2110034-Passport-G4-FoundationMax-Social-FY

Class 4 SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK Name : __________________________ Section : __________ Roll No: _______ School : ___________________________ Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 1 21/01/2017 6:40:04 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. Having applied the concepts learnt, we We begin relating what we learn to The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, real life situations around us, thereby extend the field of application to more involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt. advanced and challenging scenarios. recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth. such as meanings and concepts. Oral discussion questions to Train My Brain check for learning and to gauge the understanding 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? level of the child, testing both skill and knowledge. Lesson I Apply Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. real-life situations by giving along with learning an opportunity to apply objectives. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) . what the child has learnt. I Will Learn 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . 1.1 What is History? Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on manner as to arouse curiosity Fascinating facts and trivia among the students. for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept. English Fun Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note – contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept. story of the past. A Note to Parent Inside the Lab - A I Understand Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. of their child and conduct that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. activities given in the concept and includes section to reinforce the elements to ensure that learnt concepts. students are engaged throughout. Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 2 21/01/2017 6:40:05 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. Having applied the concepts learnt, we We begin relating what we learn to The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, real life situations around us, thereby extend the field of application to more involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt. advanced and challenging scenarios. recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth. such as meanings and concepts. Oral discussion questions to Train My Brain check for learning and to gauge the understanding 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? level of the child, testing both skill and knowledge. Lesson I Apply Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. real-life situations by giving along with learning an opportunity to apply objectives. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) . what the child has learnt. I Will Learn 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . 1.1 What is History? Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on manner as to arouse curiosity Fascinating facts and trivia among the students. for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept. English Fun Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note – contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept. story of the past. A Note to Parent Inside the Lab - A I Understand Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. of their child and conduct that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. activities given in the concept and includes section to reinforce the elements to ensure that learnt concepts. students are engaged throughout. Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 3 21/01/2017 6:40:06 PM

Contents 1 Explorations, Discoveries and Inventions ��������������������������������������1 1�1 Ideas that Changed Our Lives 2 2 Our Earth ��������������������������������������������9 2�1 The Shape of the Earth 10 2�2 Continents and Oceans; Latitudes and Longitudes 15 3 What Does the Earth Look Like? ������������������������������������22 3�1 Landforms and Water Bodies 23 4 Rivers ��������������������������������������������30 4�1 Understanding Rivers 31 4�2 India’s Rivers 36 5 The Northern Mountains ����������������44 5�1 Location, Extent and Importance of the Northern Mountains 45 6 The Northern Plains ������������������������54 6�1 The Three Basins of the Northern Plains 55 ToC Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 1 2/11/2017 5:18:34 PM

7 Plateaus and Highlands of India ������������������������������������������� 62 7�1 The Deccan Plateau and the Central Highlands 63 8 The Western Desert ���������������������� 71 8�1 Life in the Western Desert 72 9 The Coastal Plains and The Islands of India ������������������������79 9�1 The Coastal Plains and The Islands 80 10 Natural Resources: Forests and Soil ��������������������������������������������87 10�1 Natural Resources: Forests 88 10�2 Natural Resources: Soil 94 11 Some Famous Kingdoms of India ����������������������������������������� 101 11�1 Where are the Kings and Queens? The Mughal Empire 102 11�2 Some Other Important Kingdoms of India 107 12 Laws, Rights and Duties ������������� 113 12�1 The Indian Constitution 114 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 2 2/11/2017 5:18:36 PM

Discover the shape and movements of the Earth, latitudes, longitudes, continents and oceans. Find out about rivers and learn about India’s rivers. Travel the Northern Plains and nd out about the life there. Cross the Thar Desert and nd out about the life there. Visit some ancient kingdoms of India. Here is what we will do: (2) (1) (4) (3) (6) (5) (8) (7) (10) (9) Which one, do you think, will be the most interesting? Look into various discoveries and inventions. Learn about landforms and water bodies. Explore the Himalayan Mountains and nd out about the life there. Journey across the Central Highlands and Southern Plateau and nd out about the life there. View the Coastal Plains and Islands and nd out about the life there. Study the constitution of India. (11) Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with my parents. I have many aunts, uncles and cousins whom I love visiting. My best friend is Meher Irani. We live in the same housing society and have many adventures together. Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my parents and older brother, Morad. Rashi and I do not go to the same school. But, we share what we learn with each other. I love spending time with Morad. He shows Rashi and me many interesting things. Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 3 2/11/2017 5:18:50 PM

Explorations, Discoveries LESSON 1 and Inventions I Will Learn 1.1 Ideas that Changed Our Lives Ⅴ Define ‘explorations’, ‘discoveries’ and ‘inventions’ f Differentiate between discoveries and inventions Ⅶ Point out discoveries and inventions used in daily life H Explore some everyday things invented by children Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 1 2/11/2017 5:18:52 PM

Concept 1.1: Ideas that Changed Our Lives I Think Rashi is at Meher’s house. Meher’s elder brother, Morad, is telling them about a girl called Cassidy Goldstein from the United States of America. Morad: There is a girl living in the USA called Cassidy Goldstein. When she was 11 years old, she was writing an assignment with crayons. But, she faced a problem. When a crayon became small, it became difficult to hold. Rashi: What did she do, then? Morad: She found a way to make the small pieces of crayons long again. She did this by putting them into plastic tubes. Rashi: That is so cool! Morad: Now, other people can buy Crayon Holders too! She made something that can solve many people's problems. Q. Why did Cassidy Goldstein make a holder for crayons? (A) she had a lot of free time (B) she wanted to be famous (C) her science teacher (D) she wanted to be able to asked her to use small pieces of crayons 2 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 2 2/11/2017 5:18:53 PM

Land and sea routes used by traders and explorers I Remember It was possible to travel between Asia, Africa and Europe by land. However, many rulers from Asia, Europe and Africa blocked the different roads passing through their land. So, people had to find new ways to reach these places. EXPLORATIONS People travel through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. This search for discovery is called exploration. Explorers are people who travel and find out more about a new place. Some famous explorers were: 1) Vasco da Gama: He discovered a way to reach India from Europe by sea. 2) Alexandrine Tinne: She explored and made a complete map of the River Nile in Africa for the first time. 3) Yuri Gagarin: He was the first person to travel into space. Exploration often leads to discovery. Explorations, 3 Discoveries and Inventions Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 3 2/11/2017 5:18:54 PM

Vasco da Gama Alexandrine Tinne Yuri Gagarin DISCOVERIES Discoveries are made in every field. A few of Finding or learning something them are: that no one knows about is 1) One of the most important discoveries early called discovery. humans made was how fire could be used The process of designing and and created. creating something new, which did not exist earlier, is 2) Charaka was a very learned man from called invention. ancient India. He discovered the importance of cleanliness for proper digestion and good health. He is usually called the 'father of medicine' in India. 3) Look at the tips of your fingers. Can you see patterns on your skin? These are fingerprints. Fingerprints and their use in finding criminals were discovered about 100 years ago. INVENTIONS Fingerprint All tools and machines are inventions. They have been invented to make our lives easier. They help to complete our work faster. Some important inventions are: Wheel: The wheel is one of the most important inventions. It made travel and transport very quick and easy. Paper: The Chinese invented paper to wrap delicate materials. But, soon, people found out that it was Paper useful for writing, too. Wheel Ballpoint pen: In 1939, L. J. Biro invented the first ballpoint pen. Before this, people used fountain pens or pens that needed to be dipped in ink. 4 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 4 2/11/2017 5:18:56 PM

I Understand IMPORTANCE OF DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS Humans discovered many things in nature. Discoveries led to inventions. Inventions make life easier. For example, the discovery of fire stove led to many different inventions. Discovery and invention are related to each the discovery matchstick of fire other. However, there are certain differences between discoveries and inventions. fire extinguisher THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISCOVERY AND INVENTION Discovery Invention the information or object already exists a new object is designed and created Example: fire Example: stove 1) Use your understanding of discoveries and inventions and classify the following. Tick the correct column for each: Discovery Invention wheel oxygen computers fruits television gravity groundnut oil Explorations, 5 Discoveries and Inventions Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 5 2/11/2017 5:18:59 PM

Train My Brain 1) Name an explorer and what he or she explored. 2) Name one invention that is related to the discovery of fire. I Apply 1) List five discoveries and five inventions that you use in your daily life. Think about the objects and materials in your home, school and other places you have visited: Discoveries Inventions 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Look at these inventions designed by children: Ice-candy: It was invented by an 11-year-old girl. She was making juice. She left the stick she had used to stir the juice in the glass. The juice froze in the cold winter. She used the stick to pull out the frozen juice. Everyone around her loved this idea. Ice-candy Earmuffs: These were invented by a 15-year- old boy. He was feeling cold even though he had wrapped a scarf around his ears. With the help of his grandmother, he used wire and Earmuff animal fur to make the first earmuffs. 6 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 6 2/11/2017 5:19:04 PM

Trampoline: It was invented by a 16-year-old boy. He wanted to jump like the performers he saw in the circus. So, he built the first trampoline. Trampoline Be Amazed An elephant's large brain allows it to be a great problem solver. It displays problem-solving in many creative ways. For example, an elephant uses a stick to scare away flies that trouble it. Even animals use some form of tools! Connect the Dots English Fun Most languages grow naturally. However, there are languages that have been invented. Esperanto is a language invented in the 1870s and 1880s. Look at the Esperanto script shown in the picture. 'Happy New Year' in Esperanto Maths Fun The blind cannot read the same printed books as people who can see. To help them, a script was invented in 1824. How old is this script? A blind person reading using fingers Explorations, 7 Discoveries and Inventions Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 7 2/11/2017 5:19:21 PM

A Note to Parent You can show your child the website for the National Innovation Foundation – India(NIF), given here: http://nif.org.in. NIF supports Indian inventors. You can help your child enter the competitions for children, too! New words 1) delicate – something that can break easily 2) blind – people who cannot see 3) script – a way of writing languages 8 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 8 2/11/2017 5:19:23 PM

Our Earth I Will Learn 2.1 The Shape of the Earth Ⅴ Define the shape of the Earth and its movements f Explain why the Earth is an oblate sphere Ⅶ Explain how we know that the Earth is an oblate sphere H Collect information about other planets 2.2 Continents and Oceans; Latitudes and Longitudes Ⅴ Define latitudes and longitudes f Describe the positions of the continents and oceans Ⅶ Explain continental drift H Find a sea route from one place to another Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 9 2/11/2017 5:19:24 PM

Concept 2.1: The Shape of the Earth I Think Rashi is reading a book about the Earth. She tells Meher about a famous astronomer called Kepler. Meher: Who is an astronomer, Rashi? Rashi: An astronomer studies stars, planets and natural events occurring in space. Meher: Wow! Tell me one interesting thing that you read. Rashi: It was Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer, who discovered that planets do not travel in circles around the Sun. They travel along an elliptical – or oval-shaped – path. An ellipse Meher: Wow! Q. What does an astronomer do? (A) studies the ocean (B) studies people’s futures (C) studies stars, planets and (D) studies people natural events in space 10 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 10 2/11/2017 5:19:25 PM

I Remember THE SHAPE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH The Earth is the third planet from the Sun. The shape of the Earth is similar to that of the other planets. The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate sphere. This means that it is flattened at the top and widened near the middle. This is caused by the movements of the Earth. An oblate sphere The two main movements of planets are rotation and revolution. Rotation Revolution A planet or satellite spins around A planet or satellite travels along a itself. This movement is called fixed path around something else. rotation. All planets in our solar system This movement is called revolution. All rotate. planets revolve around the Sun. The Earth takes approximately 24 The Earth takes approximately 365 hours to complete one rotation. The days to complete one revolution Earth’s rotation is the reason we have around the Sun. The Earth’s revolution days and nights. is the reason we have seasons and years. The rotation of the Earth The revolution of the Earth around the Sun Our Earth 11 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 11 2/11/2017 5:19:28 PM

When we stand in an open field, we cannot see the true shape of the Earth. It looks flat. When we look at the ocean, we see a line where the sky looks like it is touching the water. This line where A rotating object turns on an the sky looks like it is touching the Earth is called imaginary central line called the horizon. We will read more about it later. an axis. A planet or heavenly body But if the Earth is shaped somewhat like a ball, has a fixed path on which it why does it appear flat to us? travels. This is called an orbit. I Understand UNDERSTANDING THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH In ancient times, people believed that the Earth really was flat. They felt that if they kept sailing in one direction for a long time, they would fall off the Earth! During ancient times, the famous Greek philosopher, Plato, explained that the Earth was a sphere. However, he had no evidence to prove this. His student, Aristotle, observed the movement and positions of the stars to conclude that the Earth was not flat and had a curved surface. Finally, in the 16 century, th an explorer named Ferdinand Magellan began sailing west from Spain. His team and he continued sailing towards the west for a long time, until they came back to where they started from. Their journey showed, practically, that it was not possible to fall off the Earth. It confirmed that the Earth is round in shape. The Earth's axis passes through its centre and connects the top of the Earth to its bottom. 12,714 km 12,756 km This diameter is approximately 12,714 km. This is less than the diameter across the Earth, which is approximately 12,756 km. Hence, the diameter from the top to the bottom is shorter than the diameter across The diameter from the Earth. This means that the Earth is an The diameter across the top to the bottom oblate sphere. the Earth 12 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 12 2/11/2017 5:19:30 PM

Train My Brain 1) What are the two main movements of planets? 2) Who travelled around the world and showed, practically, that the Earth is a sphere? I Apply PROOF THAT THE EARTH IS AN OBLATE SPHERE The position from where we look at the horizon affects its shape. The curve of the horizon can be seen from high above the surface of the Earth. The following methods can be used to see this: From the Earth's surface: We can use binoculars to observe ships that appear to 'sink' below the horizon. As they sail away from us, they go across the curve of the Earth's surface. From a great height: The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the Earth from a distance of about 350 km. From this distance, the curve of the Earth can be seen. From outer space: An astronaut can see the complete shape of the Earth from the Moon. This is because the Moon is about 3,84,400 km away from the Earth. Our Earth 13 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 13 2/11/2017 5:19:33 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Draw the axis for the given image of the Earth: 2) Look at the picture given here. It shows the sizes of the Sun, the Earth and other planets. • Which planet is the largest? • Which planet is the smallest? • What can you observe about the shapes of the planets? Be Amazed The famous picture called 'Earthrise' shows the view of the Earth from the Moon's surface. It was shot in 1968 by William Anders. It is one of the most famous pictures in the history of space travel. 14 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 14 2/11/2017 5:19:37 PM

Concept 2.2: Continents and Oceans; Latitudes and Longitudes I Think There are many other people who can tell us about the Earth. Rashi: Meher, can you guess what an oceanographer studies? Meher: I don’t know! Q. Can you guess what an oceanographer studies? (A) the stars and planets (B) the oceans (C) lakes and rivers (D) rain and snow Rashi: An oceanographer studies the oceans. He or she studies plant and animal life under the sea. An oceanographer also studies the movement of ocean water and what chemicals and minerals it is made up of. He or she even gets to dive into the ocean in special robot vehicles! Meher: Wow! Now I want to be an oceanographer! I Remember The North Pole is the point at the top of the Earth. The South Pole is the point at the bottom. So, There are four main directions: north is the direction towards north (N), south (S), east (E) the North Pole. South is the and west (W). They are based on the positions of certain direction towards the South Pole. The axis of the points on the Earth. Earth passes very close to these poles. Based on these points, we can draw imaginary vertical Our Earth 15 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 15 2/11/2017 5:19:39 PM

and horizontal lines around the Earth. These lines are placed at regular intervals. They are called latitudes and longitudes. They are measured in degrees. Example: 1°N Latitudes Longitudes Latitudes are imaginary horizontal Longitudes are imaginary vertical lines around the Earth. lines connecting the North Pole to the South Pole. The Equator is the imaginary line that The International Date Line is the divides the Earth into two horizontal longitude by which the dates are halves. They are called the northern calculated around the world. and the southern hemispheres. Latitudes are used to study the Longitudes are used to study the different climatic zones. different time zones. Every place is situated on a latitude and a longitude. The latitude and longitude, together, make the coordinate of a place. This can be used to locate any place on the Earth. Even the place where you are, a t this very moment, has an exact coordinate! Using a coordinate to find a place on the internet 16 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 16 2/11/2017 5:19:45 PM

For example, 27.1750°N, 78.0419°E are the coordinates of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. If you look for this coordinate on the internet, it will direct you to the Taj Mahal. I Understand Let us now learn about continents and oceans. CONTINENTS Continents are the very large land masses on the Earth. There are seven continents. From the largest to the smallest, the seven continents are: 1) Asia 5) Antarctica 2) Africa 6) Europe 3) North America 7) Australia 4) South America Our Earth 17 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 17 2/11/2017 5:19:48 PM

People live on all the continents except Antarctica. The South Pole is located in Antarctica and is mostly covered in ice. OCEANS Oceans are extremely large bodies of salty water that cover three-fourths of the Earth’s surface. They are the biggest source of water on the Earth. The oceans separate some of the continents from each other. The five oceans of the world, from the largest to the smallest are: Pacific Ocean: It covers nearly one-third of the Earth. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. The deepest point in the world’s oceans is located in the Pacific Ocean and is called the Mariana Trench. The Mariana Trench is located near Japan. Atlantic Ocean: It is the second largest ocean. Indian Ocean: It is the third largest ocean. It is the only ocean to be named after a country – India. Southern Ocean: It is also called the Antarctic Ocean. It is the ocean that surrounds Antarctica. Arctic Ocean: It is located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the North Polar region. It is the smallest and shallowest of the world’s oceans. Look at the map of the world to see the positions of the oceans and continents. Train My Brain 1) What do ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ mean? 2) Name any two continents and two oceans. I Apply The Earth’s appearance has been changing since its Crust formation. Inside the Earth, the temperature is very high. This has Core melted the rocks at the centre of the Earth. We live on the stiff, outermost, rocky layer of the Earth. This is called its crust. This layer is cool and hard compared to the Earth's interior. Crust 18 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 18 2/11/2017 5:19:49 PM

225 million years ago 150 million years ago 65 million years ago present day Continental drift The crust is made of up of many sections. The continents are located on these sections. These sections of rock were a part of one big piece and all the continents were joined together. After many years of moving around, the continents moved to their current positions. This is called continental drift. The continents are always moving around very slowly. Even now, the continents are constantly moving. Most of the times, we cannot feel the effects of these movements. However, sometimes, they can be felt. For example, parts of the continent of Asia moved recently. The movement caused this land to push against the rest of the continent. This caused a major earthquake in Nepal in 2015. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Use an atlas to find and mark the cities given below on the blank world map. Label all the oceans as well. Next, connect the cities by drawing the shortest possible routes using the oceans on the map. Our Earth 19 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 19 2/11/2017 5:19:49 PM

(A) New York, North America to (C) London, Europe to Shanghai, Asia Sydney, Australia (B) Mumbai, Asia to Rio de Janeiro, South America Be Amazed As you have read, the continents are constantly moving because of movements happening deep under the surface of the Earth. Since 1994, the continent of Australia has moved 152 cm away from its original position. Connect the Dots English Fun The first letter of the four directions make a word. Unscramble the word, and complete the sentence. ESWN - _____________ My mother likes to watch the ___________ on TV. 20 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 20 2/11/2017 5:19:50 PM

Science Fun The shape of the Earth changes every year. Scientists use satellites to record these changes. These satellites measure the distance from their position to the Earth. They can spot even a few millimetres of change all the way from space. A Note to Parent You can show your child this video about continental drift http://www. nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continental-drift/. You can encourage your child to think of the continents as pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. New words 1) planet ― a natural, ball-shaped body that revolves around a star 2) sphere ― shaped like a ball 3) satellite ― a natural or artificial object that revolves around a planet 4) evidence ― facts to show that something is true; proof 5) diameter ― a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or a sphere 6) vehicle – a machine used to travel from one place to another 7) interval ― gaps; breaks 8) hemisphere ― a shape like a ball cut into two halves; a half-sphere 9) climatic ― related to the usual and long-term weather conditions 10) appearance ― the way something looks Our Earth 21 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 21 2/11/2017 5:19:51 PM

What Does the Earth Look Like? I Will Learn 3.1 Landforms and Water Bodies Ⅴ Define and list the major landforms and water bodies f Explain how landforms and water bodies are shown on a map Ⅶ Know interesting facts about the physical features of the Earth H Use the colours on a map to point out the landforms on it Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 22 2/11/2017 5:19:52 PM

Concept 3.1: Landforms and Water Bodies I Think Meher challenges Rashi to name some water bodies. Rashi: That's easy! Oceans, rivers and lakes! Meher: There are many more! Rashi: Wow! Meher: Seas are salty, like oceans, but they are smaller. But, two large lakes were also called 'Seas'. Two large lakes in Europe Rashi: That is strange! Why ? which were mistaken for seas Meher: People from the past did not know that these large lakes were smaller than the other big oceans around continents. Q. Some water bodies which are called seas are actually: (A) lakes (B) oceans (C) rivers (D) ponds I Remember People have physical features like height, weight, body structure and so on. In the same way, the Earth also has physical features. Physical features are the These are of two kinds: landforms and water formations of land and bodies. water on the Earth. What Does 23 the Earth Look Like? Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 23 2/11/2017 5:19:54 PM

LANDFORMS Plain – A plain is a flat area on the surface of the Earth. Plateau – A raised land with a flat top is called a plateau. A plateau is like a table. Hill – A hill is an area of land which is naturally higher than the surrounding area. A hill has a peak. A delta Mountain – A mountain is a tall, rocky area of land. It is much higher than the surrounding area. Mountains are much higher and usually steeper than hills and have peaks. Valley – A valley is the land between hills or mountains. It is much lower than the surrounding land. It is usually V-shaped. Island – An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides. 24 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 24 2/11/2017 5:19:57 PM

INDIA Peninsula – A peninsula is a body of land that is GEOGRAPHICAL MAP surrounded by water on three sides. However, it is still connected to the main land. Arabian Bay of Sea peninsula Bengal (land) Delta – A river delta is formed at the mouth of a river as water water it flows into an ocean, sea or another large water body. Indian peninsula WATER BODIES Indian Ocean water Rivers – A river is a flowing body of water. Lakes – A lake is a large body of water which is surrounded by land. Some lakes are very big, and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes are not flowing bodies of water. Ponds are smaller than lakes. Glaciers – A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. Icebergs – An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in Perito Moreno Glacier, the sea. South America I Understand How can we show physical features on a map? Last year, you learned that a map is, usually, a flat drawing of a place. How can we show the differences between tall mountains, hills, plateaus and plains on a map? Look at the picture. It shows some landforms and water bodies. How can colours show the difference between a mountain and a hill? Different colours are chosen to show different physical features according to their heights. Green: plains Purple and white: tall mountains Yellow: plateaus Blue: water Brown: hills What Does 25 the Earth Look Like? Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 25 2/11/2017 5:20:01 PM

Now, look at the map. It shows different physical features using different colours. Karakoram Pass K a r a k o r a m R a n g e mountains mountains Zanskar Range H Pir Panjal Range i m a l Thar plains a y Patkai Bum plains A r a v a l i R a n g e Garo Hills Khasi Hills Naga Hills Desert a s Hills Jaintia plateaus Rann of plateaus Vindhya Range Kachchh Chota Nagpur Plateau Sundarban Delta Satpura Range Deccan W Plateau s e Arabian s a t Sea t G h Bay e r of n n r Bengal e t G s h a a E hills t s hills Water bodies Nilgiri Hills Rivers Mountains Hills Plateaus Plains INDIAN OCEAN Train My Brain 1) Name five landforms. 2) What are the colours purple and white used to show on a map? 26 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 26 2/11/2017 5:20:16 PM

I Apply Here are exciting facts about some of the famous physical features of the Earth: • The West Siberian Plains are the • The Himalayas are the tallest largest plains in the world. mountains in the world. • The largest plateau in the world is • The Arabian Peninsula is the world’s the Tibetan Plateau. It is ten times largest peninsula. bigger than the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. • Greenland is the largest island in the world. (5) (1) (1) the West Siberian Plains (2) (3) (2) the Tibetan Plateau (4) (3) the Himalayas (4) Arabian Peninsula (5) Greenland I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the given map. Identify the plains, plateaus and (1) mountains using the colours used on the map. (1) the West Siberian Plains (2) (3) (2) the Tibetan Plateau (4) (3) the Himalayas (4) Arabian Peninsula (5) Greenland What Does 27 the Earth Look Like? Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 27 2/11/2017 5:20:17 PM

Be Amazed The ocean can be deeper than our tallest mountain. While Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall, the deepest point on the Earth, Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 10,994 m deep. That is approximately two kilometres more than the height of Mount Everest! Connect the Dots Maths Fun The Himalayas grow 6.1 cm every year. How much will they grow in 300 years? Write the answer in metres. English Fun Complete the words using the hints given on the left. river – s _ _ e a m mountain – p _ _ k valley – v _ l e A Note to Parent You can ask your child to observe, describe and compare natural features he or she might see near your home. When you travel, you can ask your child to point out the various landforms and water bodies that can be seen around. 28 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 28 2/11/2017 5:20:19 PM

New words 1) peak – the pointed top of a hill or mountain which is its highest point 2) steep – having a slope that is almost vertical What Does 29 the Earth Look Like? Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 29 2/11/2017 5:20:19 PM

N Jhelum Rivers LESSON Indus Indus 4 Ravi Beas Chenab Satluj Yarlung (Brahmaputra) Luhit Manas Yamuna Brahmaputra Chambal Kosi Tista Ganga Banas Betwa Son Barak Parvati Ganges Mahi Narmada Tapi Wainganga Mahanadi Brahmani Tel Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) Arabian I Will Learn Bay Godavari Sea of 4.1 Understanding Rivers Bengal Bhima Ⅴ Define ‘river’ and the parts of a river’s journey Krishna f Describe the main uses of rivers Tungabhadra Ⅶ Describe pollution of rivers Penner H Discuss three steps to reduce pollution 4.2 India's Rivers Palar Kaveri International Boundary Ⅴ List the main rivers of India, their tributaries and distributaries State Boundary Kollidam Rivers f Describe the sources and features of the main rivers of India Ⅶ Describe some important uses of Indian rivers H Underground rivers Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 30 2/11/2017 5:20:21 PM

Concept 4.1: Understanding Rivers I Think Mr. Irani’s school friend comes to visit the Irani family after many months. Meher: Hello, Ajay Uncle! How are you? Ajay Uncle: Hi, Meher. I’ve been busy with work. Meher: Yes, I heard you telling Papa and Ma that you were doing some work to keep Mumbai’s rivers clean. What work do you do for the river? Ajay Uncle: Well, Meher, I work with an NGO that cleans Mumbai’s rivers. We organise events to pick up the waste thrown in rivers. We talk to school children about keeping rivers clean. We also speak to the government to make cleanliness rules strict. It is very important to clean our rivers because the health of our villages and cities depends on them. Meher: Oh. Are rivers really that important? Q. What needs to remain clean for healthy villages and cities? (A) NGOs (B) housing societies (C) roads (D) rivers Rivers 31 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 31 2/11/2017 5:20:23 PM

I Remember Rivers provide water which is necessary for all life. Various kinds of organisms live in rivers. Many kinds of plants and trees grow only near A river is a large natural rivers. Various animals and insects get their stream of flowing water. food and water from rivers. They are important Usually, rivers flow towards a for civilizations. Many important ancient cities large water body like a sea started near rivers. or ocean. Sometimes, rivers A river begins on high ground or in hills or also flow into caves under mountains and flows down from the high the ground. ground to the low ground. It begins as a small stream and gets bigger the farther it flows. The journey of a river is divided into high, middle and low areas. Journey of a river High Areas Middle Areas Low Areas The beginning Here, the river slows The mouth of the of a river is down. The slope of river falls in the called its origin the land is less. The low areas. Where or source. It is river deposits it meets a large usually a high sediments along water body like a land. The water the middle course. sea or an ocean, flows down very Sediments are the it sometimes fast. It carries muddy and rocky forms a delta. rocks and other materials brought materials with it. down by a river from the mountains. A delta is a land made of sedimentary deposits left by a flow of water river flowing into a large water body. A delta is usually a triangular piece of land. slope of the land mouth 32 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 32 2/11/2017 5:20:24 PM

source mouth (delta) tributary distributary river bank Smaller streams When the main and rivers from river breaks in the Soil brought down from the mountains different places middle, different by a river is called silt. During the rainy join the main streams are formed. season, rivers become full and flow rivers. These are These are called over the banks. Neighbouring areas get called tributaries. distributaries. flooded. When the flood water flows away, mud or silt is left behind. USES OF RIVERS: Some ways in which rivers are helpful to people are: agriculture generating electricity fishing transportation recreation Rivers 33 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 33 2/11/2017 5:20:25 PM

I Understand MAIN USES OF RIVERS 1) Agriculture: The silt brought from the mountains by rivers is very fertile. It is very good for growing crops. It is helpful to farmers. Crops need water to grow. Rivers provide water for farming. The process of supplying water to help grow crops is called irrigation. This water is supplied in the required amount at regular intervals. A river-boat 2) Fishing: Rivers are a source of food like fish, crabs, prawns and so on. These are a source of food for many humans and animals. 3) Transportation: Travelling by waterways is the cheapest form of transportation. Rivers provide a natural and easy way to travel by boat and ship. A dam used to generate electricity 4) Generating electricity: Rivers move from high areas to middle areas. The force of water falling from a great height can be used to generate electricity. Dams help in having a steady supply of water to generate electricity. 5) Recreation: People also use rivers for recreation. Some such activities are swimming, boating, fishing and birdwatching. In the high areas, river rafting is popular. In the low areas, parasailing is popular. Rafting on a river for recreation Train My Brain 1) What is a river-bank? 2) Mention two uses of rivers. 34 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 34 2/11/2017 5:20:27 PM

I Apply RIVER POLLUTION Sadly, today, rivers are getting polluted. Here are some reasons for river pollution: 1) Waste from farms, cities and factories goes into rivers. 2) People throw plastic everywhere, including rivers. Fishes, birds and other creatures eat this plastic and die. 3) After various festivals, people immerse idols of gods and goddesses into rivers. Very often, the paint used on such idols poisons underwater organisms. 4) Many times, dead animals are thrown into rivers. Polluted rivers can lead to many diseases. The Ganga is the most polluted river in India. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the pictures of polluted rivers. Plan a performance in groups of five to give solutions to this problem. Make sure your solutions can be used by common people. Rivers 35 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 35 2/11/2017 5:20:30 PM

Be Amazed Given below are some important rivers of the world. 1) River Nile in Africa 2) River Yangtze in Asia 3) River Amazon in 4) River Ob in Europe South America The River Nile is 6,650 km long. It is longer than the distance between Kashmir in the north and Kanyakumari in the south! The Nile, Africa Concept 4.2: India’s Rivers I Think Ajay Uncle: Which is the longest river in India? Meher: Is it the river Ganga? Ajay Uncle: That’s right! River Ganga is the longest river in India. It is 2,525 km long. The second-longest river is in the south of India – Godavari – which is 1,465 km long. Meher: Wow! That is really long! Q. Which is the longest river in India? (A) Narmada (B) Godavari (C) Brahmaputra (D) Ganga 36 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 36 2/11/2017 5:20:32 PM

I Remember India has many rivers, big and small. The seven most important rivers of India are: • Indus • Ganga • Narmada • Tapi • Godavari • Krishna • Mahanadi All the major Indian rivers originate from one of the following sources: 1) The Himalaya and the Karakoram mountain ranges in the north of India: Example: Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. They have long courses and run from the source to the sea. These are called Himalayan rivers. 2) Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges and Chota Nagpur plateau in central India or the Sahyadri hills (Western Ghats) in western India: These are called peninsular rivers. Example: Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri and Godavari. Indian rivers can also be divided according to their water levels. PERENNIAL RIVERS 1) Indus – Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Satluj and Beas Perennial rivers remain filled make up the land of the five rivers or Punjab with water throughout the (‘punj’, meaning ‘five’ and ‘ab’, meaning year. ‘water’). Non-perennial rivers do not 2) Ganga – It is the longest river in India. It meets have water throughout the the River Yamuna. The Chambal and Betwa year. They have a seasonal rivers are the tributaries of the Yamuna. The or periodic flow of water. Son river is a tributary of the Ganga. The Hooghly in West Bengal is a major distributary of the Ganga. NON-PERENNIAL RIVERS 1) Mahanadi – This river does not have any major tributaries. 2) Godavari – This is the second longest river in India. The largest tributary of the Godavari is the Pranhita. 3) Krishna – Tungabhadra is the largest tributary of the Krishna river. 4) Narmada, Tapi – These rivers do not have any major tributaries. Rivers 37 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 37 2/11/2017 5:20:33 PM

INDIA N AFGHANISTAN JAMMU & KASHMIR GEOGRAPHICAL MAP Indus Jhelum Indus Ravi Beas Chenab CHINA HIMACHAL PRADESH PAKISTAN Sutluj PUNJAB UTTARAKHAND HARYANA NEPAL PRADESH DELHI Yamuna UTTAR ARUNACHAL PRADESH BHUTAN SIKKIM (ASSAM) ASOM Chambal Betwa BIHAR MEGHALAYA RAJASTHAN Ghaghara Kosi Brahmaputra NAGALAND Ganga MADHYA Son BANGLADESH MANIPUR PRADESH JHARKHAND TRIPURA WEST Ganga MIZORAM GUJARAT BENGAL MYANMAR Narmada Tapi Mahanadi Daman & Diu MAHARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH DADRA & Godavari (ODISHA) NAGAR HAVELI ORISSA Bay of Arabian Krishna TELANGANA Bengal Sea Puducherry Tungabhadra ANDHRA GOA KARNATAKA PRADESH Kaveri International Boundary State Boundary AN D A MAN & NICOB A R Puducherry Rivers TAMIL NADU (INDIA) KERALA (INDIA) LAKSHADWEEP SRI LANKA IS L Map not to Scale AN D S INDIAN OCEAN Copyright © 2014 www.mapsofindia.com Rivers of India Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 38 2/11/2017 5:20:34 PM

I Understand SOURCES OF INDIAN RIVERS The source of a river is, very often, in mountains or hills. Mountains like the Himalayas and Karakoram are very high. They have snow on their peaks. This snow melts in summer and trickles down the mountain sides in small streams. These streams flow into the rivers. Such rivers are called snow-fed rivers. When rivers are formed due to the melting of glaciers, they are called glacier-fed rivers. The rivers of central and south India are usually rain-fed rivers. This means that they receive water from the monsoon rains. Snow or glacier-fed rivers of north Rain-fed rivers of central and south India India • perennial rivers • seasonal rivers – they lose a lot of water during summer • flow slowly when they reach the • flow faster than the northern rivers plains due to rocky and uneven land • no waterfalls; • many waterfalls A waterfall is formed when water falls Example: Jog Falls in Karnataka from a great height. FEATURES OF INDIAN RIVERS • In the high areas, a river flows fast. It rubs against rocks and breaks them into smaller pieces. It carries these small rocks and stones as well as soil along with it. • The river leaves small rocks and stones as well as soil at the bottom of valleys or takes them down to the plains. • These rivers also form large basins. A river basin is that area which gets water from the main river High areas of the Ganga and its distributaries. This is how the Ganga makes Rivers 39 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 39 2/11/2017 5:20:36 PM

the plains extremely fertile for cultivation. • The rain-fed eastern peninsular rivers like Mahanadi, Krishna and Godavari, flow towards the east like the Ganga. They deposit silt in their middle and low areas. Deltas form at their mouths. These rivers meet the Bay of Bengal. • Some of the main rain-fed peninsular rivers like Narmada, Periyar and Tapi, flow towards the west. They flow faster than the northern rivers and do not deposit as much silt in their middle and low areas. They do not form deltas. Train My Brain 1) What are the two ways of classifying Indian rivers? 2) Name three peninsular rivers of India. I Apply IMPORTANT USES OF INDIAN RIVERS 1) Agriculture: • Rivers carry nutrient soil(silt). Silt carried by the Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari and so on are useful for agriculture. • The large basins and deltas of the rivers provide lots of fertile land for farming. • River water is diverted to areas where there is no water through canals. 2) Electricity: • The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river is an example of a dam built to generate hydro-electricity. 3) Religion: • Many rivers in India are considered sacred. Many religious events are performed on the banks of rivers. 4) Fishing: • Fishing is done in the Hooghly River in West Bengal. 40 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 40 2/11/2017 5:20:36 PM

5) Transportation: • The Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganges-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River and the Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra River are examples of waterways used for transportation. 6) Recreation: • Rishikesh on the banks of the Ganga is a famous spot for white water rafting. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Sometimes, in its middle areas, a river might disappear from the surface of the Earth. This does not always mean that it has dried up. Sometimes, a river finds a crack in the ground and begins to travel under the ground. A few underground rivers seen around the world are Neglinnaya in Europe, Minetta Brook in North America and Changpu River in Asia. Be Amazed It is said that the water of the Ganga can be used to purify places, objects and even people. Scientists have found that some microorganisms that live in the Ganga eat bacteria. Bacteria are microorganisms which can cause diseases. Connect the Dots English Fun The name of the Indus river, in Sanskrit, is ‘Sindhu’. It is said that ‘Sindhu’ means ‘river’ in some ancient languages. In certain languages, it is pronounced as ‘Hindu’. Therefore, ‘the place of the Hindu river’ came to be known as ‘Hindustan’, another name for India. Rivers 41 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 41 2/11/2017 5:20:39 PM

Science Fun Hydroelectricity is generated from rivers and waterfalls. What are the other ways in which electricity can be generated? Make a scrapbook to describe these other methods. A Note to Parent You can show your child the film Drowned Out by Spanner Films here: http://imax. pro/narmada. It is the story of the Narmada Bachao Andolan. You can help your child understand the effects of large dams on small communities. 42 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 42 2/11/2017 5:20:40 PM

New words 1) NGO – Non-Government Organisation; a group of people who want to help citizens without being a part of the government 2) civilization – a group of people who live together and share the same culture 3) river bank – the earth at the sides of a river 4) generate – to make 5) recreation – activities people do for fun 6) fertile – rich in nutrients 7) waterways – the network of connected rivers and water bodies where boats and ships can be used to go from one place to another 8) dam – a wall over a river behind which water is stored 9) immerse – to drown something in water completely 10) idol – a statue of something 11) Western Ghats – mountains in the western part of India 12) canal – a path that is dug into the ground to take water from one place to another 13) bacteria – very small living things which can cause diseases Rivers 43 Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 43 2/11/2017 5:20:40 PM

N The Northern JAMMU & KASHMIR LESSON 5 PUNJAB Mountains HIMACHAL PRADESH UTTARAKHAND HARYANA PRADESH DELHI UTTAR ARUNACHAL PRADESH SIKKIM ASOM (ASSAM) NAGALAND RAJASTHAN MEGHALAYA BIHAR MANIPUR MADHYA PRADESH JHARKHAND TRIPURA WEST MIZORAM GUJARAT BENGAL Daman & Diu MAHARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH DADRA & (ODISHA) NAGAR HAVELI ORISSA Bay of Arabian TELANGANA Bengal Sea Puducherry GOA I Will Learn ANDHRA PRADESH 5.1 Location, Extent and Importance of the Northern Mountains KARNATAKA Legend Ⅴ The location and extent of the Northern Mountains A N DA MA N & N ICOB The Northern Mountains f The three ranges of the Himalayas and the importance of the Puducherry TAMIL NADU Himalayas KERALA (INDIA) (INDIA) Ⅶ Effects of the climate on plants, animals and people A R LAKSHADWEEP IS H Equipment needed while climbing mountains L A N DS INDIAN OCEAN Merged file_G4_Social studies_08022017.indb 44 2/11/2017 5:20:42 PM