9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES – II TEXTBOOK – PART 1 TM Class 3 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________ NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg.pdf 1 12/18/2018 4:26:39 PM

Preface IMAX Program partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX Program presents the latest version of the Passport series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for CBSE schools, the Passport series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Furthermore, to facilitate comprehensive coverage, improved understanding of diverse themes and ease of implementation, the EVS curriculum has been split into EVS – I and EVS – II. Our books are split into two parts to manage the bag weight. They also strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The NCF 2005 advocates the creation of age-appropriate and easily relatable content that ensures that students can perceive social realities while imbibing the values of the Indian Constitution and human rights. The NCF also recommends the use of graphics, illustrations and pictures to help students to engage with concepts and ideas better. These objectives are integrated in the Passport Social Studies textbooks and workbooks to provide a holistic learning experience to students. The key features of the Passport Social Studies books are as follows.  Arrangement of concepts based on the RUAH model based on Bloom’s Taxonomy  Character and dialogue-based introductions to concepts to ground EVS – II concepts in reality to make them relatable to students  V isually engaging formats for the organisation and presentation of information  In-text activities to assist memorisation and understanding  Subject-related vocabulary building in every lesson  U se of timelines and historical maps to help students to develop timeline, map and globe skills  Use of maps and scenario-based questions in the workbooks  Integration of values and life skills  P romotes awareness and personal responsibility through dialogue and enquiry about the world around us Overall, the IMAX Passport series aims to enhance social, cultural and analytical skills for the intuitive and harmonious growth of an individual in an interconnected and independent global community. – The Authors NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected preface pg.pdf 1 12/18/2018 4:25:38 PM

Textbook Features I Will Learn About I Remember Contains the list of concepts to Introduces new concepts to build on be covered in the lesson along the prerequisite knowledge or skills to with the learning objectives understand and achieve the objective of the topic I Think Pin-up Note Introduces the concept or Contains key retention points from the subtopic and arouses curiosity concept among students I Understand Train My Brain Explains the aspects in detail Checks for learning to gauge the that form the basis of the understanding level of students concept Includes elements to ensure that students are engaged throughout I Apply I Explore Connects the concept to Encourages students to extend real-life situations by giving an the concept learnt to advanced opportunity to apply what application scenarios students have learnt Be Amazed Connect the Dots Fascinating facts and trivia for A multidisciplinary section that students to establish a better connects a particular topic to real-life connect with the other subjects in order to enable concept students to relate better to it A Note to Parent To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning of their child and conduct activities to reinforce the learnt concepts NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 3 12/15/2018 9:58:36 AM

Contents Class 3 1 What Is History? 1.1 What Is History?.........................................................................................................1 2 Monuments and Museums 2.1 Monuments and Museums ......................................................................................8 3 Maps 3.1 Using and Making Maps ....................................................................................... 17 4 The Story of the Past 4.1 Early Human Beings............................................................................................... 26 4.2 Ancient Civilizations .............................................................................................. 30 5 Discovering India - I 5.1 Parts of India and Its Government ....................................................................... 36 6 Discovering India - II 6.1 India’s Location and Physical Features............................................................... 45 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 4 12/15/2018 9:58:37 AM

Hi, I am Rashi Jain. I live with Hi, I am Meher Irani. I live with my my parents. I have many parents and older brother, Morad. aunts, uncles and cousins Rashi and I do not go to the same whom I love to visit. My best school. Yet, we share what we friend is Meher Irani. We live learn with each other. We love in the same housing society spending time with Morad. He and have many adventures shows Rashi and me many together. interesting things. Join us on this exciting journey... 1 1LessoLensson FamHiWlyishtaoanrtdyIs? NeighbourhoodI Will Learn About 1.1 R ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’. I Will Learn AboutU the importance of learning history. A people who study history and how they use the sources of history. • fnaumclieliheasr., joint and single-parent making a timeline of events. • changes in family, neighbourhood and environment. NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 5 1 12/15/2018 9:58:37 AM

Concept 1.1: What Is History? I Think Mrs Irani is wearing a sari, and she is proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. Mrs Irani: This sari belonged to my grandmother. It is more than one hundred years old! It is a part of our family history. Rashi: What is family history, Mrs Irani? Mrs Irani: Well, it is the story of your family. I know stories about what my grandparents did when they were young. My grandfather also told me stories about his father and mother. I learned about my family’s past through these stories. Rashi: I want to know my family history, too! An old family photo Q. What is family history? (A) a poem to learn (B) the story of a family (C) a bedtime story (D) the story of a place I Remember The word past refers to the time that has gone by. It is the time History is before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the Greek word a study of ‘historia’. It means ‘a story’ or ‘an account of anything that has the past. happened’. Thus a study of past events is called history. It also refers to the past and all things that have happened at that time. How can we remember all the events that happened in the past? TIMELINE We use the correct order of events to remember and understand the past. A timeline is a drawing that shows the order of events that took place in the past. Look at the example. 2 12/15/2018 9:58:37 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 6

An example of a timeline On a timeline, the first event is on the left-hand side. The latest event is on the right-hand side. A timeline can only show the order of events that have happened in the past. It helps us to remember when events happened in the past. But how do we learn about history? To learn about history in detail, we need to know more about the sources of history. SOURCES OF HISTORY We need objects, materials, buildings and written stories to study the past. These are called sources of history. Stories that tell us about the past are also sources of history. They may or may not be written. The three types of sources of history are as follows. Oral sources: stories, songs and poems that people remember Written sources: letters, books, plays and travel stories written in the past Archaeological sources: famous buildings, tools, clothes, jewellery and other such materials I Understand THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to understand the different diseases and treatments of the past. A journalist studies history to understand the present events better. An architect learns about ways of constructing buildings and the materials used in the past. The study of materials helps them understand which materials are strong and which are weak. This helps them make new buildings better. Some reasons to study history are as follows. • to understand the stories of people in different situations • to know why events happened in the past What Is History? 3 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 7 12/15/2018 9:58:37 AM

• to help us understand the changes in the world • to help us become better citizens We use different sources of history to learn different things about the past. Sources of history What can we learn from them? Oral sources languages spoken, everyday activities and festivals Written sources laws, famous people and places Archaeological sources commonly used objects, materials used to make things WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT FAMILY HISTORY Every person also has a past or family history. How can we know about the family history of our older family members? We can learn about our family history in many ways. Some of them are the following. • We can look at oral sources such as the stories that our family members remember about themselves and others. • For written sources, we can read letters, diaries and journals of various family members. • We can look at old photographs, clothes, jewellery, videos and other belongings. Train My Brain 1) What is the meaning of an ‘event’? 2) Why does an architect study history? I Apply ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. They find out about different people and groups. An archaeologist studies buildings, paintings, 4 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 8

clothes and other objects used by the people in the past. A historian studies the meaning of the text in books and other documents written in the past. Archaeological sites and the objects in museums may get damaged due to reasons such as: I Explore (H.O.T.S.) •1) pMeoapkeleatotuimcehilningetohfeymo,uwr lrifitein. gYoouncwaanllsu,sleittethriengfoallonwdinsogoinnformation. • p•ollutthioenday you were born • your first day of school • n•atutrhael fafircsttotirms leikeyoculimwatlkee, dlocation and so o•n a recent family holiday However, we need to keep the sources of history and archaeological sites safe. It is because of them that we learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. We learn about important events. We can even understand how art, architecture, science and technology have changed over time. What Is History? 5 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 9 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

Remember to take the help of your family to get the information. You can also make a timeline with photographs and drawings on a chart paper. 2) Find one written source and one oral source for your family's history. Write down what they are. Written source: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Oral source: ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Be Amazed Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a large hole-like space that is commonly formed on the side of a mountain or a hill. Human beings painted pictures on the walls of the caves that they lived in. The oldest cave painting is thousands of years old. Connect the Dots English Fun Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. 6 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 10

Maths Fun Like a timeline, a line to count numbers is called a ‘number line’. Smaller numbers are on the left-hand side and larger numbers are on the right-hand side. smaller numbers larger numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Note to Parent Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family members to find out each person’s point of view. Always encourage the habit of finding out all the different sides of a story. New Words 1) event – something important that has happened, is happening or will happen 2) archaeological – relating to the study of objects and places found by excavating sites where people in the past lived 3) disease – something that makes a living being ill or unwell 4) journalist – someone who writes news for a newspaper or magazine 5) architect – someone who designs a building 6) excavate – carefully dig in the ground to find objects from the past What Is History? 7 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 11 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

Lesson Monuments and 2 Museums I Will Learn About 2.1 R monuments and museums. U differences between monuments and museums. A things that damage our monuments and looking after monuments. h creating a mini-museum. Concept 2.1: Monuments and Museums I Think Rashi recently went to Delhi and Agra. Meher and Morad are excited to know the different things Rashi did. Meher: How was your visit, Rashi? What all did you do? Rashi: My aunt and I visited different places like the Red Fort and the Taj Mahal. We took a lot of pictures! Meher: The Taj Mahal is a beautiful building. Rashi: My aunt did not call the Taj Mahal a building. She called it a ‘monument’. Meher: What is a monument? Morad: Monuments are historical buildings. Red Fort, Delhi They play an important role in telling us about the past. 8 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 12

Q. Which of the following is an example of a monument? (A) Charminar (B) a school (C) an office building (D) a housing society I Remember Monuments and museums help us learn about history. MONUMENTS A monument is a structure or a Forts, temples and palaces are common examples of building that is monuments. They were built either by kings and queens or the built to remember government. Example: Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal an important in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. event or a person. Taj Mahal, Agra Monuments can be of two types: old and new. Let us look at the difference between old and new monuments. Monuments and Museums 9 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 13 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

Old monuments New monuments ‘Dolmens’ mark The National War the burial places of Memorial, Pune people. They were was built in 1998 built very long ago. to remember There are many Indian soldiers. dolmens in India. A dolmen The National War Memorial Here are some of the famous monuments of India. Gingee Fort, Golconda Fort, Konark Sun Gol Gumbaz, Gingee Hyderabad Temple, Puri Bijapur Monuments are built for different reasons. Monument Who built it? Why was it built? Buland Darwaza Emperor Akbar to celebrate his victory Gateway of India over Gujarat Ashoka’s pillars the British government before to celebrate a visit of the India's Independence King of England Emperor Ashoka to pass orders and messages to the people of his kingdom Buland Darwaza, Gateway of India, An Ashoka Writings carved on Fatehpur Sikri Mumbai pillar an Ashoka pillar 10 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 14 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

MUSEUMS A museum is a place where different kinds of old and interesting objects are displayed. Example: coins, weapons, tools, paintings, utensils, toys Museums display objects that tell us about the history of places or people. Some famous museums in India are as follows. • National Museum, New Delhi • Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad • Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu • Indian Museum, Sangrahalaya, Mumbai Kolkata Emperor Ashoka built pillars to pass orders and messages. Emperor Akbar’s farman Another ruler, Emperor Akbar, used farmans to pass messages or give orders. His farmans are displayed at the National Museum in New Delhi. Most museums display all types of objects. However, some museums display only particular kinds of objects. Example: A museum may display only paintings or only objects used by the military. In India, the Jaisalmer War Museum is a war museum that tells us about the history of the Indian Army. Many objects we see in museums were Indian Museum, Kolkata discovered by archaeologists. Archaeologists and historians make sure that museums display objects with correct and complete information. I Understand Look at the picture of workers cleaning the Taj Mahal. Many monuments are very old. So, they need to be cleaned and repaired. Cleaning and repairing help to preserve monuments. Workers cleaning the Taj Mahal Monuments and Museums 11 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 15 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

THE NEED FOR MONUMENTS We need monuments because of the following reasons. • They help us understand how people lived in earlier times. Example: Emperor Ashoka’s pillars show how he cared for animals. • They help us remember important events. Example: The Buland Darwaza reminds us that Akbar captured Gujarat. THE NEED FOR MUSEUMS We need museums because of the following reasons. Tipu Sultan’s sword • We learn about objects and materials used in the past. Example: the National Museum displays old coins made of silver and gold. Tipu Sultan’s steel sword is displayed in the same museum. • We learn about people’s lives. We learn how life in the past was similar and different from ours. Look at the picture of the toy made of clay. How is this toy similar and different from your toys? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONUMENTS AND MUSEUMS A clay toy Monuments Museums • old structures built to remember an • built to display different things from event or a person the past so that people can learn about history by seeing them Sometimes, monuments are made into museums. Example: The Aga Khan Palace and the Jai Vilas Palace have been made into museums. Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior Aga Khan Palace, Pune 12 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 16

Train My Brain 1) What is a ‘dolmen’? 2) Name a monument that has been made into a museum. I Apply A museum or a monument may get damaged due to the following. • fire • earthquakes • floods • pollution • strong sunlight • plants growing on it • traffic and people A fire at the National Museum of National History, New Delhi Here are a few things we can do to take care of monuments and museums. 1) Do not touch things that are on display in museums. They may get damaged. 2) Do not write on the walls of monuments. This damages them and makes them look ugly. 3) Do not throw wrappers or bottles around. Keep these places clean. Konark Temple Taj Mahal’s surrounded by flood water damaged floor Monuments and Museums 13 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 17 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Rashi created a photo scrapbook of the places she visited in Delhi. Tick the monuments Rashi and her aunt visited. 9 March 10 March 12 March isited Saroj Bua’s isited the Red Fort isited the Jama Masjid 13 March 15 March isited the school where aw the Qutb Minar Saroj Bua studied 2) Ask your elders for objects that belonged to their grandparents or great-grandparents. Collect these objects. Create cards describing them. Use the following points. • Whom did they belong to? • When were they made? Display these objects and cards in your house. Invite your friends and neighbours to see your mini-museum. 14 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 18

Be Amazed The pillars built by Emperor Ashoka consisted of statues of different animals such as lions and elephants. One such pillar at Sarnath, in Uttar Pradesh, has four lions standing back to back. Connect the Dots O N L M Maths Fun The picture shows how the Taj Mahal looks from the sky. If you join the four minarets, a square will be formed. Let us name this square LMNO. Name the vertices and diagonals of the square. Science Fun In the earlier times, people used sundials to tell the time. In India, there are five sundials called Jantar Mantar. The largest one is in Jaipur. It is the world’s largest stone sundial. A Note to Parent Take your child to the local museum and look at the various objects on display there, together. Explain the importance of the things on display to them. Encourage them to note down interesting points about the things on display. New Words 1) structure – something that is built using different parts 2) dolmen – a tomb with a large flat stone laid on upright stone 3) burial – putting a dead body under the ground Monuments and Museums 15 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 19 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM

4) victory – a win 5) pillar – a tall structure made of wood, stone, metal and so on 6) farman – an order or message given by a king or a queen 7) discover – find something that is already present 8) preserve – to keep something in a good condition 9) capture (land) – get land for oneself using force 10) pollution – the presence of harmful substances in the environment 11) minaret – a tall, thin tower found near buildings such as mosques 12) sundial – an object that tells us the time based on the position of the Sun in the sky 16 12/15/2018 9:58:38 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 20

Lesson Maps 3 I Will Learn About 3.1 R maps and what we can see on a map. U how a map is used. A how a map is made. H making a map. Concept 3.1: Using and Making Maps I Think Rashi, Meher and their families are going to a wedding. A map Mrs Jain: Do you know where the wedding hall is? Mrs Irani: It is called J K Hall. It is near Grant Road. Mr Irani: I have never heard of J K Hall. But, I do know how to reach Grant Road. Meher: Look! There is a picture on the invitation. It shows us where J K Hall is. Mr Jain: Very good, Meher! You have found a map. It will tell us where to go. Q. What do we call a picture that shows us where a place is? (A) a map (B) a drawing (C) a page (D) an invitation NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 1 17 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM

I Remember A crow flies high over Meher’s school. It can see the tops of buildings, the roads and the playground. Look at what the crow can see. A view from top A picture of the view from top When we draw a picture of this view, it is a map. We can A map is a drawing of a make a map of any place in the world. We can even place on a flat surface draw the map of Meher’s classroom. Imagine that the as seen from a position classroom has no ceiling. This way we can look down above the place. It uses into the room and see the tops of different objects. place names, signs, Let us make some signs to show these things in the pictures and colours to classroom. The signs used on a map are called symbols. show information. Object Symbol Object Symbol Teacher’s table Blackboard Students’ desks Cupboard and chairs Dustbin Window Window Symbols used for different objects 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM 18 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 2

We can use these symbols to make a map. Look A map of a classroom at the given map of a classroom. Using the list of symbols on the previous page, can you point out Key the objects shown on the map? Door Maps are of many kinds. They can be a map or Window a plan of a house, a route map, or a map of a Sofa country. The signs or symbols used in maps depend Sink on the type of the map. Some maps also use different colours to show different information. The / symbols, colours and what they show is explained in the key or legend. Look at the maps shown below. Chair 1) A map or plan of a house with the key. Commode 2) A map showing the route with the key. Key Position/Location Roads Path to use Maps 19 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 3 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM

3) A map of India showing the states and capitals in India. 20 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 4

Directions are also important for maps. They make it easier to locate Directions places and follow routes. Look at the map on page 20. The arrow with the letter ‘N’ shows the north. North is one of the four main directions. The other main directions are east (E), south (S) and west (W). They are used to find the position or location of a place on a map. A compass is an instrument used to show the four directions. I Understand USING MAPS We look at a place from above to make a map. Maps show us the top view of a place. Maps also help us to locate our position. How do we do this? We point out landmarks on a map. A landmark is a building or object that is easy to locate from a distance. It helps people know where they are. We can decide which way to go using landmarks. Look at the map below. The bookshop can be a landmark. Rashi and Meher are going to the park. In which direction should they turn from the bookshop? NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 5 21 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM

Some maps show a large area. This means that only a few important things are marked on them. Example: The map of India showing the states. We cannot see our house or school on a map of India. We can see the state where we live and the capital city of that state. Some maps show us every small thing in a place. Example: A map of your neighbourhood would show every building and shop. These maps need correct measurements. We need to measure the space between two places or objects. Measurements help to mark the correct positions of things on a map. Straight lines drawn on a map divide it into many equal parts. We can use these parts to find a place or object quickly. The map given below has been divided into equal parts. Can you name the parts? Some parts have been named for you. Study each part of the map carefully and answer the following questions. 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM 1) In which part is the building with the blue windows located? 2) What colour is the building in A1? 3) Where is the sign with the directions placed on the map? 22 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 6

Train my Brain 1) What does the letter ‘N’ stand for? 2) Can you see every town on a map of India? I Apply MAKING MAPS EASY TO USE Imagine you have two maps – Map A and Map B. Map A is as big as your classroom. When it is opened, it covers the entire floor. Map B is as big as the page of this book. Map B will be easier to use. A map needs to be easy to use. Yet, the measurements need to be correct. How can this be done? Large measurements are changed to smaller ones. This makes a map smaller and easier to use. 1 cm Example: The distance from the bookshop to the park is 1 kilometre. On the map, it can be shown as 1 centimetre. The 1 km distance from the park to Meher’s school is 10 kilometres. On a Scale of a map map, it can be shown as 10 centimetres. This is called the scale of the map. Now, we can use maps on Street view of a road on a smartphone mobile phones. We decide the area we want to see using these maps. To see more details we zoom in. To see a large area, we zoom out. Some maps also allow us to see what the roads look like in different places. These maps do not show the top view. They show what a person sees if they stand on the road. NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 7 23 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) M ake a map of your house. Draw symbols to show all the furniture. Ask members of your family to show you the north, south, east and west in your house. Be Amazed 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM There is a magical map in the Harry Potter books. It is a map of Harry Potter’s school. Not only does it show the rooms in the school but also who is in each room. 24 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 8

Connect the Dots English Fun Signs or symbols are used to show different things. Here are the symbols for a few words and phrases. Word Symbol Word Symbol Word Symbol stop hospital no parking danger recycle school Maths Fun The first map to use the name ‘America’ was made in 1507. How old is the map? A Note to Parent Encourage your child to find the start and end points of a journey on a map. When you travel, show them the road you will take using maps on your mobile phone. New Words 1) view – what can be seen from a certain point 2) route – the way or path taken from one place to another 3) state – a region of India with its own capital city 4) neighbourhood – the area around one’s house Maps 25 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Corrected pg_17.25.pdf 9 12/18/2018 4:30:58 PM

Lesson The Story of 4 the Past I Will Learn About 4.1 R early human beings. U changes in early human beings. A how agriculture and tools changed the lives of early human beings. h comparing modern and ancient clothing. 4.2 R civilization and ancient civilizations. U why ancient civilizations grew. A how climate is related to civilization. h features of ancient civilizations. Concept 4.1: Early Human Beings I Think Rashi, Morad and Meher visit a museum. They look at the different exhibits. Meher notices an exhibit labelled ‘An Early Human Being’. He is surprised that it looks more like a monkey. Meher: Morad, look! How can this monkey be a human being! How silly! Morad: It is not a monkey, but an ape. Once upon a time, An early human human beings looked and behaved just like apes. After thousands of years, some of those apes changed into what we are today. Rashi: Then, how did we become so different from apes? Q. Which animal did early human beings look like? (A) fish (B) lizard (C) ape (D) bird 26 12/15/2018 9:58:39 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 30

I Remember Human beings did not always look and act like they do now. A very long time ago, human beings looked and behaved like apes. They lived in forests and near rivers. They collected nuts, fruits, berries, eggs and hunted animals for food. Many also caught fish from the rivers and ate them. So, they are called hunter-gatherers. How did they dig earth and cut fruit and meat? STONE TOOLS Early humans used different shapes and sizes of stones as tools. Type of stone tool Uses large and heavy stones kill animals for food, protect themselves from animals small, sharp stones cut fruit and skins of animals long and flat stones dig earth sharp stones, called scrapers clean the skins of animals THE LIFE OF EARLY HUMAN BEINGS Early human beings lived in groups. They used leaves and animal skins to cover themselves. They used the parts of the animals that they hunted in different ways. A tool is an object that is made for a specific function. Example: A pencil is made for writing. Some stone tools used by early humans Parts of the animals Their uses handle stone bone tools tool meat weapons A handle tied to a stone tool skin jewellery food clothes The Story of the Past 27 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 31 12/15/2018 9:58:39 AM

A cave Early humans lived in caves. Caves protected them from animals, rain, wind and cold. They also stored food in caves. When there was no food left in one area, they moved to a new place. When humans found food to eat, they ate it raw. They did not know how to cook. I Understand HOW DID EARLY HUMAN BEINGS CHANGE? Millionsof years In the beginning, early human beings looked like apes. ago As time went by, their faces and bodies changed. They stopped living in trees like apes and began living on the ground. They stopped walking on four legs. They started walking on two legs with their backs straight. They also started using their hands to do other things. USING AND LEARNING TO MAKE FIRE Early humans saw that lightning made trees catch fire and burn. All the animals were afraid of fire. Early humans picked up burning branches to protect themselves from dangerous animals. At times, meat and roots fell into the fire. Early humans tasted this food. They found that it tasted better than raw food. This is how early human beings learnt to cook. But, they had to wait for lightning to burn a tree to get fire. To make tools, early humans banged stones against each other. Sometimes, while making tools, they observed sparks, which made the grass catch fire. In this way, early human beings learnt to make their own fires. Human beings change over time 28 12/15/2018 9:58:39 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 32

Train my Brain 1) Why did early human beings live in caves? 2) What made trees catch fire and burn? I Apply FARMING Early humans carefully observed nature. They threw seeds of fruit on the ground. Soon, they saw new plants growing from these seeds. They saw that seeds grew well in warm weather. They stored fruit for the cold weather. They wrapped fruit in the skins of animals to keep them fresh. They planted seeds, grew plants and began farming. USING WHEELS Early humans travelled a lot. They did not have an easy way to move heavy things from one place to another. They observed rocks and logs rolling easily on land. This gave them the idea to roll heavy things on logs. This is how early humans started using wheels. Early humans also started making wheels from stone. SETTLING DOWN Human beings travelled in search of food. When An early human settlement they started farming, they started staying in one place. They started making simple huts with the stems of plants and long leaves. They also used animal skins and bones to make huts. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at the two pictures on the next page. The clothes shown are different from each other. Discuss the following. • the difference between them based on the material • one special feature of each item of clothing The Story of the Past 29 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 33 12/15/2018 9:58:39 AM

Picture A Picture B Be Amazed Ötzi, also known as the Iceman, was an early human being. His body and belongings were preserved in ice for thousands of years. Ötzi is displayed in the South Tyrol Museum in Italy. Concept 4.2: Ancient Civilizations I Think Rashi, Meher and Morad are still at the museum. The next section has different exhibits. There are photographs of many buildings made of bricks. There are metal tools too. The human beings in this exhibit look different. Rashi: Morad, these people look like we do! Did not all early human beings look like apes? Meher: No! Remember, they changed? They started to look more like we do. Morad: That is correct. After thousands of years, people started living in cities. Their cities were different from ours. They did not use the same language or machines. They did not dress like we do. But, they were the builders of the first ancient cities. An ancient civilization 30 12/15/2018 9:58:39 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 34

Q. What did human beings start to build? (A) zoos (B) museums (C) cities (D) bridges I Remember Civilizations began to appear about 10,000 years ago. The very old civilizations are called ancient civilizations. All the ancient civilizations are found near rivers. Civilization River A civilization is a group Mesopotamian Tigris and Euphrates of human beings living together who have Indus Valley Indus common rules, Egyptian Nile language and way Chinese Yangtze of life. The people of these civilizations were a lot like us. They used languages. They made and did different things. Some people had farms and farm animals. Others made things from clay. Some people made tools from iron and other metals. There were special people to make rules. These people were usually the priests. The other people were mostly soldiers and builders. Let us find out what led to the growth of these civilizations. A map showing the ancient river valley civilizations The Story of the Past 31 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 35 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM

I Understand GROWING CROPS Human beings needed to stay in one place to take care of their farms. They grew crops, collected and stored grains. This is called agriculture. They built strong houses so that they could stay in the same place for a long time. They needed water for their farms. So, they built houses near big rivers. DOMESTICATING ANIMALS People found that a few animals could be used to carry heavy loads and do other tasks. They gave these animals food and water to domesticate them. Some animals domesticated by early humans were the cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, horse, dog, cat, donkey, ox and bull. Humans allowed these animals to live close to them. A house from They observed the young ones of these animals and an ancient village soon began milking cows and goats. They also got wool and meat from animals such as sheep. TRADE Families of early human beings lived together. Sometimes, one family had little meat but a lot of grain. Another family had more meat and less grain. They exchanged meat and grain to get what they needed. Such exchange of resources is called trade. As people grew crops and domesticated animals, they built houses and settled in one place. People of different villages traded with each other. When people settled down in places of trade, more houses were built. This led to rise of cities. Some cities were close to each other. The people spoke the same language. They also followed the same rules. A number of cities where people shared a common way of life became a civilization. Train My Brain 1) Where did ancient civilizations mostly grow? 2) What does the term resources mean? 32 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 36

I Apply Crops grow easily in places where there is warm sunlight. Rivers are used to get water for growing crops. Warm climate is also easy for humans to live in. All ancient civilizations started in the warm regions. Look at the map and answer the questions. 1) Were there any civilizations in the very cold areas? 2) Why do you think this happened? Mesopotamian Civilization Chinese Civilization Egyptian Civilization IndusValley Civilization Favourable climate for growth of civilizations I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Find out which ancient city had a place called the Great Bath. Name the civilization that it belonged to. Discuss three important features of this civilization. An ancient city The Story of the Past 33 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 37 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM

Be Amazed Cities in the Indus Valley Civilization traded with cities in the Mesopotamian Civilization. The distance between the two civilizations was about 4,000 kilometres. Connect the Dots English Fun Archaeologists and historians have been able to read the ancient languages, except one. No one can read the language of the Indus Valley Civilization yet. Science Fun Ask the members of your family for the names of any two tools they use in the kitchen. Can you guess which of these would have been used by early human beings as well? A Note to Parent When visiting your ancestral home, encourage your child to observe the ancient practices that are still in use. Help your child understand the link between tradition and modernity. New Words 1) exhibit – something that is displayed for people to see 2) ape – an animal that is like a monkey but does not have a tail 34 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 38

3) weapon – a tool used to hunt animals 4) handle – the part of a tool that is used to hold it 5) raw – uncooked; without cooking 6) spark – a very small fire that lasts for less than a second 7) observe – watch and study something carefully 8) log – a long piece of a tree that has been cut 9) clay – a soft, muddy material used to make pots and other objects 10) priest – someone who performs religious duties and makes rules of worship 11) soldier – a person who serves in the army 12) crop – a plant grown for getting grains and other food 13) grains – the seeds of some plants, such as rice, that we cook and eat 14) domesticate – train a wild animal to live and work with human beings 15) resource – a place or thing that provides something useful The Story of the Past 35 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 39 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM

Lesson Discovering India - I 5 I Will Learn About 5.1 R village, town, city and state. U levels of a government. A functions of the government. h functions of people working in the government. Concept 5.1: Parts of India and Its Government I Think Meher has made a greeting card for his friend who lives in Karnataka. He wants his father to send the greeting card. Meher: Papa! Can you please send this greeting card to Mehnaz? Mr Irani: We have to write Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Mr Irani writes Mehnaz’s address on the envelope. Meher: Why does an address have so many words? Why do you not just write India? After all, we all stay in India! Mr Irani: Without a proper address, can the postman find Mehnaz's house? Think about it, Meher! Q. Will Mehnaz get the letter if Mr Irani writes just ‘India’ on the envelope? (A) yes (B) no 36 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:029AMPM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 40

I Remember The letter that Meher sent had Mehnaz’s full address on it. The address has the name of the person, the name of the house, street, village or city, as well as the state. Look at the pictures to understand where Meher lives. 56 K G Society Senapati Bapat Road Pune, in Maharashtra, Maharashtra in India As you can see, Meher’s house is on Senapati Bapat Road, which is in Pune. Pune is a city in the state of Maharashtra. So his address will be 56 K G Society, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune 411016, Maharashtra. India is made up of many such villages, towns, cities and states. VILLAGES, TOWNS AND CITIES Villages India has one of the highest number of villages in the A village world. They are governed by the gram panchayats. More than half the Indian population lives in villages. Compared to a city or a town, a village is as follows. • smaller in size • has more open space and greenery • less polluted • has no airports Towns Towns are governed by the municipal councils. They A town are bigger than villages but smaller than cities. Towns have more facilities, such as hospitals and schools, as compared to a village. However, they are also more polluted than villages. Discovering India - I 37 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 41 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:035AMPM

38 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:035AMPM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 42

Cities A city Cities are governed by municipal corporations. They are bigger than both towns and villages. Cities also provide many facilities such as big hospitals, schools and colleges. However, cities are more crowded than towns and villages. They are also much more polluted. The villages, towns and cities together form states. STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA India is the world’s seventh-largest country. It is difficult to manage such a large country. Therefore, it has been divided into smaller areas called states and union territories. India has 29 states. The capital of India is New Delhi. Each state also has a capital. For example, Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, and Dispur is the capital of Assam. India also has seven union territories. A union territory is an area that is directly governed by the central government. Look at the map of India with the states and union territories. Rajasthan is India’s largest state, and Goa is the smallest state. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is India’s largest union territory, while Lakshadweep is the smallest. I Understand Many people live in India. It is the second most populated country in the world. Who takes care of the people living in India? It is the government. WHAT IS A GOVERNMENT? A government is a group of people A government is a group of people that makes important that makes decisions for a country. The government also makes laws important decisions that people in a country follow. Let us learn more about the for a country. different levels of government in India. Discovering India - I 39 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 43 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:036AMPM

LEVELS OF A GOVERNMENT It is difficult for the government to manage a large country like India from one place. For example, a state is run by a state government. A union territory is directly ruled by the central government. The government in India, works at three levels. Levels of a Government The central government is as follows. • Located in New Delhi • Makes decisions for the entire country • Has a President, Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers • Also directly governs the union territories The state government is State as follows. Government • Present in every state • Located in the capital 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:037AMPM city of a state • Looks after people living in the state • Has a Governor, Chief Minister and other ministers 40 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 44

The local government is as follows. Local Government • Present in every city, town and village • Looks after basic needs such as water and roads • Known by different names Location Name of the local city government town village municipal corporation municipal council gram panchayat Train My Brain 1) Do villages have airports? 2) How many levels does the government in India have? I Apply FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT Just as we are responsible for a lot of things, the government is also responsible for the following functions. Maintaining law and order: The central and state governments often work together to make many laws. It includes making rules and seeing that the rules are properly followed. It also includes punishing the people who do not obey the laws. Fulfilling duties: The government also fulfils its many duties such as preserving monuments, forests, water bodies and so on. It also provides aid during bad events such as earthquakes and floods. Discovering India - I 41 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 45 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:037AMPM

Providing various facilities: The government is also responsible for providing different kinds of facilities. These facilities are cheap or free. The facilities offered by the government are available to everybody. Some of them are the following. Public transport facilities: These include facilities that allow people to travel to different, cities, towns, villages and states. Example: buses, trains Public transport facilities Entertainment facilities: These include facilities that allow people to enjoy and have fun. Example: zoos, parks Entertainment facilities Healthcare facilities: These include facilities to look after the health of the people. Example: hospitals, clinics Healthcare facilities Educational facilities: These include Educational facilities facilities that allow the government to provide education to people. Example: 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:040AMPM schools, libraries 42 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 46

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) With the help of adults, find the transport facilities provided by the government in your area. Also, talk to your neighbours and find out the most popular mode of public transport in your area. 2) Visit a government office with your parents or family members. Talk to the people who work there. Learn about the different things they do. Try to create a timeline of the things they do in a day. Be Amazed When we write addresses, we also write the PIN Code. Postal Index Number (PIN) is a 6-digit code used across the country. Different areas of a city have different codes. This system was introduced on 15 August 1972 to improve the delivery of mail. Connect the Dots English Fun Did you know that the names of many Indian states and cities have changed recently? ‘Chennai’ used to be called ‘Madras’; ‘Mumbai’ used to be called ‘Bombay’, and ‘Kolkata’ used to be ‘Calcutta’. Find out from adults at home if they know of any other states or cities whose names have changed. Maths Fun Imagine Lakshadweep, India’s smallest union territory, has 27 villages and Goa, India’s smallest state, has 397 villages. How many more villages than Lakshadweep does Goa have? Discovering India - I 43 NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 47 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:040AMPM

A Note to Parent Give your child a wall-sized map of India. They can use it to mark new cities and villages that you visit or your guests come from. When they read stories, ask them to locate the state or city in which the stories are set. These little exercises will help them understand how to use a map and develop an understanding of the state boundaries of India. New Words 1) govern – make decisions for a country or a state 2) airport – a place from where aeroplanes arrive and leave 3) capital – the city where the national or state government is located 4) laws – rules that tell us what we can and cannot do 5) facilities – things that people can use 6) transport – ways of moving from one place to another such as bus or train 7) entertainment – something that people enjoy 44 112/81-5J/a2n0-1188 96:5:82:24:041AMPM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 48

Lesson Discovering India - II 6 I Will Learn About 6.1 R the location of India. U the six regions of India. A how physical features affect the lives of people. h comparing two regions of India. Concept 6.1: India’s Location and Physical Features I Think Rashi has seen a picture of an animal that looks different from the ones that she has seen so far. She wants to tell Meher about it. Goats in Ladakh Rashi: Meher! Look at this picture of a goat. Meher: That is not a goat! It looks so different from the goats in Pune. Maybe Morad will know more about this goat. Meher and Rashi take the picture to Morad. Morad: This is a mountain goat. It is found in the Leh and Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. Rashi: It looks so different from the goats we see in Pune. Goats in Pune Q. Why do the goats found in Ladakh look different from the ones found in Pune? (A) the climate of Ladakh and (B) Ladakh is not an Pune is different important city (C) Pune is closer to Mumbai, a big city (D) there is no water in Ladakh NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 49 45 12/15/2018 9:58:40 AM

I Remember Just as the states are located in India, India is situated in the continent of Asia. It is the third-largest country in Asia. India measures about 3,214 kilometres from north to south. The length from west to east is about 2,933 kilometres. India is surrounded by eight neighbouring countries. • Afghanistan • Pakistan • China • Nepal • Bhutan • Bangladesh • Myanmar • Sri Lanka PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA To the north, India is surrounded by the Physical features include Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain landforms, water bodies, range. To the south, east and west, and soil. India is surrounded by water. There is a lot of variety in India’s physical features. Plains, mountains, plateaus, deserts and islands are Based on the physical features, India examples of landforms. can be divided into six regions. • the Northern Mountains • the Northern Plain • the Great Indian Desert • the Peninsular Plateau • the Coastal Plains • the Islands 46 12/15/2018 9:58:41 AM NR_BGM_9789388751056 PASSPORT G03 EVS II TEXTBOOK PART 1_Text.pdf 50