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Application EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES ON PEOPLE, PLANTS AND ANIMALS The Northern Mountains It is difficult to build roads through the mountains. So, Mules carrying loads there are very few roads in the Northern Mountains. People living here normally use mules for travelling. The ice-covered Himalayas make this region very cold. Therefore, the animals found in this region have thick fur. The Northern Plain The Northern Plain is flat and has many rivers. The soil here is good for growing crops. Many people practise farming in this region. They grow crops such as rice, wheat and sugarcane. Many cities are located on the banks of these rivers. Banks of the Ganga in Haridwar Some of these cities are holy places for many people in India. Example: Haridwar, Ayodhya and Varanasi The Great Indian Desert The hump of a camel The desert gets very little rain. So, people have to walk long distances to get water. A camel Food is scarce in this region. Animals in this region have special organs to store food. Example: Camels have humps on their backs where they store fat. It is this fat that helps them to live when food and water are scarce. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You can see pictures of two different regions on the next page. • Which region would you like to visit? • What things would you carry with you when you visit the region? • What activities would you like to do in this region? India’s Physical Features 6 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 101 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM

The Northern Mountains The Coastal Plains Amazing Facts Many rare animals live in the waters surrounding the Indian peninsula. One such animal is the ‘dugong’. Some dugongs are also called sea cows. They eat grass growing in the seas. New Words 1) climate – the weather of a place over a long period 2) continent – a large mass of land 3) plain – a low, flat land 4) plateau – a raised land with a flat top 5) desert – a dry land covered with sand and rocks with few plants 6) island – an area of land surrounded by water 7) peninsular – of land surrounded by water on three sides and land on one side 8) coastal – of land right next to a sea or an ocean 9) peninsula – a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides and land on one side 10) mule – an animal that has a horse and a donkey as parents 11) scarce – very less 12) hump – a rounded fleshy bump on the back of a camel 13) rare – not found easily; not common 7 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 102

Lesson Parts of India and Its 5 Government Let Us Learn About R village, town, city and state. U levels of a government. A functions of the government. h functions of people working in the government. Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who lives in Karnataka. He I Think wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting To, card to Mehnaz? Mehnaz Khan Shamsher Bungalow, Mr Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on Ganesh Peth, the envelope. Hubli - 580020 Karnataka Mr Irani writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Why do you not just write India? After all, we all stay in India! Mr Irani: Without a proper address, would the postman be able to find Mehnaz’s house? Think about it, Meher! QQ. Will Mehnaz get the letter if Mr Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 103 8 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM

Remembering The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. An address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. 56 K G Society Senapati Bapat Road Pune, Maharashtra, in Maharashtra in India As you can see, Meher’s house is on Senapati Bapat Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. So his address will be 56 K G Society, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune 411016, Maharashtra. India is made up of many such states, cities, towns and villages. Villages, Towns and Cities Villages India has one of the highest number of villages in the A village world. They are governed by the gram panchayats. More than half the population in India lives in villages. Compared to a city or a town, a village is as follows. • smaller in size • has more open space and greenery • less polluted • has no airports or malls Towns A town Towns are governed by city councils or municipalities. They are bigger than villages but smaller than cities. Towns have more facilities, such as hospitals and schools, as compared to a village. However, they are also more polluted than villages. 9 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 104

Cities A city Cities are governed by municipalities or municipal corporations. They are bigger than both towns and villages. Cities also provide many facilities such as big hospitals, schools and colleges. However, cities are more crowded than towns and villages. They are also much more polluted. The villages, towns and cities together form states. States and Union Territories of India India is the world’s seventh-largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. The capital of India is New Delhi. Each state also has a capital. For example, Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, and Dispur is the capital of Assam. India also has seven union territories. A union territory is an area that is directly governed by the central government. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India’s largest union territory, while the Lakshadweep are the smallest. States and union territories of India 10 Parts of India and Its Government 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 105

Understanding Many people live in India. It is the second most populated country in the world. Who takes care of the people living in India? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people that makes important decisions for a country. The government also makes laws that people in a country follow. Let us learn more about the different levels of government in India. LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India from one place. Thus, the government in India works at three levels. These levels are as follows. • central government • state government • local government Levels of a Government The central government has the following features. • Located in New Delhi • Makes decisions for the entire country • Has a President, Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers • Also directly governs the union territories 11 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 106

The state government has the State following features. Government • Present in every state Local Government • L ocated in the capital city of a state • Looks after people living in the state • H as a Governor, Chief Minister and other ministers of the state The local government has the following features. • P resent in every city, town and village • Looks after basic needs such as water and roads • Known by different names Location Name of the local government city municipal town corporation village municipal council gram panchayat Application Functions of the goverNment Just as we are responsible for a lot of things, the government is also responsible for the following functions. Maintaining law and order: The central and state governments often work together to make many laws. It includes making rules and seeing that the rules are properly Parts of India and Its Government 12 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 107 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM

followed. It also includes punishing the people who do not obey the laws. Fulfilling duties: The government also fulfils its many duties such as looking after monuments, forests, water bodies and so on. It also provides aid during bad events such as earthquakes and floods. Providing various facilities: The government is also responsible for providing different kinds of facilities. These facilities are cheap or free. The facilities offered by the government are available to everybody. Some of them are the following. Public transport facilities: These include facilities that allow people to travel to different cities, towns, villages and states. Example: buses, trains Public transport facilities Entertainment facilities: These include Entertainment facilities facilities that allow people to enjoy and have fun. Example: zoos, parks Healthcare facilities: These include facilities to look after the health of the people. Example: hospitals, clinics Healthcare facilities Educational facilities Educational facilities: These include facilities that allow the government to provide education to people. Example: schools, libraries 13 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 108

Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1)  With the help of adults, find the transport facilities provided by the government in your area. Also, talk to your neighbours and find out the most popular mode of public transport in your area. 2)  Visit a government office with your parents or family members. Talk to the people who work there. Learn about the different things they do. Try to create a timeline of the things they do in a day. Amazing Facts When we write addresses, we also write the PIN Code. Postal Index Number (PIN) is a 6-digit code used across the country. Different areas of a city have different codes. This system was introduced on 15 August 1972 to improve the delivery of mail. New Words 1) capital – the city where the national or state government is located 2) govern – make decisions for a country or a state 3) airport – a place from where aeroplanes arrive and leave 4) laws – rules that tell us what we can and cannot do 5) feature – an important part 6) aid – money, food or medicine given free of cost 7) facilities – things that people can use 8) transport – ways of moving from one place to another such as bus or train 9) entertainment – something that people enjoy Parts of India and Its Government 14 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 109 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM

Lesson Languages, Food and 6 Clothing Let Us Learn About R culture, languages, clothing and food habits of different people of India. U diversity and how natural regions and climate affect culture. A ‘unity in diversity’ in India. h how the cultures of different states are similar and different. Think The Jain family is having lunch with the Irani family. Meher: Rashi, would you like to taste this patrani machchi? It is a famous Parsi fish dish. Rashi: I am sure it is very tasty. But, I am vegetarian! The whole Jain family is vegetarian. Meher: Wow! That is interesting. We know very few vegetarian families. Most of our Parsi family and friends love patrani machchi and mutton dhansak. Rashi: Have you noticed that we speak different Patrani machchi languages at home as well? You speak Gujarati, and I speak Marwari. Yet, we live in one country. Meher: We are so different and similar at the same time! 15 1/7/2019 2:26:09 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 110

QQ. What can be said about the Irani and Jain families? (A) Both families are vegetarian. (B) Both families enjoy non-vegetarian food. (C) Both families speak similar languages. (D) The Iranis and the Jains speak different languages. Remembering India is one country with many different cultures. The language, food, clothing and other habits of a group of people is called their culture. People living in different parts of India speak different languages, eat many types of food and wear special clothes. Let us learn more about these different ways of living. Languages Many languages are spoken all over the country. Hindi and English are the official languages of the central government. Official languages are used by governments for their work. States choose their own official languages. The 22 official languages used in India are as follows. • Assamese • Bengali • Bodo • Dogri • Gujarati • Hindi • Kannada • Kashmiri • Konkani • Maithili • Malayalam • Manipuri • Marathi • Nepali • Oriya • Punjabi • Sanskrit • Santhali • Sindhi • Tamil • Telugu • Urdu Other than these, there are about 1600 languages in India. Example: Bhojpuri, Tulu, Lepcha, Marwari and many more. Do you speak a language that is not on this list? What is it? Languages, Food and Clothing 16 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 111 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM

In India, people often speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called bilingual. People who can speak three or more languages are called multilingual. Most Indians are bilingual, and many are multilingual. Look at the map. It shows languages used by the majority of people in different regions in India. 17 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 112

DIFFERENT STYLES OF LIVING Indians have different kinds of food and clothing. Read about these people from different parts of India. Find out which state they live in 1, their language 2, their clothes 3and their traditional food 4. Find them and their families on the map given on the previous page. Assalam alaykum! I am Afshan. Khamma ghani, I am Murali. 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Rajasthan 2 Kashmiri and Urdu 2 Hindi and Rajasthani 3 pheran 3 bright turban, cotton 4 kulcha and rogan josh angarakha and dhoti 4 dal baati Salemu! I am Akavi. Namaskar, I am Savita. 1 Nagaland 1 Maharashtra 2 Ao and English 2 Marathi 3 woollen shawl 3 p arkar polka 4 m eat, fish, rice and 4 b hakari (like a roti) and vegetables with tathu bharit (made from brinjal) (tathu is a chutney) Languages, Food and Clothing 18 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 113 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM

Hello! I am Julie. Namaskara, I am Lakshmi. 1 Goa 1 Karnataka 2 English, Konkani and 2 Kannada 3 sari Portuguese 4 b isi bele bhath – rice 3 cotton frock cooked with spices 4 vindaloo – meat in a curry and dals Vanakkam! I am Karthik. Write about yourself below. 1 Tamil Nadu 1 ______________________ 2 Tamil and English 3 mundu 2 ______________________ Paste a 4 idli 3 ______________________ picture of 4 ______________________ yourself in traditional ______________________ clothes ______________________ here. Understanding The different languages, types of food and clothing make India diverse. Diversity means a ‘variety or range of different things’. REASONS FOR DIVERSITY India has cold mountains in the north and warm plains and plateaus in the south. We have dry heat in the west and humidity in the east. The climate and natural regions affect the culture of each region. Climate and physical features also affect the crops grown. The staple diet or main food depends on what is easily available. These factors also affect the clothing of different regions. The map on the next page tells us more about the diversity in India. 19 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 114

DIVERSITY IN INDIA Climate: It is cold in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and so on. Clothing: People use warm, woollen clothing. Kashmiri pashmina shawls and shawls from Nagaland and Manipur are famous. Food: Seasonal fruits and vegetables are used to make food. Meat is popular too. Climate: In the desert of Rajasthan and Gujarat, it is either very hot or very cold. There are very few trees, plants and flowers. Clothing: Clothes are made from light cotton cloth. They are bright and colourful. Mirrors are used to decorate clothes. Woollen shawls are used to keep warm during winters. Food: Bajra and meat are popular in the desert. Climate: In the plains, highlands and plateaus, the climate is good for agriculture. Many grains are grown. Clothing: People wear cotton dhotis, kurtas and saris in the warm season and warm clothes in the colder season. Food: Grains, seasonal fruits and vegetables are used. Climate: It is hot and humid in the coastal regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Clothing: People wear cotton mundus, dhotis and saris. These loose cotton clothes do not stick to the body. Food: Fish is an important part of the staple diet. Rice grows as well. Hence people make many dishes from rice. Languages, Food and Clothing 20 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 115 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM

Application Which languages are hidden in these jumbled letters? • UNPBIAJ – _____________________ • UUDR – _____________________ • DIHNI – _____________________ • DOOB – _____________________ Read about the following people in the table on pages 18 and 19. Find out about the languages they speak 2 Tick those who are bilingual. Circle those who are multilingual. Savita Karthik Lakshmi Julie Akavi Murali Afshan How many languages do you speak? Are you bilingual? Are you multilingual? Indians are diverse. At the same time, we are united as people of India. We sing the same national anthem and celebrate the same national festivals such as Independence Day and Republic Day. All Indians are also united by the same constitution. The Constitution of India contains the laws followed in India. It states that all Indians are equal in front of the law. Thus in India there is unity in diversity. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1)  Choose any two states along with a partner. Find out the following. • the official languages in their states • one traditional food item from each state Find a picture of the traditional clothes worn in those states. Make a chart and compare them. 21 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 116

Amazing Facts There are more than 100 ways to wear a sari. Here are four popular ways. New Words 1) unity – being together; feeling like a part of one group 2) vegetarian – of the people who do not eat meat 3) majority – most of a certain group 4) humidity – the amount of water (vapour) in the air 5) climate – the usual weather conditions of a place Languages, Food and Clothing 22 NR_BGM_9789386663207 MAPLE G03 INTEGRATED TEXTBOOK TERM 2_Text.pdf 117 1/7/2019 2:26:10 PM

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