iron, d. Lot that gets rusted. 4. Pick the metal that is least reactive. 2. Some stainless-steel vessels are coated with a. Chlorine copper at the bottom. Why? b. Zinc 3. Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene. c. Iron Why? d. Copper III. Long Answer Questions: 5. P and Q are non-metals. R is a non-metal 1. How are properties of metals advantageous to us in our daily life? with a high melting point. What can R be? 2. Observe the following reactions and answer a. Argon the following questions. b. Graphite c. Neon i. What is B and A in the reaction ‘a’? d. Oxygen ii. What is X and Y in reaction ‘b’? 6. Which non-metal is used as a tincture? iii. Which type of reactions does a, b and c a. Chlorine b. Phosphorus belong to? c. Iodine iv. What is P and Q in reaction ‘c’? d. Oxygen v. Is there any difference between a, b and c 7. Which metal is used to make wires? a. Iron reaction? If yes, what is the difference? b. Gold c. Silver 29 d. Copper 8. Which of the following metals is stored in kerosene? a. Sodium b. Aluminium c. Iron d. Gold

SELF EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct option: (5 Marks) 2. Cooking utensils are made of metals but their handles are made of wood or plastic, Why ? 1. Which of the following reacts with cold water vigorously? a. Carbon b. Magnesium c. Sodium d. Sulphur 2. The metal which produces hydrogen gas on 3. A doctor prescribed a tablet to a patient reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid as well suffering from iron deficiency. The tablet as sodium hydroxide solution is does not look like iron. Explain. a. Copper b. Aluminium c. Iron d. Sodium 3. Copper + Sulphuric acid → 4. Sulphur dioxide + water → 4. Copper coins develop greenish patches when kept unused for a long time. Why? 5. Which metal is more reactive? a. Copper b. Ferrous c. Zinc d. Sodium II. Answer in brief: (10 Marks) 1. What happens when magnesium ribbon is 5. The electric wires are made up of copper and burnt in air? How will you test it for its acidic/ covered with plastic. Why? basic nature? 30

5. Coal and Petroleum Learning Outcomes • Explain the various constituents of petroleum and its uses. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: • Define and classify natural resources. • Explain the process of refining of petroleum. • Define fossil fuels. • List the uses of natural gas. • Explain formation and properties of coal and its by-products. • Explain the formation of petroleum. Concept Map Natural Resources Exhaustible Inexhaustible Coal Petroleum NaGtausral Key Points • In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises. • Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels were formed from the dead remains of • people how to save petrol/diesel while driving. Keywords: Natural resources, Exhaustible living organisms millions of years ago. natural resources, Fossil fuels, Coal, Coal Gas, • Fossil fuels are exhaustible resources. Coal Tar, Coke, Petroleum, Petroleum refinery, • Coke, coal tar and coal gas are the products of coal. Natural Gas. • Petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, paraffin wax, lubricating oil are obtained by refining petroleum. • Petroleum is refined in petroleum refineries. • Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel because it is easy to transport through pipes. • Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). • Coal and petroleum resources are limited. We should use them judiciously. 31

5. Coal and Petroleum Work Plan CONCEPTS COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Natural Resources • Exhaustible resources PS-1 • Inexhaustible resources PS-2 Exhaustible resources • Fossil fuels • Coal and its by products PS-3 (Fossil fuels)  Petroleum Self-evaluation Sheet  Natural gas Worksheet for \"Coal and Petroleum\" Evaluation with self- check or peer check 32

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Fill in the blanks: a. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are __________. b. Sunlight and air are _________ natural resources. c. Forests and wildlife are ___________ natural resources. d. When heated in air, coal burns and produces ________. e. _________ is the purest form of carbon. f. Naphthalene balls are obtained from __________ . g. ____________, a petroleum product, is used in place of coal-tar for metalling the roads. 2. Define natural resources. Give examples. 3. Classify natural resources. 4. Define inexhaustible resources. 5. Define exhaustible resources. 6. Define fossil fuels. 7. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources. 8. List any 4 uses of coal. 9. Why is coal called a fossil fuel? 10. How is coal formed? 11. Define carbonisation. 12. Name the by-product obtained on heating coal in air. 13. Name the by-products obtained when coal is processed in the industry. 14. What is coke? List the uses of coke. 15. What is coal tar? List the uses of coal tar. 16. What is coal gas? List the uses of coal gas. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Fill in the blanks: a. Petroleum is also known as _____________. b. The process of separating the various constituents/fractions of petroleum is known as _________. c. Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural resource called _________. d. Refining of petroleum is carried out in the ___________. e. Natural gas is stored under high pressure as___________. 2. How is petroleum formed? 3. What is refining of petroleum? 4. What are petrochemicals? What are the uses? 5. Why is petroleum called black gold? 6. List the constituents of petroleum and their uses. 7. What is CNG? List the uses of CNG. 8. List the natural gas reserves of India. 33

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: 8. Substance X is made from petroleum and substance Y is made from coal. What are the 1. The slow process of conversion of substances? dead vegetation into coal is called: A. X- Paraffin; Y-Coal tar a. Calcination B. X- Coal tar; Y- Paraffin b. Carbonisation C. X- Coal gas;Y- Diesel c. Constipation D. X- Diesel; Y- Paraffin d. Classification 9. This is fuel is used for stoves. 2. Pipelines directly supply CNG to homes in: A. Coal tar a. Vadodara B. Kerosene b. Mumbai C. Paraffin c. Chennai D. Petrol d. Hyderabad 10. What conditions are required in order to 3. Inexhaustible natural resources mean that they produce coal in a laboratory? A. High pressure are: B. High temperature a. Scarce C. Dead organisms b. Limited D. It is not possible C. Not available II. Short Answer Question: D. Unlimited 1. Write down suggestions given by PCRA to save 4. Pick the odd one out. petrol and diesel. A. Coal is a black-coloured, hard substance. 2. How is natural gas formed? How it is beneficial? B. Coal is formed in the deeper layers of the Earth 3. Sara went to a nearby grocery store with her under high temperature and pressure. father. She observed that some people wearing C. The main constituent of coal is nitrogen. shiny clothes, were repairing the road near her D. Coal is a fossil fuel. house. They were spreading shiny black coloured 5. The property used to separate petroleum products liquid on the surface of the road. by refining is: I. What is the substance they were spreading on A. Pressure the surface of the road? B. Boiling point II. How is the substance prepared? C. Solubility III. Why were the people working during D. None nighttime? 6. The full-form of CNG is: III. Long Answer Questions: A. Compact Natural Gas 1. Classify LPG and CNG. B. Compressed National Gas 2. Millions of years ago there was sea. Many C. Compiled Natural Gas organisms living in the sea died and their bodies D. Compressed Natural Gas settled at the bottom of the sea. They got covered 7. This product is used as a carbon source for with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of streetlights. years, under the absence of ____, high pressure A. Coke and high ______ transformed the dead organisms B.Gas carbon into _________ and _______. Constituents of C. Coal gas Petroleum has many uses like paraffin wax, D. Diesel 34

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) __________, __________. Natural gas is used for __________ generation. Both petroleum and natural gas are ___________ resources. Over consumption of petroleum leads to ____________ pollution. Now, Mother Earth is worried that these two resources can last only upto 200 years more. This is caused due to ___________ by human beings. Their use is also linked to ______ As natural resources are limited; we should use them _________. 35

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins 1. Which by-product obtained from natural gas is 5. Why is it important to use the fossil fuel used in the production of fertilisers? limitedly?  (3 marks)  (1 mark) 2. Which among the fossil fuels is the cleanest fuel?  (1 mark) 6. List any three constituents of petroleum and their uses.  (3 Marks) 3. Can coal, petroleum and natural gas be prepared in the laboratory from dead organisms?  (2 marks) 7. List the advises given by Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) on how to save petrol/diesel while driving.  (3 marks) 4. What is the advantage of using CNG as fuel?  (2 marks) 36