202110238-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-BIOLOGY-G08-PART2

Biology Workbook_8_P_2.pdf 1 11/5/19 6:23 PM Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 25 9 PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 50 10 NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 70 11 WHY DO WE FALL ILL? PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Animal Husbandry –refers to the rearing of animals by providing food, shelter and protection and getting milk, meat and other food varieties from them. ii. Fodder –is food, especially dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock. iii. Veterinary –is related to the diseases, injuries, and treatment of animals. iv. Parasite –is an organism which lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriv- ing nutrients. v. Livestock –is defined as farm animals that are raised to generate profit. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Animal husbandry is a science of breeding and caring for animals. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 1

ii. Domesticated animals include cow, buffalo for milk; hens, goats, sheep for meat; ox, bulls, horse and donkeys for agriculture and transportation. iii. Supplying of nutritious food, accommodation, clear and hygiene shelters are very important issues in animal husbandry. iv. Taking care of animal health is also an equally important task in animal husbandry. Galikuntu is a common and dangerous disease partially in cows and buffaloes. Sheep and goats suffer from worm infections (Nattala Vyadhi) 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write about the accessory products produced in animal husbandry. [Refer to TB page 156 Q4] A. i. Animals are reared and domesticated mainly for milk, meat and eggs. ii. How ever apart from these there are various ways animals are important to us and benefit us. iii. Some of the accessory products produced from animal husbandry are biogas, fibres (fabric), leather, and medicines. 1.5 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Agriculture and animal husbandry are both sides of same coin. How can you justify this? [Refer to TB page 156 Q12] A. i. Farmers adopt different methods of management for getting better yield in agri- culture. In the same way, care is required in the management of rearing animals also. ii. For a long time, man has been using animals not only for obtaining food but also for agriculture, transportation etc. iii. Food production from plants alone does not fulfill all food requirements of people. So we need food from animals too. iv. Production of food from animals is as important as agriculture in our country. Bulls are mainly reared or used in agricultural practices like ploughing. v. Agricultural produce is used as a fodder to cattle. vi. The cattle give milk and help in ploughing. vii. Agriculture and animal husbandry are interdependent on each other. So, they are called both sides of a same coin. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 2

SESSION 2 MILK PRODUCTION 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology i. Jersey –is a breed of light brown dairy cattle from Jersey. ii. Holstein –is an animal of black–and–white breed of large dairy cattle, originally raised in Friesland. iii. Pasteurization –is the act or process of heating food, especially a beverage such as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganism that could cause disease, spoilage or undesired fermentation. iv. Biogas –refers to any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant crops. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 3

2.3 Key Concepts i. Traditional species give 2–5 liter of milk everyday where as foreign varieties like Jersey and Holstein give up to 25 liters of milk per day. ii. Out of milk produced 60% is used to prepare cheese, khova, ghee, curd, milk powder and other milk products. iii. Prof. J.K. Kurian, the ‘Father of White Revolution’ has worked a lot in increasing milk production in our country. iv. Milk is adulterated with urea, flour and different types of substance to increase the quantity of milk. v. From cattle, we not only get milk and milk products, but also leather of animals which are used in leather industry, bones are used in fertilizer industry and dung is used as a fertilizerand in biogas production. vi. Beef from bulls and buffaloes, pork from pigs, mutton from sheep and goats are the prominent meat varieties. 2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Make a list of characters of local variety of buffaloes which give good quantity of milk in your village? [Refer to TB page 156 Q2] A. i. The buffalo is generally regarded as a good dairy animal in India. Murra is very good milk giving animal which is distributed throughout Punjab, Haryana, and U.P. ii. Zaffarabadi is also a good milk yielding animal found in Nasik, Maharashtra. Nili and Ravi are common in Punjab and are good milk yielding varieties. iii. The Surti are economical and are common in Gujarat. In Orissa, traditional live stock –Chilka buffaloes are reared. iv. Some of the above mentioned buffaloes are also used in our village as a livestock. They give upto 8 litres of milk. Murra is widely reared in our state. 2.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. If you have a chance to visit milk chilling center, what doubts you like to clarify? Please list them out. [Refer to TB page 156 Q6] A. On the visit to milk–chilling centre, the following doubts may be clarified: i. Whether nutrients in the milk also get affected and are destroyed by the processes involved. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 4

ii. We can enquire whether hygienic conditions are maintained during the process. iii. We can ask about the necessity of rapid cooling after heating. iv. The precautions taken out while milk processing can also be asked. 2.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect news from news papers about milk production and impurities in milk. Prepare a note and display it on your wall magazine. [Refer to TB page 156 Q8] A. Students’ Activity (Some points are given for reference) i. According to the economical and statistical survey, about 40 –60 lakh litres of milk was produced every day in our state in the year 2011. ii. At present, some dairy farmers use hormone injections for their cattle to get high quantity of milk. iii. The cattle reach early puberty. These hormones settle down in our body when we consume milk and cause various diseases. iv. In milk chilling centres, some harmful chemicals are used to preserve milk. They are also injurious to our health. 2.7 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. How do you appreciate the uses of cattle? [Refer to TB page 156 Q13] A. i. Cattle provide milk, from which in turn, other dairy products like cheese, butter, cream and yogurt are derived. ii. Cattle also provide meat, which is a main product in beef industry. iii. Cow dung is used in the production of biogas. iv. Cow dung manure contains several plant nutrients including nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The composition of cow dung manure makes it ideal for several uses, including fuel, fertilizer and medicine. v. Ash formed from burning of dung can be used as a cleaning agent for house hold utensils or used as fertilizer. vi. The urine of cows is considered an elixir of life and is used as a natural remedy for liver and health conditions as well as for enhancing mental and physical strength and increasing long life. vii. Bones are used in fertilizer industries. viii. Leather of cattle is used in leather industries. ix. Oils and lubricants, soaps, some medicines are derived from the inedible fats from cattles. SESSION 2. MILK PRODUCTION 5

SESSION 3 POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology i. Hatching –refers to causing the young to emerge from (the egg) by brooding or incubating. ii. Incubator – is an apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can be controlled. It is often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a chemical or biological reaction. iii. Honey bee hive –is an enclosed structure in which honey bee species of the subgenus Apis live and raise their young. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 6

iv. Honey wax or Beeswax –is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. v. Queen bee –is the single reproductive female in a hive or colony of honeybees. vi. Drones –are male honey bees which are the product of an unfertilized egg. Unlike the female worker bee, drones do not have stingers and do not participate in nectar and pollen gathering. Its primary role is to mate with a fertile queen. vii. Aqua culture –refers to cultivating fish in fresh and salt water. viii. Marine Fisheries –refer to the Fishery industry related to marine water resources like ocean, sea etc. ix. Inland fisheries –refer to the Fishery industry related to fresh water resources like river, pond etc. x. Breeding –is the mating and production of offspring by animals. xi. Food processing –is the transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemi- cal means into food, or of food into other forms. It combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the con- sumer. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Production and rearing of hens on a large scale is generally called Poultry. ii. Poultry farms are of two types: broilers are reared for meat and layers are reared for the production of eggs. iii. New Hampshire, White Plymouth, Rhode island red, White leg horn, Anoka are the foreign varieties of meat giving species. iv. Aseel, Kadaknath, Chittagang, Longshan, Bursa are pure local varieties which have a low rate of egg production than hybrid varieties. v. During January to April, rate of hatching is more because of this most of the egg are used for hatching. vi. Culture of honey bees (apis) for the production of honey is called Apiculture. vii. Apis dorsata, Apis indica, Apis •oera, Apis melipona and Apis prigona are the five wellknow species in India. viii. Apis cerena, an Indian honey bee, produces 3–10 kg of honey from a colony per an- num whereas Apis mellifera, an European honey bee produces 25–30 kg of honey perannum. ix. A honey bee colony consists of three types of bees: one queen, thousands of workers and hundreds of drones. x. Besides honey, bee wax and bee venom are other products in Apiculture. Bee wax is used in the production of polish, cream, nail polish etc. and been venom is used inHomeopathic treatment. xi. Cultivation of fish in fresh and salt water is called aqua culture. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 7

xii. Popular marine fish varieties include Macerel, Tuna, Saradines, and Mombay duck. xiii. Some marine fishes of high economic value are also found in sea water which include finned fish like Mullets, Bhetki and Peral spots, Sea fishes such as prawns, Mussels and Oysters as well as sea weed. xiv. In composite fish culture systems, a combination of five or six fish species are used in a single fishpond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them and have different types of food habits. xv. Fish culture is sometimes practised in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. Cultivating fish in paddy fields lower pests like stem borers on paddy. 3.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What are they? How do they differ from each other? [Refer to TB page 156 Q1] A. i. There is only one queen bee in a hive. The primary function of a queen bee is to lay eggs (800 – 1200 eggs per day). ii. Queen bee produces two kinds of eggs, one kind is unfertilized which produces only drones. The second kind is fertilized eggs which produce queen or workers. iii. Whether the larva of a fertilized egg will develop into a queen or worker is deter- mined by the food given to it. iv. All larvae at first feed on a royal jelly produced by workers. After a few days, the larvae destined to become drones and workers are fed on a mixture of honey and predigested pollen. The larvae which will become queens are fed continuously on royal jelly only. v. The life span of a queen bee is 2 to 3 years. A worker has 5 – 6 weeks and drone has 57 days life time. vi. The worker bees attend to indoor duties during first three weeks such as secretion of royal jelly, feeding of the brood. vii. After three weeks, they attend to outdoor duties like collecting nectar, pollen and water. viii. Drones are the male members of the colony. They are lazy and unable to gather food. Their main duty is participating in mating with the queen bee. ix. Mating takes place in the open when the queen is in flight. The drone dies during the act or immediately after it. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 8

Q2. Explain the process of hatching eggs under broody hen in rural areas. [Refer to TB page 156 Q3] A. i. Rural people do not use incubators to produce chicken. They hatch eggs by plac- ing them under a broody hen. ii. For this, they use fertilized eggs collected from a local hen. During this period, avillager would keep about 12 to 20 eggs in a basket of soft husk or other soft materials. iii. Around 21 to 24 eggs are kept under the selected hen. During this period, the hen incubates the eggs with her body heat, very rarely the hen comes out for its food, and most of the time, it is there on the eggs. iv. The hen also turns the eggs from one side to other and from up and down. v. This facilitates the incubation of every portion of the egg. vi. Hatchability of eggs is generally higher at 37– 0 C temperature. 38 vii. Hatching period is from January to April. At that time, the external temperature is also between 30 – 0 C. 35 viii. During incubation period, the embryo formation inside the egg is complete and small chicks come out of the eggs. The young ones are looked after by the adult hen for some days. Q3. Write about the accessory products produced in animal husbandry. [Refer to TB page 156 Q4] A. i. Buffalo, cow etc. are reared for milk. ii. Hens, goats, sheep are reared for meat and ox, horse, bulls, donkeys for agriculture and transportation. Q4. What are estuaries? How they are suitable for both marine and river fish to live? [Refer to TB page 156 Q5] A. i. An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water along the coast where fresh water from river and streams meets and mixes with salt water from the ocean. ii. Estuarine water is very productive and its pH ranges between 7.5 to 8.3. iii. This water contains most of the nutrients required for aquaculture. iv. Since it is a combination of fresh and salt water with considerable variations in salinity, it is suitable for both marine and river fish to live. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 9

3.5 Experimentation and Field Investigation Q1. Poultry/Emu culture/Fish farms/Apiculture. Visit any one of the above industry. Get the information from farmers and prepare a note on this. [Refer to TB page 156 Q7] A. Student’s Activity Hint: Information on EMU farming is given as an example: i. Introduction: The Emu bird is from a family of large birds which mainly originated in Australia. Emu farming in India was established during the mid 1990’s and has been a growing business ever since then. It is estimated that there are about 2,500 emu farms in India and the number of emu farms is rapidly increasing. ii. Areas under EMU farming: Emu Farming industry in India is very well setup partic- ularly in South India. Majority of Emu Farms are present in Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Emu farming is still new to North Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. iii. Land Area under farming: Emu Bird in Indian conditions can grow up to 5 Feet tall and weigh about 50 Kg. It is very important to have ample of space for the Emu Birs to play and exercise. The recommended space requirements for proper growth, development and health of the Emu Bird are: i. Space required (One Emu Bird) : 200 sq. feet ii. Space for Emu activity (One Emu Bird): 100 sq. feet iii. Total Space Required for One Emu Bird: 300 sq. feet If you want to breed 10 pairs of Emu Birds, the total area required would be about 6000 sq. feet. Students may add up further information accordingly. 3.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Collect information about sea weeds, sea kelp from your school library and write a note with examples. [Refer to TB page 156 Q9] A. i. Sea weeds constitute one of the commercially important marine living resources. ii. They grow upto 25 meter depth in the sea. They are commonly called as Green Algae, Brown Algae (Known as sea kelp), Red Algae. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 10

Following are a few examples and uses of see weeds – Example Uses Ulva 1. Most of them are used for human Enteromorpha consumption in the form of soup, Caulerpa salad, curry etc. Jelly, jam, chocolate Codium and pickle is prepared from certain Monostroma Sargossum sea weeds. Hydhoelathyrus Laminaria 2. The phytochemicals such as agar, Marcocytes carrageenan, and sodium are Polophyra extracted from Gracillaria Euchema sea weeds. They are agents in food, Acanthophora confectionery, pharmaceuticals, paper, textile, paint and varnish industries. Q2. Observe a nearby poultry farm and find out how they export eggs to market. What material is used for transportation? [Refer to TB page 156 Q10] A. Economical marketing generally requires protection of egg by adopting specialized pack- aging and handling procedures. i. Packing eggs with clean and odourless rice husks, wheat chaff or chopped straw in a firm walled basket or crate greatly decreases the risk of shell damage. ii. A very common form of packaging is the filler tray. The fillers are then placed in boxes or cases. Filler trays are made of wood pulp moulded to accommodate the eggs. iii. Eggs can also be packed in packages that are smaller and specific for retail sale. Each package can hold from two to twelve eggs. These cases can be made of paper board or moulded wood pulp or can be made of plastic. iv. Egg containers should be stacked tightly and tied down securely to minimize move- ment. Covers should be used to protect them from the heat of the sun, rain and extreme cold (where applicable). SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 11

3.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. Observe a dry honey bee hive and how the bees build it. Draw a picture. How does it look? [Refer to TB page 156 Q11] A. i. The living colony of honey bee has one female or queen, several males or drones and thousands of workers. ii. The honey comb is made of two layers of hexagonal cells, constructed of wax. iii. The hive or honey comb has cells of different sizes to accommodate the larvae and for storage of honey. iv. Cells around the top and sides of the comb are for storing honey. They are closed with wax. v. Cells in the center and lower parts are ordinary sized cells for larvae of workers, larger cells for larvae of drones and a few very large irregular peanut shaped cells for larvae of queen. The queen lives several years and lay eggs in it. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 12

3.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. What makes you amazing in the division of work in Honey bee colony. Support your answer.[Refer to TB page 156 Q14] A. i. A honey bee colony typically consists of three kinds of adult bees: workers, drones, and a queen. ii. Several thousand worker bees cooperate in nest building, food collection, and brood rearing. Each member has a definite task to perform, related to its adult age. iii. Surviving and reproducing take the combined efforts of the entire colony. Individual bees (workers, drones, and queens) cannot survive without the support of the colony. iv. Each colony has only one queen, she is the only sexually developed female, her primary function is reproduction. She produces both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. Queens lay the greatest number of eggs in the spring and early summer. v. Drones (male bees) are the largest bees in the colony. Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands. Their main function is to fertilize the virgin queen during her mating flight. Although drones perform no useful work for the hive, their presence is believed to be important for normal colony functioning. vi. In this way, the work is divided among all the bees present in a colony. 3.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. Conversion of agriculture lands into fish ponds lead to food crisis and environmental pollution. Write your opinion to participate in debate on this issue? [Refer to TB page 156 Q15] A. There is a big demand for prawns in other countries. So farmers in coastal areas of our state convert their fields into prawn culture ponds. Many farmers cultivate fish and prawn in these ponds which leads to the following ef- fects: i. As more land is converted into ponds, lesser area is there for food crop production, and so food crisis arises due to this practice. ii. Many bacterial and viral diseases are prevalent in prawns. Some may cause dam- age to domestic animals and humans. iii. For every one or two months, the old water should be replaced with fresh water. The discharged water, with contamination is injurious for cattle and human con- sumption. SESSION 3. POULTRY, APICULTURE AND FISHERIES 13

iv. When fish or prawns are processed, the waste materials if left over in open spaces, may cause various diseases to humans. v. So in this way, a lot of environmental pollution is developed by the prawn culture methods. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding . Very Short Answer Type Questions . 1. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.1 ] (i) In India rearing of cattle is a (ii) Animal husbandry is a part of (iii) Donkeys are used for . (iv) also require nutritious food, clean and hygenic shelters. (v) The hospitals where animals are treated and given vaccination are called . 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (vi) Who is the father of white revolution in India? (vii) What do people of India feel about cattle? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 14

(viii) What is the increase in the hybrid varieties of livestock leading to? 3. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (ix) Out of milk produced in India, % is used to prepare cheese, Khova, ghee, curd, milk powder etc. (x) Murra cows give litres of milk per day. (xi) is lacteal secretion of the mammary glands of animals. (xii) Bones of dead cattle are used in (xiii) In milk, fat is present as . 4. State true or false. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xiv) Development of apiculture also improves cross pollination. [ ] (xv) Bees of a colony sometimes rob another colony during drought period. ] [ (xvi) If you want to be a healthy person “Eat egg every day” is the slogan given by AICC. [] (xvii) Blue revolution is the term which is related to aqua culture. [ ] (xviii) Increase in prawn culture in ponds leads to environmental pollution. [ ] CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 15

5. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (xix) Culture of honey bees is called . (xx) is the second largest bird in the world after ostrich. (xxi) We get % chicken and % of eggs only from poultry farms. (xxii) Broilers grow fully in just weeks to weeks. (xxiii) The total available area for fishing both inshore and offshore in India is nearly . Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Why does the price of an egg increase during January to April? (ii) [(Session 9.3)] Write a short note on sea weeds. 16 CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS

Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] What is poultry? Write a note on difference between broilers and layers. AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis 17 Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS

(i) [(Session 9.2)] Sita has seen some people selling donkey’s milk. On asking, her mother said that it is fed to children and spoke about the value of donkey’s milk. What points might Sita’s mother have told her about the donkey’s milk? AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Rita wants to preserve her juice by killing microbes. Guide her with a suitable protocol she should follow to preserve her drinks. CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 18

AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] Collect information from internet about “Operation flood” and “Milk man of India”. AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.3 ] (i) What does the below logo stand for? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 19

Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Prepare a flow chart on intensive fish farming in inland water bodies. Also, write a note on fish culture practised in combination with a rice crop. CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 20

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 9.2 ] (i) List out the two advantages of biogas over other fuel. Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.2)] How do you appreciate the use of milk and milk products in daily life? AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 9.3)] Animal husbandry contributes a large part to human livelihood. List the ways in which animals have become a part of our daily life? CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 21

Objective Questions (AS1) 16. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which of the following plays a vital role in total milk production of our country? (A) Goats (B) Donkeys (C) Camels (D) Cows (ii) Which of the following is a reason for more interest in rearing broilers rather than layers? (A) To get more meat (B) Chicken rate is higher than that of eggs (C)The capacity of laying eggs decreases after a period (D)None of the above (iii) Bee venom is used in the preparation of (B) Apex tincture (D) Apexotocin (A) Apis tincture (C) Apisomycin (iv) Which of the following vitamin is present in milk? (A) Vitamin A (B) Vitamin D (C)Vitamin E (D)All of these (v) Aseel is used in traditional fighting during Sankranthi in some districts of Andhra Pradesh because of its CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 22

(A) Pugnacity (B) High stamina (C)Majestic gait (D)All of the above (vi) Which of the following varieties should be reared to get more eggs? (A) Broiler (B) Layer (C) Local (D)All of the above (vii) Upto how many days milk of Chilka buffalows can be kept without refrigeration? (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (viii) Cultivating fish in paddy fields lowers pests like (A) Stem borers (B) Stem elantes (C)Stem aquatus (D)Stem pisecia (ix) Beeswax is used in the production of (B) nail polish (A) polish cream (D)none of the above (C)both A and B (x) Which of the following varieties give milk upto 25 litres per day? (A) Murra (B) Holstein (C) Jersey (D)Both B and C (xi) After mating drones die because, (A) Its abdomen bursts open to allow genital organs to function during mating. (B) It loses its energy during mating. (C)Queen bee injects venom during mating. (D)Worker bees kill drone after mating. (xii) Sea weeds are used in the production of (B) Poultry feed (A) Agar–Agar (D)All of the above (C)Cattle feed CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 23

(xiii) Along with milk production cattle can also be used in the production of (A) Biogas (B) Leather (C) Meat (D)All of the above (xiv) NECC is an abbreviation for (A) National Egg Co–ordination Committee (B) National Energy Co–ordination Committee (C)National England Congress Committee (D)National Economic Co–ordination Committee (xv) Increased mechanised fishing leads to (B) Depletion of water (D)None of the above (A) Depletion of sea wealth (C)Both A and B (xvi) Read the statement given below and state the possible consequence of Increased mechanized fishing. \"The consequences of mechanised fishing have increasingly become the source of research interest. Much of this has been prompted by the collapse of commercially valuable fisheries, as well as the threat of extinction to many sea animals\". (A) Depletion of sea wealth (B) Depletion of water (C)Both A and B (D)None of the above (xvii) Provide a suitable title for the given image. (A) Sericulture (B) Apiculture (C)Emu culture (D)Prawn culture CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM ANIMALS 24

10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR POLLUTION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology i. Pollutants –are substances or conditions that contaminate air, water, or soil. ii. Volcanic eruption –refers to the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material. iii. Thermal power plants –is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator to generate electricity. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR... 25

iv. Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) –are organic compounds that contain only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water or soil. Anything that is harmful to the environment is pollution. ii. The composition of air in the atmosphere comprises of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon dioxide and trace components. iii. Air pollution is the contamination of air by impurities which may have harmful impacts on the living organisms and the non–living components of the environment. iv. Primary pollutants are resultant from combustion of fuels and industrial operations whereas secondary pollutants are produced due to reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere. v. Natural activities which pollute the air are forest fire, volcanic eruption, decay of or- ganic matter results in release of ammonia and methane gases and pollen grains from plants. vi. Human activities which pollute the air are, burning of fuels, pollutants from vehicles, nuclear power plants, power generation plants, fertilisers and pesticides, deforesta- tion, CFCs from AC, refrigerator and aerosol sprays and mining. vii. Air pollution results in negative health impacts like shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, nausea, asthma, bronchitis etc. It also results in ozone depletion, green house effects, global warming and acid rain. 1.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. Road side plants cannot grow properly–Find out your own reasons and explain with your argument. [Refer to TB page 173 Q4] A. Road side plants cannot grow as those like forest plants. The main reasons are: i. The road side plants receive all types of dust and chemicals from their surrounding as the road is the way for many vehicles. The leaves of these plants are covered by dust, so they cannot perform photosynthesis and transpiration process and so they cannot grow well. ii. The road side plants cannot be properly maintained. Branches of trees are felled for timber or for fuel. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR... 26

iii. When the leaves ripen they fall to the ground, they decompose with the soil and supply nutrients again to the plants. But the road side trees do not have this chance. Because they are eaten by sheep or goats or otherwise removed by municipal cleaners. iv. Even if they grow, sometimes their branches can cause obstruction to vehicle movement. So some of the branches are cut down for that reason. In this way also they cannot grow properly. 1.5 Asking Questions and Making Hypothesis Q1. Sudheer is a traffic constable. What do you think about his health? Give some sugges- tions to protect his health during duty period. [Refer to TB page 173 Q5] A. i. A traffic constable must do his duty at a four road junction to control traffic. ii. There will be constant movement of vehicles and he is exposed to various kinds of pollutants emitted from vehicles like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, smoke, soot, ash, lead compounds etc. iii. He is more prone to respiratory problems, bronchitis, asthma, suffocation and headache. iv. Suggestions to protect his health: i. Covering nose and mouth with sterilized cloth or mask to prevent entry of pollu- tants into his body. ii. Covering eyes with spectacles. iii. Restricting traffic at a distance of 10–15m radius around him. iv. Taking bath with hygienic and antiseptic soaps after duty. 1.6 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Visit a pollution check centre. Observe the process of conducting a pollution check and record your findings. You may consider the following areas for your record: [Refer to TB page 173 Q7] i. Average number of vehicles checked in a certain time period. ii. Time taken to check each vehicle. iii. Pollutants checked for. iv. The process of testing. v. Permissible limits of emission of various pollutants. vi. Measures taken if the emitted gases are above permissible limits. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR... 27

A. i. By transport department, government of India: 5 to 10 vehicles are checked per day ii. 15 minutes to 30 minutes iii. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons iv. Mechanical v. Carbon monoxide – 3.0%, Hydrocarbons –1500% volume vi. If the levels of CO and HC are more than permissible limits, for such vehicles at first stage, a fine is collected and in the second stage its permission is cancelled. 1.7 Communication Through Drawing and Model Making Q1. What is air pollution? Make a flow chart to describe its causes and effects. [Refer to TB page 173 Q9] A. The composition of air in the atmosphere comprises four major gases namely nitrogen, oxygen, argon and CO2. All are in a balanced state. When this balanced state is disturbed by some natural activities or by human activities it is called air pollution. Common air pollutants, their sources and their effect on man: SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR... 28

1.8 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. If our monument Taj Mahal is effected by air pollution. What is your advise to protect it? [Refer to TB page 173 Q11] A. i. The effect of pollutants on Taj Mahal has become a matter of concern for archeol- ogists and environmentalists. ii. It is also our duty to protect that monument. Motor vehicles and the industries located in and around Agra discharge chemicals. Mathura refinery is also respon- sible for producing pollutants like SO, NO, smoke dust, soot etc. iii. These gases react with rain to form acid rain, which corrode the marble of Taj Mahal. iv. The Supreme Court of India has suggested several steps to save the Taj Mahal They are: a. The vehicles in and around Agra must use clear fuels like CNG and LPG. b. The vehicles must use unleaded petrol in the vicinity of Taj Mahal. c. All types of industries within the radius of 3 km must be shifted to other places. d. Buses run on batteries and only horse–drawn carriages are allowed in the vicinity of Taj Mahal. e. Archaeology department of India declared that 2.5 km around Tajmahal is a no drive area 1.9 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. \"Use Bicycle –Avoid motor bikes and cars.\" This slogan is prepared by Sravani. You alsoprepare some slogans on pollution. [Refer to TB page 173 Q14] A. i. Avoid loud speakers in living localities ii. Do not drain oil foods into sinks directly iii. Use separate bins for biodegradable and non –biodegradable wastes iv. Grow trees –reduce pollution (CO2 ) SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND AIR... 29

SESSION 2 WATER POLLUTION 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 30

2.2 Terminology i. Water pollution –is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifersand groundwater). ii. Potable water –is the water which is fit for human consumption. iii. Toxic industrial wastes –are wastes which by their nature and quality may be poten- tially detrimental to human health and/or the environment and which require special management, treatment and disposal. iv. Eutrophication –refers to enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen. This affects aquatic life badly. v. Biodegradation –is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria, fungi, or other biological means. vi. Suspended particulate matter (spm) –are finely divided solids or liquids that may be dispersed through the air from combustion processes, industrial activities or natural sources. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, industrial waste etc. is called water pollution and those substances that pollute water are called water pollutants. ii. Water which is colourless, free from smell and unwanted substance, suitable for drink- ing is known as potable water. iii. There are two main sources of water pollution; definite and non–definite sources. iv. Definite sources pollution is due to the discharge from a single source which includes factories, waste water treatment facilities, septic sources and other sources. v. Non–definite source pollution involves many small sources that combine to cause sig- nificant pollution. One such example, the movement of rain water over land picks up fertilizers and insecticides carries them into rivers, lakes, reservoirs or ground water. vi. Water pollutants are from biodegradable wastes, plant nutrients, heat, sediment, haz- ardous and toxic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. vii. The enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and depletion in oxygen is known as eutrophication. viii. Water borne diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice and diarrhea are some of the effects of water pollution. ix. Water pollution can be controlled by avoiding use of excessive fertilsers, treating toxic water chemically to neutralize the harmful substance, following 3R principle, planting trees and shrubs along the bank of river etc. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 31

2.4 Conceptual Understanding Q1. How does air pollution lead to water pollution? [Refer to TB page 173 Q1] A. i. Automobiles exhaust emit impure gases. They contain pollutants like sulphur diox- ide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, lead compound sand soot. ii. These pollutants enter the water as water pollutants and cause hazards. iii. Most of the water resources like rivers, tanks and canals are being polluted by addition of various pollutants from factories. iv. The movement of rain or irrigation water over the land picks up pollutants such as fertilisers, herbicides and insecticides and carries them into rivers, lakes, reser- voirs, coastal waters or ground water. The substances reach the water supply and cause various disorders for those who drink without proper treatment. Q2. What steps can be taken up to control air pollution and water pollution? [Refer to TB page 173 Q2] A. Preventive measures of air pollution: i. Important renewable sources of energy with least pollution can be used instead of conventional fuel energy. For this, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy etc. are recommended by Indian Renewable Energy Develop- ment Agency. ii. Only unleaded petrol has to be marketed to prevent leaded pollution. A mixture of petrol and alcohol called gasohol can be used in automobiles to reduce the air pollution. iii. Time barred vehicles and vehicles without “pollution under control” certificates should not be allowed on roads. iv. Factories should use tall chimneys so that they can release the smoke in the upper layers of air. v. As the main cause of SO2 pollution is coal with high sulphur content, low SO2 content coal is used. Preventive measures of water pollution: i. Sewage and factory waste water should not be allowed to be released unless subject to proper treatment. It can be used for growing trees and for agriculture. ii. The human and animal wastes are to be used for generating gobar gas or compost fertiliser. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 32

iii. To prevent thermal pollution, the hot water generated in the factories has to be cooled as per the regulation with the help of cooling towers. iv. Water pollution by heavy metals and radiations has to be prevented by appropriate treatment. v. Aqua farms should not to be allowed to come up very close to the sea shore. Overall, public awareness is necessary to put a check on air and water pollution. Q3. Write a short note on the effects of water pollution in your village or nearby area. Suggest precautions. [Refer to TB page 173 Q6] A. i. The people in the villages wash the utensil, animals and clothes in the pond water. They also use this water for bathing and drinking. This water is agent for cholera, typhoid and jaundice. It also causes skin diseases. ii. The fertilisers from agricultural run–off enter the water in the tank, help algae to bloom, as a result water turn to green, cloudy and smells bad. iii. The mineral or organic matter called sediment clog municipal water systems. iv. Pollutants in the water decrease the amount of oxygen causing the death of aquatic animals and other organisms. Precautions: i. Sewage should not be allowed to be released unless subject to proper treatment. It can be used for growing trees and for agriculture. ii. The human and animal wastes are to be used for generating gobar gas or compost fertiliser. iii. Use of chemical fertilisers should be minimised. Q4. Why does the increased level of nutrients in the water affect the survival of aquatic organisms? [Refer to TB page 173 Q3] A. i. Fertiliser chemicals leave phosphates and nitrates run–off due to rain and indus- trial waste enters into water through sewage. ii. These nutrients pollute water and help algae to bloom, weeds to grow and bacteria to spread. As a result, water turns green, cloudy and smells bad. iii. Decomposing plants use up the oxygen in disrupting aquatic life reducing biodiver- sity and killing aquatic organisms. iv. The enrichment of water nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen in water is known as eutrophication. These affect aquatic population. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 33

2.5 Information Skills and Projects Q1. Organise a field visit to a pond /lake/ river present near to your village with the help of your teachers. Observations followed by discussion could focus on: [Refer to TB page 173 Q8] i. The history of pond or lake or river ii. Water resources available other than that river/ pond/ lake iii. Cultural traditions iv. Pollution concerns v. Source of pollution vi. Effects of pollution on the people living by the riverside as well as those living far away A. This is a sample answer. You can follow the same steps and write a similar answer with regards to a pond/ lake/ river near your village. i. History of pond/lake river: River Krishna - River Krishna originates at Mahabaleswara in Maharashtra. After trav- elling 1400 km it meets Bay of Bengal. In A.P. it is stretched over 26252 square km. However it travels Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. ii. Water resources available other than that river/pond/lake. Before it enters Telangana. At Kurnool, two sub–rivers namely Tunga and Bhadra join River Krishna. After that it meets some more sub rivers namely. Dandi, Peddavagu, valia – Musi Palaru, Munneru, Kattlaru. When it reaches Vijayawada it widens to 16 km and travel a distance of 65 k before enters the sea. iii. Cultural Traditions: There are various kinds of soils present in and around the river. There 2 or 3 crops like paddy, cotton, sugar cane, sunflower are grown. Many types of vegetables and orchards are also cultivated. Many people depend on agriculture. Krishna River passes through Guntur and Krishna districts of A.P. In Guntur district in the Palanadu area cock fights are famous. In Krishna district –Kuchipudi dance is most famous in the world. In Vijayawada, the famous temple of Durga is very ancient and has a great history. In Kurnool district the Sri sailam temple is also a famous one. Amaravathi temple, Kotappa konda temples are also very famous. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 34

iv. Sources of pollution : Along the river there are many factories situated on the banks like cement factories, mining industries, chemical manufacturing units, pesticide man- ufacturing units etc.. Solid waste, sewage, Industrial effluents, thermal pollutants enter into the river at various points causing pollution. v. Effects of pollution on the people living by the river side as well as those living far: The pollutants contain mainly heavy metals. They cause various diseases. They are: Cadmium Diarrhea, growth retardation, bone Copper deformation hypertension, tumor formation, anemia, kidney damage, testicular atrophy etc. Hypertension, poradic fever, remia, oma etc. Barium Vomiting, diarrhea, muscular paralysis of nervous system. Zinc Vomiting, renal damage, cramps. Mercury Abdominal pain, headache, diarrhea, haemolysis, chest pain etc. Lead Anemia, brain damage, vomiting, loss of appetite, liver and kidney damage. Arsenic Mental disturbances, liver cirrhosis, hyper keratosis, kidney damage, ulcer in gastro –intestinal tract, lung cancer. Chromium Cancer, nephritis, gastro –intestinal ulcer, diseases in central nervous system. Cobalt Paralysis, diarrhea, low blood pressure, lung irritation and bone defects. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 35

2.6 Appreciation and Aesthetic Sense, Values Q1. Clear and transparent water is always fit for drinking. Comment. [Refer to TB page 173 Q10] A. i. Normal water is colourless and transparent without smell or unwanted substances. Normal water is suitable for drinking and is good for health. ii. Most of our water resources like rivers, tanks and canals are being polluted by addition of various pollutants from factories, garbage etc. That water contains many harmful chemicals and disease–causing microorganisms. If we use such polluted water, we will be prone to various diseases. iii. Polluted water must be treated with bleaching powder and alum. Potable water should be free of any disease causing organisms. iv. Only treated water will be clear and is fit for drinking. Thus we can say that clear and transparent water is always fit for drinking. Q2. Reshma is going to talk about controlling measures of soil pollution. Prepare write up for her. [Refer to TB page 173 Q12] A. Soil and land pollution is caused by unsanitary habits, various agricultural practices, and improper disposal of solid and liquid wastes. To control soil pollution various methods must be followed i. People must be educated and should be made aware regarding the harmful effects of pollutants and the ways of its prevention. ii. Toxic industrial waste and sewage must be converted into compost and used as fertiliser for crops. In this way, one can stop the development of harmful organisms from them. iii. Farmers must be educated about the difference between uses of insecticides, pes- ticides etc. on plants. Instead, they can use some animals that can eat insects and bacteria. iv. People must use septic tanks and underground drainage system so that pollutants can be eliminated before they enter the soil. v. Industrialists must be instructed not to let off their wastes into canals or soil without proper treatment. vi. Planting of trees may prevent soil pollution and soil erosion. Q3. To conduct a quiz program on air and water pollution, prepare five thought provoking questions. [Refer to TB page 173 Q13] SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 36

A. Quiz questions: i. Motor vehicles act 1988 and central motor vehicle rules 1989 has prescribed the norms. What are they? ii. What are the four major gases in the air? iii. When Bhopal tragedy occurred, what were the disasters caused? iv. Collecting sand from river bed is injurious? Why? v. What do you mean by eutrophication? Answers: i. Emission of smoke from motor vehicles should have some specific permissible limits. ii. The composition of air in the atmosphere consists of nitrogen 78% oxygen (21%), Argon 1%, Carbon dioxide 0.003%. iii. In 2–12–1984 the Bhopal tragedy occurred during midnight. About 3000 people died 5000 were paralised and thousands of cattle, birds, dogs and cats died. This is due to the leakage of Methyl Isocynate (MIC) into the air by union carbide factory. iv. In the river bed sand acts as natural filtrate of water. So many impurities are absorbed by sand. If we remove sand bed, the water cannot be filtered well, so it is not safe for drinking. v. The enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and deple- tion of oxygen is known as eutrophication. 2.7 Application to Daily Life, Concern to Bio Diversity Q1. If you are a general manager of a chemical industry what precautions you would take to control air and water pollution? [Refer to TB page 173 Q15] A. Students’ activity Students can make use of the following information for their answers. i. Use of filtering agents/ tools in power plants to filter harmful pollutants. ii. Monitoring air quality from time to time as a checkout for emissions. iii. Checking the use of chemicals for industrial, agricultural and domestic purposes. iv. Treatment of hazardous wastes released in water and recycling of chemical con- tainers. SESSION 2. WATER POLLUTION 37

—— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding ] Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. State true or false. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (i) Due to lack of forests, the level of carbon dioxide is increasing day by day. [ (ii) CFCs pollute air by depleting the ozone layer. [] (iii) Hydrogen sulphide has sweet odour which is used in preparation of perfumes. ] [ ] (iv) By using CNG in vehicles we can reduce pollution. [ (v) Making use of solar energy is not a good way to control pollution. [ ] 2. Match the pollutants with their sources. Column B [(Session 10.1)] a. Paper and pulp Column A b. Secondary pollutant i. PAN c. Fertilizers ii. SPM d. Boilers iii. NOX e. Nitric acid manufacture iv. Hydrogen sulphide v. Ammonia CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 38

3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (vi) What are the four major gases in the air? 4. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (vii) is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water or soil. (viii) Anything that is harmful to the environment is a . (ix) gives details of the amount of pollutants in the emissions. (x) All vehicles which are in operation for more than a year should undergo every six months to obtain the certificate of pollution under control. (xi) causes various diseases like respiratory problems, bronchitis, asthma and cancer. (xii) The biggest meltdown of nuclear power reactor in the world was in . (xiii) causes cancer and other problems. (xiv) Forests now cover only of the earth’s land surface. (xv) Methyl isocyanate is highly . (xvi) About people died in the Bhopal gas mishap. CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 39

5. State true or false. [] [Refer to Session 10.2 ] (xvii) Natural resources are the divine gift for us by nature. (xviii) There should be general awareness among the masses regarding the harmful effects of pollution. [] (xix) Consuming of water containing 0.005 ppm of fluoride would develop dental fluorosis. [] (xx) Dead bodies of human beings should be thrown into rivers. [ ] (xxi) Discharge of treated effluents into sewage line can reduce water pollution. ] [ 6. Match the following. Column B [(Session 10.2)] a. Reduce pollution and recover re- Column A sources i. Most polluted area b. Launched by Indian Government c. Patancheru ii. Excess nutrients for plants d. Hazardous chemicals iii. Pharmaceuticals e. Eutrophication iv. Ganga action plan v. 3R’s principles CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 40

7. Match the following. Column B [(Session 10.2)] a. Human and animal waste Column A b. Difficult to identify c. Fluorosis i. Eutrophication d. Reducing aquatic biodiversity ii. Heat e. Amount of dissolved oxygen decreases iii. Sediment pollution iv. Fluorine v. Biodegradable waste 8. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 10.2 ] (xxii) What is water pollution? (xxiii) Do you think clean and transparent water is fit for drinking? 9. Fill in the blanks. [Refer to Session 10.2 ] (xxiv) project was undertaken to reduce the pollution level in the river Musi. (xxv) Organic carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and water, which can cause and . CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 41

(xxvi) pollution is difficult to identify. (xxvii) One drop of used motor oil can pollute litres of water. (xxviii) is the next stage of reuse. Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] What happens if a person inhales high amounts of carbon monoxide? 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.2)] ’Adding more nutrients to water bodies will reduce aquatic biodiver- sity.’ Do you agree with this statement? State reasons. CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 42

Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] What are the effects of air pollution? AS2-Asking questions and making hypothesis Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] Teacher said that vehicles and industries release gases that causes air pollution. On hearing this Raju got some doubts and started asking questionnaire. What questions do you think that Raju might have asked? CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 43

AS3-Experimentation and field investigation Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] Write the procedure to conduct oil paper experiment. AS4-Information skills and projects Long Answer Type Questions 15. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] Collect information from the internet on the ‘ozone layer’. Prepare a note on ozone depletion and ozone hole. CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 44

AS5-Communication through drawing and model making Very Short Answer Type Questions 16. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (i) The Image shown is a pollution certificate. What does the pollution certificate contain? Long Answer Type Questions 17. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] List out 10 air pollutants and its source in tabular format CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 45

AS6-Appreciation and aesthetic sense, Values Very Short Answer Type Questions 18. Answer the following questions in one sentence. [Refer to Session 10.1 ] (i) How can you help reduce air pollution at an individual level? Short Answer Type Questions 19. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] Write your suggestions for improving the quality of air and stopping air pollution. CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 46

AS7-Application to daily life, concern to bio diversity Long Answer Type Questions 20. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.1)] ”Air pollution is like slow poison that leads to ill–effects on biodiver- sity”. Explain how air pollution leads to deterioration of biosphere. 21. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) [(Session 10.2)] Describe in detail how water pollution affects the life of flora and fauna on earth. CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 47

Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 22. Choose the correct answer. (i) The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is (A) 12% (B) 21% (C) 78% (D) 14% (ii) The generation of power by using uranium is called (A) Hydroelectric power (B) Thermal power (C)Nuclear power (D)Tidal power (iii) Bhopal gas tragedy took place in the year . (A) 1981 (B) 1982 (C) 1983 (D) 1984 (iv) The leakage of which gas from Union Carbide factory caused the Bhopal gas tragedy? (A) Hydrogen cyanide (B) Methyl isocyanate (C)Ethyl isocyanate (D)Nitrous oxide CHAPTER 10. NOT FOR BREATHING - NOT FOR DRINKING 48