ENGLISH 5 LANGUAGE Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Contents Part 1 1 Nouns ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 Punctuation ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 R1: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 3 One and Many ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 4 Pronouns ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 R2: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 5 Adjectives ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 6 Articles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 R3: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 65
1 Nouns Revision of nouns Read the following passage, underline the nouns and sort them into the table given below. Chander was excited on the first day of his new school. Sacred Heart Convent was one of the best schools in town. Its teaching staff were very efficient. Chander’s friends also studied in the same class at the same school. Chander wore his uniform, packed his bag, grabbed a bunch of grapes for lunch and walked out of the house. His parents, Ganesh and Neeru, his sister, Megha, and his dog, Milo, were waiting in the car for him. ‘Why is the entire family coming along?’ he wondered. Common nouns Proper nouns Collective nouns Now, answer the following questions about the genders of the nouns in the table. a) Write two masculine gender nouns from the table. Ans. b) Write two feminine gender nouns from the table. Ans. c) Write four neuter gender nouns from the table. Ans. d) Write two common gender nouns from the table. Ans. 1
Let us recall the different types of nouns that you have learnt earlier. Nouns (words used to name people, places, animals or things) Common nouns Proper nouns Collective nouns Material nouns General names Specific names, Words that refer to Words that refer given to given to people, groups of people, to the materials or places, animals animals or things substances from people, places, and things, that which things are animals and Examples: army, things begin with a flock, hive, bundle made capital letter Examples: bed, Examples: cotton, lake, cat, girl, Examples: Aayat, leather, gold, alarm clock Asif, Sunday, Sun plastic Gender of nouns Nouns can also be sorted according to their gender • Masculine gender nouns: These • N euter gender nouns: These are are names for boys, men and male nouns that name non-living things animals. Examples: son, uncle, without any gender. They are used nephew, prince, buck, pig for objects and places. They are also used to name the months of the • Feminine gender nouns: These are year and the days of the week. names for girls, women and female Examples: pen, box, clothes, hospital, animals. Examples: daughter, aunt, duster, sand, bus, building, pond, niece, princess, doe, sow November, Monday • C ommon gender nouns: These refer to nouns that can be male or female. Examples: child, singer, teacher, doctor, pilot, cousin, enemy, neighbour, nurse 2
Abstract nouns Read the following sentences: Little children have a lot You can find useful Our vacation was full of happiness and joy. of curiosity. information on the internet. The words ‘curiosity’, ‘information’, ‘happiness’ and ‘joy’ are also nouns. Do you know what kind of nouns these are? curiosity a quality information an idea or a concept happiness, joy feelings or emotions Nouns that name ideas, feelings, qualities and concepts that cannot be seen or touched are known as abstract nouns. Many abstract nouns are formed from adjectives, verbs and common nouns. However, they might differ in meaning from the nouns. Let us look at a few examples. Adjective Abstract Verb Abstract Common Abstract noun noun noun noun kind kindness obey obedience brother brotherhood strong strength grow growth mother motherhood dark darkness please pleasure child childhood brave bravery act action slave slavery wise wisdom laugh laughter scholar scholarship Nouns 3
Remember • N ouns that can be seen or touched are concrete nouns. Examples: Alka (proper noun), boy (common noun), wool (material noun), flock (collective noun) • N ouns that cannot be seen or touched are abstract nouns. They are ideas, feelings or qualities. Examples: marriage (idea or concept), weakness (feeling), beauty (quality) Exercise 1: Identify the noun types and sort them into the correct columns of the table given below. One is done for you. a) b) c) Thomas Edison diamond hospital d) e) f) dancers team Bruno Common nouns Material nouns Proper nouns Collective nouns Thomas Edison Exercise 2: Classify the given nouns as per their gender. One is done for you. rooster bush enemy empress scooter sow accountant wizard 4
Masculine Feminine a) rooster c) b) d) Common Neuter e) g) f) h) Exercise 3: Underline the abstract nouns in the sentences given below. One is done for you. a) King Solomon is known for his wisdom. b) We get knowledge from books. c) He believes in kindness. d) Health is better than wealth. e) Most of his boyhood was spent playing tennis. f) The wolves disappeared into the darkness. Nouns 5
2 Punctuation Punctuation Rewrite the given sentences by correcting the usage of punctuation marks and capital letters. a) when are you coming back from delhi! Ans. b) i will buy fish chips and cheese from the supermarket Ans. c) reena is very excited to be in chennai Ans. d) Wow what a beautiful painting Ans. e) papa wait for me. Ans. f) there are swings slides merry-go-rounds and monkey bars in the park Ans. 10
Here are the rules of punctuation that we have learnt so far. Punctuation mark Usage Examples It is placed at the end of a I will travel tomorrow. sentence or statement. Full stop It is placed at the end of a Where are we going? question. Question mark It is used to separate: W e ate chips, cake, Comma • t hree or more words or • candies and ice cream at the party. items in a list. Hello, Anjali! • the person addressed. • • I t is placed at the • W hat a beautiful beach! end of sentences that convey emotions (happiness, excitement, frustration or anger). Exclamation mark • I t is placed after • O h dear! This room is interjections. so messy. Many words always start with a capital letter. Remember the acronym M.I.N.T.S. for the correct usage of capital letters. Acronym Examples M : months, names of days • Christmas is celebrated in December. • My school started on Monday. Punctuation 11
Acronym Examples I : the word ‘I’ • I helped my friend with her homework. • I visited my grandparents. N : names of people, states, cities • My sister, Mala, studies in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. and countries – proper nouns • Our class went to Thailand last week. T : titles of books and movies • I am going to watch Beauty and the Beast tonight. • My favourite book is Famous Five. S : start of sentences • Simran went home. She met her dogs. Punctuation in dialogue We have learnt how to use punctuation in dialogue for regular sentences. Let us read the rules to punctuate such sentences. Remember • Quotation marks ( ‘ ’ ) are used to show the part that is spoken. • The comma ( , ) is used after the quoted section. • The first word within quotes always begins with a capital letter. However, punctuating sentences that have question marks or exclamation marks is slightly different. Read the following sentences to see how questions and exclamations in dialogue are punctuated. ‘My father is paying me a visit this Friday!’ said Anita. ‘Are you going to the street play?’ asked Roy. Remember • The exclamation or question marks in a dialogue come after the sentence, right before the close-quote mark. • W e do not add a comma after the close-quote mark for sentences that already end in a punctuation mark. Examples: • ‘Where is my dog?’ asked Choti. • ‘Where is my dog?’, asked Choti. 12
Colon and semicolon Read the following sentences: Rosey has only one friend: We read books by three Our football match starts at Tina. (word) authors: Roald Dahl, 8:30 a.m. (separating hours J K Rowling and Charles from minutes) Dickens. (list) Remember Notice the use of the colon (:) in the above sentences. • I t is used to introduce a word, sentence or list. It makes the reader stop and pay attention to the information. • It is also used to separate hours from minutes and in ratios. We had to stop studying; I I like milkshakes; however, I Bats are nocturnal; they had to go out for dinner. don’t like milk. hunt at night. Remember Notice the use of the semicolon (;) in the above sentences. A semicolon is stronger than a comma but weaker than a full stop. • It joins two closely related, complete sentences. • It is also placed between two complete sentences that are connected using words like ‘otherwise’, ‘however’, ‘moreover’ and ‘consequently’. Punctuation 13
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using the correct punctuation marks (full stop, question mark, comma and exclamation mark). Use capital letters wherever needed. One is done for you. a) we will travel to kolkata tomorrow Ans. We will travel to Kolkata tomorrow. b) do you think it will start snowing in some time Ans. c) the food was out of this world Ans. d) rohan has to carry a sleeping bag a mosquito repellent heavy boots and a water bottle to the camp Ans. e) C v raman and jagdish chandra bose are two great scientists from india Ans. f) w e will send new year cards to samit asha rajam and ali. Ans. Exercise 2: Rewrite each of the given sentences using the colon or the semicolon appropriately. One is done for you. a) There are four seasons summer, monsoon, winter and spring. Ans. There are four seasons: summer, monsoon, winter and spring. b) The traffic was horrible I decided to wait. Ans. 14
c) Mix the oil and vinegar in a 1 2 ratio. Ans. d) V arun met with an accident yesterday consequently, he did not come to the party. Ans. e) Seema likes ice cream Aryan likes pizza. Ans. f) T here was one place that she loved the most the library. Ans. Exercise 3: Rewrite the given sentences by inserting the missing punctuation marks. Use capital letters wherever needed. One is done for you. a) disha we’ll go for lion king together Ans. Disha, we’ll go for Lion King together. b) rita bought pens pencils erasers and a ruler from the stationery shop Ans. c) I like three colours red orange and blue Ans. d) You may bring your sister however she may have to wait for five minutes Ans. Punctuation 15
e) They spell it as ‘Color’, we spell it as ‘colour’ Ans. f) There’s only one way to make it to the top hard work Ans. 16
R1 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Long ago, in a distant land, there was a queen named Rukmini. She had a large kingdom. The people of the kingdom loved and respected her a lot. One day, it was her daughter’s birthday. A lot of people, friends and relatives were invited to the party. The king and queen received them graciously. The children played happily as everyone interacted with each other. All except one child. He was very well dressed but went around bullying and picking fights with the other children. No one scolded him or tried to stop him. At one point, he pushed a small girl. She fell and started crying. At this point, Princess Onkara came and stood right in front of him. ‘You have no right to do that; apologise to the girl’, she said. ‘Apologise to a girl, never!’ was the reply. ‘This is not acceptable’, said Onkara firmly. Nobody had spoken to the boy like this. He got scared and ran to his father who was the king of an equally powerful kingdom. His father asked him what the matter was. The boy narrated the incident as the king listened keenly. Then, he spoke out loud and clear, ‘Go and apologise to the small girl and the princess. You cannot talk and behave like this with anyone.’ The boy sheepishly walked up to the girls and apologised. 1) Why were the people invited? Ans. 2) What did the king ask his son to do? Ans. 20
3) Write the past tense forms of these words from the passage. a) invite – ______________________________________________ b) speak – ______________________________________________ c) receive – ______________________________________________ 4) The meaning of the word ‘apologise’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) sheepishly A) polite and respectful b) gracious B) overpowering; dominating c) bullying C) with shame Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. The emperor was very sad after the queen’s death. He would often sit in his beautiful garden and watch a fleet of swans, a flock of ducks or a herd of deer that roamed about freely. The deer had been gifted by the king of a faraway country. But nothing seemed to cheer him up. A troupe of dancers also performed at the court but to no avail. Everyone wanted to help the emperor come out of his sadness, but nothing seemed to work. One day, a priest in the palace saw a few children playing with dolls. The dolls made shadows on the floor that appeared to dance while the children played. They tried to catch the shadows and laughed as they played. The dancing shadows of the dolls gave the priest a brilliant idea. He hurried home and got down to work. The priest first made a puppet with cotton and painted it to look like the queen. Once the puppet was ready, he invited the emperor for a special puppet show. The emperor was not willing at first to come for the show but he finally agreed. The priest was an old friend; the emperor accepted the invitation. The priest said, ‘Your Majesty, the puppet show is specially meant for you. Kindly come.’ The emperor nodded, ‘If you so insist, I’ll be there.’ Reading Comprehension 1 21
6) What would the emperor watch as he sat in his garden? Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7) What did the priest see in the palace one day? Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. a) ______________ is dreaming. (Ravi) b) ______________ is green. (The blackboard) c) ______________ are watching TV. (My mother and I) 9) The antonym of the word ‘seldom’ from the passage is ________________________. 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) flock A) not take no for an answer b) brilliant B) group c) insist C) very clever 22
3 One and Many Irregular plurals The paragraph has many regular and irregular plural nouns. Can you underline them? The Story of Jim Once upon a time, there lived a baker named Jim. He baked delicious bread and cakes. His garlic bread was famous across many cities. Everyone loved Jim’s bread. In fact, they came from far and wide to buy loaves of bread from him. The rich and the famous came in their grand coaches just to taste his bakery products. Whoever passed by his shop could smell the sweet smell of freshly baked products. Jim loved his customers. He gave them candies and balloons. Other bakers wondered why Jim’s garlic bread tasted so yummy. ‘Had he attended secret baking classes?’; ‘Did he use special dishes, spoons and knives?’ Nobody knew for sure. There were two colourful boxes on the top shelves of Jim’s shop. Everyone tried to guess what was inside them. Perhaps they contained the secret recipes! Days rolled into months, and months into years. The boxes were forgotten. Many years later, after Jim’s death, the colourful boxes were finally opened. Two small chits were found, one in each box. They read ‘Bake with love’ and ‘Bake slowly and happily’. Everyone remembered kind Jim, and there were echoes of ‘Long live Jim! We love you, Jim!’ in the streets. Remember • R egular plural forms are created by adding ‘-s’ to the ends of words. • I rregular plural forms are made in other ways than simply adding ‘-s’. 23
Let us revise a few rules for forming irregular plurals. Remember • T o form the plural forms of words that end in ‘-x’, ‘-o’, ‘-s’, ‘-ch’ ‘-sh’ and ‘-ss’, we add ‘-es’ to the ends of the words. E xamples: tax – taxes, buffalo – buffaloes, lens – lenses, church – churches, bush – bushes, kiss – kisses • To form the plural forms of words that end in a consonant + ‘-y’, we drop the ‘y’ and add ‘-ies’. E xamples: family – families, party – parties, diary – diaries, enemy – enemies • To form the plural forms of words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’, we change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘-ve’ and then add ‘-s’. For a few exceptions, we add ‘-s’ to make plural forms of words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’. Examples: knife – knives, thief – thieves, roof – roofs, cafe – cafes • A few words do not change at all when they are converted into their plural forms. Examples: sheep – sheep, fish – fish, deer – deer, trout – trout Irregular plurals without rules Many words form their plurals in different ways. They do not follow any of the above rules. Singular Plural tooth teeth foot feet die dice goose geese mouse mice oxen ox cacti cactus men women man children woman people child person 24
Exercise 1: Match the following singular nouns and plural nouns. One is done for you. Singular Plural a) bench F A) families b) fairy B) cargoes c) cargo C) scarves d) family D) fairies e) scarf E) roofs f) roof F) benches Exercise 2: Tick the correct irregular plural forms of the nouns from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. a) man – (man/men/mans) b) trout – (treet/trout/trouts) c) medium – (medii/median/media) d) moose – (mouse/moose/mise) e) die – (dies/dice/die) f) ox – (oxen/oxex/oxes) Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences by changing the singular nouns into their plural forms. Make changes to the sentences so that they are grammatically correct. One is done for you. a) A child was playing with his toy car. Ans. Children were playing with their toy cars. b) The girl chased the goose away. Ans. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ One and Many 25
c) This person is protesting against the president. Ans. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ d) Smita went to the dentist to get her tooth checked. Ans. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ e) The woman over there wants to meet the manager. Ans. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ f) The air hostess loaded the aircraft with food. Ans. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 26
4 Pronouns Pronouns Read the paragraph and underline the pronouns. Are they subject, object, reflexive, possessive or demonstrative pronouns? Ravi and Sujal went to the park. They played on the slide. The boys loved it. The slide was very slippery. Meher joined them. She brought a ball. She told everybody that it was hers. She wanted to play with the ball by herself. ‘This is my ball. I want to play with it’, Meher said. You know that naming words are nouns. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Let us recall the different types of pronouns that you have learnt so far. Name of pronoun Definitio Example Subject pronouns They perform the action in a sentence. (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) You ran a race. Object pronouns They receive the action in a sentence. (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) Rama is going to the party with him. 32
Name of pronoun Definitio Example Reflexive pronouns They are used when we The children cooked for refer to the subject of the themselves. sentence again. In other words, these pronouns are used when the object of a sentence is the same as its subject. (myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself, ourselves) Possessive pronouns They show ownership. (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, its, theirs) The bicycle is hers. Demonstrative They point out the nouns pronouns (people, place, things) in the sentences. (this, that [singular], these, This is my house. those [plural]) That is your house. Relative pronouns Read the following sentences: • The man who was trying to cut the tree was taken to the police station. In this sentence, ‘who’ is a pronoun that relates to the noun, ‘man’. • The country that I would love to visit is Italy. In this sentence, ‘that’ is a pronoun that relates to the noun, ‘Italy’. Both ‘who’ and ‘that’ are relative pronouns. Remember Relative pronouns point out which person or thing is being talked about. They refer to the noun introduced earlier or later in the sentence and provide additional information about it. Pronouns 33
Relative pronoun Examples who/whom • M eera, who is very kind, is also my friend. (Who relates to the person being spoken about whose – ‘Meera, who is also my friend’.) which when • T he girl whom you were talking to is my cousin. where (Whom relates to the girl who is also the cousin. Whom makes it clear that she is the same person.) • T he boy whose book I borrowed is my brother's friend. (Whose relates back to the boy.) • C an you tell me which road I should take? (The word which tells us that we are talking about a particular road.) • S ummer is the time when we go swimming. (When relates to summer time.) • This is the playground where we play football. (Where relates to the place – the playground.) that • I like the dress that you gifted me for Christmas. (That refers to the dress that was a Christmas gift.) Remember • W e use who and whom for people. Use ‘who’ when you can replace the word with ‘he’ or ‘she’. Use ‘whom’ when you can replace the word with ‘him’ or ‘her’. • Which is used while referring to things. • T hat is usually used for things. However, in many cases, it is also used for people or animals. • If the words that follow contain important information that is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct, use ‘that’. Otherwise, ‘which’ is fine Example: Dogs that bark scare me. • If the information is supplementary, use ‘which’. Example: Dogs, which make great pets, can be expensive. 34
Exercise 1: Write the correct subject or object pronoun that can replace the underlined words in each sentence. One is done for you. a) Richa switched off the fan before she left the room. – She b) Mother and I went for a walk this morning. – __________________ c) Give the card to Aslam. – __________________ d) My father is taking Rahul and me to the museum. – __________________ e) Our dogs finished all the milk. – __________________ f) Please ask Lavika and Rina to bring my book. – __________________ Exercise 2: Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct possessive or reflexive pronouns. One is done for you a) Robert prepares his morning meals by himself. b) The red basket is _____________________________. c) We ate up all the sweets by _____________________________. d) Is this book _____________________________? e) The house beside the river is _____________________________. f) She cut _____________________________ on broken glass. Exercise 3: Choose the correct pronoun for each sentence and fill in the blanks. One is done for you. a) That is the playground that does not have a slide. (That/Which/Where) b) Your school is much bigger than ___________. (our/ours/us) c) I could not find out ___________ pen it was. (who/whose/whom) Pronouns 35
d) Have you seen Sameer? I think this bag is ___________. (his/its/him) e) ___________ are the fields that my uncle owns. (This/These/That) f) Megha’s parents, ___________ are retired now, live in Coimbatore. (that/which/who) 36
R2 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. The kingfisher is a small- to medium-sized, colourful bird, generally found close to water. There are nearly 100 different species of kingfisher around the world. Kingfishers feed mainly on fish but also eat insects, frogs and crayfish. Kingfisher species that live in the woodlands occasionally eat reptiles, birds and even small mammals. There are three main types of kingfishers around the globe: the river kingfishers, the tree kingfishers and the water kingfishers. All of them have large heads, long, sharp, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Kingfishers are well known for their brightly coloured feathers that range in colour from black to red to green. A few species of kingfisher have tufts of feathers on their heads that stick upwards, although many species of kingfishers have smooth, flat feathers covering their bodies. Due to their generally small size, kingfishers have a number of predators wherever they exist around the world. Main predators of kingfishers are foxes, raccoons, cats and snakes, but kingfishers are also preyed upon by other small mammals and large birds. Many kingfisher species are considered to be threatened species as their numbers have been declining, mainly due to habitat loss. These threatened kingfisher species inhabit woodlands and forests. Their habitat is being destroyed due to deforestation, which is occurring in many areas around the world. 1) What do kingfishers mainly feed on? Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 42
2) Who are the main predators of kingfishers? Ans. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3) Write the comparative forms of the adjectives given in brackets. a) Kingfishers are _________________________ than eagles. (small) b) Kingfishers have _________________________ heads than many other birds. (large) c) Kingfishers have ________________________ feathers than many other birds. (bright) 4) T he meaning of ‘habitat’ is ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________. 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) species A) sometimes b) occasionally B) animals that hunt other animals c) predators C) type or kind Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Joginder sat down comfortably on a chair and said, ‘Well, well. One question at a time, dear. Let me begin by saying that Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest leaders of America. He was the 16th President of the United States, from 1861 to 1865.’ Sarita bent forward and asked, ‘Daddy, was his father also a President?’ ‘No, he wasn’t. In fact, Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Abraham had an older sister and a younger brother who died in their infancies. The Lincolns moved from Kentucky to Indiana due to a few land problems in 1817. They made a living by hunting and farming on a small plot of land. When Abraham was nine years old, his mother passed away due to ‘milk sickness’. After a few months, Reading Comprehension 2 43
his father remarried. Abraham’s stepmother was a strong and affectionate woman named Sarah Bush Johnson. She had three children of her own. Abraham Lincoln grew close to her, and she encouraged him to read. Sarita looked shocked. ‘But do you mean to say that he never went to school?’ ‘He was mainly self-educated. He received formal education for just about eighteen months, perhaps a few days or weeks at a time. You will be amazed to know that he was very fond of reading. He would often walk miles to borrow books.’ ‘What kind of books did he like to read?’ ‘He read all the popular books at that time, such as Aesop’s Fables, Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrim’s Progress and, of course, the family Bible.’ 6) How did the Lincoln family make a living? Ans. 7) What kind of books did Abraham Lincoln like to read? Ans. 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives. a) The Lincolns farmed on __________________ plot of land. b) L incoln read all __________________ books with interest. c) Sarita could not believe __________________ ears when she heard that Lincoln had not received formal education. 9) T he meaning of ‘encouraged’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) infancy A) proper b) affectionate B) early childhood c) formal C) loving 44
5 Adjectives Degrees of comparison Underline the adjectives in the sentences given below. Identify the degrees of comparison of the adjectives and fill in the table given below a) The mango is the sweetest fruit. b) The fox was cleverer than the crow. c) I like hot tea. d) It was an old quilt. e) My house is smaller than his. f) Suman’s dress is brighter than Leena’s dress. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree Remember Adjectives have three degrees of comparison. • The positive degree shows the quality of something or someone. Example: I have a big dog. • T he comparative degree is used to compare two things or people with the same quality. Example: My friend’s dog is bigger than mine. • T he superlative degree is used to compare more than two things or people. It singles out one from the rest. Example: My neighbour’s dog is the biggest that I have seen. 45
Regular adjectives The comparative and superlative degrees of most regular adjectives are formed by adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ to their positive degrees. The comparative and superlative degrees of words that end in ‘-y’ are formed by replacing ‘-y’ with ‘-ier’ and ‘-iest’ respectively. Examples: Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree black blacker blackest bold bolder boldest brave braver bravest clever cleverer cleverest costly costlier costliest hard harder hardest heavy heavier heaviest narrow narrower narrowest quick quicker quickest strong stronger strongest funny funnier funniest In a few regular adjectives that end in ‘-e’, a single ‘-r’ is added in the comparative degree and ‘-st’ in the superlative degree. Examples: Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree simple simpler simplest nice nicer nicest late later latest 46
The comparative forms of many adjectives of two syllables and all adjectives of more than two syllables are formed by using ‘more’ before the positive form. The superlative degree is formed by using ‘most’ before the positive form. Examples: Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree beautiful more beautiful most beautiful difficult more difficult most difficult important more important most important Irregular adjectives Irregular adjectives do not follow any set rules or patterns to form their comparative and superlative degrees. Sometimes, a whole new word is used. Example: good, better, best. Such adjectives are known as irregular adjectives. Examples: Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree good better best far little farther/further farthest/furthest bad less least worst much/many worse most more Exercise 1: Sort the adjectives into the correct rows. One is done for you. more useful largest merrier most anxious abler smooth dearest ignorant delightful Positive a) smooth b) c) Comparative d) e) f) Superlative g) h) i) Adjectives 47
Exercise 2: Complete the table with the correct positive, comparative and superlative degrees of the given adjectives. One is done for you. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree a) tall taller tallest b) nicest c) expensive d) worse e) most interesting f) far Exercise 3: Complete the table with the correct positive, comparative and superlative forms of the given adjectives. One is done for you. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree a) enjoyable more enjoyable most enjoyable b) strange c) holier least d) more qualified truest e) f) 48
6 Articles Articles Fill in the blanks with the correct articles to complete the paragraph. A frog can live in water and on land. It is called ___________ ‘amphibian’. ‘Amphibian’ is ___________ Greek word, which means ‘having a double life’. Its wet skin holds the secret of ___________ frog’s double life. It can breathe only when its skin is wet. If ___________ skin dries out, ___________ frog cannot breathe. Isn’t that ___________ interesting piece of information? Remember • Articles are words used before nouns. • There are three articles in English: ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’. • ‘A’ and ‘an’ are indefinite articles, while ‘the’ is called the definite article. • W e use the article ‘a’ before words like ‘unicorn’ because the first sound is that of a consonant. Similarly, we say ‘an’ hour because it begins with a vowel sound. 56
Examples: A: used before singular, countable nouns that begin with consonant sounds Tejas is a little boy. She is wearing a uniform. Gagan has a red car. An: used before singular, countable nouns that begin with vowel sounds An old man sat on the We will go in an aeroplane. They have an hour left to bench. catch the train. The: used before singular/plural and countable/uncountable nouns that have been mentioned earlier • U se ‘the’ before particular (definite things, such as names of rivers, lakes, oceans, holy books, newspapers, well-known buildings and a few countries such as the USA and the UK. • U se ‘the’ while mentioning something unique like ‘the Sun’, ‘the Moon’ and so on. • ‘The’ is pronounced ‘thee’ when used before nouns that begin with vowel sounds. The Ganga is the longest I have read the Ramayana. I liked the bag that you river in India. gave me. Articles 57
Zero articles Remember • D o not use articles while saying general things about plural and uncountable nouns. Examples: I hate sweets made of sugar. I am afraid of heights. • D o not use articles before abstract nouns. Examples: I have confidenc in you. My parents give good advice. • D o not use articles before names of people, countries, towns, subjects or languages. Examples: Sudeep is from Bangladesh. Raza is fluent in Spanish. We are studying Botany. Exercise 1: Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’. One is done for you. a) b) c) an ant and an apple _ _______ hour and _ _______ giraffe and ________ minute ________ umbrella 58
d) e) f) ________ cupcake and ________ Sun and ________ owl and ________ candle ________ Moon ________ pussycat Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct articles from the brackets. One is done for you. a) She is a (the/a) famous movie star. b) That is _____________ (the/an) excellent book on animals. c) Would you like to drink _____________ (an/a) cup of tea? d) Riyaz wants to go to __________ (the/a) Himalayas in December. e) Did you read _______________ (the/an) newspaper that I gave you? f) He is ___________ (a/an) honourable and kind-hearted man. Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. Put where no article is needed. One is done for you. a) Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. b) My mother is __________ nurse, and my father is ___________ architect. c) Ravi works at ____________ airport every night. d) Do you have __________ dictionary with you? e) Do not worry about ____________ Mehak’s illness. She will be fine. f) She was faint with ____________ thirst. Articles 59
R3 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. The history of Chinese tea is a story of gradual refinement. Generations of growers and producers have perfected the Chinese way of manufacturing tea and its many unique variations. The original idea is credited to the legendary Emperor Shennong. His orders required that all drinking water be boiled. A story goes that one summer day, while visiting a distant part of his kingdom, he and the court stopped to rest. According to his ruling, the servants began to boil water for the court to drink. Dried leaves from a nearby bush fell into the boiling water, and a brown substance soaked into the water. As a scientist, the emperor was interested in the new liquid. He drank some and found it very refreshing. And thus, according to the legend, tea was created in 2737 BC. Tea is an important part of the Chinese tradition. The main varieties of Chinese tea are green tea, red tea(black tea), Wulong tea, white tea, yellow tea and reprocessed tea. 1) W hat happened when the emperor’s servants were boiling water for the court to drink? Ans. 65
2) Which are the main varieties of Chinese tea? Ans. 3) Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives from the passage. a) Milk is ______________________ for growing babies. b) I want a ______________________ cup of tea. c) He has a ______________________ voice. 4) The meaning of ‘reprocessed’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) gradual A) special b) refinement B) happening over a long period c) unique C) improvement Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Once upon a time, a smart boy from the city was travelling in a train. The only other person in the compartment was a boy who looked like a simpleton. The city boy, Akshay, thought he would have some fun at the other boy’s expense. ‘Hi, what is your name?’ he asked. ‘Ram’ was the reply. ‘Well, we have a long journey ahead of us. To make it more interesting, I suggest that we ask each other questions to pass the time’, he said. 66
‘All right’, said Ram. ‘Let us decide on a penalty. If the answer is wrong, the person has to pay 50 rupees’, said Akshay. ‘Fair enough! However, you are well educated, knowledgeable and smart, whereas I am a simple village dweller. My penalty should be half of yours’, said Ram. Akshay agreed to this condition. Ram suggested that Akshay should ask the first question. ‘What is the latest technology by which seeds can produce stronger plants?’ asked Akshay. ‘I don’t know’, said Ram and handed 25 rupees over. ‘Your turn now’, said Akshay. ‘Why is it that when a handful of seeds are sown, a few germinate faster and a few don’t germinate at all?’ asked Ram. Akshay was stumped. He thought for a long time. Finally, he said, ‘I give up’ and handed Ram 50 rupees. ‘Tell me the answer’, said Akshay, watching Ram put the money into his wallet. ‘I don’t know either’, answered Ram. 6) Name the two boys in the story. Ans. 7) Who ended up with more money in the end? Ans. 8) Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb ‘to be’. a) What ____________________________ the answer to this question? b) We ____________________________ travelling by train. c) I ____________________________ Ram. Reading Comprehension 3 67
9) The antonym of ‘half’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) stumped A) begin to grow b) simpleton B) did not know the answer to something c) germinate C) a foolish person 68
Contents Part 2 7 Verbs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 8 Tenses �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 R4: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 9 Adverbs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 10 Prepositions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 R5: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 11 Conjunctions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 12 Sentences ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 R6: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 13 Apostrophe ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
7 Verbs Verbs Main verbs and helping verbs Let us revise verbs and helping verbs learnt in earlier classes. Connect the balloons with only main verbs to Circle A and the balloons with only helping verbs to Circle B. I am I remember She is a Leena He cried sorry. your third friendly admires for his lost birthday. Khushi. girl. dog. Circle Circle A B 1
Now, add main verbs to the sentences that only have helping verbs. Add helping verbs to sentences that only have main verbs. One is done for you. (Hint: The structure and meaning of the sentences may change.) I am feeling sorry. Remember V erbs are action words. They show the action that the noun does or the state of being of the noun. Examples: a) Sandeep sings well. b) Chetana went to the market. Helping verbs do not show any action but help the main verb to complete its meaning. They also add detail or show the state of being of the noun. Helping verbs are also called auxiliary verbs. Examples: a) Parag is happy. b) I have seen her before. Modal verbs Choose the best modal verbs to complete the sentences. a) You _________________ be tired. You worked till very late last night. A) must B) shall C) can b) _________________ we dance? A) Wouldn’t B) Will C) Shall c) I _________________ speak English when I was four years old. A) can B) could C) must d) _________________ I come in? (extremely formal) A) May B) Would C) Might e) I _________________ have left my bag in the train. I remember getting off with it. A) mustn’t B) will C) could 2
Remember Modal verbs are also helping verbs. They give additional information about the main verbs that follow them. T he modal verbs ‘can’ (present tense) and ‘could’ (past tense) show ability. ‘May’, ‘could’, ‘might’ and ‘can’ are modal verbs of permission. ‘Can’ is an informal modal verb of permission, whereas ‘might’ is an extremely formal modal verb of permission. The modal verbs ‘will’ and ‘would’ show preference, determination, capability or wishes. ‘Will’ is also used to describe future actions. ‘Would’ is used to give advice. The modal verbs ‘shall’ and ‘should’ make suggestions, ask for opinions or express preferences. ‘Shall’ is also used for obligations in very formal situations. The modal verb ‘must’ expresses obligation. ‘Must’ also emphasises or recommends actions. Subject-verb agreement Remember In a correct and meaningful sentence, the subject should be in line with its correct verb. This means that the subject and verb should agree. This is known as subject-verb agreement. Rules of subject-verb agreement Rule 1: A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Examples: • Squirrels eat nuts. • My mother makes great pulao. Rule 2: Two singular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘either...or’ and ‘neither...nor’ require a singular verb. However, if one of the two subjects is plural and is closer to the main verb than the singular subject, the verb should be plural. Examples: • Either Samantha or Miranda lives here. • Neither the teacher nor the students were excited about the picnic. Verbs 3
Rule 3: Use a plural verb with two or more subjects connected by ‘and’. Example: • Bhubaneshwar and Puri are in Odisha. Fill in the blanks with the correct options from the brackets. Ensure that the subjects and verbs agree in every sentence. a) Aziz _____________________________ to school every day. (walk/walks) b) Neither Nisha nor her sister _____________________________ porridge. (like/likes) c) Jo and Meera _____________________________ on a picnic. (is going / are going) Direct and indirect objects Identify the subjects, verbs and objects in the following sentences. One is done for you. We enjoyed the roaring Our teacher showed us Jerry bought some sea waves. the pictures. chocolate. Subject Verb Object We enjoyed the roaring sea waves. Remember The subject is the person, animal or thing who/that does the action. The verb is the action word. The object is the person, animal or thing who/that receives the action. In the above sentences, you pointed out direct objects. 4
Now, look at the following sentences: I sent you a birthday card. My brother gave me a You gave them money. bicycle. These sentences have indirect objects as well. Let us take a look. Subject Verb Indirect object Direct object I sent you a birthday card. gave me a bicycle. My brother gave them money. You Direct object vs. Indirect object Direct object Indirect object • It is a noun or pronoun that • It is a noun or pronoun that receives receives the action of the verb. what the direct object names. • R emember SAD (Subject – Action • R emember SAID (Subject – Action Verb – Direct Object) Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object) • It shows who or what receives the action. • I t shows 'to whom' or 'for whom' or 'to what' or 'for what' the action is • It does not depend on the indirect done. object. • It depends on the direct object. An indirect object exists only if there is a direct object in the sentence. Here are a few more examples: The direct objects are underlined, and the indirect objects are in bold. • Mina told all of us the good news. • She bought me a cake. Verbs 5
• I bought the book for Nira. (Notice that, in this sentence, Nira is ‘for whom’ the action is done. Therefore, ‘Nira’ is the indirect object.) Exercise 1: Write ‘d’ against the sentences that only have a direct object and ‘d and i’ against sentences that have both a direct and an indirect object. One is done for you. a) The coach gave the team a motivational lecture. – d and i b) The girls won the championship. – c) Raja lent his jacket to Gaurav. – d) Leena had a terrible accident. – e) My mother wrote a letter. – f) Shahid gifted his brother a new video game. – Exercise 2: Identify the subjects, verbs as well as direct and indirect objects in the given sentences. One is done for you. Sentence Subject Verb Direct Indirect object object a) T he chef cooked a The chef cooked a meal the meal for the customers. customers b) C an I ask you a question? c) T he office gave Ranit a new car. d) N isha passed the parcel to her father. 6
Sentence Subject Verb Direct Indirect object object e) S he bought her husband new gloves. f) S om built a sandcastle for his son. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences by placing the indirect objects before the direct objects. One is done for you. a) She lent her necklace to me. Ans. She lent me her necklace. b) The principal granted a leave to us. Ans. c) I promised my support to him. Ans. d) May I ask a favour of you? Ans. e) Our guest told an interesting story to us. Ans. f) I bade a sad farewell to my friends. Ans. Verbs 7
8 Tenses Revision of simple and continuous tenses Remember T he simple present tense describes habits and ideas that apply in general or as a rule. Rule: subject + base verb (+ ‘-s’/‘-es’) + object Example: • L et us eat pancakes. T he simple past tense describes actions that have already happened. Rule: subject + past tense form of verb + object Example: • Sumi ate pancakes. T he simple future tense describes actions that will happen in the future. It also tells us about promises, decisions or hopes about a later time. Rule: subject + will/shall + base verb + object Example: • Moiz will eat pancakes. T he present continuous tense describes actions that are going on at the time of speaking. In the present continuous tense, we use ‘is’, ‘am’ or ‘are’ before the ‘-ing’ forms of the verbs. Rule: subject + is/am/are + ‘-ing’ form of the verb + object Example: • Rustom is eating pancakes. T he past continuous tense describes actions that were happening or going on at some point in the past. In the past continuous tense, we use ‘was’ or ‘were’ before the ‘-ing’ forms of the verbs. Rule: subject + was/were + ‘-ing’ form of the verb + object Example: • Penny was eating pancakes. 16
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