3 SOCIAL TEXTBOOK Name : __________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No:__________ School : __________________________________ JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___1 / 72
How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth such as meanings and concepts Contains the list of concepts Lesson to be covered in the lesson along with learning 1 What is History? objectives Concept List (I Will Learn) Introduces the 1.1 What is History? concept/subtopic in such a manner as to arouse curiosity What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? among the students Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Introduces all new concepts Make a timeline of events. to build upon the prerequisite knowledge/skills required to Think understand and apply the objective of the topic. Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Explains the aspects in detail Remembering that forms the basis of the concept and includes The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the elements to ensure that time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French students are engaged word for ‘story’. throughout Understanding THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___2 / 72
A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. We begin relating what we learn to Having applied the concepts learnt, we real life situations around us, thereby extend the field of application to more applying what we have learnt advanced and challenging scenarios Application Connects the concept to real-life situations by giving an ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS opportunity to apply what the Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. child has learnt through prac- Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) tice questions 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information Encourages the child to extend the concept learnt Amazing Facts to advanced application Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on Fascinating facts and trivia for students to establish a better real-life connect with the concept JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___3 / 72
Contents 1 Maps...........................................1 1.1 Making and Using Maps..... 2 2 Discovering India – I............... ..10 2.1 Indian States and Their Capitals.......................11 2.2 Some Famous Indian Cities............................18 3 Discovering India – II..............25 3.1 India’s Location and Physical Features...............26 4 United We Stand – I.................33 4.1 Languages, Food and Clothing..............................34 5 United We Stand – II................42 5.1 Communities and Festivals......................43 6 The Solar System.....................48 6.1 The Sun and the Planets.........................49 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___4 / 72
7 Things We Make and Do.........54 7.1 Our Occupations...............55 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___5 / 72
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Maps I Will Learn Maps 1 1.1 Making and Using Maps Ⅴ What is a map? What can we see on a map? f How is a map made? How do I use a map? Ⅶ Where are maps used? H Make a map. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___7 / 72
Concept 1.1: Making and Using Maps Think Rashi, Meher and their families are going for a wedding. Mrs. Jain: Do you know where the wedding hall is? Mrs. Irani: It’s called J. K. Hall. It is near Grant Road. Mr. Irani: I have never heard of J. K. Hall. But, I do know how to reach Grant Road. Meher: Look! There’s a picture on the invitation. It shows us where J. K. Hall is. Mr. Jain: Very good, Meher! You have found a map. It will tell us where to go. Q. What do we call a picture that shows us where a place is? (A) a map (B) a drawing (C) a page (D) an invitation Remembering A crow flies high over Meher’s school. It can see the tops of buildings, the roads and the playground. Look at what the crow can see. 2 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___8 / 72
The view from the top A picture of this view When we draw a picture of this view, it is a map. We can make a map of any place in the world. We can even draw the map of Meher’s classroom. Imagine that the classroom has no ceiling. This way we can look down into the room and see the tops of different objects. Let us make some signs to show these things in the classroom. The signs used on a map are called symbols. Let us use these symbols on a map. Object Symbol Object Symbol teacher’s table blackboard students’ desks cupboard and chairs window dustbin Maps 3 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___9 / 72
Maps are of many kinds. The signs used in maps match the kind of map. Some maps also use different colours to show different information. The signs, symbols, colours and what they show is explained in the key or legend. Look at the maps given below: Key 1) A map or plan of a house: door window 2) A map to show where to go: sofa sink / chair commode Key position/location roads path to use 4 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___10 / 72
3) A map of India Maps 5 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___11 / 72
An arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows the north. North is one of the four directions. The other main directions are east (E), south (S) and west (W). They are used to find the position or location of a place or thing on a map. Understanding We look at a place from above to make a map. Maps show us the top-view of a place. USING MAPS First, we need to locate our position. How do we do this? We use landmarks. A landmark is a building or natural object that is easy to locate. It helps people know where they are. We can decide which way to go using landmarks. Look at the map below. The bookshop can be a landmark. Rashi and Meher are going to the park. Which direction should they turn from the bookshop? 6 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___12 / 72
Some maps show a large area. This means that only a few important things are marked on it. For example, the map of India. We cannot see our house or school on a map of India. Some maps show us every small thing in a place. For example, a map of your neighbourhood will show every building and shop. These maps need correct measurements. We need to measure the space between two places or objects. Measurements help to mark the correct positions of things on a map. Straight lines drawn on a map divide it into many equal parts. We can use these parts to find a place or object quickly. This is done by naming each part. Maps 7 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___13 / 72
1) Where is the building with the blue windows? 2) What colour is the building in A1? 3) Where is the sign with the directions? Application MAKING MAPS EASY TO USE Map A is as big as my classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B is as big as the page of this book. Map B will be easier to use. A map needs to be easy to use. Yet, the measurements need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. For example, the distance from the bookshop to the park is 1 kilometre. On the map, it can be shown as 1 centimetre. The distance from the park to Meher’s school is 10 kilometres; can be is shown as 10 centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Now, we can use maps on http://streetmapstoday.com/Puducherry mobile phones. We decide White Town, Puducherry, 605001 the area we want to see using these maps. To see more details we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. Some maps also allow us to see what the roads look like in different places. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if he or she stands on the road. 8 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___14 / 72
Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) 1) Make a map of your house. Draw symbols to show all the furniture. Ask members of your family to show you the north, south, east and west in your house. There is a magical map in the Maps 9 Harry Potter stories. It is a map of Harry Potter’s school. It does not only show the rooms in the school. It also shows who is in each room. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___15 / 72
Discovering India - I I Will Learn 2.1 Indian States and Their Capitals 1 Which are the states of India? 2 What are the three levels of government in India? 3 What does the government do? 4 What does someone working in the government do? 2.2 Some Famous Indian Cities 1 What are the differences between villages, towns and cities? 2 What are the features of the state capitals of India? 3 What are the different types of cities in India? 4 Find out more information about one’s hometown. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___16 / 72
Concept 2.1: Indian States and Their Capitals Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend living in Karnataka. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? Mr. Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Wait, let me get my diary. Mr. Irani gets the diary and writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Why don’t you just write India? After all, we all stay in India! Q. W ill Mehnaz get the letter if Mr. Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no Remembering The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. The address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. Discovering India - I 11 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___17 / 72
Meher’s Address As you can see, Meher’s house is on S. B. Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. States and Union Territories of India India is the world’s seventh largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. Each state has a government, with its own governor, chief minister and other ministers. The offices of the state government are located in the capital city of the state. Apart from the capital city, a state has many other cities and villages. India also has seven union territories, including the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is the capital city of India. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory, while Lakshadweep is the smallest. Union Territory Capital Union Territory Capital Andaman and Nicobar Port Blair Lakshadweep Kavaratti Chandigarh New Delhi Chandigarh Silvassa Delhi Puducherry Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman Puducherry Daman and Diu 12 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___18 / 72
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Understanding Who divided India into states and union territories? Who takes care of the people living there? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people that makes important decisions for a country. The government of India divided the country into states and union territories. They divided the country according to the languages spoken in different areas. The government is responsible for the following: • making laws • punishing people who do not obey the laws • providing basic facilities such as street lights • maintaining relations with other countries • helping people during bad events such as earthquakes and floods • preserving monuments, forests, water bodies and so on LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India. The government in India, therefore, works at three levels. 14 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___20 / 72
Levels of Government Central The central government: Government • is located in New Delhi. • makes decisions for the entire country. The state government: State • is present in every state. Government • is located in the capital city of a state. • looks after people living in the state. Discovering India - I 15 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___21 / 72
The local government: • is present in every city, town and village. • looks after basic needs such as water and roads. • is known by different names. Location Name of the local government Local Government city municipal corporation town municipal council village gram panchayat Application Facilities Provided by the Government The government cares for us by providing different kinds of facilities. Let us learn about a few of them. Public transport facilities: These include facilities that allow people to travel to different areas, cities, towns, villages and states. Examples: buses, trains Public Transport Facilities 16 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___22 / 72
Recreational facilities: These include facilities that allow people to enjoy and have fun. Examples: zoos, parks Recreational Facilities Health facilities: These include facilities to look after the health of the people. Examples: hospitals, clinics Education facilities: These include facilities that Health Facilities allow the government to provide education to Education Facilities the people. Examples: schools, libraries The facilities offered by the government are: • available to everybody. • cheap or free. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) With the help of adults, find the transport facilities provided by the government in your area. Also, talk to your neighbours and find out the most popular mode of public transport. 2) Visit a government office with your parents or family members. Talk to the people who work there. Learn about the different things they do. Try to create a timeline of the things they do in a day. Discovering India - I 17 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___23 / 72
Amazing Facts Chandigarh is a union territory as well as the capital city of Haryana and Punjab. It is a planned city. Concept 2.2: Some Famous Indian Cities Think Morad was on a tour of Tamil Nadu. He tells Rashi about the state. Morad: I really enjoyed visiting Tamil Nadu. It’s very different from Maharashtra. Rashi: Oh! How is it different? Morad: The food is different. Even the clothes people wear are different. But I liked the food, especially a sweet called Paruppu Payasam. Rashi: Sounds nice! Which places did you visit? Morad: I visited Karur, a small city and Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu. Q. Do you think Karur and Chennai are similar? (A) yes (B) no 18 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___24 / 72
Remembering Villages, Towns and Cities India’s states are divided into villages, towns and cities. Villages India has one of the highest number of villages in the world. They are governed by the gram panchayats. More than half the Indians population live in villages. Compared to a city or a town, a village: Villages • is smaller in size. • has more open space and greenery. • is less polluted. • has no airports. Towns Towns are governed by the municipal council. They Towns are bigger than villages, but smaller than cities. Towns have more facilities such as hospitals and schools as compared to a village. However, they are also more polluted than villages. Cities Cities are governed by municipal corporations. They are bigger than both towns and villages. Cities also provide a lot of facilities such as big hospitals, schools and colleges. However, cities are more crowded than towns and villages. They are also much more polluted. Different kinds of cities All states have big cities and small cities. Cities Discovering India - I 19 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___25 / 72
Big city Small city a large number of people live here fewer people live here is well-connected by trains, buses and usually, has no airports and fewer trains flights connecting to it has fewer number of facilities has a greater number of facilities Understanding SOME IMPORTANT CITIES Some cities are very big. For example: capitals and some other important cities. The capital cities are more important than other cities. This is because they have the state government offices. Let us read about a few capital cities. 20 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___26 / 72
• New Delhi is the capital of India. • The central government is located here. • It has many monuments, such as the Red Fort and the Qutub Minar. • It is famous for its markets, such as Chandni Chowk and Karol Bagh. New Delhi Karol Bagh Hyderabad • Hyderabad is currently the capital of Hyderabadi Biryani Telangana, as well as Chennai Andhra Pradesh. Marina Beach • Hyderabad is famous for its pearls. It is also known as ‘the city of pearls’. • Hyderabadi Biryani is famous all over the country. • It is the capital of Tamil Nadu. • Chennai was earlier known as ‘Madras’. • The Marina Beach is a famous place in Chennai. • ‘Higginbothams’, India’s first book shop, was opened in Chennai. Discovering India - I 21 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___27 / 72
• Kolkata was the capital of India, before New Delhi. • It is the capital of West Bengal. • It is the second largest city in India. • The fish curry and sweets of Kolkata are famous. • Durga Puja is an important festival for the people of Kolkata. Kolkata Mumbai Durga Puja in Kolkata People waiting • Bengaluru is the capital of for a local train Karnataka. Bengaluru • It is known as the ‘Garden City’ because it has many gardens. A garden in Bengaluru • Many software companies are located here. • The city has pleasant climate all year round. • Mumbai was called ‘Bombay’ until 1995. • It is the capital of Maharashtra. • It is the largest city in India. • It is famous for its beaches, trains and the Hindi film industry, also called ‘Bollywood’. 22 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___28 / 72
Application SOME OTHER POPULAR INDIAN CITIES Many smaller cities also become well known for different reasons. Some are popular for their temples and others for their industries. Let us read about some of them. Religious cities: These cities are famous for their temples, mosques or churches. Examples: Ajmer, Ujjain, Panaji Historical cities: These cities are popular for their monuments. A church in Panaji Examples: Agra, Hampi, Thanjavur Industrial cities: These cities are known for their different types of industries. A monument in Thanjavur Examples: Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Tirupur A factory in Jamshedpur Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Answer the following questions about yourself. a) What is the name of your city or town or village? b) Which state do you live in? c) Which other city or town or village is nearest to where you live? d) Would you like to live in a village, or a town, or a city? Why? Discovering India - I 23 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___29 / 72
Amazing Facts When we write addresses, we also write the PIN Code. Postal Index Number (PIN) is a 6-digit code used across the country. Different areas of a city have different codes. This system was introduced on 15th August 1972 to improve the delivery of mail. 24 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___30 / 72
Discovering India – II I Will Learn 3.1 India’s Location and Physical Features Ⅴ Where is India located? f The six regions of India. Ⅶ How do the physical features affect the lives of people? H Compare two regions of India. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___31 / 72
Concept 3.1: India’s Location and Physical Features Think Rashi has seen a picture of a different-looking animal. She wants to tell Meher about it. Rashi: Meher! Look at this picture of a goat. Meher: That’s not a goat! It looks so different from the goats Goats in Ladakh in Pune. Maybe Morad will know more about this goat. Meher and Rashi take the picture to Morad. Morad: This is a mountain-goat. It is found in the Leh and Ladakh region of Jammu Kashmir. Rashi: It looks so different from the goats we see in Pune. Goats in Pune QQ. Why do the goats found in Ladakh look different from the ones found in Pune? (A) the climate is different in (B) Ladakh is not an important Ladakh and Pune city (C) Pune is closer to Mumbai, a (D) there is no water in Ladakh big city Remembering Just as states are located in India, India is situated in the continent of Asia. It is the third largest country in Asia. India measures about 3,200 kilometres from north to south. The length from the west to the east is about 2,900 kilometres. 26 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___32 / 72
India is surrounded by eight neighbouring countries: ü Afghanistan ü Pakistan ü China ü Nepal ü Bhutan ü Bangladesh ü Myanmar (Burma) ü Sri Lanka PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA In the north, India is surrounded by the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range. In the south, India is surrounded by water. There is a lot of variety in India’s physical features. Based on the physical features, India can be divided into six regions: ü the Northern Mountains ü the Northern Plains ü the Great Indian Desert ü the Southern Plateau ü the Coastal Plains ü the Islands Discovering India – II 27 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___33 / 72
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Understanding THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS The Northern Mountains form a boundary between India and China. They consist of the Himalayas. Many important rivers start from the Himalayas. Example: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra. Some cities and states located in the Northern Mountains Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Dehradun, Uttarakhand Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Gangtok, Sikkim THE NORTHERN PLAINS This region lies to the south of the Himalayan Mountains. The River Ganga flows through the Northern Plains. Hence, the region is also known as the Gangetic Plain. Other than the Ganga, the River Yamuna also flows through this region. These rivers have made the Northern Plains excellent for farming. Some cities and states located in the Northern Plains Delhi, National Capital Region Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Patna, Bihar THE GREAT INDIAN DESERT This region is also known as the Thar Desert. Here, the summers are very hot, and the winters are very cold. This region also receives very little rainfall. Some cities and states located in the Great Indian Desert Jaipur, Rajasthan Deesa, Gujarat Discovering India – II 29 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___35 / 72
THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU The Southern Plateau is the largest region in India. It is triangular in shape. The River Narmada divides the Southern Plateau into two parts – the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Highlands lie in the north. Some rivers that flow through this region are Chambal, Betwa and Son. The Deccan Plateau lies to the south of the Central Highlands. It covers most part of southern India. The Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri are the three main rivers of the Deccan Plateau. Some cities and states located in the Central Highlands Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Raipur, Chhattisgarh Ranchi, Jharkhand Some cities and states located in the Deccan Plateau Bengaluru, Karnataka Hyderabad, Telangana Pune, Maharashtra THE COASTAL PLAINS In India, there are two long stretches of coastal plains. They run along the east and the west coasts of India. They are called the Eastern Coastal Plain and the Western Coastal Plain, respectively. These plains are popular for fishing. Some cities and states located in the Coastal Plains Chennai, Tamil Nadu Bhubaneswar, Odisha Mumbai, Maharashtra Panaji, Goa THE ISLANDS India has two groups of islands. They are located on either side of the coastal plains. The Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea, next to the Western Coastal Plain. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal, next to the Eastern Coastal Plain. The islands are known for their natural beauty. 30 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___36 / 72
Application EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES ON PEOPLE, PLANTS AND ANIMALS The Northern Mountains It is difficult to build roads through the mountains. So, there are very few roads in the Northern Mountains. People living here normally use mules for travelling. The ice-covered Himalayas make this region very cold. Therefore, the animals found in this region have thick fur. The Northern Plains The Northern Plains are flat and have many rivers. So, crops grow well. Many people practise farming in this region. They grow crops such as rice, wheat and sugarcane. The rivers and some cities alongside them are holy for the Hindus. Example: Haridwar, Ayodhya and Varanasi The Great Indian Desert H ump of a camel Deserts get very little rain. So, people have to walk long distances to get water. Food is scarce in this region. So, animals in this region have special organs to store food. Example: Camels store their food in humps. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) You can see pictures of two different regions. - Which region would you like to visit? Discovering India – II 31 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___37 / 72
- What things would you carry with you when visiting the region? - What activities would you like to do in this region? Amazing Facts Many rare animals live in the waters surrounding India’s islands. One such animal is the ‘dugong’. They are found in the waters surrounding the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Dugongs are also called sea cows because they eat grass growing in seas. 32 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___38 / 72
United We Stand - I I Will Learn 4.1 Languages, Food and Clothing Ⅴ What is ‘culture’? What are the languages, clothing and food habits of some people in India? f What is diversity? How do natural regions and climate affect culture? Ⅶ Why do we say India has unity in diversity? H Compare the cultures of two states. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___39 / 72
Concept 4.1: Languages, Food and Clothing Think Rashi is having lunch with the Irani family. They are discussing similarities and differences between the Irani and Jain families. Meher: Rashi, would you like to taste this patrani machchi? It’s a famous Parsi fish dish. Rashi: I’m sure it’s very tasty. But, I’m a vegetarian! The whole Jain family is vegetarian. Meher: Wow! That’s interesting. We know very few vegetarian families. Most of our Parsi family friends love patrani machchi and mutton dhansak. Rashi: Did you know we speak similar languages? You speak Gujarati, and I speak Marwari. Our ancestors were neighbours too! Q. What can be said about the Irani and Jain families? (A) They are both vegetarian. (B) They both enjoy non-vegetarian food. (C) They both speak similar languages. (D) Their languages are very different from each other. 34 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___40 / 72
Remembering India is one country with many different cultures. What makes Indians different? Languages, food and clothing Hindi and English are the official languages of the central government. Official languages are used by governments for their work. States choose their own official languages. The 22 official languages used in India are: • Assamese • Bengali • Bodo • Dogri • Gujarati • Hindi • Konkani • Maithili • Malayalam • Manipuri • Kannada • Kashmiri • Odia • Punjabi • Sanskrit • Santali • Telugu • Urdu • Marathi • Nepali • Sindhi • Tamil Other than these, there are 1699 languages in India. For example, Bhojpuri, Tulu, Lepcha, Marwari and many more. Do you speak a language that is not on this list? What is it? Look at the map. It shows only languages used by the majority in different regions. What is History? 35 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___41 / 72
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Understanding Indians have different kinds of food and clothing, too. Read about these people 1 2from different parts of India. Find out which state they live in , their language , 3 4their clothes and their favourite food . Find them and their families on the map given above. Assalam alaykum! I am Afshan. Namaste, I am Murali. 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Rajasthan 2 Kashmiri and Urdu 2 Hindi and Marwari 3 Pheran 3 bright turbans; cotton 4 kulcha and rogan josh clothes with mirrors 4 dal baati Salemu! I am Akavi. Namaskar, I am Savita. 1 Nagaland 1 Maharashtra 2 Ao and English 2 Marathi 3 woollen shawl 3 sari 4 meat, fish, rice and 4 bhakari (like a roti) and vegetables with tathu bharit (made from brinjal) (tathu is a chutney) What is History? 37 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___43 / 72
Hello! I am Julie. Namaskaram, I am Lakshmi. 1 Goa 1 Karnataka 2 English, Konkani and some 2 Kannada 3 sari Portuguese 4 bisi bele bhath – rice 3 cotton pants and shirt cooked with spices 4 vindaloo – meat in a curry and dals Vanakkam! I am Karthik. Write about yourself here: 1 Tamil Nadu 1 ______________________ Paste a 2 Tamil and English 2 ______________________ picture of 3 mundu 3 ______________________ yourself in 4 idli 4 ______________________ traditional clothes here. ______________________ ______________________ In India, people often speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called bilingual. People who can speak three or more languages are called multilingual. Most Indians are bilingual, and many are multilingual. The different languages, types of food and clothing make India diverse. Diversity means ‘variety or range of different things’. REASONS FOR DIVERSITY India has cold mountains in the north and warm plains in the south. We have dry heat in the west and humidity in the east. The climate and natural regions affect the culture of each region. 38 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___44 / 72
Climate and natural regions affect the crops grown. The staple diet or main food depends on what is easily available. It also affects the clothing of different regions. What is History? 39 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___45 / 72
Application 1) Which languages are hidden in these jumbled letters? • UNPBIAJ – _____________________ • UUDR – _____________________ • IDHNI – _____________________ • DOOB – _____________________ 2) You read about the following people in the table. Find out about the languages 2they speak. Tick those who are bilingual. Circle those who are multilingual. Savita Karthik Lakshmi Julie Akavi Murali Afshan How many languages do you speak? Are you bilingual? Are you multilingual? Indians are diverse. Yet, we are part of one big country. This is why people say India has unity in diversity. Higher Order Thinking Skills (H.O.T.S.) 1) Choose any two states along with a partner. Find out: • their official languages. • one traditional food item for each state. 40 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___46 / 72
Find a picture of the traditional clothes worn in those states. Make a chart and compare them. Try to find a partner who is from another state. Amazing Facts There are more than 100 ways to wear a sari. Here are four popular ways. What is History? 41 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___47 / 72
United We Stand - II I Will Learn 5.1 Communities and Festivals Ⅴ What is ‘community’? Which are some of the major communities of India? f Why are festivals celebrated? Ⅶ How can people with things in common create communities? H Find out about your classroom community. JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___48 / 72
Concept 5.1: Communities and Festivals Think Rashi: Meher, I’m sorry I fought with you three months ago. Meher: Oh! You said sorry that same day. Why are you saying sorry again today? Rashi: Today is ‘Paryushana Parva’. On this day, we, Jains An agiary say sorry for the wrong things we did. We do this every year. It usually falls in August or September. Do Parsis do special things like this? Meher: Of course, we do! We just celebrated Parsi New Year – or Nowruz. Mom had the whole house cleaned. On this day, we go to the agiary to pray. Rashi: A Jain temple is a derasar. So, an agiary is a Parsi A derasar temple, correct? Meher: Yes, you’re right. Also, Rashi, I forgive you for that fight. Rashi: Oh thank you, Meher! QQ. Meher and Rashi are talking about: (A) their hobbies (B) their family celebrations (C) the difference between (D) their experiences at school boys and girls Remembering India has many different communities. They have different languages, food and clothing habits. They also practise various forms of art. This includes music, dance, drama, drawing, painting and writing. Objects made from different materials are also art. What is History? 43 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___49 / 72
COMMUNITIES IN INDIA People from a place form the community of that place. People from Mumbai are Mumbai’s community. Communities from the same place usually share the same language. People who speak Assamese form the Assamese community. A religious community has people who follow the same religion. Some religions practised in India are: • Hinduism Islam • Buddhism Jainism • Christianity Zoroastrianism • Sikhism People of the same religion usually celebrate the same festivals. FESTIVALS A festival is a celebration of an event. We can learn about a community’s culture and traditions through its festivals. Understanding Different communities celebrate different festivals throughout the year. Many festivals are celebrated with new clothes, special food and traditional dances. NATIONAL FESTIVALS Two days are very important in all parts of India: Republic Day Republic Day and Independence Day. The Republic Day is celebrated on 26th January. The Independence Day is celebrated on 15th August. They remind us of the people who made India a free country. There are other national festivals as well. SPECIAL OCCASIONS Festivals are celebrated to remember the birthdays of important people. 44 JSNR_BGM_1010022_Alpine-G3-FoundationMax-Social-FY_Text.pdf___50 / 72
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