SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK Class 3 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________ PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 1 12/11/2017 7:57:08 PM
Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Passport series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for CBSE schools, the Passport series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Passport Social Studies textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Passport Social Studies books are as follows: Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy Character- and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground Social Studies concepts in reality to make them relatable to students Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson Use of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills Use of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks Integration of values and life skills Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Passport series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 2 12/11/2017 7:57:09 PM
Textbook Features I Will Learn About I Remember Contains the list of concepts to Introduces new concepts to build on be covered in the lesson along the prerequisite knowledge or skills to with the learning objectives understand and achieve the objective of the topic I Think Pin-up Note Introduces the concept or subtopic and arouses curiosity Contains key retention points from the among students concept Train My Brain I Understand Checks for learning to gauge the Explains the aspects in detail understanding level of students that form the basis of the concept Includes elements to ensure that students are engaged throughout I Apply I Explore Connects the concept to Encourages students to extend real-life situations by giving an the concept learnt to advanced opportunity to apply what application scenarios students have learnt Be Amazed Connect the Dots Fascinating facts and trivia for A multidisciplinary section that students to establish a better connects a particular topic to other real-life connect with the subjects in order to enable students concept. to relate better to it A Note to Parent To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning of their child and conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 3 12/11/2017 7:57:12 PM
Contents Class 3 1 What is History? 1.1 What is History?...................................................................................................... 01 2 Monuments and Museums 2.1 Monuments and Museums ................................................................................... 08 3 Maps 3.1 Using and Making Maps ....................................................................................... 17 4 The Story of the Past 4.1 Early Human Beings............................................................................................... 26 4.2 Ancient Civilizations .............................................................................................. 30 5 Discovering India - I 5.1 Parts of India and Its Government ....................................................................... 36 6 Discovering India - II 6.1 India’s Location and Physical Features............................................................... 45 7 United We Stand - I 7.1 Languages, Food and Clothing ........................................................................... 53 8 United We Stand - II 8.1 Communities and Festivals................................................................................... 62 9 The Solar System 9.1 The Sun and The Planets ....................................................................................... 69 10 Things We Make and Do 10.1 Our Occupations................................................................................................. 75 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 4 12/11/2017 7:57:13 PM
Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1 1LessoLensson FamHiWlyishtaoanrtdyis? NeighbourhoodI Will Learn About 1.1 R ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history. I Will Learn AboutU the importance of learning history. A people who study history and how • they use the sources of history. nfaumclieliheasr., joint and single-parent making a timeline of events. • changes in family, neighbourhood and environment. PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 1 1 12/11/2017 7:57:17 PM
Concept 1.1: What is History? I Think Mrs Irani is wearing a sari, and she is proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Mrs Irani: This sari belonged to my grandmother. It is more than one hundred years old! It is a part of my family history. Rashi: What is family history, Mrs Irani? Mrs Irani: Well, it is the story of your family. I know stories about what my grandparents did when they were young. My grandfather also told me stories about his father and mother. I learned about my family’s past through these stories. Rashi: I want to know my family history, too! Q. What is family history? (A) a poem to learn (B) the story of a family (C) a bedtime story (D) the story of a place I Remember The word past refers to the time that has gone by. It is the time History is before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French word for the story of ‘story’. the past. How do we remember the important parts of this long story? TIMELINE We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline shows events in the order in which they happened. 2 12/11/2017 7:57:18 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 2
an example of a timeline On a timeline, the first event is on the left-hand side. The latest event is on the right- hand side. But how do we learn about history? SOURCES OF HISTORY We need objects, materials and written stories to study the past. These are called sources of history. Stories that we hear about the past are also sources of history. These sources may or may not be written. The three types of sources of history are: Oral sources: stories, songs and poems that people remember Written sources: writing on stone, wood, metal, paintings on walls and papers Material sources: materials used to make buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and other such materials I Understand THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments of the past. A journalist studies history to understand present events better. An architect learns about ways of constructing buildings and the materials used in the past. The study of materials helps them understand which materials are strong and which are weak. This helps them make new buildings better. Some reasons to study history are: • to understand the stories of people in different situations • to know why events happened in the past What is History? 3 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 3 12/11/2017 7:57:19 PM
• to help us understand the changes in the world • to help us become better citizens We use different sources of history to learn different things about the past. Sources of history What can we learn from them? oral sources languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals written sources rules, famous people and places material sources commonly used objects, materials used to make things WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT PERSONAL HISTORY Every person also has a past or personal history. What sources tell us about the personal histories of our grandparents? Some sources of their personal histories are: • Oral sources: listening to the stories that people remember about themselves. These are usually not written down. • Written sources: reading their written records such as letters and diaries, and looking at their photographs and video recordings. • Material sources: looking at their clothes, jewellery and other belongings. Train My Brain 1) What is the meaning of an ‘event’? 2) Why does an architect study history? I Apply ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. Here is how archaeologists and historians work: 4 12/11/2017 7:57:19 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 4
Archaeologists find objects and places used in the past. They describe the object (size, material, shape, colour) and note its location. AInrfcohrmaeaotiloongical They pass this information on to historians. Then, historians find books and other written records about similar objects. They collect all the information to write a complete story of the past. Keeping these sources of history safe Archaeological sites and the objects in museums may get damaged due to reasons such as: I Explore (H.O.T.S.) •1) pMeoapkeleatotuimcehilningetohfeymo,uwr lriiftein. gYoouncwaanllsu,sleittethriengfoallonwdinsogoinnformation: •• ptohleludtioany you were born • your first day of school •• ntahteurfairsltfatimcteorysoliukewcalilmkeadte, location and •so ohnolidays spent with your family However, we need to keep the sources of history and archaeological sites safe. It is because of them that we learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. We learn about important events. We can even understand how art, architecture, science and technology have changed over time. What is History? 5 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 5 12/11/2017 7:57:20 PM
Remember to take the help of your family to get the information. You can also make a timeline with photographs and drawings on a chart paper. 2) Sources of history need not all be very old. Find one written and one material source of your personal history in your school bag. Write what they are: Written source: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Material source: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Be Amazed Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is commonly formed on the side of a mountain or a hill. Human beings painted images on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is 40,800 years old. Connect the Dots English Fun Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. 6 12/11/2017 7:57:21 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 6
Maths Fun Like a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a ‘number line’. Smaller numbers are on the left-hand side and larger numbers are on the right-hand side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Note to Parent Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s point of view. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. New Words 1) event – something that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) disease – something that makes a living being ill or unwell 3) journalist – someone who writes about events for a newspaper or magazine 4) architect – someone who plans how a house or any building will look like and how it will be made 5) archaeologist – someone who finds and studies objects and places used in the past 6) historian – someone who collects information about the past from different sources to write a complete story What is History? 7 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 7 12/11/2017 7:57:22 PM
Lesson Monuments and 2 Museums I Will Learn About 2.1 R monuments and museums. U differences between monuments and museums. A things that damage our monuments and looking after monuments. h creating a mini-museum. Concept 2.1: Monuments and Museums I Think Rashi recently went to Delhi. Meher and Morad are excited to know the different things Rashi did. Meher: How was your visit, Rashi? What all did you do? Rashi: My aunt and I visited different places like the Red Fort and the Taj Mahal. We took a lot of pictures! Meher: The Taj Mahal is a beautiful building. Rashi: My aunt did not call the Taj Mahal a building. She called it a ‘monument’. Meher: What is a monument? Morad: Monuments are historical buildings. They play an important role in telling us about the past. 8 12/11/2017 7:57:33 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 8
Q. Which of the following is an example of a monument? (A) Charminar (B) a school (C) an office building (D) a housing society I Remember Monuments and museums help us learn about history. MONUMENTS A monument is a structure or a Forts, temples and palaces are common examples of building that is monuments. They were built either by kings and queens or the built to remember government. Example: Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal an important in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. event or person. There are old and new monuments. Taj Mahal, Agra Monuments and Museums 9 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 9 12/11/2017 7:58:01 PM
Old monuments New monuments ‘Dolmens’ mark The National War the burial places of Memorial, Pune people. They were was built in 1998 to built very long ago. remember Indian There are many soldiers. dolmens in India. a dolmen the National War Here are some of the famous monuments of India. Memorial Gingee Fort, Golconda Fort, Konark Sun Gol Gumbaz, Gingee Hyderabad Temple, Puri Bijapur Monuments are built for different reasons. Monument Who built it? Why was it built? Buland Darwaza Emperor Akbar to celebrate his victory over Gujarat Gateway of India the government to celebrate a visit of the Ashoka’s pillars Emperor Ashoka King of England to explain his rules and pass messages to the people of his kingdom Buland Darwaza, Gateway of India, a pillar built by Emperor Ashoka and an Fatehpur Sikri Mumbai inscription on the pillar 10 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 10 12/11/2017 7:58:34 PM
MUSEUMS Emperor Ashoka built pillars to pass messages. Another ruler, Emperor Akbar, used farmans to pass messages or give orders. His farmans are displayed at the National Museum in New Delhi. A museum is a place where different kinds of old Emperor Akbar’s farman objects are displayed. Examples: coins, weapons, tools, paintings, utensils, toys and so on Museums display objects that tell us about the history of places or people. Some famous museums in India are: • Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad • National Museum, New Delhi • Indian Museum, Kolkata • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai Most museums display all types of objects. However, some museums display only particular kinds of objects. Example: A museum may display only paintings or only objects used by the military. In India, the Jaisalmer War Museum is a war museum that tells us about the history of the Indian Army. Most objects we see in museums were a Indian Museum discovered by archaeologists. Historians make sure that museums display objects with correct and complete information. I Understand Look at the image of workers cleaning the Taj Mahal. Many monuments are very old. So, they need to be cleaned and repaired. Cleaning and repairing help to preserve monuments. Monuments and Museums 11 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 11 12/11/2017 7:58:40 PM
THE NEED FOR MONUMENTS We need monuments because: • they help us understand how people lived in earlier times. Example: Emperor Ashoka’s pillars describe how he cared for animals. • they help us remember important events. Example: The Buland Darwaza reminds us that Akbar captured Gujarat. THE NEED FOR MUSEUMS We need museums because: Tipu Sultan’s sword • we learn about objects and materials used in the past. Example: the National Museum displays old coins made of silver and gold. Tipu Sultan’s steel sword is displayed in the same museum. • we learn about people’s lives. We learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. Look at the image of the toy made of clay. How is this toy similar and different from your toys? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONUMENTS AND MUSEUMS Monuments Museums • old structures built to remember an • built to display different things from event or a person the past so that people can learn about history by seeing them Sometimes, monuments are made into museums. Example: The Aga Khan Palace and the Jai Vilas Palace have been made into museums. Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior Aga Khan Palace, Pune 12 12/11/2017 7:58:42 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 12
Train My Brain 1) What is a ‘dolmen’? 2) Name a monument that has been made into a museum. I Apply A museum or a monument may get damaged due to: a fire at the National • fire Museum • earthquakes • floods • pollution • strong sunlight • plants growing on it • traffic and people Here are a few things we can do to take care of monuments and museums. 1) Do not touch things that are on display in museums. They may get damaged. 2) Do not write on the walls of monuments. This damages them and makes them look ugly. 3) Do not throw wrappers or bottles around. Keep these places clean. Konark Temple surrounded Taj Mahal’s damaged by flood water floor Monuments and Museums 13 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 13 12/11/2017 7:58:47 PM
I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Rashi created a photo scrapbook of the places she visited in Delhi. Tick the monuments Rashi and her aunt visited. 9th March 10th March 12th March vainsicteesdtrSaal rhooj uBseua’s visited the Red Fort visited the Jama Masjid 13th March 15th March visited the school where saw the Qutb Minar Saroj Bua studied 2) Ask your elders for objects that belonged to their grandparents or great- grandparents. Collect these objects. Create cards describing them. Use the following points: • Whom did they belong to? • When were they made? Display these objects and cards in your house. Invite your friends and neighbours to see your mini-museum. 14 12/11/2017 7:59:21 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 14
Be Amazed The pillars built by Emperor Ashoka consisted of statues of different animals such as lions and elephants. One such pillar at Sarnath, in Uttar Pradesh, has four lions standing back to back. Connect the Dots O N L M Maths Fun The image shows how the Taj Mahal looks from the sky. If you join the four minarets, a square will be formed. Let us name this square LMNO. Name the vertices and diagonals of the square. Science Fun In olden days, there were no clocks. People used sundials to tell the time. In India, there are five sundials called Jantar Mantar. The largest one is in Jaipur. It is the world’s largest sundial. A Note to Parent Take your child to the local museum and look at the various objects on display there, together. Explain the importance of the things on display to them. Encourage them to note down interesting points about the things on display. New Words 1) structure – something that is built using different parts 2) burial – putting a dead body under the ground 3) victory – a win Monuments and Museums 15 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 15 12/11/2017 7:59:33 PM
4) pillar – a tall structure made of wood, stone, metal and so on 5) inscription – writing carved on wood, stone or metal 6) farman – an order given by a king or a queen 7) discover – find something that is already present 8) preserve – to keep something in a good condition 9) capture (land) – to get land for oneself using force 10) pollution – the presence of harmful substances in the environment 11) minaret – a tall, thin tower found near buildings such as mosques 12) sundial – an object that tells us the time based on the position of the Sun in the sky 16 12/11/2017 7:59:33 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 16
Lesson Maps 3 I Will Learn About 3.1 R maps and what we can see on a map. U how a map is made and its uses. A how and where maps are used. h making a map. Concept 3.1: Using and Making Maps I Think Rashi, Meher and their families are going for a wedding. Mrs Jain: Do you know where the wedding hall is? Mrs Irani: It’s called J.K. Hall. It is near Grant Road. Mr Irani: I have never heard of J.K. Hall. But, I do know how to reach Grant Road. Meher: Look! There’s a picture on the invitation. It shows us where J.K. Hall is. Mr Jain: Very good, Meher! You have found a map. It will tell us where to go. Q. What do we call a picture that shows us where a place is? (A) a map (B) a drawing (C) a page (D) an invitation PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 17 17 12/11/2017 7:59:36 PM
I Remember A crow flies high over Meher’s school. It can see the tops of buildings, the roads and the playground. Look at what the crow can see. the view from the top a picture of this view When we draw a picture of this view, it is a map. We can A map is a drawing make a map of any place in the world. We can even draw of a place. It uses the map of Meher’s classroom. Imagine that the classroom place names, signs, has no ceiling. This way we can look down into the room and pictures and colours see the tops of different objects. Let us make some signs to to show information. show these things in the classroom. The signs used on a map are called symbols. Object Symbol Object Symbol teacher’s table blackboard students’ desks and cupboard window chairs window dustbin 12/11/2017 7:59:37 PM 18 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 18
Let us use these symbols on a map. Maps are of many kinds. The signs used in maps depend on the type of the map. Some maps also use different colours to show different information. The signs, symbols, colours and what they show is explained in the key or legend. Look at the maps shown below: Key 1) A map or plan of a house: door window 2) A map to show where to go: sofa PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 19 sink / chair commode Key position/location roads path to use Maps 19 12/11/2017 7:59:44 PM
3) A map of India 20 12/11/2017 7:59:45 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 20
An arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows the north. North is one of the four directions. The other main directions are east (E), south (S) and west (W). They are used to find the position or location of a place or thing on a map. I Understand We look at a place from above to make a map. Maps show us the top-view of a place. USING MAPS First, we need to locate our position. How do we do this? We use landmarks. A landmark is a building or natural object that is easy to locate. It helps people know where they are. We can decide which way to go using landmarks. Look at the map below. The bookshop can be a landmark. Rashi and Meher are going to the park. Which direction should they turn from the bookshop? Maps 21 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 21 12/11/2017 7:59:46 PM
Some maps show a large area. This means that only a few important things are marked on it. Example: the map of India. We cannot see our house or school on a map of India. Some maps show us every small thing in a place. Example: A map of your neighbourhood will show every building and shop. These maps need correct measurements. We need to measure the space between two places or objects. Measurements help to mark the correct positions of things on a map. Straight lines drawn on a map divide it into many equal parts. We can use these parts to find a place or object quickly. This is done by naming each part. 1) Where is the building with the blue windows? 12/11/2017 7:59:59 PM 2) What colour is the building in A1? 3) Where is the sign with the directions? 22 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 22
Train My Brain 1) What does the letter ‘N’ stand for? 2) Can you see every town on a map of India? I Apply MAKING MAPS EASY TO USE Map A is as big as my classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B is as big as the page of this book. Map B will be easier to use. A map needs to be easy to use. Yet, the measurements need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. 1cm Example: The distance from the bookshop to the park is 1 kilometre. On the map, it can be shown as 1 centimetre. The 1km distance from the park to Meher’s school is 10 kilometres; it can be shown as 10 centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Now, we can use maps on mobile phones. We decide the area we want to see using these maps. To see more details we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. Some maps also allow us to see what the roads look like in different places. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if he or she stands on the road. Maps 23 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 23 12/11/2017 7:59:59 PM
I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Make a map of your house. Draw symbols to show all the furniture. Ask members of your family to show you the north, south, east and west in your house. Be Amazed 12/11/2017 8:00:00 PM There is a magical map in the Harry Potter books. It is a map of Harry Potter’s school. Not only does it show the rooms in the school but also who is in each room. 24 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 24
Connect the Dots English Fun Signs and symbols are used in different ways. Here are the symbols used to show a few words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol stop hospital no parking danger recycle school Maths Fun The first map to use the name ‘America’ was made in 1507. How old is the map? A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show them the road you will take using Google Maps on your mobile phone. New Words 1) view – what can be seen from a certain point 2) natural – something that is not made by humans and is found in nature 3) neighbourhood – the area and places around one’s house Maps 25 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 25 12/11/2017 8:01:03 PM
Lesson The Story of 4 the Past I Will Learn About 4.1 R early human beings. U changes in early human beings. A how agriculture and tools changed the lives of early human beings. h comparing modern and ancient clothing. 4.2 R civilization and ancient civilizations. U why ancient civilizations grew. A how climate is related to civilization. h features of ancient civilizations. Concept 4.1: Early Human Beings I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It’s not a monkey, but an ape. Once upon a time, human beings looked and behaved just like apes. After thousands of years, some of those apes changed into what we are today. Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from apes? Q. Which animal did early human beings look like? (A) fish (B) lizard (C) ape (D) bird 26 12/11/2017 8:01:08 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 26
I Remember Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings were like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Those who lived near rivers caught and ate fish too. So, they were called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig the earth and cut fruits and meat? STONE TOOLS Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. Type of stone tool Uses large and heavy stones kill animals for food, protect themselves from animals small, sharp stones cut fruits and skins of animals long and flat stones dig the earth sharp stones, called scrapers clean the skins of animals THE LIFE OF EARLY HUMAN BEINGS Early human beings lived in groups. They made clothes from leaves and animal skins. They used the parts of the animals they hunted in different ways. some stone tools used by early humans A tool is an object that is made for a Part of the animal Uses specific function. bones tools Example: A pencil is handles for tools made for writing. meat weapons skin jewellery a handle tied to a stone tool food clothes The Story of the Past 27 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 27 12/11/2017 8:01:16 PM
a cave Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. I Understand HOW DID EARLY HUMAN BEINGS CHANGE? In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. As time went by, their faces changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. USING FIRE Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. Often, meat and roots fell into the fire. Early humans tasted this food. They found that food when put in the fire, tasted better than raw food. This is how early human beings learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. Sometimes, while making tools, they observed sparks, which made the grass catch fire. In this way, early human beings learnt to make their own fires. 28 12/11/2017 8:01:33 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 28
Train my Brain 1) Why did early human beings live caves? 2) What made trees catch fire and burn? I Apply FARMING Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds from fruits on the ground. Soon, they saw new plants growing. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They collected fruits for the cold weather. They wrapped fruits in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. USING WHEELS Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how early humans started using wheels. Early humans started making wheels from stone. SETTLING DOWN Human beings travelled in search of food. When they started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the two pictures. The clothes shown are different from each other. Discuss the reasons for: • the difference between them based on the material. • one special feature of each item of clothing. The Story of the Past 29 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 29 12/11/2017 8:01:35 PM
AB Be Amazed Ötzi the Iceman was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. Concept 4.2: Ancient Civilizations I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are still in the museum. The next section has different exhibits. There are photographs of many buildings made of bricks. There are metal tools too. The human beings in this exhibit look different. Rashi: Morad, these people look like we do! Didn’t all early human beings look like apes? Meher: No! Remember, they changed? They started to look more like we do. Morad: That is correct. After thousands of years, people started living in cities. Their cities were different from ours. They did not use the same language or machines. They did not dress like we do. But, they were the builders of the first ancient cities. 30 12/11/2017 8:01:37 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 30
Q. What did human beings start to build? (A) zoos (B) museums (C) cities (D) bridges I Remember Civilizations began to appear about 12,000 years ago. The very old civilizations are called ancient civilizations. All the ancient civilizations are found near rivers. Civilization River A civilization is a group Mesopotamian Tigris of human beings Indus with common rules, Indus Valley Nile language and dressing Egyptian Yangtze styles living together. Chinese The people of these cities were a lot like us. They used languages. They made and did different things. Some people had farms and farm animals. Others made things from clay. Some people made things from iron and other metals. There were special people to make rules. These people were usually the priests. The other people were mostly soldiers and builders. The Story of the Past 31 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 31 12/11/2017 8:01:37 PM
I Understand Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, collected and stored grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. TRADE Families of early human beings lived together. Sometimes, one family had less meat but a lot of grains. Another family had more meat and less grains. They exchanged meat and grains to get what they needed. This exchange of resources is called trade. A small group of strong houses became a village. When more houses were built, it became a city. Some cities were close to each other. They traded with each other. The people spoke the same language. They also had the same way of making rules. They became important places for trade. DOMESTICATING ANIMALS People found that a few animals could be used to a house from an ancient carry heavy loads and do other tasks. They gave village these animals food and water to domesticate them. Some animals domesticated by early humans were the cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. Humans allowed these animals to live close to them. They observed the young ones of these animals and soon began milking cows and goats. They also got wool and meat from these animals. Train My Brain 1) Where did ancient civilizations mostly grow? 2) What does the term resources mean? 32 12/11/2017 8:01:42 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 32
I Apply Crops grow easily in places where there is warm sunlight. Rivers are used to get water for growing crops. Warm climate is also easy for humans to live in. All ancient civilizations started in the warm regions. Look at the map and answer the questions. 1) Were there any civilizations in the very cold areas? 2) Why do you think this happened? I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Find out which ancient city had a place called the Great Bath. Name the civilization that it belonged to. Discuss three important features of this civilization. The Story of the Past 33 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 33 12/11/2017 8:01:43 PM
Be Amazed The Indus Valley Civilization cities traded with cities in Mesopotamia. The distance between the two civilizations was more than 4,000 kilometres. an Indus Valley city Connect the Dots English Fun Archaeologists and historians have been able to understand all the ancient languages, except one. No one can understand the language of the Indus Valley Civilization, yet. Can you guess what the symbols mean? Science Fun Ask the members of your family for the names of any two tools they use in the kitchen. Can you guess which of these would have been used by early human beings as well? A Note to Parent When visiting your ancestral home, encourage your child to observe the ancient practices that are still in use. Help your child understand the link between tradition and modernity. New Words 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 2) ape – an animal that is like a monkey, but does not have a tail or has a very short tail 34 12/11/2017 8:01:44 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 34
3) meat – flesh of an animal 4) handle – the part of a tool that is used to hold it 5) raw – uncooked; without cooking 6) spark – a very small fire that lasts for less than a second 7) observe – to watch and study something carefully 8) log – a long piece of a tree that has been cut 9) clay – a soft, muddy material used to make pots and other objects 10) priest – someone who performs religious duties and makes rules of worship 11) soldier – someone who protects a place or a group of people from other groups of people 12) crops – the plants grown for getting grains and other food 13) grains – the seeds of some plants, such as rice, that we cook and eat 14) resources – a place or thing that provides something useful 15) domesticate – make a wild animal able to live with human beings The Story of the Past 35 PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 35 12/11/2017 8:01:45 PM
Lesson Discovering India - I 5 I Will Learn About 5.1 R village, town, city and state. U levels of a government. A functions of the government. h functions of people working in the government. Concept 5.1: Parts of India and Its Government I Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who lives in Karnataka. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? Mr Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Wait, let me get my diary. Mr Irani gets the diary and writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Why don’t you just write India? After all, we all stay in India! Q. Will Mehnaz get the letter if Mr Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no 36 18-Jan-18 6:22:29 PM Chapter 5.indd 36
I Remember The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. The address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. As you can see, Meher’s house is on S.B. Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. India is made up of many such villages, towns, cities and states. VILLAGES, TOWNS AND CITIES Villages India has one of the highest number of villages in the villages world. They are governed by the gram panchayats. More towns than half the Indian population lives in villages. Compared to a city or a town, a village: • is smaller in size. • has more open space and greenery. • is less polluted. • has no airports. Towns Towns are governed by the municipal councils. They are bigger than villages, but smaller than cities. Towns have more facilities, such as hospitals and schools, as compared to a village. However, they are also more polluted than villages. Discovering India - I 37 Chapter 5.indd 37 18-Jan-18 6:22:35 PM
38 18-Jan-18 6:22:35 PM Chapter 5.indd 38
Cities Cities are governed by municipal corporations. They are bigger than both towns and villages. Cities also provide many facilities such as big hospitals, schools and colleges. However, cities are more crowded than towns and villages. They are also much more polluted. cities The villages, towns and cities together form states. Some areas in those states are called union territories. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA India is the world’s seventh largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. Each state has a government, with its own A union territory is an governor, chief minister and other ministers. The offices of the area that is directly state government are located in the capital city of the state. ruled by the central government. India also has seven union territories, including the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is the capital city of India. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory, while Lakshadweep is the smallest. I Understand Who divided India into states and union territories? Who takes care of the people living there? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people that makes important decisions for a country. The government of India divided the country into states and union territories. It divided the country according to the languages spoken in different areas. Discovering India - I 39 Chapter 5.indd 39 18-Jan-18 6:22:36 PM
LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India. The government in India, therefore, works at three levels. Levels of a Government The central government: • is located in New Delhi. • makes decisions for the entire country. The state government: State Government • is present in every state. • is located in the capital city of a state. • looks after people living in the state. 40 18-Jan-18 6:22:37 PM Chapter 5.indd 40
The local government: Local Government • is present in every city, town and village. • looks after basic needs such as water and roads. • is known by different names. Location Name of the local city government town village municipal corporation municipal council gram panchayat Train My Brain 1) Do villages have airports? 2) How many levels does the government in India have? I Apply FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT Just as we are responsible for lot of things, the government is also responsible for the following functions: Maintaining law and order: The central and state government often work together to make many laws. It includes making rules and seeing that the rules are properly followed. It also includes punishing the people who do not obey the laws. Ful illing duties: The government also fulfills its many duties like preserving monuments, forests, water bodies and so on. They also provide relief during bad events such as earthquakes and floods. Discovering India - I 41 Chapter 5.indd 41 18-Jan-18 6:22:37 PM
Providing various facilities: The government is also responsible for providing different kinds of facilities. The facilities offered by the government are available to everybody, cheap or free. Some of them are: • Public transport facilities: These include facilities that allow people to travel to different areas, cities, towns, villages and states. Examples: buses, trains public transport facilities • Recreational facilities: These include facilities that allow people to enjoy and have fun. Examples: zoos, parks recreational facilities • Healthcare facilities: These include facilities to look after the health of the people. Examples: hospitals, clinics health facilities • Education facilities: These include facilities that allow the government to provide education to people. Examples: schools, libraries 42 educational facilities Chapter 5.indd 42 18-Jan-18 6:22:40 PM
I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) With the help of adults, find the transport facilities provided by the government in your area. Also, talk to your neighbours and find out the most popular mode of public transport. 2) Visit a government office with your parents or family members. Talk to the people who work there. Learn about the different things they do. Try to create a timeline of the things they do in a day. Be Amazed When we write addresses, we also write the PIN Code. Postal Index Number (PIN) is a 6-digit code used across the country. Different areas of a city have different codes. This system was introduced on 15th August 1972 to improve the delivery of mail. Connect the Dots English Fun Did you know that the names of many Indian states and cities have changed recently? ‘Chennai’ used to be called ‘Madras’, ‘Mumbai’ used to be called ‘Bombay’ and ‘Kolkata’ used to be ‘Calcutta’. Find out from adults at home if they know of any other states or cities whose names have changed. Maths Fun Lakshadweep, India’s smallest union territory, has 27 villages. Goa, India’s smallest state, has 397 villages. How many more villages than Lakshadweep does Goa have? Discovering India - I 43 Chapter 5.indd 43 18-Jan-18 6:22:40 PM
A Note to Parent Give your child a wall-sized map of India. They can use it to mark new cities and villages that you visit your guests come from. When they read stories, ask them to locate the state or city in which the stories are set. These little exercises will help them understand how to use a map and develop an understanding of the state boundaries of India. New Words 1) govern – to make decisions for a country or a state 2) airport – a place from where aeroplanes come and go 3) capital city – the city where the state government is located 4) laws – rules that tell us what we can and cannot do 5) facilities – things that people can use 44 18-Jan-18 6:22:41 PM Chapter 5.indd 44
Lesson Discovering India - II 6 I Will Learn About 6.1 R the location of India. U the six regions of India. A how physical features affect the lives of people. h Comparing two regions of India. Concept 6.1: India’s Location and Physical Features I Think Rashi has seen a picture of an animal that looks different from the ones that she has seen so far. She wants to tell Meher about it. Rashi: Meher! Look at this picture of a goat. Meher: That’s not a goat! It looks so different from the goats in goats in Ladakh Pune. Maybe Morad will know more about this goat. Meher and Rashi take the picture to Morad. Morad: This is a mountain-goat. It is found in the Leh and Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. Rashi: It looks so different from the goats we see in Pune. goats in Pune Q. Why do the goats found in Ladakh look different from the ones found in Pune? (A) the climate of Ladakh and (B) Ladakh is not an important city Pune is different (C) Pune is closer to Mumbai, a big city (D) there is no water in Ladakh PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 45 45 12/11/2017 8:02:14 PM
I Remember Just as the states are located in India, India is situated in the continent of Asia. It is the third largest country in Asia. India measures about 3,200 kilometres from the north to the south. The length from the west to the east is about 2,900 kilometres. India is surrounded by eight neighbouring countries: ● Afghanistan ● Pakistan ● China ● Nepal ● Bhutan ● Bangladesh ● Myanmar (Burma) ● Sri Lanka PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA In the north, India is surrounded by the Physical features include Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain landforms, water bodies, range. In the south, India is surrounded and soil. by water. There is a lot of variety in India’s physical features. Plains, mountains, plateaus, deserts and islands are Based on the physical features, India can be examples of landforms. divided into six regions: ● the Northern Mountains ● the Northern Plains ● the Great Indian Desert ● the Southern Plateau ● the Coastal Plains ● the Islands 46 12/11/2017 8:02:15 PM PPS_G3_TB_Social.indb 46
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