ENGLISH 4 LANGUAGE Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Contents Part 1 1 Nouns ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 2 Punctuation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 R1: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 3 One and Many ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 4 Pronouns ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 R2: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 5 Adjectives ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 6 Articles ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 R3: Reading Comprehension ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 58
1 Nouns Nouns You have learnt about nouns in the previous classes. Let us revise the different types of nouns. Remember • Common nouns are names given to people, places, hospital animals or things of the same kind. They do not begin with a capital letter. Examples: lady, hospital, cheetah, duster • P roper nouns are specific names given to people, places, animals or things. They always begin with a capital letter. Examples: Enid Blyton, Amit, Nagpur, Tiggy Tiggy • Collective nouns are words that refer to a group of people or things. E xamples: floc of sheep, fligh of stairs, swarm of bees, flock of sheep audience • M aterial nouns refer to the materials or substances from which things are made. Examples: iron, rubber, silver, silk nails made of iron 1
Gender of nouns Nouns can also be sorted according to their gender • M asculine gender nouns: These • N euter gender nouns: These are are the names for boys, men and nouns that name non-living things male animals. Examples: son, uncle, without any gender. They are used nephew, prince, horse, gander for objects and places. They are also used to name the months of the year • F eminine gender nouns: These are the and the days of the week. names for girls, women and female Examples: ruler, box, clothes, library, animals. Examples: daughter, aunt, table, stone, truck, building, ocean, niece, princess, mare, goose July, Monday • C ommon gender nouns: These refer to nouns that can be male or female. Examples: child, singer, coach, engineer, pilot, cousin, referee, parent Exercise 1: Sort the nouns into the table given below. One is done for you. Prakash animal Uma peahen man cookie Proper noun Common noun Gender Prakash masculine feminine neuter common 2
Exercise 2: Classify the given nouns according to their gender. One is done for you. shepherdess gentleman reporter cave stick emperor student bride Masculine Feminine a) c) shepherdess b) d) Common Neuter e) g) f) h) Exercise 3: Complete the sentences using the correct collective nouns. One is done for you. fleet colony pride family bouquet troupe a) I gave my mother a bouquet of flowers. b) I saw a _____________________________ of ants in my garden. c) Jack wanted to meet my _____________________________. d) Kunal saw a _____________________________ of lions on television. e) The _____________________________ of ships moored at the shore. f) The _____________________________ of dancers performed well. Nouns 3
2 Punctuation Punctuation Rohan received an e-mail from his pen friend in Kochi. He opened the mail in excitement. Here is the e-mail. hi rohan, how are you i want to invite you to the onam celebrations at my house onam is an important harvest festival it is celebrated for ten days yippee i am so excited to think that you may join us for onam this year do tell me about your plans waiting eagerly to hear from you, rajam The e-mail completely puzzled Rohan. Rajam had written it in a hurry. He had missed adding commas, question marks and full stops. He had also not used capital letters where needed. Insert the correct punctuation marks and capital letters. Rewrite the e-mail so that the message is clearer to Rohan. 9
Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. They help us to pause, stop and start our sentences. They are symbols that make a written message clearer and reduce miscommunication. They are used to structure and organise writing. Punctuation marks and Usage Examples capital letters It is placed at the end of a I will travel tomorrow. It is sentence or statement. too late to travel today. Full stop It is placed at the end of a Where are we going? question. Question mark It is used to separate: • H e bought vegetables, Comma • words or items in a list. milk, fruits and cheese from the market. Exclamation mark • the person addressed. • Rohan, sit down. • It is placed at the end of • What a beautiful beach! sentences that display emotions (happiness, excitement, frustration, anger and so on). • It is placed after • W ow! This room is so big. interjections. 10
Many words always start with a capital letter. Remember the acronym M.I.N.T.S. for the correct usage of capital letters. Acronym Examples M : months, names of days • M y birthday is in September. • I go to church on Sundays. I : the word ‘I’ • I bought a new pencil. • I live in Pune. N : n ames of people, states, cities • M y friend Sandeep lives in Kochi in Kerala. and countries – proper nouns • I plan to visit Norway next month. T : titles of books and movies • I am going to watch Titanic tonight. • My favourite book is Black Beauty. S : start of sentences • I have a new friend. Her name is Fatima. Punctuation in dialogue Punctuation also plays an important role when we write in dialogue form. Certain punctuation marks are used when we want to show that two or more people are talking. Example: ‘Seema has a book collection’, said Rohan. ‘That is interesting’, replied Naina. • In the sentences above, single quotes (‘ ’) are used to show the part that is spoken. Also, a comma ( , ) is used after the quoted section. • The first word within quotes always starts with a capital letter. Note: All regular sentences use this pattern. Questions or exclamations do not follow this pattern. You will learn about such sentences in Class 5. Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct punctuation marks from the box. One is done for you. . ? ! a) Mango is my favourite fruit. b) When is your birthday______ c) I walk to school every day______ d) What a pretty dress______ e) May I leave now______ f) Oh my god______ Punctuation 11
Exercise 2: Punctuate and rewrite the given paragraph. Use capital letters wherever needed. One line is done for you. ben was a kind and smart boy he had many pets ben had a dog a few cats fish and even a lizard his latest pet was a guinea pig named martin why do you think ben loved having so many pets Ans. Ben was a kind and smart boy. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences with the correct usage of punctuation and capital letters. One is done for you. a) why are you going now. Ans. Why are you going now? b) i will give you the Book tomorrow Ans. c) What a beautiful sight. Ans. d) Do you want to buy the yellow. pink or black shirt! Ans. e) Oops. I dropped the cup, Ans. f) rajeev usman. and tina went to delhi during their holidays? Ans. 12
R1 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. The national flag went up fluttering in the air. Everyone looked up and applauded loudly. This was followed by the singing of the national anthem, ‘Jana Gana Mana’. A small group of children sang a few patriotic songs, and Mini’s grandmother gave a short speech about India’s freedom struggle. On the occasion of 15th August, the Indian Independence Day, Mini’s grandmother was invited to hoist the national flag. She was the senior-most resident of the colony and had been a freedom fighter as a young girl. Mini stood beside her grandmother throughout. Mini often listened to her detailed descriptions of the freedom struggle of India: her life in an India that was ruled by the British and the history and struggles of her family. All the people who had gathered listened keenly to what the 90-year- old freedom fighter had to say. Their hearts were full of pride as they looked at the flag. Soon, sweets were distributed before everyone dispersed. 1) Who gave a speech about India’s freedom struggle? Ans. 2) What is special about 15th August? Ans. 18
3) R ewrite the sentences given below with the correct punctuation and capitalisation. a) minis grandmother gave a short speech about indias freedom struggle Ans. b) everyone sang the national anthem jana gana mana together Ans. c) p atriots like gandhi nehru bhagat singh and netaji subhash chandra bose fought for freedom from the british rule Ans. 4) The opposite of ‘senior-most’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) patriotic A) left the area b) pride B) h aving love and devotion for one’s country c) dispersed C) a feeling of happiness about something or someone related to you Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Once, there was a king who offered a prize to the artist who could paint the best picture of peace. Many artists tried. The king looked at all the pictures. But there were only two that he really liked, and he had to choose between them. One picture was of a calm lake. Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds. Everyone who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture of peace. Reading Comprehension 1 19
The other picture had rugged and bare mountains. Above was an angry sky from which rain fell. This did not look peaceful at all. But when the king looked closely, he saw a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush, a mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest – in perfect peace. Which picture do you think won the prize? The king chose the second picture. To be at peace does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hard work. To be at peace means to be in the midst of all those things and still be calm in your heart. 6) How many paintings did the king need to choose from? Ans. 7) In the second picture, what did the king see in the bush? Ans. 8) Write the plural forms of the words given below. a) bush – ______________________________ b) prize – ______________________________ c) sky – ______________________________ 9) The meaning of ‘perfect’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) midst A) above b) overhead B) calmness c) peace C) in the middle of 20
3 One and Many Singular and plural nouns Read the passage given below. Underline the plural nouns. Write their singular forms in the table provided. My friends and I got a few candies from our teachers. We ate it during recess. We ate our lunches and washed our dishes and glasses. While going home, we tied scarves around our necks. We visited a few churches. We could hear echoes in a few of these churches. Plural Singular Plural Singular Remember • Regular plurals are formed by adding ‘-s’ to the ends of words. Examples: car – cars, pen – pens • Many plurals are formed in different ways and not just by adding ‘-s’ to the ends of words. ♦ T o form the plurals of words that end in ‘-x’, ‘-o’, ‘-s’, ‘-ch’, ‘-sh’ and ‘-ss’, we add ‘-es’ to the end. E xamples: fox – foxes, hero – heroes, bus – buses, bunch – bunches, wish – wishes, address – addresses ♦ To form the plurals of words that end in ‘-y’, we change ‘-y’ to ‘-ies’. E xamples: fly – flies, bunny – bunnies, berry – berries ♦ To form the plurals of words that end in ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’, we change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘-ve’ and then add ‘-s’. For a few exceptions, we add ‘-s’ to form plurals for such words. E xamples: life – lives, wolf – wolves, self – selves, chief – chiefs 21
More on plurals There are a few nouns that do not change at all in the plural. You have to understand from the sentence whether one or many are being spoken about. Examples: There is a sheep in the field. There are two sheep in the meadow. In the first sentence, ‘a’ sheep is spoken about. This means that there is only one sheep. Here, ‘sheep’ is singular. In the second sentence, there are ‘two’ sheep. Here, more than one sheep is mentioned. So, ‘sheep’ is a plural noun in the second sentence. Here are two more examples: There are three Eight deer are fish in the pond. grazing near the river. Exercise 1: Write the singular or plural forms of the words given in the table below. One is done for you. Pictures Singular/Plural forms a) four cats b) five ____________________ c) six ____________________ 22
Pictures Singular/Plural forms d) two ____________________ e) one ____________________ f) three ____________________ Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. a) The classes will begin at seven o’clock. (classes/classs) b) Look at those _________________________. (aircraft/aircrafts) c) I need to buy a few _________________________. (shirt/shirts) d) I have three _________________________. (wishes/wishs) e) These _________________________ are very nice. (book/books) f) My friends are baking many _________________________. (cake/cakes) Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the singular forms of the words in brackets. One is done for you. a) The boy plays in the park. (boys) b) The _________________________ is eating grass. (sheep) c) The _________________________ is late. (buses) d) The _________________________ is sleeping. (deer) e) I saw a _________________________ playing outside. (leopards) f) There is a _________________________ on the table. (dishes) One and Many 23
4 Pronouns Pronouns Read the paragraph given below and underline the pronouns. Identify the types of pronouns. When Anya came into the classroom, she thought to herself, ‘Is there a test today? Why did Sheetal not tell me about it?’ Anya went to the desk that was hers. She sat down next to Vishal and prepared for the test with him. Anya had Vishal’s pen. She returned the pen to him as it was his. Remember • Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. • S ubject pronouns perform the action in a sentence. (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) Example: I am a singer. • O bject pronouns receive the action in a sentence. (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) Example: Give that cup to me. • Reflexiv pronouns are used when we refer to the subject of the sentence again. In other words, these pronouns are used when the object of a sentence is the same as its subject. (myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself, ourselves) Example: We finished the project by ourselves. • Possessive pronouns show ownership. (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) Example: Is this ring yours? 29
Demonstrative pronouns These pronouns demonstrate or point out someone or something. Demonstrative Usage and pronoun examples Singular this It points out a single thing that is near. that Examples: • This is my book. • This is my bag. It points out a single thing that is far. Examples: • That is my house over there. • T hat is my dog. He likes running in the park. Plural these It points out multiple things that are near. those Examples: • These are the best books in the library. • These are fresh apples. It points out multiple things that are far. Examples: • Those are my sisters. • Those are my shoes, not hers. Exercise 1: Underline the pronouns in the sentences. Write the types of pronouns as well. One is done for you. a) She is a good singer. – subject pronoun b) Rahul was waiting for me. – c) The green book is his. – d) That is Sheena. – e) Kirti bought herself a new book. – f) The big dog is theirs. – 30
Exercise 2: Underline the subject pronouns and circle the object pronouns in the sentences given below. One is done for you. a) He told me that they do not speak to her. b) We are happy to meet them. c) She bought the tickets for us so that we could watch the movie together. d) That pen is spoilt. It does not work. e) Pamela showed us the painting that she had made for them. f) I voted for her in the class elections. Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the correct possessive or reflexiv pronouns. One is done for you. a) My uncle practises English by speaking to himself. b) This book is __________________. It has my name on it. c) You ordered the pizza, so it is __________________. d) Cats become clean by licking __________________. e) That sofa is __________________. We bought it last night. f) My friend and I looked at __________________ in the mirror. Pronouns 31
R2 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Anandi looked excited. ‘OK Papa, which places will we visit tomorrow?’ she asked. Manohar said, ‘We will visit Anjuna, Candolim and Calangute beaches tomorrow. We will also visit a few churches. We will go to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa and the church of St Francis of Assisi. Let us go back to the hotel and take rest now.’ The family had a quiet dinner at the hotel. They enjoyed the traditional food of Goa: fish curry, rice and Arroz Doce, a pudding. Sharat and Anandi sat next to their parents on the bed before going to sleep. Sharat asked curiously, ‘Papa, tell us more about Goa.’ Manohar said, ‘Goa is India’s smallest state in terms of area and fourth smallest in terms of population. It is located on the western coast of India along the Arabian Sea. It is renowned for its beautiful beaches. Tourists from all over India and other countries flock here for an unforgettable experience. Panaji is the capital of Goa. The other important city is Margao. Isn’t all this interesting?’ The children nodded, ‘Yes, Papa’. ‘Konkani is the official language here. Marathi, Hindi and Portuguese are also spoken here by the people. So you can learn Konkani here, children.’ 1) Which beaches were Anandi’s family going to visit in Goa? Ans. 2) Where is Goa located? Ans. 38
3) Write the noun forms of the following words: a) traditional – ______________________________ b) excited – ______________________________ c) beautiful – ______________________________ 4) The opposite of ‘unforgettable’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) official A) the residents of a place b) population B) famous or well-known c) renowned C) formal Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Welcome to the Arctic! It is a cold and windy area around the North Pole. The Arctic includes the Arctic Ocean and the land near it. Snow and ice cover the ground for most of the year. Walruses, polar bears and snowy owls are a few animals that live in this habitat and survive the cold. A walrus spends most of its time in the icy water. It has a thick layer of blubber or fat under its skin to keep itself warm. When a walrus swims, its blood flows away from its skin to the important organs inside its body. This helps to keep the walrus warm. Its skin also turns white. When it is warm again, its skin turns pink. A polar bear has special fur to keep itself warm. Each strand of hair is shaped like a straw. The shape helps to direct sunlight towards the bear’s black skin that collects and holds in heat. A snowy owl has two layers of feathers that cover its entire body. The bottom layer, which is soft and fluffy, is called ‘down’. The outer layer of feathers is thick. In strong winds, the snowy owl may hide on the ground behind a pile of snow or rocks to block the wind. Reading Comprehension 2 39
6) Which are the animals that live in the Arctic? Ans. 7) What happens when a walrus swims? Ans. 8) Underline the adjectives in the sentences given below. Write what types of adjectives they are. a) There are two poles on either ends of the Earth. Ans. b) Walruses have a thick layer of blubber. Ans. c) There is a lot of snow and ice in the Arctic. Ans. 9) The meaning of ‘blubber’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) habitat A) soft, fine feathers b) down B) continue to live under difficult conditions c) survive C) the natural home of an animal 40
5 Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns. Read the passage and underline the adjectives. State whether these are adjectives of quality, quantity or number. Allan is a tall boy. He is wearing a blue T-shirt. He has many toys. He loves his toy cars the most. Allan has seven toy cars. Allan carries some water and a little milk when he goes out to play. Ans. Possessive adjectives Read the following sentences: • I’ll get my bag. • Is that her notebook? In these sentences, the words ‘my’ and ‘her’ are adjectives that tell us who owns or ‘possesses’ the bag and the notebook. In other words, they are possessive adjectives. ‘My’ shows that the bag belongs to the speaker, ‘I’. ‘Her’ shows that the notebook belongs to a girl or woman. The other possessive adjectives are your, his, its, our and their. Examples: His name is Sirish doesn’t have our Priya has your Rustom. phone number. notebook. ‘His’ shows that ‘Our’ shows ‘Your’ shows the name belongs that the that the to Rustom. phone number notebook belongs to ‘us’. belongs to ‘you’. 41
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives are often confused with possessive pronouns. However, there is a difference between the two. Possessive Possessive Possessive Possessive adjectives pronouns adjectives pronouns my mine his his your yours her hers their theirs its its our ours – – Remember A possessive adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. It is usually located just before the words (nouns) that it describes. On the other hand, a possessive pronoun is used in place of nouns. Examples: Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns This is our house. The house is ours. My phone is ringing. The phone that is ringing is mine. Their father works in Hong Kong. Is that car theirs? Exercise 1: Rewrite each sentence with another suitable adjective of your choice. One is done for you. Note: The replacement adjectives do not have to be synonyms of the given adjectives. a) Shazia is a beautiful girl. Ans. Shazia is a witty girl. b) The clever monkey knew many tricks. Ans. c) Reema has three new dresses. Ans. d) My teacher says that I am an intelligent student. Ans. 42
e) The man living in that house is so rich. Ans. f) Sandeep is a fast learner. Ans. Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives from the options given in brackets. One is done for you. a) This is my (my/mine) sweater. b) ________________ (Ours/Our) puppy is lost. c) I do not want ________________ (yours/your) pencil. d) Payal likes to eat laddoos from ________________ (my/mine) lunch box. e) ________________ (Hers/Her) voice is very sweet. f) I visited ________________ (their/theirs) house yesterday. Exercise 3: Read the sentences and underline the possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. Write ‘PA’ for the possessive adjectives and ‘PP’ for the possessive pronouns. One is done for you. a) My father cooks dinner for our family every night. – PA b) Your sister is my friend. – _________________________ c) The dog does not like it if its tail is touched. – _________________________ d) You can take that book home. It is yours. – _________________________ e) His house is not far from the post office. – _________________________ f) Is that fluffy kitten theirs? – _________________________ Adjectives 43
Degrees of comparison Read the following sentences: Delhi is cold during winter. Shimla is colder than Delhi Leh is the coldest of the during winter. three cities. • In the first sentence, ‘cold’ is an adjective that simply describes the weather of Delhi during winter. • In the second sentence, the adjective ‘colder’ compares the weather of Shimla and Delhi during winter. • In the third sentence, the adjective ‘coldest’ is used to compare the weather of Delhi, Shimla and Leh during winter. It also shows which city is the ‘most cold’ among the three. To show comparison, adjectives change their form. These forms are also known as degrees of comparison. The three degrees of comparison cold • T his is the positive degree of an adjective. It is used when we describe something or someone and are not making a comparison. Examples: clever, strong, small • T his is the comparative degree of an adjective. It is used while comparing two nouns or pronouns. colder • W e can make a comparative degree by simply adding ‘-er’ to an adjective. Examples: cleverer, stronger, smaller • T he word ‘than’ is also used during comparisons. Example: Ramu is quicker than Mohan. 44
• T his is the superlative degree of an adjective. It is used to compare more than two things. • I t can be formed by adding ‘-est’ to the positive degree. Examples: cleverest, strongest, smallest coldest • W e use the word ‘the’ before the superlative degree. Example: Rakesh is the quickest boy in the class. • T he word 'among' is used when we compare more than two things or people. It also compares one person or thing in a group to the other people or things in the same group. Example: Jalebis are the sweetest among all the Indian sweets. Let us now look at the degrees of comparison of a few adjectives. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree short shorter shortest long longer longest smart smarter smartest old rich older/elder oldest/eldest richer richest weak weaker weakest new newer newest Adjectives 45
6 Articles Articles Remember The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called articles. ► ‘A’ and ‘an’ are called the indefinite article . These are used depending on the first sound of a word. • If the first letter of a word makes a consonant sound, then the article ‘a’ is used before the word. • If the first letter of a word makes a vowel sound, then the article ‘an’ is used before it. a boy, an apple, a girl an egg Remember Remember that the first ‘sound’ and not the first ‘letter’ should be considered. Example: It is an honour to meet you. We say ‘an’ honour even though the first letter in honour is ‘h’, which is a consonant. This is because while pronouncing this word, ‘h’ is silent and we pronounce the word as ‘aunur’. The same goes for words like ‘uniform’ or ‘unicorn’. We use the article ‘a’ before them as the first sound in these words is /y/ even though the first letters are vowels. 50
► ‘The’ is called the definite articl . It is used to: • refer to something that has already been mentioned, or where the noun is something specific or particular. • refer to something that is the only one of its kind. • refer to names of rivers, mountains, seas and so on. The thief who stole The Sun The Alps are the the diamonds has is shining highest not been caught. brightly. mountain ranges in Europe. Pronouncing ‘the’ Remember • We pronounce ‘the’ as the when the next word starts with a consonant sound. • We pronounce ‘the’ as thee when the next word starts with a vowel sound. Let us look at the examples given below. We write Vowel sound We pronounce the apple a ‘thee’ apple the elephant e ‘thee’ elephant the ice cream i ‘thee’ ice cream the orange o ‘thee’ orange the umbrella u ‘thee’ umbrella Zero articles A zero article is where a noun does not need an article in speech or writing. Let us look at a few instances where no articles are needed. We do not use an article while • I hate coffee. saying general things about plural • I love rock music. and uncountable nouns. • I am afraid of heights. Articles 51
We do not use an article before • Creativity and patience are important skills. abstract nouns. • My mother gives good advice. • Bhavna is from Switzerland. We do not use an article before • Satyam can speak French. names of people, countries, towns, • Zayed is studying Biology. subjects, languages or proper nouns. Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. One is done for you. a) Mohan is a doctor. b) I was born on ______________ Wednesday. c) Paul eats ______________ egg and ______________ carrot every day. d) ______________ Sun rises in the east. e) ______________ apple a day keeps the doctor away. f) I want ______________ red apple. Exercise 2: The articles ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ have been used incorrectly at six places in the paragraph given below. Correct the errors and rewrite the paragraph. One is done for you. Long ago, the man had an goose. It laid an golden egg every day. A man would sell it and spend the money happily. But he was greedy. He wanted all the eggs at the same time. So he killed a goose, cut it open and looked for eggs. He searched for a hour. But there was no gold inside. He was sad and angry with himself for his foolishness. Ans. Long ago, a man 52
Exercise 3: Read the sentences given below. Write whether the article ‘the’ is pronounced as ‘the’ or ‘thee’ in each sentence. One is done for you. a) The principal of this school is Mrs Dias. – the b) Do you know the address of his house? – __________________ c) Shyam goes to the orphanage every Sunday. – __________________ d) That is the honest boy who returned my purse. – __________________ e) The utensils in this kitchen are very dirty. – __________________ f) Please keep the umbrella in there. – __________________ Articles 53
R3 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. There was an old king who liked to ride his elephant to town just after sunrise. After the rides, he would send the elephant to its trainer and his wife, who would bathe and feed it. One day, the king fell ill, and his son decided to sell the elephant to the circus. The elephant was very sad. Its trainer said, ‘Don’t be sad. You will be taught many tricks, and you will be happy to see the children who will love you.’ True enough, as soon as he entered the ring, the children clapped their hands and called out to him. Everybody loved the elephant, and he was happy travelling across the country with the circus. On one of his trips, he arrived at his old hometown. His wish to see his trainer and the king grew stronger every day. One day, he ran away from the circus and reached the palace. He was shocked to see it broken and empty! The elephant turned back, and tears rolled down his eyes. Suddenly, he heard someone call his name. He looked back and saw his trainer. Immediately, he ran towards him, lifted him onto his back and went back to the circus. Everybody was happy to see the elephant. The trainer joined the circus and helped in training the other elephants. 1) Whom would the king send the elephant to after the rides? Ans. 58
2) What did the king’s son decide to do when his father fell ill? Ans. 3) Write the correct subject and object pronoun for each of the words given below. a) king – ___________________________ b) palace – ___________________________ c) wife – ___________________________ 4) A word from the passage that rhymes with ‘guide’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) trainer A) unexpectedly b) shocked B) coach c) suddenly C) felt upset and surprised Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. It was a bright and sunny morning. A large group of young boys gathered in the forest with their bows and arrows. But they were not ordinary boys. They were the five Pandavas and the hundred Kauravas. A fierce rivalry between them had begun to grow when they were just children. The royal children learnt the skills of using weapons from Dronacharya. He was one of the greatest warriors of his time. He had learnt the secret of powerful weapons from Parasurama. The Pandavas and the Kauravas were quick to learn. Each of them had his own favourite weapon. Duryodhana and Bhima favoured the mace and Yudhisthira the spear. Arjuna was fascinated by bows and arrows. The twins Nakula and Sahadeva were most comfortable with swords. The guru treated all his disciples equally. Reading Comprehension 3 59
However, he liked Arjuna the most because Arjuna practised his art with great concentration. Soon, he became the best archer among all. Duryodhana and his brother Dushasana did not like this and openly criticised their guru for favouring Arjuna. As a reply to their criticism, Dronacharya arranged for a test to pick out the best archer from among them. On that day, Guru Dronacharya asked the students to gather by the forest near his ashram. He had placed a wooden bird with a clearly painted eye on one of the trees. The task was to hit the wooden bird in the eye. 6) What was Yudhisthira’s choice of weapon? Ans. 7) Who was the best archer? Ans. 8) Write the comparative forms of the adjectives given in brackets to fill in the blanks. a) R am’s house is ____________________________ to the school than Mohit’s house. (near) b) This painting is ____________________________ from here than it is from there. (clear) c) This bird has ____________________________ colours on its wings than the other birds. (bright) 9) T he word from the passage that means ‘did again and again to get better at something’ is . 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) rivalry A) preferred b) favoured B) disapproved c) criticised C) competition 60
Contents Part 2 7 Verbs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 8 Tenses �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 R4: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 9 Adverbs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 10 Prepositions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 R5: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 51 11 Conjunctions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 12 Sentences ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 R6: Reading Comprehension ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 13 Apostrophe ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
7 Verbs Verbs and helping verbs In the previous classes, we have learnt about main verbs and helping verbs. Remember Verbs are action words. They show the action that the noun does or the state of being of the noun. Examples: a) Corla cooks very well. b) Subhash lives in Assam. H elping verbs do not show any action but help the main verb to complete its meaning. They also add detail or show the state of being of the noun. Helping verbs are also called auxiliary verbs. Examples: a) We were going to the park. b) There is a forest here. Exercise 1: Underline the main verbs in the following sentences. Also, tick the helping verbs in the sentences. Write a new sentence with each helping verb that you identify. One is done for you. (Hint: All sentences may not have both a main verb and a helping verb.) a) I am jumping higher than you. b) Bunnies are cute. c) Indians celebrate many festivals. d) She had given her pen to Sahil. e) Juan went to the market. f) Do you have a straw? 1
Write your sentences here. am – I am a girl. Modal verbs Remember Modal verbs are also helping verbs. They give additional information about the main verbs that follow them. The modal verbs ‘can’ (present tense) and ‘could’ (past tense) show ability. Examples: • I can play the violin. • Could you swim when you were three years old? T he modal verbs ‘may’, ‘could’, ‘might’ and ‘can’ are modal verbs of permission. ‘Can’ is an informal modal verb of permission, whereas ‘might’ is an extremely formal modal verb of permission. Examples: • You may borrow my shoes. • Could you pass me the bottle? • You can watch the match with me. (informal) • Might I come in? (extremely formal) 2
Let us learn a few new modal verbs. Modal verb Positive Negative Question Will – shows desire, I will choose the I will not accept Will you be quiet? preference, white dress. your offer. choice or consent – s hows the future They will go out They will not go out Will they go out tonight. tonight. tonight? – expresses The bottle will hold The bottle will not Will the bottle hold capability two litres of juice. hold two litres of two litres of juice? juice. – expresses I will win the match. I will not win the – determination match. Would – shows I would rather have I would not choose Would you like to preference go tomorrow? orange juice. apples over mangoes. – shows wishes I would like a I would not like it if it – holiday. rained. – gives advice I would study at If I were you, I – Shall nights if I were you. would not go to Rajasthan in May. – makes – – Shall we leave? suggestions – used for You shall obey the Students shall not – obligations in very formal rules. enter here. situations Verbs 3
Modal verb Positive Negative Question Should – gives opinions, I should walk home. He should not Don’t you think you makes disturb everyone. should do this first? suggestions or expresses preferences – asks for opinions – – What should we do Must now? – expresses You must remain You must not forget – obligation seated till the show to return my money. is over. – used for You must read that You must not yell in – class. emphasis or book. recommendation Remember We can write the negative forms of modal verbs using contractions. Examples: • will not – won’t • shall not – shan’t • would not – wouldn’t • should not – shouldn’t • must not – mustn’t Exercise 2: Choose the appropriate modal verbs for the following sentences from the word box given below. One is done for you. mustn’t can must might couldn’t shall a) There is a school down this street. You mustn’t press the horn here. b) ____________________ you do a headstand? My sister has learnt yoga for five years, and she is very good at it. c) We ____________________ meet the author at the bookstore. There was too much rush. d) It looks like it ____________________ rain. The sky is completely dark and grey! 4
e) If you want to learn a foreign language well, you ____________________ work very hard. Learning a language needs effort. f) I ____________________ be late today. I have to meet my grandmother; it’s her birthday. Exercise 3: Complete the dialogue using suitable modal verbs. One is done for you. ‘Hello everyone! Today, I will (might/will) talk to you about things we can do to help the environment. If we want to live on a healthy planet, we _______________________________ (shall/must) work towards it. There are many simple things that we _______________________________ (can/will) do. Water, they say, is life. The first and most important step is to conserve water. We _______________________________ (shall/must) turn off the water while brushing and washing our hands. Many people also recycle water. For example, water that is used to wash fruits and vegetables _______________________________ (could/would) be used to water plants. We _______________________________ (would/should) also plant more trees to help increase the supply of underground water. And guess what? I have brought these lovely saplings to plant in the school garden as the first step towards a healthier planet!’ Verbs 5
8 Tenses Simple present, simple past and simple future tenses Meet Siya and read her story. Hi! I am Siya. I live in Chennai, and I study in Class 4. I love to read, swim and travel. We travelled to Bengaluru last month. I went with my parents and my younger brother. Bengaluru is a beautiful city. For our stay, we visited many historical places and gardens. For our next vacation, we will visit Delhi. My grandparents live in Delhi. Together, we will travel to Mathura. Isn’t that exciting? Notice that Siya is talking about actions that happen every day or are generally true, actions that have taken place earlier (in the past) and actions that will take place later (in the future). Just like Siya, when we communicate, we refer to the present time, the time in the past and the time in the future. In other words, we use tenses. Tenses Present tense Past tense Future tense I live in Chennai. We will visit Delhi. We travelled to Bengaluru. 13
Let us revise the simple present, simple past and simple future tenses. Simple present Simple past Simple future subject + base verb subject + past tense subject + will/shall + (‘-s’/‘-es’) + object form of verb + object base verb + object The verbs in this tense The verbs in this The verbs in this tense refer to actions that will show habits and ideas tense refer to actions happen in the future. that apply in general or that have already (‘will go’, ‘will play’, ‘will sing’, ‘will dance’) as a rule. happened. (goes, plays, sings, (‘went’, ‘played’, dances) ‘sang’, ‘danced’) Examples: Examples: Examples: • I play with my friends • I played with my friends • I will play with my friends every day. at school yesterday. at school tomorrow. • R ita goes to tennis • Rita went to tennis • R ita will go to tennis practice daily. practice at 4:00 p.m. practice at 4:00 p.m. • The Sun rises in the east. Let us look at more sentences in the three tenses. Simple present Simple past Simple future We go for a walk every We went for a walk last We will go for a walk every morning. morning. morning. You eat dosas for breakfast You ate dosas for breakfast You will eat dosas for breakfast on Thursday. every day. yesterday. He will watch a movie on He watches a movie every He watched a movie last Friday. night. night. They go on a family picnic They went on a family They will go on a family every year. picnic last week. picnic tomorrow. Exercise 1: Convert the tenses of the sentences according to the instructions in brackets. One is done for you. a) Rishav is happy to be home. (Change this to the simple future tense.) Ans. Rishav will be happy to be home. 14
b) S eema rode to school on her bicycle. (Change this to the simple present tense.) Ans. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ c) M y best friend will come to school. (Change this to the simple past tense.) Ans. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ d) G ita and Rita play in the park. (Change this to the simple past tense.) Ans. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ e) T he dog barked at the stranger. (Change this to the simple present tense.) Ans. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ f) I visited my friends in Chennai. (Change this to the simple future tense.) Ans. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Present continuous tense The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are taking place now. How should we form sentences in the present continuous tense? Children are playing in the garden. subject is/am/are object ‘-ing’ form of verb Tenses 15
Past continuous tense The past continuous tense is used to refer to actions that were going on at a particular time in the past. These actions were in progress in the past. How should we form sentences in the past continuous tense? Children were playing in the garden. subject was/were object ‘-ing’ form of verb Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with verbs in the correct continuous tenses. One is done for you. a) You were cooking (cook) while I was doing my homework two hours ago. b) The girls ____________________________________ (go) to the playground now. c) The cat ____________________________________ (chase) the mouse yesterday. d) I ____________________________________ (make) tea for my mother right now. e) Harish ____________________________________ (listen) to the radio last night. f) I left the house when it ____________________________________ (rain) yesterday. Present perfect tense Afreen has finished her painting. I have seen the movie. You have passed your exam. These sentences describe actions that have just finished in the present. Such actions are written in the present perfect tense. 16
The present perfect tense links the present and the past. It talks about completed actions It also talks about actions or (past) that are important now or situations that started in the past reports news. and continue in the present. Example: Example: � I have passed the exam. � He went to India in 2012. He has UaUs‘newsde‘ehs‘’iah,nas‘gt’vhuweelai’ytrhw’na‘iothnhuedn‘’I,’sp,.‘ls‘uhyroeau’l,n’‘,oit’uns. lived there ever since. A sentence in the present perfect tense looks like this: subject + have/has + past participle form + object of verb Kavya + has + completed + the project. Here is a list of the past participle forms of some common verbs. Base verb Past tense form Past participle form was, were been be (is, am, are) beat beat beaten begin began begun sing sang sung break broke broken bite bit bitten Tenses 17
Base verb Past tense form Past participle form blow blew blown choose chose chosen come came come dive dove dived go went gone eat ate eaten draw drew drawn do did done fall fell fallen freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown see saw seen lay laid laid spend spent spent bend bent bent Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the present perfect forms of the verbs. One is done for you. a) I have read (read) the newspaper today. b) She ____________________________________ (be) nervous all day. c) They ____________________________________ (see) this play before. d) Josh ____________________________________ (call) them three times today. e) We ____________________________________ (spend) all our money. f) I ______________________ just ____________________ (eat). 18
R4 Reading Comprehension Passage 1 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Last Sunday, little Phulmani went to watch a jatra with her parents. She was thrilled to watch it. The next day, when she narrated the story of the performance to the class, her teacher said that jatra is actually a kind of folk theatre. This kind of theatre is performed under different names in different parts of our country. It is called ‘tamasha’ in Maharashtra, ‘nautanki’ in northern India and ‘jatra’ in Bengal. Most of these folk theatre forms are based on mythological incidents or characters. India also has a rich heritage of classical dance forms, and each deals with a mythological narrative. The dancers wear colourful costumes and dance in harmony with music. Kathak is a dance of northern India, while Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattyam, Kuchipudi and Kathakali are all from southern India. Manipuri and Odissi are dance forms of eastern India. Such a wide variety of dance forms cannot be found anywhere else in the world. Phulmani came to know that Indian kings and rulers patronised classical music and dance in their courts. Emperor Akbar loved to listen to the songs of Tansen. Our country is so big that we have many different styles of classical music like Hindustani and Carnatic. Each of these styles began in temples and developed down the ages. 1) What did the teacher say a ‘jatra’ was? Ans. 25
2) Whose songs did Emperor Akbar like to listen to? Ans. 3) Rewrite the sentences by correcting the spelling and punctuation errors. a) i am very found of signing and dancing. Ans. b) My favorite dance is kathak I like bharatanatyam to. Ans. c) I want to partisipate in a dance compitition next ear. Ans. 4) The word from the passage that means ‘relating to or based on myths’ is . 5) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) character A) supported or sponsored b) heritage B) a role in a play c) patronised C) cultural traditions that are passed down through generations 26
Passage 2 Read the passage and answer the questions given below. Little Meera was a disobedient child. Despite being only eight years old, she pretended to be a grown-up. She would hardly listen to her parents or her elder sister Keira, who was twelve. Her parents and teachers were tired of trying to correct her. Her mother kept complaining to her father about her. ‘What a disobedient girl! She asks me, “What’s the use of sending me to school when I can figure out everything on the internet?”’, exclaimed Mrs Thomas to her husband. ‘Give that tiny one some time. She is only eight and doesn’t know how tough life can get.’ In the evening, while Meera was watching how to make a grilled-chicken sandwich on the internet, she requested her mother to make one for her. ‘What’s the use of making a sandwich, Meera? You can just grab a bite from the internet!’ ‘Mummy! How can I do that? It’s a screen. I will hurt my teeth instead.’ ‘Exactly! The internet can help you see and hear but not taste, touch or feel. You can learn a lot from it, but you can’t taste a sandwich or get the feel of a classroom from the other side of the screen. I hope you understand the difference between the real world and the world of computers.’ ‘Yes, Mummy! Now can we please have some sandwiches?’ The happy family of four had a delicious snack of some grilled-chicken sandwiches. As the parents sipped their tea, Meera settled down at her study table and completed her homework happily. What more could her parents ask for? 6) What kind of a child was little Meera? Ans. Reading Comprehension 4 27
7) What did Meera’s mother want her to understand? Ans. 8) Write the genders (masculine/feminine/neuter/common) of the following nouns. a) Keira – b) teacher – c) sandwich – 9) The anagram of ‘brag’ from the passage is . (Hint: Anagrams are words formed by rearranging the letters of other words.) 10) Match the words with their correct meanings. Column A Column B a) disobedient A) cooked lightly on a grill b) exclaimed B) unwilling to obey c) grilled C) spoke with strong emotion 28
9 Adverbs Underline the adverbs of manner in the following sentences. a) They were talking loudly. b) He humbly refused the gift. c) She performed well in the exam. d) Smita got into bed slowly. Remember Adverbs describe or say more about verbs and adjectives. Adverbs that show the way or manner in which actions are done are called adverbs of manner. They answer the question ‘how?’. Example: softly • Ravi spoke softly. How did Ravi speak? So, ‘softly’ is the adverb of manner. Most adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to the ends of adjectives. Examples: • quick – quickly • beautiful – beautifully 29
Search
