ENVIRONMENTAL 5 STUDIES - II TEXTBOOK PART-2 Name: ____________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: ______ School: ____________________________
Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. ClassKlap presents the latest version of the VISA NEP series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for CBSE schools, the VISA NEP series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improved understanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum has been split into EVS – I and EVS – II. Our books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian Constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the VISA NEP EVS – II textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the VISA NEP EVS – II books are as follows. A rrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy C haracter and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground EVS – II concepts in reality to make them relatable to students Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills U se of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks Integration of values and life skills P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the ClassKlap VISA NEP series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors
Textbook Features I Will Learn About I Remember Contains the list of concepts to Introduces new concepts to build on be covered in the lesson along the prerequisite knowledge or skills to with the learning objectives understand and achieve the objective of the topic I Think Pin-up Note Introduces the concept or Contains key retention points from the subtopic and arouses curiosity concept among students I Understand Train My Brain Explains the aspects in detail Checks for learning to gauge the that form the basis of the understanding level of students concept Includes elements to ensure that students are engaged throughout I Apply I Explore Connects the concept to Encourages students to extend real-life situations by giving an the concept learnt to advanced opportunity to apply what application scenarios students have learnt Be Amazed Connect the Dots Fascinating facts and trivia for A multidisciplinary section that students to establish a better connects a particular topic to real-life connect with the other subjects in order to enable concept students to relate better to it A Note to Parent To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning of their child and conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts
Contents Class 5 6 Winning Freedom 6.1 Revolutionary Efforts towards Indian Freedom ............................................................1 7 The Partition of India 7.1 The Partition of 1947 ........................................................................................................9 8 Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 8.1 Human Rights and Human Rights Organisations .......................................................18 8.2 The Rights of Children ...................................................................................................23 9 Our Government 9.1 India’s Democratic Government ................................................................................29 10 Industries of India 10.1 Need and Classification of Industries .......................................................................36
Lesson Winning Freedom 6 I Will Learn About 6.1 R the rise of revolutionaries. U the rise of Gandhi in the Indian national movement. A the roles played by the revolutionaries and the Congress in the freedom struggle. h how two revolutions can be different. Concept 6.1: Revolutionary Efforts towards Indian Freedom I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher are watching the news. Some people are holding signs and shouting. They are on a hunger strike. Rashi: Morad, what is going on? Morad: Those people are on a hunger strike. They are asking the government to increase their salaries. Meher: What is a hunger strike? Protest against unjust laws Morad: It is a method where you do not eat for a long time in order to bring about change. Mahatma Gandhi used this method to help India win freedom. Q. Who used hunger strikes to help India win freedom? (A) Emperor Akbar (B) Rani Lakshmi Bai (C) Mangal Pandey (D) Mahatma Gandhi 1
I Remember THE RISE OF THE REVOLUTIONARIES As we read in the previous lesson, the Indian National A revolutionary is a person Congress split into the moderates and the extremists in who participates in or leads 1907. Many such young leaders turned the struggle for a struggle for change. freedom into a revolutionary movement. The revolutionaries wanted to defeat the British with violence. They were armed and had formed secret societies. They began the killing of British officers who were cruel or unjust towards Indians. Although Bengal was at the centre of revolutionary activity, there were revolutionaries all over India. For example, a secret society called Anushilan Samiti was formed. They published a newspaper, Yugantar Patrika, to gain the support of the majority of the Indian people. V D Savarkar ran a society called Mitra Mela which engaged in revolutionary V D Savarkar activities. Some societies also worked from Europe and America for India's freedom. Hemchandra Kanungo travelled to Europe to learn about training revolutionaries. The British hanged some revolutionaries and sent away others such as Savarkar to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for life. Violent struggle against the British continued through these secret societies. Organisations such as the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) were formed to force the British to end the ill treatment of the Indians. In 1925, members of the HRA tried to loot a government train in Kakori but failed. Sukhdev Some important members fearlessly faced death in 1927 for their role in this incident which came to be known as the Kakori Conspiracy Case. After the hangings, other members of the HRA secretly met in Delhi. They renamed the HRA as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928. Bhagat Singh was an important member of the HSRA. They wanted to spread their ideas primarily among Indian farmers, students and workers. In December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru, with the help of Rajguru Chandrashekhar Azad, killed a police officer named John Saunders. 2
This act was received with great enthusiasm by people all over India, who turned Bhagat Singh them into national heroes. In 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. This bomb did not harm any person. They wanted to ‘make the deaf hear’ and scattered leaflets to spread the message of the HSRA. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged in 1931. After this, some revolutionary activities continued, often to avenge the death of these heroes, but these made little difference. I Understand GANDHI JOINS THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM In 1915, an Indian who had gone to South Africa, to be a lawyer, returned to India. This was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He did not believe in violence and urged Indians to follow the path of ahimsa or 'non-violence' to win freedom. He introduced the concept of satyagraha or ‘holding on to the truth’ as a means of protest. He asked people not to obey British laws. After Gandhi returned to India, the Indian freedom struggle gathered force. Let us read about a few important events in the course of India’s struggle for freedom. Year Event Cause Result 1917 Champaran Farmers and mill workers in In Champaran, Gandhi used 1919 Satyagraha the Champaran district of satyagraha as a means of Bihar were being paid protest for the first time during low wages. the freedom struggle. Jallianwala Bagh A very large group of Thousands of people Massacre people gathered at including children were killed Jallianwala Bagh in and wounded. This angered Amritsar for a peaceful and shocked the Indians, protest. General Dyer, a and marked a turning point British officer, opened fire in the freedom struggle. on them without warning. Winning Freedom 3
Year Event Cause Result 1920 Non-Cooperation The British sold their goods The leaders asked people not to Movement in Indian markets. Indian use foreign goods. For example, leaders were worried that sweet-makers refused to use this would not allow Indians foreign sugar. This was the first to develop their own act of satyagraha organised on industries. a large-scale. 1922 Chauri Chaura A group of protestors Some police officials died in this Incident became violent and incident. This led Gandhi to call clashed with the police. off the Non-Cooperation The police fired on them. Movement. The angry crowd set the police station on fire. Jallianwala Bagh Non-Cooperation Dandi March Movement Year Event Cause Result 1929 Lahore session of The Congress was to elect Jawaharlal Nehru was elected Congress a new president to as the president of the Congress. continue leading the The Congress asked for Purna freedom struggle. Swaraj or 'complete freedom'. 1930 Dandi March The British stopped Indians Gandhi marched to Dandi and from making salt and sold made salt. He was arrested for imported salt at higher breaking the salt laws. Many prices. other Indians did the same and were put in prison. 4
From the events mentioned in the table, we can see how the different events of the freedom struggle shook the British government in India. Train My Brain 1) Name a moderate leader. 2) Who is a revolutionary? I Apply EVENTS LEADING TO INDIA’S FREEDOM The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by the Congress as a way to protest against unfair British laws and practices. Though it was unsuccessful in many of its efforts, it made the Congress very popular. It also helped Indians to become organised for mass movements. Quit India Movement Civil Disobedience Movement After the Civil Disobedience Movement, a world war broke out in 1939. India was forced to participate in the war. By this time, the entire nation was resolute that the British had to leave India. On 8 August 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement. In this movement, he raised the slogan of ‘Do or Die’. The British responded by arresting most of the Congress leaders and putting them in prison. The All India Muslim League, several princely states and some Indian industrialists did not join the movement. This movement was easily suppressed. The British made mass arrests and imposed heavy fines on the people. Many leaders had to leave the country or go into hiding. During this time, another leader, Subhas Chandra Bose become famous. The Indian National Army (INA) Subhas Chandra Bose was an extremist leader in the Indian National Congress. He was convinced that the British would never leave India peacefully. Winning Freedom 5
Subhas Chandra Bose broke away from the Congress. He requested help from Japan to raise India’s first independent army. He raised an army of 40,000 soldiers and named it the Indian National Army or the Azad Hind Fauj. This army also had a women’s wing under the command of Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan. The INA aimed to recapture Delhi from the British. In Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan spite of success in the initial stages, the INA was and Subhas Chandra Bose eventually defeated by the British. These failures did not dampen the spirit of the Indian freedom struggle. Rather, it inspired people to fight harder. It became impossible for the British to control or suppress revolts that broke throughout the nation. India wins freedom On 15 August 1947, at 12:02 a.m., just after midnight, India became an independent country. Thus, Indians had finally managed to free their country from the British. However, on 3 June 1947, the last British Viceroy Louis Mountbatten announced the partition of British India into India and Pakistan. So, although India became free, it was partitioned into two countries. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) The revolutionaries were inspired by the French Revolution. During the French Revolution, farmers and workers protested against their rulers violently. Again, a movement against the British in South Africa was led by Nelson Mandela. He agreed with Gandhi and followed the path of non-violence. He was also put in prison. You can find out more about the causes and results of the French Revolution and the movement in South Africa. 6
Be Amazed Subhas Chandra Bose was given the title of 'Netaji' by Indian soldiers and officials. It means 'respected leader'. He chose 'Jai Hind' as the battle cry of the INA. It remains a popular slogan among Indians even today. Connect the Dots English Fun Although India gained independence in 1947, there were many British people who remained in India. Their children grew up with a mix of Indian and English values and ideas. They are called Anglo-Indians. Maths Fun 15 August is also celebrated as Independence Day in South Korea. The country became a sovereign nation in 1948, and was officially named the Republic of Korea. For how many years have the people of South Korea been independent? Flag of South Korea A Note to Parent Ask your child to relate the freedom struggle of India, and mention the names of the people who played an important role in it. Winning Freedom 7
New Words 1) avenge – cause harm to someone for hurting another t he violent killing of many people 2) massacre – bring a product into a country to sell having or showing a lot of determination 3) import – start a major activity 4) resolute – 5) launch – 8
Lesson The Partition of India 7 I Will Learn About 7.1 R events that happened during the Partition of 1947. U the causes and effects of the Partition. A the challenges while building the nation. h relations between India and Pakistan. Concept 7.1: The Partition of 1947 I Think Rashi is telling Morad and Meher about one of her friends. Flags of India and Pakistan Rashi: My friend’s grandfather used to live in Pakistan. He says that India and Pakistan were one country. Morad: Yes! India and Pakistan were one country. Meher: I cannot believe it! Rashi: When was India divided? QQ. When do you think India was divided into India and Pakistan? (A) 1857 (B) 1947 (C) 1957 (D) 2011 9
I Remember 1947 – THE PARTITION OF INDIA British India was partitioned into two separate . countries in 1947. During this Partition, the north-western part of the country and the eastern half of Bengal were separated from the rest of the country. The divide and rule policy of the British led to the creation of separate political parties for different religious groups. This led to a demand for a separate country for Muslims. On 3 June 1947, Viceroy Mountbatten declared that British India will get freedom. However, it would be divided into two countries. This led to the formation of India and Pakistan. Main events that took place before, during and after the Partition of India 1906 A new party called the All India Muslim League was formed. This party promised to work for the benefit of the Muslims. 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the All India Muslim League All India Muslim League, demanded the creation of a separate country. 1947 British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah 10
I Understand CAUSES FOR THE PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA The Partition of 1947 happened due to different reasons. Let us learn about them. • Religious concerns: The British tried to remove traditional Sanskrit and Arabic schools and instead promoted English schools. This angered Hindus and Muslims. Leaders such as Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah felt that Muslims should live in a separate area. This way, they could control education and other matters. • Fear of continued violence: The divide and rule policy of the British led to a lot of violence. Thus, some leaders wanted separate countries Muhammad Iqbal for Hindu and Muslim majorities. They believed it would put an end to the violence. Gandhi and a few others were against the partition of the country. But the British, the Congress and the Muslim League finally decided on the partition to end the violence. The Partition of 1947 had varied consequences. EFFECTS OF THE PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA • Creation of a new country: The Partition resulted in the creation of a new country called Pakistan. • Loss of life: When the country was partitioned, many people had to cross the borders and find new places to live. There was a lot of violence in the area around the new borders. Many communities, including Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, were killed and injured in the violence. • Loss of property: The people who were Celebrations near Red Fort to mark moving from one place to another Delhi as the new capital were forced to leave their homes and property behind. The Partition of India 11
Homes destroyed Migration across the borders during the Partition during the Partition Train My Brain 1) Name a leader who was against the Partition. 2) Why was the Partition of India based on religion? I Apply CHALLENGES WHILE BUILDING THE NATION India’s population in 1947 was more than 350 million. It was also divided into castes. There was widespread poverty and many other problems. India took some important steps to solve these problems. Let us take a look at the table. Problem Description Solution Lack of fair laws British laws were not fair to The Constitution of India was Social and the Indians. written and adopted on cultural differences 26 January 1950. All Indians are seen as equal by the Constitution. There were divisions between States were created based higher and lower castes. There on common languages. All were many different religions and the citizens of India were cultures. The citizens spoke many granted equal status by different languages. the Constitution. 12
Problem Description Solution Little growth in During Independence, the agriculture majority of Indians lived in the Many agricultural reforms were villages. Farmers depended on taken by the government. The Unemployment the monsoon for their survival. Green Revolution gave the The British forced farmers to farmers modern tools and Few people produce only certain crops. methods of farming so that participated in they could increase the yield of the government A large part of the Indian their lands. population had no proper source of income. Most of the The Planning Commission was Indian industries were in ruins. set up. It decided on ways to improve the condition of Indians wanted self-rule but Indian industries and there was no way to ensure create employment. every citizen’s participation in the government. The Constitution allowed everyone who was over the age of 18 years to vote. Elections were to be held every five years. independence On 15 August 2019, India celebrates 72 years as an independent nation. How well has the country done since Independence? India is still a united and democratic country. There have been 17 general elections to choose the Prime Minister. Hundreds of state and local elections have been held. We also have a free press and an independent judiciary. India's first general election The Partition of India 13
On the other hand, there are still many divisions in our society. Over the years, there have been many clashes between different religious groups. The divide between the rich and poor has increased. Development in India has not been equal throughout the country. People belonging to lower castes are still treated badly in a few villages. I Explore (HQ.OQ.T.S.) India and Pakistan have had difficult relations since 1947. There have also been three major wars since Independence in the years 1965, 1971 and 1999. Find out about the causes of these wars. What would you try to do to improve relations between these two countries? Think of some suggestions along with your partner and discuss them in class. Be Amazed Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another. About 14 million people were displaced during the Partition of 1947. It is regarded as one of the largest mass migrations in human history! Connect the Dots English Fun Khushwant Singh — a famous Indian lawyer and writer, was born and raised in Hadali (now in Pakistan). His book, Train to Pakistan, describes the painful story of the Partition and shows how people suffered. 14
Maths Fun The Indus river, which originates in the Himalayas, flows through India and Pakistan. The total length of the river is 2,880 km, out of which around 800 km flow through India. What is the length of the river in Pakistan? ______________________________________________________________ A Note to Parent It is a good idea to be present while your child is researching this period in history. This is because the documentation of this time is extensive and extremely graphic. This episode of Indian history needs to be discussed with a lot of sensitivity. New Words 1) migration – the movement of a group of people from one place to another 2) in ruins 3) displace – in a state of complete destruction – force someone to leave their home and live elsewhere The Partition of India 15
Leading up to India's Independence: Rowlatt Act Non-Cooperation Revolutionary Activity • Passed by the British Movement • They could arrest and • 1928: Bhagat Singh and • Gandhi launched this Chandrashekhar Azad put anyone they thought non-violent killed a British police was a threat in jail. movement. officer. • Called the Black Act by Indians • Indians refused to pay • 1929: Bhagat Singh and • Gandhi called for taxes to the British. Batukeshwar Dutt Rowlatt Satyagraha. They boycotted British bombed the Central goods and joined the Legislative Assembly. Jallianwala Bagh Swadeshi movement. Massacre • Chandrashekhar Azad • Gandhi called off the was killed in a shooting • General Dyer banned movement after the encounter in all public meetings violent clash at Allahabad. in Punjab. Chauri Chaura. • Bhagat Singh was • On 13 April, a peaceful hanged. He was public meeting was 23 years old. organised at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. • General Dyer ordered soldiers to shoot the unarmed people. Thousands of innocent people including children were killed and wounded. 1928 – 1929 1919 1920 – 1922 16
A Timeline of Important Events 1947 Civil Disobedience Movement • Launched by the Congress to protest against many unfair British laws • Gandhi and his followers marched from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi. At Dandi, he broke the salt laws by making salt. 1942 India wins freedom • The Indian 1930 – 1934 Independence Act passed; India was free from British rule. • British India is partitioned into India and Pakistan. Quit India Movement • Started by Gandhi to protest India's forced participation in World War II • He demanded that the British grant India independence immediately. 17
Lesson Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 8 I Will Learn About 8.1 R some basic human rights. U reasons to protect human rights. A organisations and people working for human rights. h making a poster on human rights. 8.2 R the rights of children. U how child rights are violated. A organisations and people working for children's rights. h identifying child rights violations. Concept 8.1: Human Rights and Human Rights Organisations I Think Mr and Mrs Barucha are human rights lawyers. They are discussing the problems of labourers at brick kilns in Odisha. Meher: What is wrong with the brick kilns? Mr Barucha: The owners force people and their families to work at the kilns. Meher: How? Mrs Barucha: Imagine this: Chandni is a little girl of about six. Workers at a brick kiln Her father borrows money from the rich man in his village for her elder sister's wedding. The rich man then asks Chandni’s father to work at his brick kiln to return the money Chandni's father borrowed. Meher: So what is wrong with that? Mrs Barucha: Chandni’s father is illiterate and cannot count how much money he owes. The owner of the kiln keeps telling him that he has not repaid all the money. 18
He makes him work there till he is old. To repay the money, Chandni and her next generation will work there too. None of them will be able to go to school anymore. Mr Barucha: They are modern day slaves! This is against their basic human rights. Q. How do labourers in the brick kilns become slaves? (A) They choose to become slaves. (B) They get tricked by the owners of brick kilns. (C) They look for jobs at the brick kilns. (D) They send their children to work at the kilns. I Remember All human beings are born with equal rights and the freedom of choice. We all have the same rights, no matter which country, region, religion or race we belong to. gender income community or social group political beliefs Human country The rights which are rights the same for all people do not all over the world are called human rights. depend on: religion language HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a document written by people from different countries. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948. This day is celebrated as the International Human Rights Day. These human rights state that every person has the same rights, regardless of their religion, race, caste or gender. There are 30 basic human rights, some of which are as follows. Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 19
• Each person is born free. Everyone has equal rights and dignity. • No one can be treated with cruelty. No one can be made a slave. • Everyone has the right to practise their religion freely. • Everyone has the right to work and to choose a suitable type of work. Each worker has the right to equal pay for equal work. • Everyone has the right to education. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC) The United Nations is an international organisation. There are 193 member countries of the UN. The United Nations Human Rights Council is a United Nations body which was established in 2006 to protect human rights of people around the world. O The logo of the United Nations NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC) The National Human Rights Commission is responsible for protecting the human rights of Indians. It was set up in 1993. Each country or culture has its problems and human rights violations. Some activities of the NHRC are as follows. • Keeps a watch on various activities of the government and The Logo of the National the people, and notes when human rights are violated. Human Rights Commission Example: The NHRC gets involved in court cases that include charges of human rights violation. • Goes through laws from time to time to check if they protect and promote human rights. Example: The NHRC checks laws related to women, children and labourers. • Spreads awareness about human rights. They do this through publications, media or seminars. • Helps other institutions that work in the field of human rights. The NHRC works with the central government, the state governments or the courts. 20
I Understand REASONS FOR PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights were violated during World War II. Millions of people lost their lives and countless others were treated very badly. The leaders around the world decided that this should never happen again. The United Nations was established in 1945 to prevent wars and protect the rights of people all over the world. The UN has played an important role in protection of human rights since its creation. Not just during wars but even in everyday life, people are ill-treated by others. In particular, the rights of smaller communities, the poor, the women, the disabled and the children need protection. Therefore, human rights need to be protected. Below are some examples of human rights violations that are common in India. • child labourers • dowry (money or gifts that the bride's family gives to the bridegroom's family) • child marriage • harassment at home or the workplace • ill-treatment of people with disabilities Train My Brain 1) Mention two human rights that you think are important. 2) When was the UN established? I Apply rganisations Several people and organisations — both governmental and non-governmental — work to protect human rights. They also help people become aware of their rights. Vigil India Movement The Vigil India Movement was started in 1977. It is an organisation that works to create awareness among people about their human rights. Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 21
Honour for Women National Campaign The Honour for Women National Campaign was founded by Manasi Pradhan in 2009. The main aim of this movement is to end violence against women in India. Medha Patkar Medha Patkar has worked with many movements and organisations to make sure that all people have equal rights. She is the founder of the Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the river Narmada) and other people's movements. Medha Patkar has worked to help people who have suffered due to the building of a dam on Narmada. Sunderlal Bahuguna Sunderlal Bahuguna is an environmentalist. He is one of the founders of the Chipko movement. The word ‘chipko’ means ‘to hug’. It works for the protection of the forests in Uttarakhand. He believes in Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2009. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Make a poster to show the human rights that you feel are the most important. Choose any three. Explain to your class why you chose these rights. Be Amazed According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the world’s ‘Most Translated Document’. Till date it has been translated into more than 500 languages. 22
Concept 8.2: The Rights of Children I Think Meher: Does that mean that Chandni from the brick-kiln does not go to school at all? Mr Barucha: Yes. Chandni is forced to work all day. Kailash Satyarthi with children She and many children like her do not go to school. This is a violation of child rights. Meher: But how can this violation be stopped? Mr Barucha: People like Kailash Satyarthi work to rescue many children like Chandni. He rescues child labourers. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 along with Malala Yousafzai. Meher: Child rights? Child labour? What do these words mean? Q. When did Kailash Satyarthi win the Nobel Peace Prize? (A) 2000 (B) 2004 (C) 2014 (D) 2015 I Remember Did you know that children have special rights too? The United Nations define a child as ‘any person who has not yet reached the age of eighteen years’. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was signed in 1989 to protect the rights of children. Child rights Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 23
THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN Child rights are the human rights of children with special Some important rights of all children are as follows. attention given to their care • The right to life and protection. • The right to a safe environment • The right to play and rest • The right to protection from any kind of exploitation — not allowed to punish children in a cruel or harmful way Across the world, child rights are violated by forcing children to work as child labourers and child soldiers. I Understand A child pulling a wheelbarrow WAYS OF CHILD RIGHTS' VIOLATION There are many ways in which the rights of children are harmed. Some of them are as follows. • In many countries, children do not get clean drinking water and food. This leads to poor nutrition and various diseases. • Many children die as a result of violence at home or in school. • Many children are made to work in dangerous conditions. They are forced to work for many hours without a break, including at night. This is called child labour. Example: children working in restaurants, bangle or fireworks factories A young boy serving tea at a shop A child working in a thread factory 24
• Children are married before they reach an appropriate age. This is called child marriage. In India, a girl cannot be married until she is 18 and a boy until he is 21. • A child who is made to fight or work for an army is called a child soldier. Children as young as 9 years old are made to use weapons and fight in wars. Child marriage is a Train My Brain violation of child rights. 1) When was the Rights of the Child signed? 2) Share an example of child labour that you have seen around you. I Apply rganisations There are many organisations and people working to make sure that children remain safe and that their rights are protected. CHILDLINE India CHILDLINE India is an organisation that works to help children in trouble. They have set up a telephone helpline for children whose rights have been harmed. Children or concerned adults can call the telephone number, 1098, and receive help. Kailash Satyarthi He started the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save Childhood Helpline of CHILDLINE Movement) in 1980. Kailash Satyarthi helps children who are made to work as child labourers. Malala Yousafzai She is known for her work to make sure that all children — whether they are boys or girls — are allowed to go to school. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for her work on right to education. Malala Yousafzai Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 25
I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Newspapers are a good medium to know about the different kinds of child rights violations. Here are some examples. Discuss with your partner which type of violation each newspaper article is about. 2) Look at the picture. Discuss what you see, and answer the following questions. a) Which child right violation does it show? b) Name a person and an organisation who can help these children. Be Amazed Kailash Satyarthi has protected the rights of more than 87,000 children in more than 140 countries. 26
Connect the Dots English Fun Read Malala, a Brave Girl from Pakistan and Iqbal, a Brave Boy from Pakistan, the stories of two young people fighting for the rights of children in Pakistan. See if you can buy or borrow these books. Maths Fun Sometimes, information is shown as a number. Example: There are more than 2,00,000 child soldiers in the world. Choose a category of child rights. Find out three facts about that right in India and around the world. Make an attractive and interesting information sheet using the information shown through numbers. Share it with your parents and friends. A Note to Parent Help your child learn more about child labour in India. Inform your child that the organisation 'CHILDINE' has a phone number that children can call if their rights are violated. Make sure your child understands that reporting something to CHILDINE is a serious matter. Use this link to watch a video about CHILDINE: http://imax.pro/childline New Words 1) labourer – someone who does physical work 2) kiln – a special oven used to bake things made from clay 3) illiterate – not knowing how to read and write 4) income – money earned from work or business 5) social group – a group that a person belongs to Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 27
6) universal – for everyone 7) dignity – importance or value of a person 8) establish – begin or create something 9) violation – s omething that breaks the law or harms the rights of 10) awareness someone – knowledge about something 11) harassment – behaviour that harms or upsets someone 12) Nobel Peace Prize – one of six prizes awarded by the Nobel foundation created by Alfred Nobel. It is awarded to those working 13) exploitation – towards bringing peace in the world. using something or someone unfairly or badly 28
Lesson Our Government 9 I Will Learn About 9.1 R the meaning of democracy and the features of democracy in India. U how elections work in India; levels of government. A sections of the central government. h comparing democracy and monarchy. Concept 9.1: India’s Democratic Government I Think Mr and Mrs Jain are taking Rashi out. She wants to know where they are going. Rashi: Ma, where are we going? Mrs Jain: The elections are being held today. We are going to the polling station. Rashi: Which train will we take from the A polling station polling station? Mrs Jain: No, Rashi! A polling station is not a place from where we can get trains. QQ. What do you think Rashi’s parents will do at the polling station? (A) pick up a relative (B) take part in the elections (C) see a railway museum (D) book a train ticket 29
I Remember In the olden days, India was ruled by different kings and queens. Do you remember some of them? Many European trading companies came to India. Can you name some of them? You have also studied that India fought against British rule and became free on 15 August 1947. After India became free, our leaders decided that people should A democracy is a be allowed to elect their own government. In other words, India’s system of government leaders chose democracy. run by representatives chosen by the people WHAT IS A DEMOCRACY? of a country. A democracy is a system of government run by representatives chosen by the people of a country. In a democracy, the common people have the most power. They can choose their leaders. Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. Let us now look at some of the features of a democracy. CY Features of a democracy 30
I Understand We have read that one of the main features of democracy is that people get to choose their representatives. In India, we choose our representatives through elections. WHAT IS AN ELECTION? An election is a method of choosing a representative by voting. They are held regularly after a fixed number of years. In India, elections are held every five years. Process of Election Before the elections On election day After the elections • Political parties • People go to • The votes are share their ideas polling stations counted. and plans for the and vote. citizens. • The candidate • They are not • They tell people with the most required to tell votes wins. about the anyone whom candidates they voted for. • The political party with standing for elections from the highest number of their parties. winning candidates usually forms the government. The political party that forms the government is called the ruling party. The leader of the ruling party becomes the head of the government. They choose members of their party to form a cabinet. These members look after different departments. For example, one member manages the agriculture department, while another manages the education department. Elections for Different Levels of Government Do you know that there are three levels of government in India? They are the local, the state and the central governments. We have elections to elect representatives at all three levels. Name of the election Level of the government Local election Local government State election State government Central government National election Our Government 31
nt The central, state and local governments have separate responsibilities. However, the central, state and local governments work together for the welfare of the people. For example, the local government installs street lights. The state government distributes electricity to all the cities and villages. The central government, on the other hand, gives permission for electrical projects and decides on the electricity prices to be charged. Let us learn more about these levels. Level 1: The Local Government The local government looks after the needs of people at the village, town or city level. It has two levels — urban and rural local governments. Urban local government Rural local government The urban local government looks after the The rural local government is responsible needs of people living in towns and cities. for the welfare of people living in villages. Level 2: The State Government The state government takes care of many things such as education, roads and so on for a state. The state government is made up of a state legislature, a Chief Minister, a Governor and other ministers. Level 3: The Central Government The central government governs the entire country. It deals with the defence of India, relations with other countries, railways, shipping and so on. It is made up of the President, the Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers. Train My Brain 1) What do you mean by opinion? 2) After how many years do we have elections in India? I Apply You have understood the three different levels of government. Now let us look at what makes up the central government. 32
THREE SECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • The Parliament makes rules or laws for the entire country. • The Executive puts into action the rules and laws made by the Parliament. • The Judiciary upholds the laws and The Parliament protects the rights of people. Let us learn more about the Parliament. The Parliament consists of three parts. They are the President of India, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people during general elections. It is also called the House of the People. The Prime Minister is an important member of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha consists of members indirectly elected to represent the different states and union territories. It is also called the Council of States . The Vice President of India is an important member of the Rajya Sabha. The President is the formal head of India. They are elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha and the state legislatures. Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha I Explore (hQ.OQ.T.S.) 1) Discuss with your classmates about how things would be if you lived under the rule of a king (monarchy) instead of a democracy. Hint: You can discuss the absence of elections and the lack of freedom to express your thoughts and opinions. Our Government 33
Be Amazed India is the largest democracy in the world. Among all the democracies in the world, India has the highest population. Connect the Dots English Fun The word ‘democracy’ comes from the Greek words ‘demos’ meaning ‘common people’ and ‘kratos’ meaning ‘rule’. Maths Fun The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. The Lok Sabha, on the other hand, can have a maximum of 552 members. What is the difference between the maximum number of members of the two houses? ______________________________________ 34
A Note to Parent It will be a good learning experience for your child if they get to see the different government offices in your area such as the post office, Municipal Corporation office or election office. You can tell them about the purpose and function of each office. New Words 1) election – a process through which people can choose the people to act or speak for them 2) polling station 3) representative – a place where people can go to vote in the elections – someone who has been chosen to act or speak for a 4) opinion 5) vote person or a group of people 6) political party – a point of view about something or someone 7) candidate – show your choice of a person through an election 8) govern – a group of people who have similar aims, ideas and 9) uphold thoughts and who want to be a part of the government – someone who wants to be chosen or elected – manage a country and its people – maintain Our Government 35
Lesson Industries of India 10 I Will Learn About 10.1 R the meaning of industry, the types and birth of industries. A prominent industries in India. h advantages and disadvantages of industries. Concept 10.1: Need and Classification of Industries I Think Rashi is excited about asking a riddle to Morad. Rashi: Morad, I have a riddle for you. What do Naina Lal Kidwai, Arundhati Bhattacharya and Shikha Sharma have in common? Morad: I do not know, Rashi. Rashi: They are leading people in India’s banking industry. I want to work in the banking industry when I grow up. Meher: I would like to work at a place which makes cars. I love cars. Rashi: Meher, then you would work in a car-manufacturing industry. Naina Lal Kidwai Arundhati Bhattacharya Shikha Sharma 36
Q. Do you think car-manufacturing is also a type of industry? (A) yes (B) no I Remember You have learnt that different people have different occupations. Some people do things while others make things. Many people work in an industry. For example, a person might work in the iron and steel industry. WHAT IS AN INDUSTRY? An industry refers to a group of factories, companies or businesses that produce similar kinds of goods. There are also some businesses and companies that provide services. TYPES OF INDUSTRIES Industries can be of two types: 1) manufacturing industries 2) service industries. Examples of manufacturing industry • iron and steel industry • car-manufacturing industry • electronic goods industry Manufacturing industries convert raw material into finished goods Examples of service industry using machinery. • hotels • laundry Service industries provide services to their customers. • banks • car-repairing • tourism THE BIRTH OF INDUSTRIES In the beginning of the seventeenth century, people gained more knowledge of science. They used this knowledge to invent new machines and tools. When these tools and machines were used, people were able to manufacture goods much faster and in large quantities. Hence, these goods were cheaper than the ones made by hand. Slowly, people started using machines to make goods instead of making them by hand. Since the machines were big, they needed to be kept in special places called factories. The goods were manufactured in these factories. Industries of India 37
Making cloth by hand Making cloth in a factory using machines I Understand You have read that there are manufacturing and service industries. These industries are of different sizes. For example, iron and steel is a big industry, whereas car-repairing is a small industry. DIVISION OF INDUSTRIES Based on size, industries are divided into large-scale, small-scale and cottage industries. Industry Examples Large-scale industry • iron and steel industry • shipbuilding industry • aircraft-making industry • cement industry Small-scale industry • furniture manufacturing • utensil manufacturing • electrical-goods manufacturing • car-repairing 38
Cottage industry • toy-making industry • weaving FEATURES OF INDUSTRIES • handicrafts Features of large-scale industries Operate from very Require huge sums Make use of large and Employ thousands of large factories of money to run the factories complex machines people and tools Example of a large-scale industry Features of small-scale industries Operate from Require small Make use of small Employ hundreds of medium-sized amounts of money and less powerful people factories to operate machines Industries of India 39
Features of cottage industries Operate from Require less Make use of simple Employ very few bungalows and money to operate tools people homes Train My Brain 1) Give an example of a service industry. 2) Give an example of a cottage industry. I Apply PROMINENT INDIAN INDUSTRIES India has a very large population. This has led to a high demand for goods and services. To satisfy the growing needs of such a large population, many large-scale, small-scale and cottage industries have been established in India. Based on the goods they produce, these industries can be classified into the following. • Iron and steel industry • Engineering industry • Cotton-textile industry • Automobile industry • Shipbuilding industry 40
PUNJAB HARYANA RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH GUJARAT JHARKHAND MAHARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH ODISHA WEST BENGAL GOA ANDHRA LEGEND KARNATAKA PRADESH Iron and steel industry KERALA TAMIL Engineering industry NADU Textile industry Automobile industry Shipbuilding industry Large-scale industries in different states of India Industries of India 41
I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Industries have many advantages and disadvantages. Let us learn about them. Advantages Disadvantages • Provide jobs to many people • Pollute land, water and air • Produce a variety of goods in • Lead to overcrowding in cities as large quantities many industries are located in cities Be Amazed The Tesla Gigafactory, located in the USA, is the one of the largest factories in the world. This factory produces batteries for cars. It is almost 2 million square feet in size! Connect the Dots Science Fun The period when people started to use machines for producing goods is called the Industrial Revolution. Examples of machines invented during this period include the aeroplane, telephone, sewing machine and so on. We still continue to use these inventions today. English Fun Look at the pictures given below. These are tools that are used in small-scale and cottage industries. Find out the names of these tools and write them down. ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 42
A Note to Parent Try taking your child to a nearby factory for a brief excursion. Point out the fascinating processes by which the things that we use in our daily lives are produced in factories and industries. New Words 1) electronic goods – things that run on electricity, for example television, radio, washing machine, computer and so on 2) tourism – a n industry that provides services related to travel such 3) manufacture – as means of transport, hotels and restaurants 4) employ – make something, usually in large amounts, using machines 5) engineering industry – give jobs to people 6) textile – 7) automobile – industry that manufactures goods such as tractors, pumps, telephones, cranes and other machines material used for making cloth a vehicle, usually with four wheels, that runs on fuel such as petrol, diesel, natural gas and so on Industries of India 43
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