Passport-G5-Textbook-Social Studies-FY

SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK Class 5 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________ NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 1 04-Jan-18 5:07:51 PM

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Passport series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for CBSE schools, the Passport series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Passport Social Studies textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Passport Social Studies books are as follows:  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  Character- and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground Social Studies concepts in reality to make them relatable to students  Visually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  Use of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Passport series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 2 04-Jan-18 5:07:51 PM

Textbook Features I Will Learn About I Remember Contains the list of concepts to Introduces new concepts to build on be covered in the lesson along the prerequisite knowledge or skills to with the learning objectives understand and achieve the objective of the topic I Think Pin-up Note Introduces the concept or Contains key retention points from the subtopic and arouses curiosity concept among students I Understand Train My Brain Explains the aspects in detail Checks for learning to gauge the that form the basis of the understanding level of students concept Includes elements to ensure that students are engaged throughout I Apply I Explore Connects the concept to Encourages students to extend real-life situations by giving an the concept learnt to advanced opportunity to apply what application scenarios students have learnt Be Amazed Connect the Dots Fascinating facts and trivia for A multidisciplinary section that students to establish a better connects a particular topic to other real-life connect with the subjects in order to enable students concept. to relate better to it A Note to Parent To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning of their child and conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 3 04-Jan-18 5:07:52 PM

Contents Class 5 1 Representing the Earth 1.1 Maps and Globes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 01 1.2 Latitudes and Longitudes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 07 2 All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 2.1 The Climatic Zones of the Earth���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 2.2 Life in the Different Climatic Zones���������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 3 European Expeditions to India 3.1 Colonial India�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 4 The Revolt of 1857 4.1 The First War of Independence���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 5 The Freedom Struggle 5.1 Reforms after 1857 and the Partition of Bengal�������������������������������������������������� 40 6 Winning Freedom 6.1 Revolutionary Efforts Towards Indian Freedom��������������������������������������������������� 47 7 The Partition of India 7.1 The Partition of 1947���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 8 Your Right, My Right: Human Rights 8.1 Human Rights and Human Rights Organisations������������������������������������������������ 64 8.2 The Rights of Children�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69 9 Our Government 9.1 India’s Democratic Government������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 10 Industries of India 10.1 Need and Classification of Industries���������������������������������������������������������������� 82 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 4 04-Jan-18 5:07:52 PM

Lesson Representing the Earth 1 I Will Learn About 1.1 R features of maps and globes. U the differences between maps and globes. A using a map to make a globe. h getting familiar with globes. 1.2 R latitudes and longitudes. U the differences between latitudes and longitudes. A time difference and standard time. h using latitudes and longitudes to calculate time. Concept 1.1: Maps and Globes I Think Rashi and her friends are planning a holiday. They are looking at travel magazines, when Rashi's father walks into the room. Mr Jain: Hi Rashi! What are you doing? Rashi: Hi Papa! We are looking through travel magazines and trying to decide where we should go on our next holiday. Mr Jain: That’s great. But I don’t see any maps or a globe in front of you. Rashi: Maps? Why maps? Mr Jain: Well, maps are a great way to know about a place. They help you answer questions like, ‘How far away is the place?’ or ‘Where do I go from here?’ They even help you find things like railway stations, hotels and other landmarks. Whereas, a globe shows you where your holiday spot is on the Earth. Rashi: Oh! You are right! I’ll get the globe from the hall right away! NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 5 1 04-Jan-18 5:07:52 PM

Q. What does Rashi’s father want her to look at to plan her holiday? (A) the internet and newspapers (B) maps and a globe (C) maps and her school textbooks (D) a globe and a magazine I Remember The huge size of the Earth makes A globe is a small model of Axis it difficult for us to study it as a the Earth. Axis whole. To make this easy, we The rod on which a globe represent the Earth in different spins is called its axis. It ways. Two of the most important passes through the poles tools for doing this are maps and and the centre of the globe. globes. MAPS A map is usually a two-dimensional view of a place. There are different kinds of maps. Some important types of maps and what they show: Maps Political Physical Thematic - boundaries of countries, - landforms and water - information related to a states, cities bodies particular theme - capitals and other cities - the heights of different - Example: major crops, places rainfall in different parts of the country - natural regions and so on 2 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 6

Features of maps GLOBES The word ‘globe’ comes from the Latin word ‘globus’, meaning ‘sphere’ or ‘round’. A globe is a three-dimensional object. It is shaped like the Earth. Why can a globe be called 'a little Earth'? • Since it has the same shape as the Earth, the positions of the continents shown are mostly accurate. • Since it is made to scale, the distances between places are also mostly accurate. Features of globes 1) We can turn the globe on its axis to see any part of the Earth we want. 2) The axis of a globe is not straight. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° N 23.5° to the north. This shows the tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun. 3) The globe shows some important points and lines. The shape of a globe is similar to that of the Earth. We can, therefore, understand the positions of these lines and points much better on a globe than on a map. I Understand DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAPS AND GLOBES Map Globe • shows the entire Earth at a time. • shows only one part of the Earth • is flat or two-dimensional. at a time. • is spherical or three-dimensional. Representing the Earth 3 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 7 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

Map Globe • can provide detailed information. • does not provide detailed information as • cannot be used to study the rotation and it shows the whole Earth. revolution of the Earth. • can rotate on an axis, and so, can be • is easy to carry. used to study the rotation and revolution of the Earth. • is difficult to carry. Important points and lines on A globe Look at the picture of the globe. Some important points and lines are marked on it. Axis North Pole Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Prime Meridian North South Pole West East Axis South 1) The North and South Poles: They are two ends of the Earth’s axis. They are found at the top and bottom of a globe. 2) The Equator: It is an imaginary line drawn around the middle of a globe to divide it into two equal parts or hemispheres. To the north of the Equator, is the northern hemisphere. Below the Equator, to the south, is the southern hemisphere. 4 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 8

3) The Prime Meridian: It is an imaginary line from the North pole to the South pole that divides a globe into the eastern and western hemispheres. The Equator divides the Earth into the The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into northern and the southern hemispheres. the eastern and the western hemispheres. Train My Brain 1) What is the use of scale on the map? 2) What is the meaning of ‘three-dimensional’? I Apply MAKING A GLOBE A globe can be made from a special map of the Earth like this one. Representing the Earth 5 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 9 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

A map like this can be pasted onto a sphere. A globe can only be made to show the entire Earth. We cannot use a map of a country, city or neighbourhood to make a globe. Do you know why? I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at a globe and point out the following: • the Equator • a continent in the southern hemisphere • a continent which is in all four hemispheres • the continent of which India is a part Be Amazed The German geographer, Martin Behaim, made a globe more than 500 years ago that still exists. He was able to create the globe after travelling around the world. 6 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 10

Concept 1.2: Latitudes and Longitudes I Think Rashi: I have decided that I want to visit Australia. Mr Jain: That’s interesting. Can you show me where it is on this globe? Rashi: I can’t see it. Mr Jain: You can use the latitudes and longitudes on the globe to find places. Do you know where Australia is? Rashi: It’s in the southern hemisphere. And it’s to the east of the Prime Meridian. QQ. What does Rashi’s father ask her to use to find the location of a place on the globe? (A) latitudes (B) latitudes and longitudes (C) longitudes (D) the internet I Remember The North Pole and the South Pole marked on the globe show the northernmost and the southernmost points of the Earth. Representing the Earth 7 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 11 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

A globe is divided into small sections. Horizontal lines drawn vertical These sections make it easy to find parallel to the equator horizontal places on the Earth. The lines which are latitudes. Vertical make these sections are called lines that join the North latitudes latitudes and longitudes. Latitudes and South Poles are and longitudes are measured using longitudes. degrees and the direction in which they fall. Example: 20° N is read as ‘20 degrees, north’. LATITUDES They are also known as parallels. This is because these lines do not meet each other at any point. The Equator: It is the longest latitude. It marks 0° on the globe. The Equator is an important latitude. It divides the Earth into the northern and the southern hemispheres. Other than the Equator, there are four other important latitudes: 1) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N): It is also called the Northern Tropic. 2) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S): It is also called the Southern Tropic. 3) Arctic Circle (66.5° N): It is the latitude that circles the North Pole. 4) Antarctic Circle (66.5° S): It is the latitude that circles the South Pole. LONGITUDES We have read that the Equator is the longest latitude. Do you know that the Equator is a circle? This equatorial circle can be divided into 360°. These divisions of the equatorial circle are used for marking meridians. These meridians are called longitudes. Longitudes range from 0° to 180° in the east and 0° to 180° in the west. 1) 0° meridian: It is also called the Greenwich Meridian as it passes longitudes through a place called Greenwich in the United Kingdom. It is also known as the Prime Meridian. 2) 180° meridian: On a globe, you will find this line opposite to the 0° meridian . The International Date Line roughly follows the 180° meridian. Unlike the 0° meridian, it does not pass through any country. 8 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 12

The 0° and 180° meridians divide the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres. Prime Meridian International Date Line I Understand FEATURES OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES latitudes Latitudes: longitudes • run from the east to the west. • form complete circles, except at the two poles, which are points. • are parallel lines. The distance between them always remains equal. • decrease in length from the Equator towards the poles. Longitudes: • run from the north to the south. • meet at the poles. The distance between longitudes is the least at the poles. This distance is the widest at the Equator. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATITUDES AND SUNLIGHT The tilt of the Earth along with its revolution has various interesting effects. The most important is that all the latitudes do not get the same amount of sunlight. Representing the Earth 9 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 13 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

The latitudes between which the Sun appears directly overhead are the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) in the south. Train My Brain 1) Name any three important latitudes. 2) Which latitude(s) get the most sunlight? I Apply Mr Jain lives in Pune. He wants to make a phone call to his cousin who lives in the United Kingdom. Before he calls, he checks his watch to calculate what time it is in London. He does not do this before calling his sister in Jaipur. Why does he need to do this? He needs to do this because of following reasons. Time difference: Every place in the world has a specific longitude. We use longitudes to calculate the time for different places. The time for different places is measured relative to the Greenwich Mean Time. It is commonly called GMT. Standard time: The time is different for different meridians. A country like India has many meridians. So, places on different meridians would be at different times. To avoid confusion, we have a standard time. A standard time is decided on the basis of a centrally located meridian of a region. 10 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 14 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

+5.5 GMT standard times around the world I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) To calculate time using meridians, we need to count 4 minutes for each meridian. So if it is 12 p.m.(noon) at 0°, • It will be 12:04 p.m. at 1° E. We add minutes to the time for meridians to the east of 0°. • It will be 11:56 at 1° W. We subtract minutes from the time for meridians to the west of 0°. Using a time zone map, fill in the table. The time at: Greenwich Time (0°) The time at: 12 p.m. 2° W is 11:52 p.m. 2° E is 12:08 p.m. [2 × 4 = 8. [2 × 4 = 8. So 12:00 am - 8 minutes = 11:52 So 12:00 am + 8 minutes = 12:08 p.m.] p.m.] 5° W is _________________ 1 p.m. 5° E is ____________________ 80° W is ________________ 12 a.m. 80° E is ___________________ 100° W is _______________ 3 a.m. 100° E is __________________ Representing the Earth 11 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 15 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

Be Amazed Africa is the only continent that lies on both sides of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. It is also the only continent North in the world that lies in all four hemispheres. West East South Connect the Dots Maths Fun Allahabad is located near the 82° E meridian. New Delhi is located near the 77° E meridian. How many degrees are between them? Which one is closer to the Prime Meridian?______________________________________________________________________ English Fun Do you know how the tropics got their names? The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn were named after the astrological signs of Cancer and Capricorn. Astrological signs are also called sun signs or zodiac signs. Do you know your zodiac sign? A Note to Parent Teach your child to use GPS-based maps available on smartphones. These maps use the latitudes and longitudes of places. You can ask your child to use these smartphone applications to record the coordinates of the places you visit. New Words 1) represent – show 2) two-dimensional – an object that has length and breadth 3) three-dimensional – an object that has length, breadth and depth 4) geographer – someone who is an expert at, and continues to study geography 12 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 16

Lesson All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 2 I Will Learn About 2.1 R weather, seasons and climate. U factors that affect the climate. A climate of India. h climatic zones and countries. 2.2 R vegetation and wildlife found in different zones. U features of vegetation and wildlife found in different zones. A effects of climatic zones on people. h climatic zones and the states of India. Concept 2.1: The Climatic Zones of the Earth I Think Meher: Brother, what are you doing with all these maps and magazines? Morad: I am making a list of all the amazing places that I want to see. Meher: Which places do you want to see? Morad: I want to travel to Greenland, the Democratic Republic of Congo and… ummm... Athens! But right now, I want to go to New Zealand. Meher: New Zealand will be much colder than Pune, right? After all, it is December. Q. Do you think it will be cold in New Zealand during December? (A) yes (B) no NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 17 13 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

I Remember Between December and February, it gets cold. It might be very cold one day and a little less cold another day. Similarly, it might be less windy one day and very windy the next day. This change in the day-to-day conditions of temperature, humidity and wind at a place is called weather. SEASONS The weather is cold between December and February. October September However, between March to November May, the temperature starts to August Northern Autumn/Southern Spring increase, and we feel hot. December July These cyclical changes in the Northern Winter/ Northern Summer/ weather, over a period of a Southern Summer Southern Winter year, are called seasons. In India, there are three main January June seasons – summer, monsoon and winter. Northern Spring/Southern Autumn What causes seasons? February May March April You have learnt that there are two movements of the Earth – rotation and revolution. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes seasons. The Earth is tilted on its axis. So, while revolving around the Sun, one part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun and receives more hours of sunlight. This part experiences summer. However, the other part is tilted away from the Sun and receives fewer hours of sunlight. This part experiences winter. Sometimes, while revolving, neither part is tilted towards the Sun. This is when we experience either spring or autumn. CLIMATE We know that the Earth's revolution leads to seasons. Climate is the weather of a However, even during a particular season, the climate location recorded over a does not remain the same everywhere. Example: during long period of time. the winter season, it is very cold in the Northern Mountains, but it is pleasant in the coastal plains. This is because many factors affect the climate of a place. 14 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 18

I Understand FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE OF A PLACE There are several factors that affect the climate of a place. Some of them are mentioned below. how distance from the Equator affects climate • Distance from the Equator: If a place is closer to the Equator, the sun rays fall directly over it and spread over a smaller area. However, if a place is away from the Equator, the sun rays are slanting and spread over a larger area. Therefore, places closer to the Equator are hotter than the places away from the Equator. • Height above the sea level: The higher one goes, the cooler it gets. So, places located above sea level are much cooler than places located at sea level. Example: Shimla is cooler than Mumbai. • Distance from the sea: Places closer to the sea are cooler than those away from the sea as they experience sea breeze. • Wind and humidity: Wind and humidity also influence the climate of a place. Example: hot winds blowing from the Thar Desert make the climate of Delhi hot during the summer. Similarly, coastal regions are more humid because of the evaporation of water from the seas and oceans. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 15 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 19 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE EARTH North Frigid Zone You have read that depending on their North Temperate Zone closeness to the Equator, different regions Torrid Zone receive different amounts of heat from the Sun. The Earth is divided into three climatic zones South Temperate Zone based on the amount of heat received. These South Frigid Zone climatic zones are: • the Torrid Zone • the Temperate Zone • the Frigid Zone The Torrid Zone The Temperate Zone 16 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 20

The Frigid Zone Train My Brain 1) Name the three main seasons of India. 2) What is 'sea breeze'? I Apply CLIMATE OF INDIA A large part of India lies in the Torrid Zone, while some part of it lies in the Temperate Zone. Hence, India experiences different types of climatic conditions. The presence of a variety of landforms such as mountains, plains and coasts, also affects India's climate and provides variety. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 17 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 21 04-Jan-18 5:07:53 PM

The Thar Desert Himalayan ranges in has a hot and the country are always dry climate. This covered with snow as is because the they are extremely high region has very few above the sea level. waterbodies and receives scanty rainfall. Mumbai is closer to the equator than New Delhi. Yet, it is cooler than New Delhi because it receives sea breeze. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Look at the climatic zone map given in this lesson. Using an atlas, find out the zones in which the following countries are located. • Germany • Saudi Arabia • Singapore • Nigeria • France • Norway Be Amazed The Poles experience six months of sunlight and six months of darkness. Due to the angle of the Earth, each Pole spends six months tilted towards the Sun. So, for six months, there is continuous daylight at one Pole while, the other Pole remains in the dark for those six months. 18 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 22

Concept 2.2: Life in the Different Climatic Zones I Think Meher: Brother, does it mean that you want to go to all these different countries just to experience the different climates? Morad: Yes, why not? Meher: Are they different in different places? Morad: Yes! Meher: I want to go to places where it snows. I would love to play in the snow. Q. Why does Morad want to visit different places? (A) to experience different climates (B) to see the plants and animals found in different climatic zones (C) to click photographs of different animals (D) to play in the snow I Remember The rainfall and temperature in different climatic zones is different. Thus, there are different plants and animals in each zone. LIFE IN THE TORRID ZONE The higher the rainfall received by a region, Since there is plenty of rain and sunshine, the Torrid Zone the denser is the forest. is home to many plants and animals. In fact, more than The denser the forest, the half of the world’s animals are found in this zone. greater is the wildlife found in the region. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 19 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 23 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Vegetation Many dense forests grow in the Torrid Zones. These forests are home to a variety of trees such as rubber, bamboo, mahogany and sal. rubber trees mahogany tree The trees growing in these forests: • are tall. • have broad leaves. • do not completely shed their leaves at any time during the year. Wildlife Numerous animals are found in the Torrid Zone. Colourful birds such as the toucan and macaw are found in this zone. Animals such as the elephant, sloth and poison arrow frog are also found here. toucan poison arrow frog LIFE IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE The milder climate of the Temperate Zone means the animals and plants found in this zone are different from the ones found in the Torrid Zone. Vegetation There are two types of vegetation seen in the Temperate Zone – grasslands and forests. 20 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 24

Grasslands: In the Northern and Southern Temperate Zones, vast areas are covered by grass. These areas are called grasslands. Forests: Apart from grasslands, forests are also found in the Temperate Zone. These forests are of two kinds: deciduous and coniferous. As you have learnt, deciduous forests have trees that grassland shed their leaves in the winter season. Examples: maple, walnut, oak On the other hand, coniferous forests have cone-shaped trees which grow to a uniform height and close to each other. Examples: fir, pine, cedar. maple oak fir Wildlife Many animals are found in this zone. Examples: bobcat, black bear bobcat LIFE IN THE FRIGID ZONE Due to the extreme cold, only a few plant and animal species inhabit the Frigid Zone. Vegetation Since this zone is extremely cold, rarely any plants grow in this region. During the summers, mosses, lichens and some stunted plants grow here. lichen All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 21 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 25 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Wildlife The seal, polar bear, Arctic fox and reindeer are some of the animals found in this zone. Birds such as the Arctic tern and the snowy owl are also found here. No reptiles are found in this zone. Animals in the Southern Frigid Zone go to the sea in search of food. These include whales, penguins and seals. seal polar bear I Understand The plants and animals found in the three different climatic zones have unique features. Let us learn more about them. THE TORRID ZONE: FOREST LAYERS The Torrid Zone receives plenty of sun and rain. So, the forests in this zone are dense with trees. The trees vary in height. So, we get to see layers in the forests. It is the topmost layer of the forest.The trees in this layer are very tall.So, they receive a lot of sunlight. It is the second layer. It consists mostly of tree tops and branches that form a roof. This is the third layer.It consists of small trees, shrubs and creepers. In this layer are roots and fallen leaves. It is very dark as little sunlight reaches this layer. layers of a forest 22 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 26 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

THE TEMPERATE ZONE: More Grass, fewer trees Not many trees are found in grasslands. The climate of the grasslands is dry. So, when winds blow, the dry grass rub against each other and catch fire. The fire destroys trees. But grass has special roots that do not get destroyed by fire. This allows the grass to grow back. THE FRIGID ZONE: STAYING ALIVE DURING THE EXTREMELY COLD WINTERS During the winters, it gets extremely cold in the Frigid Zone. Also, no plants grow during this season. So, the animals living in the Frigid Zone have two ways to stay alive – migration and hibernation. Migration: Many birds living in the Frigid Zone migrate – that is, they move to warmer places to get away from the cold winter. By doing so, the birds ensure that they get food to eat and also remain warm. Example: Arctic tern Hibernation: During winters, it is not easy to find food. Hence, Arctic tern animals go into a deep sleep-like state. This is called hibernation. During hibernation, animals ensure that the energy from food is used only for activities such as breathing. Example: Polar bear Train My Brain 1) Name any one tree found in the Torrid Zone. 2) Name any one animal found in the Temperate Zone. I Apply EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATIC ZONES ON HUMAN LIFE The differences in the climatic zones affect people and their lifestyle. Let us read how. Clothes People living in different zones wear different types of clothes. Example: People living in the Torrid Zone often wear cotton clothes as the climate is hot and humid. Cotton allows the heat to escape easily. People living in the Temperate Zone wear light clothes during summer and woollen clothes during winter. All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 23 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 27 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Shelter The climatic zones also affect the kind of shelter people build to live in. Example: people in the Frigid Zone live in special houses called igloos. Although they are built using snow, they are very warm inside! People living in the Torrid Zone ensure that their houses have stilted houses sloped roofs. Such roofs allow the water to run off easily. Many people who live in evergreen forests live in stilted houses, as this region receives heavy rainfall. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Since India lies in both the Torrid and the Temperate Zone, we get to see a variety of plants and animals. Examples: we find evergreen forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and coniferous trees such as pine and deodar in the Himalayan region. Similarly, while camels are found only in the dry region of Thar, we see animals such as the snow leopards and yaks in the Himalayas. Can you list down some new plants and animals that you saw while visiting different places? 2) U sing an atlas, find the Indian states that fall in the Temperate Zone and the states that fall in the Torrid Zone. Be Amazed Migrating birds use the Sun and stars for navigation. They also travel a long distance. Examples: greater flamingos, blue throats Connect the Dots English Fun What adjectives can you use to describe the climate of the Torrid Zone and the Frigid Zone? Think beyond the usual adjectives – hot, wet, humid, cold and frozen. (You are allowed to use a combination of two words.) 24 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 28

Science Fun The Emperor Penguin, found in the Frigid Zone, is a unique bird. After laying an egg, the female goes into the sea to hunt for food. It is the male who takes care of the egg until the baby penguin hatches from it. A Note to Parent It will be a good learning for your child if he or she gets to know about the effects of global warming. You can read articles and watch videos together. You can get started here: goo.gl/DNiXvN New Words 1) humidity – amount of moisture present in the air 2) cyclical – occurring in a repeated manner 3) monsoon – the season when India receives a lot of rain 4) spring – the season between winter and summer 5) autumn – the season when leaves of trees begin to fall 6) sea level – the average level of the surface of the sea 7) sea breeze – slight wind that blows from the sea towards the land 8) evaporation – the process in which water turns into vapour 9) scanty – very little 10) vegetation – plants found in a particular region 11) inhabit – to live in a place 12) stunted – not growing or developing properly 13) layers – a thing or a material that lies over or covers another thing or 14) stilted material 15) navigation – wooden or steel bars that support a structure – the activity or process of finding a way to get to a place All Kinds of Regions Make up the World 25 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 29 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Lesson European Expeditions 3 to India I Will Learn About 3.1 R the European traders who came to India. U the rise of the British rule in India. A the effects of the East India Company. h other parts of the world that the British ruled. Concept 3.1: Colonial India I Think Rashi and Meher are at Priya Bua’s place. She is Rashi’s bua (aunt). She is a professor of history in Mumbai. Rashi and Meher are amazed at the number of history books in her house. Meher: Aunty, why do you like history so much? Priya Bua: Oh! I love history for many reasons. I will tell you a little story to explain. Rashi loves to read her English books. But, did you know that till the 15th and 16th century, hardly anybody knew English in India! Rashi: Wow! Then how do we know English now? Priya Bua: In the 15th and 16th century, the European companies came to India to sell their products here. In exchange, they wanted to take useful items back. In the end, Europeans even ruled over India. Most of them spoke in English. 26 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 30

QQ. Why did the Europeans come to India? (A) to read newspapers and history books (B) to meet Indian leaders (C) to sell their products and take useful items back (D) to rule India I Remember At the beginning of the 15th century, European An expedition is a journey explorers wanted to explore more of the world. by a group of people with a So, explorers from European countries such as particular purpose. Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands, began expeditions. They also wanted to find new sea routes to reach different countries in Asia, including India. WHY DID THE EUROPEANS WANT TO FIND NEW ROUTES TO REACH ASIA? Asia was well-known for materials that were not easily available in other parts of the world. The Europeans got the following new things from India and other Asian countries such as China: Spices Metals Cloth   • pepper   • copper   • silk   • nutmeg   • silver   • cotton   • cloves European Expeditions to India 27 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 31 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

However, it took a long time to reach Asia by land. At times, the rulers of some places in Asia did not allow Europeans to travel through their kingdoms to reach another place. The Europeans believed that by finding new sea routes, they would be able to reach Asian countries easily. Then, they could trade with these countries easily. EUROPEANS AND INDIA Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was the first to discover a sea route to India from Europe. He reached Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala in 1498. After his visit, Portuguese traders formed a group and got permission from their ruler to trade materials and objects with the people of India. These groups of traders were called trading companies. Soon, traders from other European countries also formed trading companies and started coming to India. These included the Dutch, followed by the British and the French. Apart from trading with India, trading companies also started setting up factories and trading posts all over India. Look at the given timeline to know about the trading posts and factories set up by the Europeans in India. Establishment of European trading posts and factories in India 1502 ― Portuguese factories were established in Kozhikode (Calicut), Kannur (Cannanore) and Kochi (Cochin). 1605 ― Members of the Dutch East India Company came to India. 1615 ― The British East India Company set up trading stations in India. 1668 ― The first French factory was set up in Surat. I Understand THE RISE OF THE BRITISH RULE IN INDIA By the end of the 17th century, the British as well as the Portuguese, the Dutch and the French had established trading stations all over India. However, they also fought with each other. 28 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 32

Why did the Europeans fight with each other? The spices, fine silk, cotton and jewellery produced in India were in high demand. All the companies were making profits by buying Indian goods at cheap prices and selling them abroad at high prices. Every company wanted to become wealthier and more powerful. This led them to fight with each other. Example: the British and the French fought the first Carnatic War in 1746. Ultimately, the British defeated all other European trading companies and were left with the maximum number of trading stations in India. India becomes a British Colony After defeating other European countries, the British East India Company decided to make India their colony. In other words, they decided to control and rule over India. They thought that by ruling India they could: • take raw materials from India and give it to factories in Britain. • sell the British goods to Indians. This will increase their profits. How did the British establish their rule over India? During the 18th century, many small kingdoms ruled over different parts of India. The rulers often fought among themselves. The British took advantage of this infighting. They would give presents and money to one Indian ruler and promise to protect his or her kingdom from the other rulers. In return, the ruler would look after the British army. The British interfered in the affairs of kingdoms, such as deciding the heir, making rules and so on. The British had modern weapons. So, they could defeat the Indian kings easily. They would also fight Indian rulers who refused to look after the British army or follow the rules made by them. Below are some important battles fought and won by the British East India Company: Name of the battle Indian rulers who fought Battle of Plassey (1757) Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal Battle of Buxar (1764) Mir Qasim, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II Anglo-Mysore Wars (four wars till 1799) and Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh (part Anglo-Maratha Wars (three wars till 1818) of present-day Uttar Pradesh) Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan of Mysore Maratha rulers from present-day Maharashtra European Expeditions to India 29 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 33 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Through all these activities, the British East India Company had become very powerful in India. Anglo-Mysore War Train My Brain 1) Name the first person to discover a sea-route from Europe to India. 2) Who fought the Anglo-Maratha wars? I Apply IMPACT OF EAST INDIA COMPANY ON THE PEOPLE Impact on rulers The Company made laws that allowed them to take over the kingdoms easily. One such law was that when a ruler died without leaving a male heir, the kingdom would go under the British rule. In Bengal, the Company took the responsibility of administering the land and organising revenue. In these ways, many rulers lost their kingdoms. Impact on artisans The Company sent raw materials from India to factories located in England. The British factory- made goods were cheaper and more colourful than goods made by Indian artisans. Hence, Indian artisans were forced to sell goods at low prices. So, they suffered loses. 30 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 34 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Impact on farmers The Company imposed heavy taxes on farmers. The owners of farms could not spend money on improving the farms. Farmers had to pay taxes even if the crops failed. This made farmers poorer. Impact on soldiers Many farmers and artisans joined the state armies because they had to quit their previous jobs. The Company also formed an army known as the Sepoy army. As we learnt above, the policies of the East Indian Company affected different rulers, artisans, farmers, soldiers and their families in different ways. Indian Sepoys I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Apart from India, the British ruled several other countries as well. The names of a few countries are given below. Use an atlas to locate these countries on a world map. Continent Country Asia – Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka Africa – Botswana, Zambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius Europe – Cyprus, Malta Be Amazed The Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus, set out to discover India in 1492. Instead, he reached the Bahamas, a country located near North America. However, Columbus thought that he had reached India. Hence, he called the people living on these islands ‘Indians’. European Expeditions to India 31 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 35 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

Connect the Dots English Fun Just like the British culture influenced India, Indian languages also had an influence on English. Did you know that many English words are actually from Indian languages? They have been included in English dictionaries. Here are some of them: bungalow, chutney, cot, guru, pyjamas, bamboo, loot. Science Fun Nowadays, we use Google maps to find directions. These maps tell us the route, step-by-step! But when explorers were travelling to new places, magnetic compasses were used to find directions. Here is an image of a magnetic compass. A Note to Parent Point out to your child the streets, buildings and areas in your city that still have European or British names. Also show them buildings that were built during the British era. Doing so will allow your child to notice the European influence in present-day India. New Words 1) route – a way or path taken to reach a place or thing 2) Dutch – people of the Netherlands 3) Carnatic – the region of South India consisting of parts of Karnataka, 4) Anglo Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh 5) revenue – British 6) sepoy – money collected as taxes by government – an Indian soldier serving under the British 32 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 36

Lesson The Revolt of 1857 4 I Will Learn About 4.1 R the effects of the British policies on Indians. U the main events of the Revolt of 1857; causes of failure of the revolt. A the consequences of the revolt. h some revolutions of the 21st century. Concept 4.1: The First War of Independence I Think Morad, Meher and Rashi are going to watch a movie. Rashi: What is this movie about? Morad: It is about Mangal Pandey. He was a soldier who participated in a revolt against the British. Meher: I think it will be a very interesting movie. Morad: Yes! You will get to learn about an important person in India’s fight for freedom. Q. Did the Indians revolt against the British? (A) yes (B) no NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 37 33 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

I Remember EFFECT of the British POLICIES ON the PEOPLE We read about how the policies of the East India Company affected Indians. Let us read about a few of them. We saw that many rulers lost their kingdoms. So, many of them reached out to the Company to protect their interests. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi wanted her adopted son to be the king. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, wanted to get his pension. But, the Company refused their requests. Moreover, the company recognised Bahadur Shah Zafar as the last Mughal king. The British started making other laws too. They promoted English language education. They set up missionaries and schools all over the country. This made many Indians feel that the British were trying to destroy their culture and religion. The sepoys were unhappy with their pay and condition of work. They were also angry about the conditions of farmers and artisans in their families and villages. When people fight As time passed, the anger of the Indians increased. Finally, the against their rulers, it is Indians decided to rise against the unjust British. They revolted. called a revolt. This revolt, which took place in 1857, was the first time Indians demanded freedom from the British. Hence, it is also called the ‘First War of Independence’. I Understand Let us read more about the events during the First War of Independence. In March 1857, a young soldier, Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers. Around the same time, the British army had introduced a new rifle. The bullets to be used in the rifle were coated with grease made of fat of cows and pigs. Before using the bullets, the soldiers had to bite off Mangal Pandey 34 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 38 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

the grease coating. The Indian soldiers did not want bite the bullets. The Hindus considered cows to be holy and the Muslims considered pigs to be unholy. Thus, neither Hindus nor Muslims wanted to bite off the bullets. Some sepoys refused to use the bullets. Eighty-five sepoys were dismissed from service and sentenced ten years in prison. Next day, the soldiers in Meerut released the imprisoned sepoys. They attacked and killed British officers. They set buildings on fire and declared war. Similar incidents happened in other parts, including Delhi. The soldiers urged Bahadur Shah Zafar to be their leader, and he accepted their request. He wrote to the other rulers to come forward and fight the British. People from different sections of societies were joining the war. The Bahadur Shah Zafar leaders of the revolt also came from different classes and communities. Among them was Nana Sahib who led the revolt in Kanpur. Soon, Rani Lakshmi Bai from Jhansi, Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh, Birji Qadr of Lucknow and others fought battles with the British. Bakht Khan, a soldier from Bareilly, took charge of the forces in Delhi. In Bihar, Kunwar Singh, a landlord joined the rebel sepoys. Liaqat Ali who was a school-master led the revolt in Allahabad. Bakht Khan Rani Lakshmibai Tatya Tope But, the British fought back with all their power. They captured Delhi, and Bahadur Shah Zafar was sent to Rangoon. Rani Lakshmibai died fighting the British in 1858. The other leaders were either captured or killed. Hundreds of people were tied to cannons and blown away. Thousands were hanged. Whole villages were burnt down. The British were able to suppress the revolt. The revolt failed. The Revolt of 1857 35 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 39 04-Jan-18 5:07:54 PM

CAUSES OF THE FAILURE Lack of leadership The revolt lacked any central leadership. The leaders of the revolt fought only for their territories. There were no national leaders who could give it a larger purpose. It hence became easy for the Company to defeat the different groups fighting. Poor organisation Different groups fought their small battles against local British authorities. Their efforts were not organised. The British, on the other hand, were organised. Therefore, they could defeat the rebels. Outdated weapons The Indian people used very old weapons. They also did not have enough weapons. The British used modern weapons and also had a lot of money to buy ammunition. No support from other parts The revolt did not spread to all parts of the country. Example: A large part of south and west India did not take part in the revolt. This enabled the British to crush the revolt easily. 36 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 40

Train My Brain 1) In which year did the revolt take place? 2) Name any one city where the revolt took place. I Apply CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT The 1857 revolt affected both the British and the Indians. Effects on the British The Revolt of 1857 shocked the British. They felt that they might lose their control over India. To ensure their control over India, the British made several changes. Some of the changes were: • New ruler: Instead of the British East India Company, the Queen of England and the British government became the new rulers of India. • New laws: When the Queen began to rule, new laws were introduced to keep the British in power. Example: the number of British soldiers in the army was increased. • More taxes: The British increased the taxes on goods and land. They did this to ensure that the Indians remained poor and powerless. Effects on the Indians • Rise of patriotism: Indians were inspired by the bravery of rulers such as Rani Lakshmibai and Veer Kunwar Singh. They become more patriotic. • Importance of unity: Indians realised the injustice of the British. They realised that if they united, they could defeat the British. The Revolt of 1857 37 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 41 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Revolts are still happening around the world. The 21st century started with many revolutions and popular risings. One such revolution was the Egyptian Revolution. The Egyptian people demanded that President Hosni Mubarak step down. They were unhappy with his presidency. There were multiple corruption charges against him. Later, he was also sent on trial for murdering hundreds of protesters. A few other revolts of 21st century happened in countries such as Syria, Libya, Nepal and so on. Read about these and find out the causes and effects of these revolts. Be Amazed There is a very famous poem in Hindi written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan titled, 'Jhansi Ki Rani'. It tells the entire life story of Rani Lakshmibai. You can watch a recital of the poem on goo.gl/AcuCFu Connect the Dots Maths Fun Queen Victoria of England became a queen in 1837. She died in 1901. Calculate the number of years she ruled. 38 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 42

Science Fun This is how the Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the Company had to load their rifles. A greased The soldier tore He poured the powder He took the ramrod cartridge open the end of down the muzzle of the from its slot beneath the the cartridge with rifle barrel and pushed rifle. Then he inserted his teeth. the bullet still wrapped the paper, bullet and in the cartridge paper powder to the bottom of into the muzzle. the barrel. A Note to Parent Rani Lakshmibai was an Indian queen and warrior. She was one of the most important leaders of the revolt of 1857. Ask your child to find out about other female warriors and leaders who fought against the British. New Words 1) foreign – from another country 2) mutiny – fight against one’s commanding officers 3) sepoy – a soldier; the word comes from ‘sipahi’, the Hindi word for ‘soldier’ 4) executed – killed 5) ammunition – guns and bombs 6) cartridge – a small case that contains a bullet 7) muzzle – the open, circular end of a rifle through which a bullet comes out The Revolt of 1857 39 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 43 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM

Lesson The Freedom Struggle 5 I Will Learn About 5.1 R changes in the Indian society after 1857. U the rise of Indian National Congress and their demands. A the Partition of Bengal and its effects. h how caste system still exists in Indian society. Concept 5.1: Reforms after 1857 and the Partition of Bengal I Think Morad is excited about going to a fair that promotes Khadi products. Meher and Rashi are reading about the fair on a pamphlet. Meher: Wow! There are so many products at the fair. Morad: Yes, there are bags, clothes, decorative items and so on. I always wanted to attend such a fair. Rashi: These are not like the products that I normally see in the shops. Morad: Yes, they are the products produced by artisans working with silk, cotton and other objects using their hands and tools. These products are not produced in 'a factory'. Rashi: Oh! So, does it take them a lot of time to make these products ? 40 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 44

Morad: Yes. It does. This industry is known as the Khadi industry. Khadi is spun on a charkha. The charkha was the symbol of the 'Swadeshi Movement' during our fight for freedom. Meher: Why? Morad: Indians wanted to promote the goods made by Indian artisans over goods made in British factories. QQ. What was the symbol of the 'Swadeshi Movement'? A) khadi B) clothes C) charkha D) bags I Remember Changes in Society after the Revolt of 1857 As we read earlier, the British Government ruled over India after 1857. But, things did not change much. They ruled strictly for the benefit of England. The British believed that they were superior and the Indians were inferior. But, the spark had been set after the Revolt. The Reformation is a type of social more the British tried to suppress the Indians under movement that aims to gradually their rule, the more the people wanted to be free. change certain aspects of society. This great desire for freedom was felt by many people. Different people took up different ways to achieve it. Let’s read about a few people and their approaches. Social Reformation Social reformers tried to improve the society by challenging the existing customs and beliefs. Raja Ram Mohan Roy felt that if Indians wanted freedom, they should Swami Vivekananda prove that they deserved it. He wanted Indians to give up their bad habits and customs. He wanted everyone, including women to be educated. Swami Vivekananda also felt the same way. Most Indians felt that they were religious, but Swami Vivekananda believed that service to mankind was service to God. He urged the Indians to fight against evils of the society with courage and strength. The Freedom Struggle 41 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 45 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM

Literary Reformation Writers protested against the British rule through their plays, novels, poems and songs. Dinabandhu Mitra published a play, ‘Nil Darpan’ or ‘The Indigo Mirror’. The play exposed how the British forced farmers to grow indigo and sell it at low prices. Through this play, people became aware of the plight of Indian farmers. Bankim Chandra wrote a poem, ‘Vande Mataram’. It became the National Song of India. Tagore’s ‘Jana Gana Mana’, which is our National Anthem, sings of the unity of the people of India. Similarly, Subramania Bharti inspired the people of Tamil Nadu with patriotic songs in Tamil. The British government punished the editors, every time their newspapers and magazines spoke against them. Yet it did not stop them from publishing Subramania Bharti articles against the British. Thus, as the years went by, different people of the country made the freedom struggle stronger. I Understand Rise of the Indian National Congress Alongside the social movement, the political movement too played an important part in uniting all Indians. This happened when the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. It was India's first political party. A political party is a group of people who have come together to achieve some goals by becoming a part of the government. Its first meeting was held in Bombay. Community leaders from various parts of India attended this meeting. Some famous leaders of the Indian National Congress were Rahimtulla Syani, Badruddin Tyabji, Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Sundernath Banerjea and so on. As the political movement grew, more people joined it. The Indian National Dadabhai Naoroji Congress worked hard to educate the Indian people about their rights. Till 1905, the Congress did not openly challenge the British policies. It pointed out the misery of Indian people and asked for reforms. Many people felt that the Congress leaders were weak. But, it was not so. They sincerely believed that they could change the British attitude towards Indians. 42 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 46

Demands OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Given below are some of the demands of the Indian National Congress. freedom of speech and members of the municipal expression by allowing them council to be elected by the people instead of the to publish their views in newspapers and magazines government freely money for hospitals and to know how government schools revenue was being spent Hence, we can conclude that they discussed the different issues in Indian society. Dadabhai Naoroji devoted his entire life to show how the British robbed India of its wealth. He blamed them for India’s poverty. In the 1890’s, the Congress leaders differed among themselves about the way to win freedom. Men like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai felt that the British would never listen to the demands of the Congress. So, strong actions needed to be taken. They argued that people must rely on their own strength. People must fight for Swaraj. Swaraj means ‘self rule’. Tilak encouraged the people with the slogan, ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!’ Train My Brain 1) When was the INC founded? 2) Name any one important leader of the INC. The Freedom Struggle 43 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 47 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM

I Apply As we read earlier, different Congress leaders had different ideas about how to fight the harsh and unjust British rule. So, they divided into two groups in 1907. They came to be known as the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates wanted to be a part of the government. They wanted the government to make changes in favour of the Indians. Those leaders who were aggressive in getting their demands met were called the Extremists. PARTITION OF BENGAL At the beginning of the 20th century, the Indian freedom movement had gained strength. Most Indians were convinced that the British rule did no good for India or the Indian people. The British tried different ways to crush and kill the freedom movement. One of the things they tried was to divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal. They did not want them to live in one province. Therefore, they divided the province of Bengal into two in 1905. This was called the Partition of Bengal. The Partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised. Lal-Bal-Pal (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal) called upon people to rebel and overthrow the government. Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal This led to the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadeshi Movement opposed the British rule and encouraged the production and use of Indian goods. To fight for Swaraj, extremists advocated the boycott of British institutions and goods. Despite all these efforts, the partition happened. The British government suppressed the opposition with all its might. But, four years later the partition was cancelled. Effects of the Partition • The rise of the Revolutionaries: Many people now felt that violence could only be met with violence. So, some of them became revolutionaries. Khudi Ram Bose, a revolutionary, 44 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 48

attempted the assassination of a British judge. He was hanged at the age of eighteen. A few revolutionaries also tried to make bombs and other weapons in secret. • Formation of the Muslim League: The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906. This party wanted seats for Muslims in the government. They supported the Partition of Bengal. • Split in the Congress: The moderates felt that the extremists used extreme force during the boycott. Therefore, the Congress split in 1907. The moderates remained in the Congress. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) What do you want to be when you grow up? A firefighter? An artist? A lawyer? A photographer? Today people in India can choose the work that they want to do. But, in olden days, people did not have this choice. In olden days, the Indian society was divided based on castes. Castes were determined by the work of the people. Find out more about the different castes. Also, find out about the discriminations faced especially by the lower castes. Today, our constitution considers everyone to be equal. Therefore, we do not see this when we travel or go out. Does it mean that there is no division in our society based on castes? Unfortunately, the division still exists. Let’s read about some actions that show us how this divide still exists in India. • In many households, people are not allowed to marry each other if they belong to different castes. • In many families, different utensils are used for maids, gardeners, drivers and so on. Have you seen any of these or other such actions around you? Would you like these practices to be part of the society that you live in? If not, discuss with your friends how you can change them. Be Amazed The Indian National Congress is the oldest ruling political party in India. After India became independent, the Congress became the ruling party. The Congress was in power for three decades(1947-1977). The Freedom Struggle 45 NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 49 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM

Connect the Dots English Fun Many Indian writers and poets wrote in English. They wanted readers from around the world to understand the plight of Indians due to the foreign rule. Example: Jayanta Mahapatra was one of the first poets to start writing poems in English. Science Fun The Swadeshi Movement asked people to buy khadi cloth. Khadi is a completely natural fibre. Make a list of three other natural fibres that people use to make cloth. 1) _________________ 2) _________________ 3) _________________ A Note to Parent Encourage your child to know more about the Swadeshi movement. Explain to them the importance of indigenous means of production. Ask them to find out if anyone in their family participated in such movements and narrate their story. New Words 1) suppress – to control or prevent something by force 2) patriotic – having or showing great love or devotion to one’s country 3) lawyer – someone who practices law 4) infuriated – angry 5) plight – a very bad or difficult situation 46 04-Jan-18 5:07:55 PM NR_BGM_Passport_G5_TB_Social Studies_Part1_Text.pdf 50