SOCIAL STUDIES 5TEXTBOOK 2 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________
Preface ClassKlap partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. Our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. ClassKlap presents the Traveller series, designed specifically to meet the requirements of the new curriculum released in November 2016 by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Guiding principles: The 2016 CISCE curriculum states the following as a few of its guiding principles for Social Studies teaching: Connecting learning to life in the outside world Integrating Social Studies with other subjects across the curriculum and arts Using meaningful contexts to develop interpersonal and life skills Making assessment for learning an integral part of the teaching-learning process Ensuring active participation of children by using a variety of activities and tasks Each of these principles resonates with the spirit in which the ClassKlap textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books have been designed. The ClassKlap team of pedagogy experts has carried out an intensive mapping exercise to create a framework based on the CISCE curriculum document. Key features of ClassKlap Traveller series: CISCE framework Develops the knowledge and skills necessary for informed and thoughtful participation in society Introduces children to timelines and historical maps in order to help them develop timeline, map and globe skills Helps in developing observation, reporting, analysis and critical-thinking skills Promotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around them Engages students through an interactive, age-appropriate, visually enhanced infographics and activity-based content All in all, the Traveller Social Studies books aim to generate greater engagement and enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and interdependent global community. – The Authors
Textbook Features • Use of simple, age-appropriate language I Will Learn • Activity-based approach to learning • Use of infographics and pictures to explain C ontains the list of learning objectives to be concepts and terms covered in the lesson • Focus on subject-related vocabulary building I Think Introduces the concept ? In-text Question or subtopic in a manner as to arouse curiosity and Gauges the understanding interest among students level of the student by testing both skills and Pin-Up-Note knowledge through oral discussions Highlights the key points or definitions A Be Amazed Connect the Dots Aims to establish better real-life connect with the Fosters interdisciplinary concept by presenting thinking by connecting fascinating facts and trivia other subjects to an aspect of the concept A Note to Parent Engages parents in out-of-classroom learning of their child to conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts
Contents 7 The Things We Make�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Art Education - 2����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 8 The Changing Face of Indian Industry�����������������������������������������������������������������10 9 Solar and Lunar Eclipses����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 10 Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth��������������������������������������������������������������23 11 Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature���������������������������������������������������������������������28 Infographic 2 - Natural Resources��������������������������������������������������������������������������34 12 One Earth, One Chance����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 13 Laws, Rights and Duties������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Art Education - 3����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
7Lesson TWheeMTahkinegs I Will Learn About • development of agriculture and livestock rearing in India. • classification of industries. • major industries in India. I Think Rashi learns that Arundhati Bhattacharya is the first Q. woman chairman of the State Bank of India. Rashi has a riddle for Morad. Do you think that practising agriculture is Rashi M orad, I have a riddle for you. What do different from working in Naina Lal Kidwai, Arundhati Bhattacharya an industry? and Shikha Sharma have in common? (A) yes Morad I do not know, Rashi. (B) no Rashi They are all leaders of India’s banking industry. I also want to work in the banking (C) maybe industry when I grow up. (D) do not know Meher When I grow up, I would like to buy land and grow fruits naturally on it. Rashi Meher, then you will be practising agriculture. 1
Development of agriculture Over time, humans moved from hunting and gathering to ? What led to producing crops. This led to permanent settlements and a permanent reliable supply of food. settlements? A lot has changed since humans began to practise agriculture. Earlier, people used to grow crops mostly for their own use. Over time, farmers started to grow crops for the entire population and for commercial use as well. Development has also taken place in the agricultural sector which includes irrigation, use of machines, fertilisers and so on. Types of crops in India India is mostly an agricultural nation. Almost 60% of the people in India practise agriculture. Indian farmers grow a variety of crops. The crops grown in an area depend on many factors such as soil condition, climate, rainfall and so on. Crops can be classified on the basis of their use as follows. Food crops: A crop that is produced by humans mostly for Maize food is called a food crop. Example: rice, wheat, millets and pulses Cash crops: A crop that is produced by humans for selling is called a cash crop. Example: sugar cane, cotton, jute, sunflower and coffee Livestock rearing The rearing of animals for food and other uses is called livestock rearing. The most common animals include cattle and dairy animals such as cows, chickens, goats, pigs, horses and sheep. Animals such as donkeys, camels, mules and rabbits as well as insects such as bees and silkworms are also reared as part of livestock rearing. Pictures showing various forms of livestock rearing How does livestock rearing benefit us? Animals give us milk, meat, eggs, honey and other food products. They also help to transport goods and humans from one place to another. Blankets, clothes and 2
shoes are made from the skin and fur of some animals. The hooves and horns of some animals are used to produce things such as buttons and combs. Animal excreta also makes good natural fertilisers. Companies have also started to produce alternatives to these products. Those products help to prevent cruelty towards animals. The below map shows us how a variety of animals are reared in different parts of India. Animals reared in different parts of India TAhneiomfUasless The Things We Make 3
What is an industry? In the previous sections, we learnt about products that were obtained mostly by human labour. However, are all things around us made by humans? Many things are made using machines in industries. An industry refers to a group of factories, companies or businesses that produce similar kinds of goods. There are also some businesses and companies that provide services. Types of industries Industries can be of two types — manufacturing and service. Examples of manufacturing industry • iron and steel industry • car-manufacturing industry Examples of service industry Iron and steel factory is a part of the manufacturing industry. • hotels • laundry • banks • car-repairing Manufacturing industries convert raw materials into finished goods on a large scale using machinery. Service industries provide services to A restaurant is a part of their customers. the service industry Classification of industries Based on size, industries are classified into large-scale, small-scale and cottage industries. Let us read to find out more about these industries. Features of industries Large-scale industry Operates from very Requires huge sums Makes use of large Employs thousands large factories of money to run and complex of people the factories machines and tools 4
Small-scale industry Operates from Requires limited Makes use of small Employs hundreds medium-sized amounts of money and less powerful of people machines and tools factories to operate Cottage industry Operates from Requires small Makes use of Employs bungalows or amounts of money simple tools a few people homes to operate Industry Examples Large-scale industry - iron and steel industry Small-scale industry - aircraft-making industry Cottage industry - automobile industry - electrical-goods manufacturing - car-repairing - furniture manufacturing - handicraft - weaving factories - toy-making industry Let us learn in detail about some of the ? State any two differences large-scale industries in India. between large-scale and small-scale industries. Cotton-textile industry The cotton-textile industry is one of the most important industries in India. It meets the demand for clothes of the Indian population. Cotton cloth manufactured in India is exported as well. This industry employs a lot of people. Many people also work in the cotton production industry. Some factories also produce machines required in the manufacture of cotton textile. The Things We Make 5
Iron and steel industry The iron and steel industry plays a very important role in India. Steel-manufacturing is considered one of the main industries and is necessary for modern industrial development. Large amounts of iron and steel are required to construct bridges, rail tracks, vehicles, various machines, power plants, airports and so on. India is one of the largest producers of steel in the world. Engineering industry The engineering industry produces a wide range of heavy and light machines such as manufacturing machines, engines, agricultural and mining machines and so on. Information technology and electronics industry This industry is popularly known as the infotech industry. It is a fast-growing industry in India. It works on different applications, shopping websites, customer support and creates software for many companies. Automobile industry The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest industries in the world. It produces various two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles for private as well as commercial use. India is expected to become the world leader in the automobile industry by 2020. Shipbuilding industry India has a huge coastline. There are a number of shipbuilding yards on the Indian coastline. Shipbuilding yards make new ships for both commercial and defence purposes. The old ships are also repaired here. Other large-scale industries The other large-scale industries of India include the cement industry, paper industry, sugar industry, tea manufacturing industry and so on. The automobile industry produces Tea manufacturing vehicles for private as well as is an important industry in India. commercial use. 6
The following map shows us various large-scale industries in different states of India. PUNJAB HARYANA RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH GUJARAT JHARKHAND MAHARASHTRA CHHATTISGARH ODISHA WEST BENGAL GOA ANDHRA LEGEND karnataka PRADESH Infotech industry Iron and steel industry KERALA TAMIL Engineering industry NADU Textile industry Automobile industry Shipbuilding industry Be Amaze Large-scale industries in different states of India A d The cotton-textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India. The first cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 near Kolkata, but it was not successful. The second mill was established in Mumbai in 1854 and was successful. The Things We Make 7
Connect the Dots Science Fun Iron is not only used to make steel; it is present in our food too. Iron is present in meat, peas, spinach and so on. When we eat food rich in iron, it becomes a part of our blood. The iron present in our blood helps in carrying oxygen to all parts of the body. Maths Fun India is one of the largest producers and consumers of sugar in the world. Maharashtra produces over one-third of the total sugar produced in India, closely followed by Uttar Pradesh. New Words 1) reliable – something that someone can depend on 2) commercial – related to buying and selling, in order to make a profit 3) irrigation – supply of water to the crop fields through channels to help growth 4) rear – grow and take care of 5) complex – consisting of many different parts that are connected A Note to Parent Take your child for a visit to a manufacturing plant and show them the simple and complex machines there. 8
Art Education - 2 Decoration of 3D Objects Many industries use various ready-made goods and convert them into new things. You can also convert ready-made objects into new things. Paper-cup penguin Gather the following. • A thermocol glass Paper-cup penguin • Black glazed paper • Orange glazed paper • White paper • Eyes (ready-made) or a pen to draw them • Child-friendly scissors You need to do the following. 1) P lace the glass upside-down. The open end should be at the Penguin wing bottom, and the closed end should be at the top. 2) Safely cut out two wings as shown in the picture from the black paper and cover the glass with the remaining paper. 3) Safely cut out a triangle for the beak of the penguin and two feet as shown in the picture from the orange paper. 4) Safely cut out a wide oval for the front from the white paper. Penguin foot 5) Paste the white paper onto the glass as shown in the picture. 6) Paste or draw the eyes on the white part. 7) Paste the beak on the white part. 8) Paste the wings on the sides of the glass along the edge of the white part. Apply only a thin line of glue to the top of the wings and leave the bottom free. 9) Paste the feet to the rim of the glass. 10) Your paper-cup penguin is ready. You can also make a different Paper-cup animal like a paper-cup rabbit. rabbit Art Education - 2 9
8Lesson The Changing Face of Indian Industry I Will Learn About • d ifferences between raw materials and finished goods. • changes in the methods of farming. • our dependence on industries. • artisanship and the skills of the people involved in crafts. I Think Rashi is excited about going to her village. Q. Rashi I am really excited about this trip! Meher Why? Which is the main occupation in India? Rashi I am going to see the farms. (A) farming Morad Yes, you can observe the practices followed (B) driving by farmers as well. They work hard. Do you (C) singing know that agriculture is the main occupation (D) being a cricketer in India? Rashi Is it? Morad Yes. About 60% of Indians practise agriculture. Have you ever wondered where bread, jewellery, toothpaste and erasers come from? You will not find them growing on trees or deep inside the Earth! These are made in factories. 10
Raw materials to finished goods Setting up a factory for a large or small-scale industry requires land, money, labour, machines and raw materials. In the factories, machines turn raw materials into finished goods. Materials found in nature are known as raw materials. Cotton is used to make cloth, or iron ore is used to make iron and steel. Cotton and iron ore are examples of raw materials. The process of producing finished goods from raw materials with the help of human labour or machines is called manufacturing. Finished goods Raw materials Raw materials Grains from plants Manufacturing Finished goods Chapati Wood from trees Furniture The Changing Face of Indian Industry 11
Raw materials Finished goods Silk from silkworm cocoons Silk thread and fabric Gold, silver and diamonds from mines Jewellery Importance of industries The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth What helped century. During this period, many machines were invented and many factories were built. ? to increase the production of The Industrial Revolution changed our societies from goods? having an agricultural, rural, slow-paced lifestyle to an industrialised, urban, fast-paced one. The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth A few famous inventions of this period are as follows. century. During this period, many machines 1) steam engine were invented and many factories were built. 2) telegraph 3) sewing machine 4) telephone 5) aeroplane A sewing machine helps to stitch a dress in a day, while several days are required to finish it by hand. Similarly, all these machines make life easier and faster. The higher number of machines and industries also helped to produce goods faster. So, the needs of the people were met easily. In many cases, the produced quantities exceeded the requirements of the people of a country, and this led to the export of finished products to other countries. 12
Advantages of industries The growth of industries had a lot of advantages. More men and women found jobs; products were made at a faster pace, and enough was produced to meet the demands of the society. Look at the given pictures of commonly used machines. Discuss their uses with your friends. Refrigerator Sewing machine Ceiling fan Disadvantages of industries However, there are also a few disadvantages. The pollution levels are increasing. Trees are being cut down to build houses and industries and to provide raw materials. This harms the environment on earth and affects the quality of our lives. Making crafts Not all materials sold in the markets are made by large machines. You must have seen many people selling pots, showpieces and other decorative materials at different places. Are these objects made by machines? No, they are made by skilled people called artisans. They work with clay, metals, clothes and other items using their hands. As artisans make things using their hands, they take more time than machines to produce goods. Various kinds of crafts are made by hand, at times using simple machines, all over the country. These make up the cottage industry. Making crafts requires a lot of skill and focus. Skill in a particular craft is known as artisanship. The number of artisans in the country is declining as they do not get enough money for the goods that they produce. Let us take a look at a few examples of the craft industry. • The art of Indian pottery began during the Indus Valley Civilization. Today, different kinds of pots continue to be made all over India by artisans. These pots can be used to store water and food. Many are also used for decorative purposes. Indian pottery The Changing Face of Indian Industry 13
• Indian zardozi is embroidery with gold and silver threads. Initially, it was done on clothes worn by kings and queens. Zardozi work continues to be a popular way of decorating traditional clothes worn for festive occasions today. • C hikankari is a type of embroidery done on cloth, Zardozi particularly saris, kurtas and dupattas. • Wooden almirahs have hand-carved designs on them and are made in Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kashmir. Such furniture can be created from different types of wood. Chikankari Wooden almirah Cane furniture • Cane furniture is made from cane. Handmade furniture is also made from wicker and bamboo. • Kancheepuram silk saris are made by artisans in Kanchi, near Chennai. The colours are bold and bright, and the thread is very fine. Let us take a look at two examples to understand more about them. Chikankari: Indian chikan work consists of several processes, Kancheepuram silk saris namely cutting, stitching, printing, embroidery, washing and finishing. Cutting and stitching are completed by the same person. Then, printing is done with wooden blocks dipped in dye. After this, artisans do the embroidery. The last step in the Chikankari embroidery work is washing and finishing, which takes 10 to 12 days and involves bleaching, acid treatment, stiffening and ironing. Cane furniture: The first step in the process of making Indian cane furniture is heating of cane. After that, it is given different shapes by hand to make the various parts. These components are attached using glue or screws to create the frame. Then, the furniture is dyed. As you can see in the two examples above, the artisans work with their hands and take care of fine, smaller details to ensure that the finished goods are of high quality. Indian artisans keep the traditional art of India alive. They are hard-working and extremely talented at their jobs. 14
Changes in farming methods As we learnt in the previous lesson, there have been a lot What are the finished of changes in agriculture over time. Modern methods of products in your kitchen that come ?farming save time and increase the yield. Let us look at some of the changes that have happened in farming. from fields? The changes in agriculture have made India one of the largest producers of foodgrains in the world. Indian industries have played an important role in the development of the country. They are likely to grow further making India one of the strongest economies in the future. The Changing Face of Indian Industry 15
Be Amaze d A The world’s most expensive Kancheepuram silk sari called ‘Vivah Patu’ was sold for ₹39,31,627 – a Guinness World Record. Connect the Dots English Fun Look at the pictures given below. These are tools that are used in small-scale and cottage industries. Complete the names of these tools. s__r__wd__i__ __r h__m__e__ s__a__n__r Science Fun Some of our food products, such as sweets, are colourful. This means that a particular colour or dye is added to them. Dyes can be obtained from natural products or created artificially. New Words 1) export – to send goods to other countries to sell 2) yield – the amount of crop produced A Note to Parent Visit a cottage industry with your child. Encourage them to notice the actions of the artisans carefully. Ask them what they find appealing. 16
9Lesson Solar and Lunar Eclipses I Will Learn About • the meaning of ‘eclipse’. • causes of an eclipse. • solar and lunar eclipses. • the difference between a total and a partial eclipse. I Think Q. What is not visible during Rashi, Meher and Morad are watching television at a lunar eclipse? the Irani house. (A) Moon (B) Sun Rashi Why are they saying that the Moon will not (C) Earth be seen for some time tonight? (D) Mars Morad It is because there is going to be a lunar eclipse today. Scientists from all over the world will watch it. Meher What is a lunar eclipse? Shadows and eclipses An eclipse is an astronomical event in which a heavenly body blocks another heavenly body from the view of people at a particular place on Earth. During an eclipse, the shadow of one heavenly body falls on another. Have you ever wondered why shadows are formed? Let us find out. 17
Ask your parent to shine a torch on your hand. Place your hand in a straight line between a wall and the torch. What do you see? You will see a dark shape resembling your hand on the wall. Your hand blocks the light of the torch from reaching the wall. Thus, it creates a dark area which looks like your hand. Look at the pictures below. An eclipse is an astronomical event in which a heavenly body blocks another heavenly body from the view of people at a particular place on Earth. Shadows on the wall made by a hand The dark shapes are shadows. A shadow is a dark shape cast by an object blocking light from reaching a surface such as a wall. So when the shadow of a heavenly body falls on another, an eclipse takes place. Why do eclipses occur? Look at the flow chart below. It tells us how an eclipse happens. Thus the flow chart tells us that as the heavenly bodies revolve along fixed orbits, at times the Moon and the Earth come in a straight line with the Sun. This leads one heavenly body to block another from view. 18
A shadow is formed when one heavenly body blocks the light of another. An eclipse thus happens when one heavenly body moves through the shadow of another. Eclipses can be of two types — solar and lunar. For example, when the Moon comes between the Sun and the Earth, it hides the Sun from the view of people on Earth. The Earth comes under the shadow of the Moon in a solar eclipse. In a lunar eclipse, the Moon comes under the shadow of the Earth. Solar eclipse The word ‘solar’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘solaris’ meaning ‘of the sun’. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon comes in between the Sun and the Earth. This causes the Moon to cast a shadow on a part of the Earth. Solar eclipses occur only during the daytime. They usually last for a few minutes. The eclipse can be seen only from places where the shadow falls. The people living in those parts find the Sun gradually beginning to disappear. Those parts of the Earth become dark. Formation of a solar eclipse What happens during a solar eclipse? During a solar eclipse, the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth. This shadow has two parts: the umbra and the penumbra. The umbra is the darkest part of the shadow, where the Moon is completely covering the Sun. The umbra gets smaller as it reaches the Earth. The ? Name the types of penumbra is the outer area of the shadow where the solar eclipses. Moon is covering only a part of the Sun. The penumbra gets bigger as it reaches the Earth. Solar eclipse Solar and Lunar Eclipses 19
Types of solar eclipses There are three types of solar eclipses: total solar eclipse, partial solar eclipse and annular solar eclipse. Lunar eclipse The word ‘lunar’ comes from Latin meaning ‘of the Moon’. The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth. It does not have any light of its own. We see the light of the Moon because it reflects the light of the Sun. Think, what would happen if the Earth suddenly comes between the Sun and the Moon? Will we be able to see the Moon? What happens during a lunar eclipse? Which eclipse is caused when the Earth Lunar eclipses occur when the Earth, while orbiting comes between the ?around the Sun, comes between the Sun and the Moon. This blocks the Sun’s rays from falling on the Sun and the Moon? Moon. The Moon no longer reflects the rays of the Sun during a lunar eclipse. The shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon, thus, hiding it from the view of people on the Earth. Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses can continue for a longer time. 20
Lunar eclipse Types of lunar eclipses Lunar eclipses can be total or partial. Eclipses are of great interest to scientists and astronomers. They study eclipses in great detail to know more about the Sun and the Moon. It also helps them gather more knowledge about the solar system. Many people, across the world, also watch eclipses as a hobby. Solar and Lunar Eclipses 21
Be Amazed A The longest total solar eclipse of the 20th century took place in June 1955. The duration of the eclipse was 7 min 8 sec. The longest total lunar eclipse of the twenty-first century occurred in July 2018 for 1 hr 42 min 57 sec. Connect the Dots English Fun The word ‘eclipse’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘ekleipsis’ meaning ‘failure to appear’. In Old French, it means ‘darkness’. So, during a solar or lunar eclipse, the Sun or the Moon do not appear to the human eye. Darkness comes over the land as there is no light. Science Fun Specially made eclipse glasses that filter harmful solar rays should be used to watch a solar eclipse. Watching a solar eclipse without any protection can damage the eye. New Words 1) astronomical – related to space and heavenly bodies 2) cast – to make light or shadow appear in a place A Note to Parent There are many stories about eclipses in Indian mythology. Search for them on the internet and share them with your child. Also, tell them the differences between the reasons behind eclipses given in myths and scientific reasons behind eclipses. 22
10Lesson Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth I Will Learn About • what natural resources are. • difference between renewable and non-renewable resources. • d angers of using non-renewable resources. I Think Q. Morad and Meher are collecting plastic waste from Why is it important to their society garden. Rashi is watching them curiously. dispose of plastic waste properly? Rashi Why are you collecting them? That is garbage! (A) to prevent pollution Morad We are not collecting them. We are (B) to decorate homes disposing of them properly. (C) to make things Rashi Why do we need to dispose of them properly? (D) to celebrate festivals Meher If we leave them like this, they will harm the environment by polluting it. Trees will not grow properly in the garden. The plastic waste will also get into the water and harm the fish. 23
Have you ever thought about all the things that we use? Where do they come from? Most of our daily needs are met from things we get from nature. However, we do not often use things from nature directly. People or machines help to convert things we get from nature into goods we can use. Let us read about some of the things we get from nature. Natural resources There are many things in nature that we use to make the Natural resources are things that we need. They are called natural resources. various things that Natural resources are various things that are found in are found in nature. nature. Example: plants, animals, solar energy, wind energy, earth, rock, metals, minerals, fossil fuels Resources that can be used again and again are called renewable resources. These are formed and replaced by natural processes. Example: plants, animals, solar energy, wind energy Resources that cannot be renewed within a short time are called non-renewable resources. These resources take thousands of years to regenerate. Example: petroleum, natural gas, coal Look at the table below to understand the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources Non-renewable resources These are always available in plenty. These resources are limited in quantity and will be exhausted if used in large amounts. These resources are generated in nature in little time and are easily These resources take millions of years to available. be formed and require lots of effort to use. Use of these resources does not cause These are also costly. any pollution. Use of these resources causes pollution. Example: air, water, soil, plants, animals, Example: rocks, metals, minerals, fossil fuels solar energy, wind energy (petroleum, natural gas and coal) Why do people use non-renewable energy resources? These resources are very efficient and can ? List five renewable produce a large amount of energy in a short and non-renewable time. As a result, they are widely used. Now, let resources of energy. us study about a few non-renewable resources. 24
Coal Coal burns to give off heat. It is mostly used for cooking and producing electricity in power plants. Earlier, it was used to power railway engines. Plants and animals that get buried in soil after their death slowly get converted to coal. Coal is found in mines. Coal mines are situated deep inside the Earth’s surface. Petroleum Petroleum is also known as crude oil. It is found deep Coal beneath the seabed. Weeds, bacteria, algae and remains of ancient marine organisms experienced high pressure and heat and became fossils. These fossils got converted into petroleum or crude oil. Petroleum is taken out via wells and sent to refineries for purification. After the process of refining, various products such as petrol, diesel, kerosene and cooking gas are obtained. These products are used as fuel for vehicles and in industries. Petroleum is also used for making Petroleum cosmetics and plastic. Can you name a few fossil fuels that we Minerals ? use? Minerals are natural substances found in the Earth. Example: rocks, soil, sand. They are found either deep inside or on the Earth’s surface. Minerals do not originate from plants or animals. Some of the most useful minerals are metals. Example: iron, gold, copper Some non-metallic minerals include phosphorus and Minerals sulphur. Deposits of minerals from which metals and non-metals can be separated are called ores. Metals are used in different ways because of their different properties. • Gold and silver are used to make jewellery because they shine and can be easily reshaped. • Iron, being abundant and strong, is mainly used to make steel. • Aluminium is light and strong. It is used to make aircraft bodies and utensils. Non-metallic minerals such as phosphorus are used to make fertilisers and explosives. Sulphur is used to make detergents, cement and pesticides. Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth 25
dDangers of using non-renewable resources With increasing use of non-renewable sources of energy, the biggest threat is that these resources will get exhausted. Although non-renewable sources generate a lot of energy in a short time, their use is harmful to the environment. Burning fossil fuel causes pollution. When fossil fuels are burnt, many types of wastes are generated that act as pollutants. Some of these wastes are as follows. Carbon dioxide: Excessive amounts of this gas in the environment cause increase in the temperature of the Earth’s surface. This has many adverse effects. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide: They cause the formation of smog and acid rain. Ash: It consists of the small particles released into the air, which may cause breathing problems. Plastic, a petroleum product, does not get broken down quickly and hence remains in the environment for many years. Plastic, therefore, acts as a pollutant and is harmful to nature. Be Amaze A Trees are the longest living organisms on Earth and are the most useful natural resources. Methuselah, a pine tree from the White Mountains of California, is thought to be almost 5,000 years old. Connect the Dots Maths Fun A machine can extract 600 ml of crude oil in one hour. How many litres of crude oil can it extract in 8 hours? ____________________________________________________ 26
Science Fun Carbonisation is the process that organisms undergo to become coal. We burn coal to create energy. Coal is ranked according to how much carbonisation it has gone through. New Words 1) regenerate – form again 2) exhaust – use up completely 3) efficient – something that gives good results 4) marine organism – an organism that is found in seas and oceans 5) fossil – remains of an ancient plant or animal 6) refine – remove unwanted things 7) explosive – a n object that bursts out with a loud noise usually 8) smog producing a lot of heat – polluted air made up of smoke and fog A Note to Parent Help your child identify the uses of non-renewable sources of energy in day-to-day life. Discuss the ways in which they can reduce their use. Natural Resources I: Gifts from the Earth 27
11Lesson Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature I Will Learn About • d ifferent renewable resources and their uses. • the importance of conserving natural resources. I Think Q. Rashi is excited. Maya, a student from Which forest-rich state is Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, is visiting her school. Maya from? Maya is showing her pictures. (A) T amil Nadu Rashi M aya, what do you think of the monuments in our city? Maya Well, they are lovely. But in Chikkamagaluru, (B) Karnataka we can see something very impressive. (C) Maharashtra (D) Rajasthan Rashi R eally? What can you see? Maya We can see the Kudremukh National Park. It has been declared a world heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). See how gorgeous the pictures of the forests are. Rashi Wow! They look beautiful! 28
In the previous lesson, you learnt about non-renewable resources. Unless used carefully, non-renewable resources may not be available in the future. However, there are some natural resources that are available in greater quantity. While these resources are used by humans, they continue to be generated in nature. Renewable resources Natural resources that can be used repeatedly and are easily renewed by nature are called renewable resources. Example: Sun, air, water, plants, soil, animals Most renewable resources are used because of the following reasons. • They are easily available. Natural resources that • They are generated in a very short time. can be used continually • They do not harm nature when used. and are easily renewed • They may not be used up anytime soon. by nature are called renewable resources. Thus, these resources are also called gifts of nature. Now let us learn about some of these resources in detail. Sun The Sun is one of the most important renewable resources. It provides heat and light. Plants need energy to survive. The energy obtained from the rays of the Sun is called solar energy. Solar energy is in the form of heat and can be Solar panels used for cooking. It is also used to generate electricity. Solar energy is the most important resource because it is easily available and can be found as long as the Sun does not die out. Air The air that surrounds us is a mixture of various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. All living organisms require oxygen for survival. Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Nitrogen is required by plants and animals to carry out a few activities. When humans or other animals breathe, oxygen Windmills is taken in and carbon dioxide is released. The carbon dioxide thus released is used up by plants, and they, in turn, release oxygen. This cycle will continue as long as plants survive on Earth. The cycle maintains the balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air. Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 29
Air in motion is called wind. Wind is used to generate electricity with the help of windmills. A windmill has large blades or sails fixed to a rotating shaft. The shaft is connected to a generator. When the wind turns the blades, electricity is generated. Thus, air is an important renewable resource. Nowadays, due to pollutants being released into the air, the quality of air is becoming bad. This is causing health problems for human beings and the deaths of many plants. Water All living organisms require water. Almost A dam three-fourths of the Earth is covered with water. However, most of it is salt water in the oceans. Rivers, lakes and streams are the sources of fresh water. Water is also present as ice or snow in glaciers and as water vapour in the air. We require water for drinking, bathing, washing, cooking and watering plants. The water on the surface of the Earth evaporates and cools down to become clouds that cause rains. This process is called the water cycle, and it is constantly repeated. Hence, water is a renewable resource. Fast-flowing water is used to generate electricity. Dams are human-made barriers that are created to utilise the power of flowing water. This power is converted into electricity. We cannot drink salt water. Therefore, only fresh water is usable. However, dumping of waste into rivers releases pollutants into water. This causes water pollution which makes water unfit for use. Human activities also cause the loss of water bodies. Soil Soil holds plants and trees in place and nourishes them. Soil is also used to make utensils and handicraft items. The topmost layer of the soil is rich in nutrients and helps the growth of crops. Soil also has the ability to hold water which helps in plant growth. Due to heat, pressure, wind and flowing water, the surface rocks are broken down into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces of rock break down further and mix with moss and other organic materials. This process causes the formation of soil and takes place continuously. The roots of plants hold the soil. Cutting trees Soil causes deforestation. The topmost fertile layer of soil becomes loose and is easily blown away by wind or washed away by water because of deforestation. This process is known as soil erosion. Various chemical fertilisers and pesticides used in agricultural practices also get added to the soil. This reduces the fertility of the soil, making it unusable as a resource. 30
Plants Plants provide food and shelter for us. They purify the air by using up carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. They hold the soil, thus preventing its erosion. Plants help in improving water quality. Dried and dead trees can be burnt as fuel. Thus, plants are one of the most important natural resources. An area of land that is thickly covered by trees Forests is called a forest. Forests provide shelter for many types of animals. They help to control the Can you name temperature of the surrounding area and reduce soil erosion. Deforestation leads to many animals losing ? five things that their shelter. A large amount of soil erosion occurs, thus we obtain from causing landslides and floods. Deforestation reduces the plants? amount of rainfall and oxygen in the air. Animals Since ancient times, humans have reared animals for various purposes. We get food from animals in the form of meat, milk and eggs. The wool or leather that we get from animals is used to make clothes. The pearls from oysters are used to make jewellery. Animals such as oxen, horses, donkeys and camels are used for transportation. The balance in the environment is maintained by animals. Hence, animals are considered natural resources. To fulfil the increasing demands for Animals found in nature food, animals are reared in unhealthy environments. This causes health problems for animals as well as human beings. Also, many species of animals are now extinct due to hunting and loss of forests. Ways to conserve resources Many activities of human beings cause pollution. It affects the environment and causes limitations on the use of renewable natural resources. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve these resources. There are two ways to conserve the resources. Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 31
1) Use the resources wisely so that they are not wasted: Reserves of natural resources are limited, and their excessive use will cause early depletion of these resources. We should utilise renewable resources rather than non-renewable resources. Also, in the case of renewable resources, we should try to use electricity and water very wisely. We should also limit the use of paper and leather so as to conserve plants and animals. 2) T ry to protect the resources: Protecting the available resources will help in extending their use. Here are some of the ways in which it can be done. • Planting more trees will help reduce soil erosion, increase the amount of rainfall and reduce pollution. This will also help to maintain the temperature of the Earth’s surface. • For protecting animals or wildlife, more and more forests should be protected as sanctuaries. These are protected forests where animals are protected in their natural habitat and no one is allowed to kill them. • More natural fertilisers and pesticides should be used in agriculture. This will help to conserve soil and reduce pollution. • We should not throw garbage or release industrial waste into water bodies. • We should limit the use of vehicles and other machines that add pollutants to the air. State three ways • Use of the three Rs as follows. REDUCE the use of materials that generate waste. ? in which you can conserve natural resources. REUSE whatever materials you can to minimise waste generation. RECYCLE the things that you cannot reuse, and try to convert them into something that is usable. ++ = Reduce Reuse Recycle Happy Earth! The three Rs 32
Plant trees Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Use renewable sources of energy Use a cycle for Use organic fertilisers short distances Stop polluting water Be Amazed A Windmills were used in ancient times as well. The ancient Persians started using windmills to grind grains and pump water around 500 AD to 900 AD. Natural Resources II: Gifts of Nature 33
Infographic 2
Connect the Dots English Fun There is a phrase in English: ‘leave someone to his or her resources’. This phrase means ‘to let someone depend on oneself to do what he or she likes’. Maths Fun A solar panel produces 250 units of electricity. If 20 such panels are installed, how many units of electricity will be produced? ____________________________________________________________ New Words 1) survival – staying alive the process by which green plants make their food 2) photosynthesis – the rod that connects the blades to the turbine a machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity 3) shaft – become vapour animals or plants that cannot be found anymore 4) generator – become lesser in quantity the natural home of an animal or a plant 5) evaporate – 6) extinct – 7) depletion – 8) habitat – A Note to Parent Tell your child about the source from which your town receives electricity. 36
12Lesson One Earth, One Chance I Will Learn About • components of the environment. • interdependence between different regions of the world. • impact of local events on global environment and global warming. I Think Q. Rashi is setting up an aquarium in her living room with Mr What does every living Jain. Meher is watching. being need to live? Meher Why are you putting rocks and plants in the (A) toys aquarium? This is supposed to be for fishes, right? Mr Jain Just like we have a garden in our balcony, (B) a proper environment the fishes also need a proper environment to (C) internet live in. (D) books Rashi Yes! Every living being needs a proper environment to live. Meher Wow! I did not know that! 37
Look around you. You will see a lot of things that belong to the environment. Some of them may be living beings such as the plants and butterflies in your garden. Other things such as pebbles and soil in the flower pot may not be living. All these things together make our environment. Components of the natural environment The word ‘environment’ comes from the French word ‘environ’ which means ‘to surround’. Thus, our environment is made up of everything that surrounds us, whether visible or invisible, living or non-living. Our environment has two components. They are as follows. Plants, trees, insects, birds, fungi, micro-organisms and humans make up the biotic components of the environment. Biotic components consist of all the living organisms in the environment. Abiotic components consist of all the non-living things in the environment. These include the lithosphere (rocks), the hydrosphere (water) and the atmosphere (air). The biotic and abiotic components of the environment always interact with one another. For example, green leaves (biotic) take in oxygen and sunlight (abiotic) to make food. Similarly, dead plants and dead animals decompose making the soil fertile. biotic abiotic abiotic biotic abiotic biotic abiotic biotic Biotic and abiotic components of the environment Interdependence The different parts of the environment depend on each other to exist. Plants depend on animals for carbon dioxide, spreading of seeds and so on. We, human beings, depend on plants for food and oxygen. We are also dependent on each other for basic things. In ancient times, everything was produced by hand as there were no machines. 38
However we have seen, that with Industrial Revolution, there was excess production of food and goods. This excess produce was sent to different countries. Raw materials were also bought from other countries. But, why do we need to depend on others? Can we not do everything ourselves? All of us are good at different things. While many can cook well, others can make good furniture. We depend on others for the work that they are more skilled at than us. Thus, all of us are interdependent. Interdependence means to depend on each other. Interdependence of people doing different occupations Similarly, all countries in the world are interdependent. Interdependence Countries all over the world depend on other countries for is to depend on the following. each other. 1) raw material to make goods 2) a market to sell their goods ? Name two products for 3) buying finished products from other countries which India is famous. Countries manage their requirements by importing what they need and exporting what they produce in excess. A country usually exports their best items or the ones they produce in excess. For example, India is famous for its delicious Alphonso mangoes. India is also known for its tea, One Earth, One Chance 39
which is produced in plenty. They are usually exported to other countries. A country imports things which it cannot make of a good quality or in enough quantity such as petroleum. The aim to produce more goods at a faster rate led to an increased use of machines and a development of industries. Industrial development has helped many countries to develop fast. During this process, the environment has suffered a lot. Pollution from industries has caused problems such as global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Ozone layer Ozone is a gas occurring naturally in the atmosphere. In the second layer of the atmosphere (stratosphere), there is a thick belt of ozone. This is called the ozone layer. It is a protective layer of the atmosphere that keeps harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun from reaching the Earth. In the past century, especially due to industrialization, the ozone layer has been greatly affected. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are chemicals used to maintain low temperatures in refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers and spray cans. CFCs, when released into the atmosphere, destroy the ozone layer by Ozone layer creating holes in it. Through these holes, harmful rays from the Sun enter the Earth’s atmosphere and cause harm to living organisms. Many countries have banned the use of CFCs. Companies too are required not to use CFCs in their products. To protect the ozone layer, you can also check if your refrigerators and air conditioners have a sticker on it saying CFC-free. Encourage your parents to buy only CFC-free machines. Foam is a popular packaging material filled with CFCs. Use crumpled newspaper instead for packaging. Global warming Global warming is the overall increase in temperature of the Earth. It is a dangerous phenomenon, and all the countries are working towards reducing its impact. Causes Global warming is caused when the temperature of the Earth keeps increasing steadily. Scientists are debating the major reasons for global warming. Water vapour and gases such as carbon dioxide and methane naturally trap the Sun’s heat and 40
keep the Earth warm. Industrialization, excessive pollution from cars and burning of waste have led to an increase in these gases. So, the extra heat gets trapped in the atmosphere. This increases the overall temperature of the Earth resulting in global warming. In fact, methane is one of the major gases released from large rice plantations and ever-increasing animal rearing. How global warming happens Effects But, why is the increase in temperature dangerous? Following are some of the reasons. 1) G laciers have begun to melt. This is causing a rise in the sea level. This may submerge coastal countries in future. 2) A nimals are migrating to cooler areas to escape the heat. This is disrupting the food chain of the environment they migrate from. 3) Weather patterns are changing. Summers are longer. This dries up rivers and leads to droughts. In many regions, there is excessive rainfall. This results in floods. Both conditions disrupt the farming season and result in famine. Glacier melting over time White Chuck Glacier, 1973 White Chuck Glacier, 2006 One Earth, One Chance 41
How can you help? What impact • Reduce pollution by walking, carpooling or using ? does global public transport to reach your destination. warming have on the Earth? • Plant more trees and recycle paper and plastic. • Save electricity by turning off fans, lights and televisions when not in use. • Use other sources of energy such as solar energy and wind energy. • Reduce the waste of food by serving yourself only as much as you can eat. Fighting global warming Natural disasters Nature can become harmful at times. Sometimes, the ground shakes or heavy rains flood the lands. Some other times, strong winds or storms blow off everything along their way. In some places, semi-liquid rocks (lava) flows out of volcanoes burning everything it touches. Fires may break out in forest areas. All these can kill animals as well as plants and can destroy houses, roads and so on. Natural disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, cyclones, forest fires, floods and landslides. Earthquake Tsunami Cyclone Forest fire Flood Volcanic eruptions 42
dHow to protect ourselves during a natural disaster We cannot stop a natural disaster from taking place. But, we can try to save ourselves and some of our belongings by taking a few precautions. 1) During an earthquake, move to an open area so that you do not get trapped when buildings fall. 2) Follow all the rules of the rescuers at the scene. 3) Stay with groups of people and do not wander off. 4) Stock up on preserved food so that you do not starve. This can happen if a famine strikes or you are housebound due to snowstorms. 5) Do not use electrical appliances during storms. Be Amaze A 16 September is celebrated as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Connect the Dots English Fun The term ‘global warming’ was first used by Wallace Broecker in 1975. Again, the term ‘climate change’ was first used in 1956 by Gilbert Plass in his paper ‘The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change’. One Earth, One Chance 43
Maths Fun A 100 km long glacier is melting at the rate of 5 km/year due to global warming. How many years will it take the glacier to melt completely? ________________________________________________________________________________ New Words 1) organism – a n individual living thing such as a plant, animal, bacterium or fungus 2) decompose – to break down in a natural way to bring something into a country 3) import – send something to another country for sale a type of light rays from the Sun that is harmful 4) export – 5) ultraviolet rays – A Note to Parent The Earth is our home, and we need to keep it healthy for the generations to follow. Model an environmental-friendly lifestyle for your child. A few activities that you can do along with your child are segregation of waste, composting and using eco-friendly commodities at home such as bamboo toothbrushes and copper or steel water bottles. 44
13Lesson Laws, Rights and Duties I Will Learn About • the need, the making and the importance of a constitution. • fundamental rights and duties of a citizen. • India as a democracy. I Think Q. What do you think Rashi’s Mr and Mrs Jain are going out. Rashi wants to know parents will do at the where they are going. polling station? Rashi Ma, where are you and Papa going? (A) pick up a relative Mrs Jain The elections are being held today. We are (B) take part in the going to the polling station. elections Rashi W hich train will you take from the polling (C) see a railway museum station? (D) book a train ticket Mrs Jain No, Rashi! A polling station is not a place from where we can get trains. Need for a constitution Just as our parents and teachers make rules for us, the government too makes rules for the country. These rules need to be followed by everyone living in the country, including the government itself. 45
The Constitution A constitution is a record of rules for the government and the citizens of a country. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world. It is written both in Hindi and English. What does a constitution tell us? • rights and duties of the citizens • the way the government should work • roles to be played by the courts and the police The Constitution How was the constitution written? of India Our constitution was written by Dr B R Ambedkar and other educated leaders of India such as Rajendra Prasad and Sarojini Naidu. They wrote the constitution in three years. The constitution came into force on 26 January 1950. Our country became a republic on this day. So, we celebrate Republic Day on 26 January every year. Preamble The Constitution of India begins with the ‘Preamble’. The Preamble says what we want our country to be. For example, the Preamble says that everybody is equal. People are free to express their thoughts and follow any religion they want. Our Fundamental Rights The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights. They are as follows. Fundamental Rights 46
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