Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY

SCIENCE TEXTBOOK Class 4 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________ NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 1 12/28/2017 11:58:52 AM

Preface IMAX partners with schools, supporting them with learning materials and processes that are all crafted to work together as an interconnected system to drive learning. IMAX presents the latest version of the Passport series – updated and revised after considering the perceptive feedback and comments shared by our experienced reviewers and users. Designed specifically for CBSE schools, the Passport series endeavours to be faithful to the spirit of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. Therefore, our books strive to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender and diversity in representation, catering to the heterogeneous Indian classroom. The larger aim of the NCF 2005 regarding science teaching is to acknowledge and address the dynamic nature of science by focusing on the development of skills to acquire and process information scientifically. The Passport EVS/Science textbooks and workbooks for CBSE schools offer the following features:  Interactive content that engages students through a range of open- ended questions that build curiosity and initiate scientific exploration  Opportunities for experimentation, analysis and synthesis of ideas and concepts  Exposure to locally relevant environmental problem solving  Effective use of visual elements to enable learning of structures, processes and phenomena  A focus on science-specific vocabulary building  Integrated education of values and life skills  Promotion of participatory and contextualised learning through the engagement of all relevant stakeholders in the learning process Overall, the IMAX Passport EVS/Science textbooks, workbooks and teacher companion books aim to enhance the development of scientific temper along with the inculcation of healthy habits, skills and values that promote environmentally sensitive and culturally responsive democratic citizenship among students. – The Authors NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 2 12/28/2017 11:58:52 AM

I Will Learn About I Remember Contains the list of learning Introduces new concepts to build on the objectives to be achieved in the prerequisite knowledge/skills required to lesson understand and apply the objective of the topic I Think Pin-up Note Introduces the concept/subtopic and arouses Contains key retention points from the curiosity among students concept Train My Brain I Understand Checks for learning to gauge the Explains the aspects in detail understanding level of students that form the basis of the concept I Apply Includes elements to ensure that students are engaged Connects the concept to throughout real-life situations by enabling students to apply what has been Be Amazed learnt through the practice questions Fascinating facts and trivia related to the concept Connect the Dots I Explore (H.O.T.S.) A multidisciplinary section that Encourages students to extend connects a particular topic to the concept learnt to advanced other subjects in order to enable application scenarios students to relate better to it A Note to Parent Inside the Lab To engage a parent in Provides for hands-on experience out-of-classroom learning of their with creating, designing and child and conduct activities implementing something given in the section to reinforce innovative and useful the learnt concepts NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 3 12/28/2017 11:58:52 AM

Contents Class 4 1 Growing up with Family������������������ 1 1 4 Fuels............................................... 78 1 5 Ways of Communication .............. 83 2 Digestive System����������������������������� 6 1 6 Force and Work ............................. 89 1 7 Forms of Energy............................. 94 3 Excretory System��������������������������� 11 Inside the Lab – C ................................ 99 4 Diseases����������������������������������������� 15 Activity C1: Building a Shelter Activity C2: Power of Solar Energy 5 Keeping Our Neighbourhood clean���������������������������������������������� 21 Inside the Lab – A�������������������������������� 27 Activity A1: Digestive System Activity A2: Disease Prevention Charades 6 Water Storage and Quality............ 29 7 Importance of Soil.......................... 36 8 Roots and Flowers.......................... 41 9 Birds................................................. 46 19 0 Animal Behaviour........................... 52 Inside the Lab – B.................................. 58 Activity B1: Soil’s Capacity to Hold Water Activity B2: Simple Water Filter 1 1 Food Storage.................................. 60 1 2 Building Materials........................... 66 1 3 Types of Cloth................................. 72 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 4 12/28/2017 11:58:52 AM

Lesson Growing up with Family 1 I Will Learn About R y oung ones of animals and human babies. u taking care of babies. a adopting babies and animals into the family. h the roles of family members in caring for a baby. I Think A stray dog in Reena’s neighbourhood gave birth to seven puppies. Reena and all her friends liked the cute puppies. Each of them decided to take a puppy home and take care of it. Have you or your friends ever done this? I Remember Do you like to play with kittens, chicks or puppies? They are the young ones of different animals. Where do you think they come from? Some animals lay eggs, and the young ones hatch out of them. The hen, fish, frog, snake and lizard are a few animals that lay eggs. Have you ever seen a bird coming out of its egg? NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 5 1 12/28/2017 11:58:53 AM

a hen and its eggs a chick coming out of an egg a snake and its eggs Some animals give birth to their babies. It means that the babies come out from their mothers’ bodies. Animals like the cat, cow, dog, horse, elephant and lion give birth to babies. Humans also give birth to babies. a dog with puppies a lion with a cub a mother with a baby A human baby grows inside its mother’s body for nine The young ones of animals months before being born. can be born from an egg or from the mother’s body. Puppies and kittens grow inside their mothers’ bodies for Human babies are born about two months. Calves grow inside mother cows for from the mother’s body. about nine months. I Understand Young ones of animals mostly depend on their mother for food. Animals that lay eggs collect food and feed their babies. Have you ever seen how a baby bird is fed by its mother? Animals that give birth to young ones feed the babies on their milk. You might have seen calves, kittens or puppies drinking milk from their mothers’ body. 2 12/28/2017 11:58:53 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 6

a cow feeding its calf a bird feeding its young ones a cat feeding its kittens Like animals, the human baby also depends on its mother for parents taking care food and protection. When a baby is born, the mother and of a baby father take care of their baby with the help of other family members. Babies need a lot of time and care from their an older brother spending time parents. Your parents have taken care of you since you were with a younger sibling a baby. Do you have a younger sibling? Do you like to spend some time with him or her? How do you take care of your sibling? Sometimes, if a mother spends more time with a baby to take care of it, an older child may feel left out. Do you know your mother and father were also born as small babies? Their parents too took care of them. Maybe, they went to school when they were small. They also had homework to do. They may have played with their friends and learnt new things. Their parents even scolded them for being naughty and doing something wrong! They may have fought with their siblings and cried. Ask your parents what they did when they were kids. babies grow up to become adults Train My Brain 1) Name an animal that lays eggs. 2) Name an animal which gives birth to its young ones. Growing up with Family 3 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 7 12/28/2017 11:58:53 AM

I Apply Sometimes, the young ones of animals lose their mother. Have you seen small puppies left alone without a mother to look after them? Sometimes some other animals may look after those young ones. Also, some people may bring them home and keep them as their pets. animals taking care of the young ones of other animals Similarly, some children also may lose their parents. The children who have lost both their parents are called orphans. Some parents may take up the responsibility of such babies or children. Some families bring home a child of other parents as their own child. They make them part of their own family. This is called adoption. The parents who adopt them are called adoptive parents. They love and take care of their new child as their own. After adoption, the adopted child lives with his or her new parents in his or her new home. Suppose you have adopted a puppy. What all will you do to take of care it? How can you make sure that the puppy is well taken care of? Do you have any friends or relatives who have adopted young ones of any animals? Be Amazed Did you know that the young ones of the cuckoo are taken care of by other birds? Cuckoos always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. So, their young ones are fed and brought up by those birds. a bird feeding a cuckoo chick 4 12/28/2017 11:58:53 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 8

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) You have learnt about adoptive parents. Sometimes, people take up the responsibility of a child without adopting them. They are called foster parents. A foster parent may take up the responsibility of many children who were not born to them. Growing up with the care of parents and family is important for children. A child needs the care of all family members. Who takes care of you at home? Which family member spends more time with you? Generally, mothers spend more time to look after their babies. What are the things a father can do for a baby? Find out. Connect the Dots English Fun Can you write about any one situation when your parents scolded you and one situation when your parents appreciated you? What do you think about these situations? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Maths Fun In 2017, Naziya is seven years old, and her mother is thirty-two years old. How old was her mother when she was born? A Note to Parent Discuss your childhood holidays and family trips with your children. Also, tell them how your parents took care of you. You can also visit a nearby shelter home or orphanage to help your child understand the value of a family. Growing up with Family 5 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 9 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Lesson Digestive System 2 I Will Learn About R digestion and the digestive system. u the process of digestion. a the importance of the digestive system. h hunger and famine. I Think Your mother tells you to chew your food before swallowing it. Do you know why? chewing food I Remember activities we do We do a lot of work throughout the 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM day. We need energy to work. From where do we get this energy? This energy comes from the food we eat. Food contains protein, fats carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. 6 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 10

Our body cannot absorb them directly. Digestion means breaking down of food into smaller parts Digestion means that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. breaking down of food into smaller parts The organ system in our body that helps in breaking down that can be absorbed the food is called the digestive system. into the bloodstream. When the food is broken down, we get energy to do many things. Look at the picture of the digestive system. The different food pipe parts of the digestive system are: stomach Mouth: We take food in our mouth. Digestion starts mouth here with the help of the teeth and tongue. liver Food pipe: It is a long tube that connects the mouth with the stomach. Stomach: It is a stretchy bag-like organ. When the small large stomach is empty, it is about the size of a tennis intestine intestine ball. After a big meal, it expands to almost to the anus size of a football. the human digestive system Liver: It is the largest and heaviest organ inside the body. It is reddish brown. Small intestine: It is a long, narrow tube. It is twenty-two feet long. Large intestine: The large intestine is also like a tube. It is five feet long. It is called the large intestine because it is wider than the small intestine. Anus: It is the opening at the end of the digestive system. What happens to the food after we eat it? Let us find out. I Understand Digestion starts in the mouth. We chew the food with our teeth. We have different types of teeth to chew the food and break it into pieces. The sharp teeth in the front help us to bite and cut the food into smaller pieces. The back teeth are flat and help to grind the food into a paste. digestion starts in mouth Digestive System 7 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 11 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Saliva mixes with the food. Saliva is produced inside our mouth. It mixes with the food and makes the food soft and wet. Teeth can now easily break down this wet food into smaller pieces. The tongue helps in mixing the food with the saliva. It also pushes the chewed food towards the food pipe. The food pipe moves the food from the back of our throat to our stomach. Stomach walls make squeezing and relaxing movements. These movements help to mix the food with the stomach juices. The stomach juices help to break down the food. From the stomach, the food goes into the small intestine. The liver produces bile juice. It helps in the digestion of food. In the small intestine, the bile juice mixes with the food and breaks stomach movement it down further. The walls of the small intestine absorb all the useful parts of the food. Digestion of food gets completed in the small intestine. The remaining undigested material is pushed to the large intestine. When the food passes through the large intestine, water and some minerals get absorbed by the walls of the large intestine. Then it pushes the remaining waste matter into the anus. Anus pushes the undigested food waste out of the body. Train My Brain 1) What do we use to chew the food? 2) Which is the largest and heaviest organ in our body body? I Apply We get energy from the food we eat. So it is important to: • eat healthy food • take care of different organs of the digestive system What will happen if we do not eat food? If we do not eat food, the body will not get the nutrients and energy it needs to work. So, we will feel tired quickly. If we do not eat for very long periods of time, our body will become thin and weak. Due to the lack of nutrients, we may also become sick. 8 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 12

What will happen, if our digestive system does not work? The food we eat will not get broken down. We will have indigestion. Indigestion may cause stomach pain, vomiting and so on. It is essential to take care of our mouth. It helps in digestion and tasting food. So, for a healthy digestive system, we must keep our mouth, tongue and teeth clean. Be Amazed Do you know that the mouth produces about 1.7 litres of saliva every day? This amount is almost the same as that of a big bottle of Coca-Cola. Salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Why do we feel hungry after every few hours? Our body needs constant energy and nutrient supply to work. Once the food we eat gets digested and the nutrients are absorbed, we feel hungry. Hunger is the weakness caused by lack of food accompanied by a feeling to eat. It makes us tired. Have you ever felt hungry and did not get anything to eat for some time? Many people in the world do not get enough food to eat. They remain hungry. Imagine how difficult their life must be! Sometimes, in some places, there will be a widespread shortage of food. This shortage of food is called famine. During a famine, many people may die due to lack of food. Connect the Dots Social Studies Fun Have you heard of the Great Bengal famine of 1770? 10 million people died in this famine due to the lack of food and water. Find out more about it. people during the Bengal famine Digestive System 9 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 13 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Maths Fun The human intestine (both the small and large intestines) together is usually 8.5 metres long. That would be the height of eight children of your age standing one on top of the other! the human intestines A Note to Parent Talk to your child about why it is important to chew the food properly. Also, talk about the importance of eating food at regular intervals. 10 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 14

Lesson Excretory System 3 I Will Learn About R excretion and the excretory system. U the process of excretion. A the importance of the excretory system. H kidney stones. I Think We drink a lot of water throughout the day. There is some water in the food we eat too. What happens to all this water we take in? I Remember We have learnt earlier that our body gets the energy to work from the food we eat and the liquids we drink. The blood in our body absorbs the useful parts from the food and liquids that we take in. The unused food and water become waste. Leftovers from food are solid waste. Leftovers from the water and other liquids we drink are the liquid waste. Various processes taking place inside our body also produce waste. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 15 11 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Removal of waste from the body is called excretion. We get rid of the waste from the air that we have taken in by breathing it out. We get rid of solid waste by pooping and liquid waste by peeing and sweating. We have learnt that the digestive system gets rid of most of the solid wastes from our body. The organ system which removes the liquid waste from our body is called the excretory system. Look at the diagram of the excretory system. It includes the kidney following organs of the excretory system: 1) A pair of kidneys: They are two bean-shaped structures located ureter near our stomach, one on each side of our bladder backbone. They are about the size of our fist. 2) A pair of ureters: They are pipe-like structures. One urethra ureter is attached to each kidney. the human excretory system 3) Urinary bladder: It is a bag-like structure that expands Removal of wastes from the as it fills with urine. It is balloon-shaped when filled. body is called excretion. 4) Urethra: It is a pipe-like structure at the end of the The organs of the excretory bladder. It opens outside the body. system are a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. I Understand Now let us learn how different excretory organs help in excretion. As the blood travels throughout the body, it collects more and more waste. The kidneys work like a filter. When the blood enters the kidneys, they filter the blood which passes through them. It takes about 45 minutes for the kidney to purify (clean) all the blood in our body. Kidneys work throughout the day. Kidneys send all the waste to the bladder through the ureters in the form of urine (commonly known as pee). The urinary bladder stores this urine. When the bladder is almost half full, we feel like peeing. During peeing (urinating), the urine from the bladder is thrown out through the urethra. In this way, liquid waste is removed from the blood and thrown out of our body as urine. 12 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 16

Organs like the skin and lungs are also involved in removing excess water and sweating salts from the body. Let us see how this happens. 1) Excretion through the skin: Skin is the largest excretory organ in our body. The liquid waste from our body is thrown out in the form of sweat. It is made up of extra water and salts from our body. It cools our body. 2) Excretion through lungs: We breathe in and out with the help of our lungs. During breathing, the lungs absorb the oxygen from the air we breathe. At the same time, carbon dioxide is thrown out of the body from the lungs as a waste. Train My Brain breathing 1) Name the part of the excretory system that stores urine. 2) What is the shape of the kidneys? I Apply The excretory system removes waste from the body. If it does not work properly, the liquid wastes collect inside the body. This may lead to swelling of the body, especially on the legs, hands and face. If our kidneys don’t work properly, the colour and smell of the urine may change. We may feel tired, or we may start vomiting. How do we take care of the excretory organs? Have you heard of any fruit or vegetable that helps to keep our kidneys healthy? Find out more about such food items which can improve the working of our excretory system. Our skin and lungs also perform excretion. We should take care of them too. We should bathe regularly to take care of our skin. We should keep it clean using soap and water. We must do breathing exercises to keep the lungs healthy. We must protect our lungs from dust and smoke by wearing a mask when we go outside. Be Amazed Most humans pee about 3000 times in a year. On an average, we take 21 seconds to pee. That is about 18 hours a year! Excretory System 13 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 17 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Have you heard about kidney stones? They are the solid pieces of salt or minerals formed inside the kidneys. They vary in size. When they are small in size, like a grain of salt or sugar, they do not cause any problem. They come out of the body along with the urine. But when they are of the size of a pea, they block the ureter. This causes pain. How do kidney stones develop in kidneys? Kidney stones are formed kidney stones due to excess salts and minerals in the urine. This may happen if we do not drink enough water. So, we should drink plenty of water to avoid the formation of kidney stones. Connect the Dots English Fun Find the origin of these words: 1) excretion 2) ureter Maths Fun Our bladder can store 400 to 600 mℓ of water. Convert it into litres to get the capacity of the bladder in litres. A Note to Parent Talk to your child about how we can take care of the organs in the excretory system. For example, to keep the kidney healthy, we should: 1) eat a lot of kidney beans or rajma. 2) drink enough water. 3) exercise regularly. kidney beans 4) avoid eating junk food. 14 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 18 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Lesson Diseases 4 I Will Learn About R diseases and prevention. u types of diseases. a the prevention of various types of diseases. h epidemics. I Think Vinay’s father woke up one morning with his nose red. His eyes were swollen. The doctor gave him medicines. He became healthy in a week. What do you think had happened to Vinay’s father? I Remember A disease is an unhealthy thing happening to the body A disease is an unhealthy or mind. There are many diseases that affect humans. thing happening to our body For example, common cold, chickenpox, malaria, and mind. asthma, diabetes and many more. The external signs shown by When we are unwell, our body shows some external our body during an illness are signs that something is wrong. The signs could be a called symptoms. headache, stomach pain, runny nose, fever, cough, shivering and vomiting. These signs are called symptoms. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 19 15 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

They help the doctor identify why we have ill health. This method of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms is called a diagnosis. The best way to protect our body from diseases is to keep disease-causing germs away from our body. This is called the prevention of disease. I Understand Some diseases can spread from one person to another. Some diseases are not able to spread from one person to another. Let us learn about them. DISEASES that spread Some diseases spread from one person to another. These are caused by disease-causing germs. Germs are very tiny. They live all around us; in the air, water, food and so on. They are not visible to the human eye. Most of the germs are not harmful, but some cause diseases. Germs attack our body when it is weak. The germs spread in different ways. They can spread through touching, eating, drinking and breathing. Based on the way they spread, diseases are of different types: 1) Diseases that spread through the air are called airborne diseases. Germs from unhealthy people spread through the air when they cough or sneeze. When other people breathe in the same air, these germs may enter their body through the mouth or nose. They can cause diseases like common cold, chickenpox and measles. 2) Diseases that spread through water are called waterborne diseases. For example, typhoid, dysentery and cholera. 3) Some diseases spread through touch. Germs from diseased people may stick to things they touch and to clothes they wear. Touching those things, then touching your eyes, nose, mouth, or a cut on the body may allow germs to enter the body. 4) Some diseases are spread by insects like mosquitoes and houseflies. For example, malaria, dengue and chikungunya. DISEASES that do not spread Some diseases are not caused by germs. These diseases do not spread from one person to another. Let us discuss some of the causes of such diseases: 1) The body needs nutrients like vitamins, minerals and proteins. If the body does not get all these through the food we eat, we become ill. Vitamins are of different types like A, B, C, D, E and K. 16 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 20

Important minerals needed for our body are calcium, iron, phosphorus and so on. Disease caused Due to lack of night blindness vitamin A scurvy vitamin C beriberi, pellagra vitamin B anaemia iron goitre iodine 2) Sometimes, our internal organ systems do not work properly due to different reasons. This can cause diseases. Example: liver disease and heart failure 3) Harmful substances in food, water and air can also cause diseases. Example: allergies 4) Extreme hot or cold weather can also cause some diseases or allergies. Example: heatstroke and frostbites 5) Some diseases are passed on to children from their parents at the time of birth. Example: haemophilia Train My Brain 1) Name a waterborne disease. 2) Name any three types of vitamins. I Apply washing hands with soap Every time you come back from the playground, your Diseases 17 mother asks you to wash your hands and legs. Why is this so important? 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM There is a famous saying: “Prevention is better than cure.” The best way to protect our body from diseases is to prevent the disease-causing germs from entering our body. The easiest way to do that is to keep our hands and legs clean by washing them with soap. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 21

Let us now learn some more ways to protect ourselves from diseases: PREVENTION OF DISEASES that spread There are different ways of preventing the diseases that spread from one person to another. 1) Prevention of airborne diseases • Use a handkerchief while sneezing or coughing. • Wear a mask in crowded places. • Do not spit here and there. • Keep the doors and windows of the house open during mornings and evenings. This allows sunlight to come into the house. Sunlight can kill disease-causing germs. • V accinations are preventive medicines. They protect us from many wearing masks airborne diseases. Example: tuberculosis and measles 2) Prevention of diseases that spread through touch • Wash both hands with soap and water before and after eating. This will also prevent diseases spread by touch. • Wash both hands and legs with soap and water after using the toilet. This will also prevent diseases spread by touch. 3) Prevention of waterborne diseases • A void having sherbet, cold water, ice, ice cream and so on from the roadside shops. • We must drink clean water. Boiling water for 15–20 minutes kills most germs and makes it safe for drinking. These days we use water purifier or RO for purifying water. • Vaccination protects us from waterborne water purifier polio vaccination diseases. Example: polio, typhoid and hepatitis vaccines 4) Prevention of diseases spread by insects • M osquitoes spread many harmful diseases like malaria, dengue mosquito net and so on. Wearing full-sleeved clothes and full pants may prevent mosquito bites. Applying a mosquito repellent cream or lotion when you go out to play is important. Sleeping under a mosquito net is also a way to prevent mosquito bites. Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water. We must ensure that there is no stagnant water in and around our neighbourhood. 18 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 22 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

• Houseflies cause diseases like typhoid and cholera. They carry germs from dirty places, dustbins and so on. They lay eggs in moist, dark and dirty areas. So, we should keep our houses and surroundings clean and moisture free. Also, we should keep food items in closed vessels to prevent flies sitting on them. Have you seen a housefly rubbing its legs? Find out why it does so. PREVENTION OF DISEASES that do not spread To avoid diseases that do not spread, we should eat a balanced healthy food diet with all the nutrients in the required amounts. We should try to avoid eating junk food. We should eat freshly prepared food, milk and fruits. We should also exercise and play outdoor games. People who live in cities should wear special masks when they go outdoors to protect themselves from the dust and smoke in the air. Most importantly, we should stay relaxed and happy. Being exercising worried about anything or being angry makes our body weak, which can make us sick easily. In spite of taking all the care, if we suffer from any disease, we should go to the doctor. The doctor diagnoses the disease and gives medicines to treat it. Be Amazed a doctor checking a patient We have a system inside our body which protects us against disease-causing germs. When the germs enter our body, this system attacks and kills those germs. It is like an army of soldiers that protects us from our enemies! I Explore (H.O.T.S.) So far we have discussed the diseases that affect few people at a time. Sometimes, some diseases affect a lot of people at the same time. They spread very quickly and are very difficult to control. These diseases cause great loss of human life. Such diseases are called epidemics. Examples of epidemics are smallpox, plague, yellow fever, malaria, SARS, Ebola, Zika virus epidemics and so on. Diseases 19 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 23 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

Did you know that a lot of people die worldwide due to malaria? Find out the symptoms of this disease. With the help of your teachers and parents, put up charts in your school and neighbourhood about the practices needed to prevent malaria. Connect the Dots English Fun Find out the origin of the word ‘plague’. Using a dictionary, find the different meanings of the word. Maths Fun Joseph fell ill. He couldn’t attend his classes from January 25th to February 2nd. For how many days did he miss classes? A Note to Parent Health and hygiene are important to keep us safe from diseases. Help your child follow these six golden rules to prevent diseases. 1) Keeping their hands clean 2) Being active every day – exercising and playing outdoor games 3) Getting plenty of sleep 4) Not putting their fingers in their mouth, ears or nose 5) Drinking lots of water 6) Eating healthy food 20 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 24

Lesson Keeping Our Neighbourhood 5 Clean I Will Learn About R the different types of wastes. U disposal of waste. A the 3Rs – reduce, reuse and recycle. H compost. I Think On the way to her aunt’s place, Reena saw four garbage bins near a bus station. They were of different colours. She wondered why they were of different colours. Why were there four bins instead of one? I Remember Every day, we throw away the things which we don’t need anymore. Things that are no longer useful to us are called waste. What are the unwanted things you throw away at school? Waste at school may include paper, chalk pieces, pencil shavings and so on. It may also include leftover food, fruit peelings, chocolate wrappers and plastic covers. In the same way, waste is generated at different places. Wastes are of three types. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 25 21 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM

1) Solid wastes: They may be either wet or dry. Wet waste consists of kitchen waste like vegetable and fruit peels and pieces, tea leaves, bones, fish scales, as well as cooked food. Dry waste consists of waste like paper, plastics, metal, glass, rubber and so on. wet waste dry waste Some solid wastes rot when buried waste that does not decay in the soil under the soil. This decay of waste happens with the help of air, water and tiny organisms. The waste will become part of the soil. Example: waste that decays cow dung, dry leaves, leftover food in the soil Some solid wastes do not decay when buried in the soil. Example: plastic bottles and bags, glass pieces 2) Liquid waste: Waste in the liquid form is known as liquid waste. Example: Wastewater from houses and factories 3) Gaseous waste: Waste in the form of gas is called gaseous liquid waste from households waste. Example: smoke from vehicles, factories and many other human activities gaseous waste from factories, vehicles and firecrackers The waste generated in different places may differ. Waste Wastes can be solid, from cities mainly includes paper, plastic bottles, glass pieces, liquid or gaseous wastes. kitchen waste and so on. Waste from villages mostly includes Some solid wastes the waste from fields and farms. It can be in the form of decay under the soil animal waste like cow dung, stalks of the cut crops, dry leaves and some do not. and so on. 22 12/28/2017 11:58:54 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 26

I Understand What happens if we litter our surroundings with garbage? Some waste will decay, and some will stink. Flies and worms will breed on the garbage. This may cause diseases to spread. Dry waste like broken pieces of glasses or nails can cause injury during handling. Waste materials are harmful and they also make our surrounding dirty. So, waste has to be disposed of carefully. The process of getting rid of the waste is called waste disposal. We must follow the following steps for easy waste disposal. 1) Sorting of waste material: We must sort waste into wet and dry waste. We must also sort waste based on their ability to decay in the soil. 2) Disposing of waste in different bins: We bins for waste disposal should dispose the sorted waste materials in separate bins. Bins of different colours and labels should be used. Do you know what happens to the waste after you sort it and dispose of in different coloured bins? In some cities and villages, waste materials are collected from different places using garbage trucks. Trucks carry these waste materials to dumping yards. Some waste is burnt in big, oven- like machines. Some waste is buried in the soil, while other waste materials are reused to make some useful products. oven-like machine to burn waste materials In places where there is no garbage disposal system, people throw the waste in open fields. They may burn their household waste in their backyard. This makes the surroundings dirty, unhygienic and polluted. Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 23 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 27 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Train My Brain 1) What do we call the waste that decays under the soil? 2) What is waste disposal? I Apply Heaps of waste are collected every day in cities and villages. Getting rid of all this waste has become a difficult task. Burning waste and plastics causes air pollution. Burying plastic and other harmful waste in the soil will make the soil unfit for living things. This may also pollute the underground water. So, what can we do to manage our waste? Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (R3 or 3Rs) The 3Rs is a method to manage waste correctly. Let us understand what the three Rs mean. 1) Reduce: We should reduce or limit the use of things such as plastic bags that are harmful to the environment. 2) Reuse: We should reuse things as much as possible before replacing them. For example, we can donate some old clothes, toys or other items that are in good condition. The needy people can reuse them. 3) Recycle: Have you seen a person who collects old newspapers, recycle bottles and boxes? What happens to this waste? We can make new useful things from such wastes. This is called recycling of the wastes. For example, old newspapers collected from houses are made into paper pulp. New items like paper cups and dishes are made from the pulp. Have you seen this sign anywhere? We use it to label materials which can be recycled. Sometimes a fourth R is added to the three basic ones, generally standing for either rethink or recover. Rethink means we should think of the impact of things we use, on the environment. Recover means we should practise creating new things from waste. We have seen how to manage the waste from the household. But we also need to manage the waste from our body. Some people defecate in the open. Do you think this is a good habit? What harm can it cause? 24 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 28 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Be Amazed Paper is made from the wood of trees. If we recycle 1000 kg of paper, we can save around 17 trees from getting cut. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) We have seen that some wastes decay in the soil. Leaves and food form compost after few months of decaying. This compost provides nutrients for the plants and helps them grow. Let us learn how to form compost. 1) Dig a small pit in the backyard. A large-sized pot can also be used instead of a pit. 2) Put wet waste like fruit peels, vegetable waste, dry leaves and leftover food inside the pit. Chop larger pieces into small ones for easy decay. In villages, animal waste like cow dung is also added to compost pits. 3) Cover the waste with a layer of soil. adding kitchen waste to compost pit 4) Spray some water to keep it wet. 5) Keep adding layers of waste and soil for a month or so. 6) The lower layers will get changed into a black coloured compost. This compost is rich in nutrients that help in plant growth. It can be used in farms, fields or gardens to grow plants. compost Keeping Our Neighbourhood Clean 25 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 29 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Connect the Dots English Fun Write any three adjectives which describe garbage. For example, dirty. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Social Studies Fun In India, the government conducts surveys to check the cleanliness of Indian cities. Based on the survey, the cities are ranked. In 2016, the three cities which topped the ranking were Mysore, Chandigarh and Tiruchirapalli. A Note to Parent Use separate garbage bins for different types of waste at home. Encourage your child to throw sorted waste materials in their respective bins. Make a compost pit or pot at home and use the compost to grow plants. 26 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 30

Inside the Lab - A Inside the Lab – A Make sure you do these activities only with the help of a teacher or an adult. Activity A1: Digestive System You will need: cardboard, brown paper, tubing or piping of six different sizes (refer to the picture), markers, stickers, adhesive materials (glue or tape), empty soft drink can, a plastic bottle (as shown in the picture), empty tetra pack juice carton, empty toothpaste tube You need to: 1) paste the brown paper on the cardboard mouth using glue or tape. 2) cut off the bottom half of the toothpaste liver food pipe tube. 3) stick the toothpaste tube (as mouth), the stomach plastic bottle (as liver), soft drink can (as the stomach) and juice tetra pack carton on the cardboard using glue or tape, as shown in the picture. 4) use rubber pipes of different sizes for the large small intestine tubular organs such as the food pipe and intestine intestines. Also, cut one small piece of rubber pipe to represent the anus. Once cut out, arrange them in proper order and position. Now, stick these pipes to the board using glue or tape. 5) label the organs in the digestive system anus using markers and stickers: mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and anus. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 31 27 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Activity A2: Disease Prevention Charades You will need: chart paper, marker, paper box, mark sheet to mark the scores and a pair of scissors. You need to: 1) divide the class into two teams – team A and team B. 2) let both the teams make disease prevention cards. 3) cut out small cards from the chart paper. 4) write various methods of prevention to keep us away from diseases. 5) put the cards inside the paper box and shuffle. 6) ask one student from team B to pick a card. The child should then act out the method of prevention mentioned in the card without using any words. For enacting one card, give a time limit of 2 minutes. 7) ask the other students from team B to guess what method of prevention is being enacted. 8) ask team A to check the time taken and write the scores on the mark sheet. 9) reverse the role. Now, team A will enact and team B will record the time. 28 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 32

Lesson Water Storage and Quality 6 I Will Learn About R water storage – now and then. U water purification methods. A water pollution. H the effects of water pollution. I Think Amit’s class teacher told the students that the class would a dam and its reservoir be visiting the nearby dam the next day. She also said that the entire city got its drinking water from the dam’s reservoir. From where does the dam get the water in its reservoir? I Remember We have learnt that rain is the main source of water. But, the rainy season in India lasts for three to four months. And we need water throughout the year. So, we need to store it for later use. How do we do that? Let us learn about the storage of water in detail. OLD WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS Several methods were used to store water in the earlier times. NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 33 29 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

1) Wells: People dug wells to store stepwell draw well groundwater (rainwater which seeps into the ground). The wells were of different types. Where the wells were shallow, people could draw water with a pot held in hand. Some were deep and needed steps or a bucket with a rope to draw water. Wells are both the source of water and the storage system. 2) Water tanks in the forts: Water tanks were dug to store water. 3) River bunds: Bunds were built across water tank in a fort bund across a river the rivers to store river water. NEW WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS 1) Dams: Dams are the most important water storage systems used in recent times, as well as in the days gone by. Dams are walls or barriers built across the Bhakra Nangal dam Nagarjunasagar dam rivers. These barriers create a large artificial lake. The lake stores huge quantities of water. The large artificial lake formed behind a dam is called a reservoir. India has many large dams like the Bhakra Nangal, Nagarjunasagar, Sardar Sarovar and so on. 2) Borewells: Borewells are dug to draw out groundwater using pumps. They are deeper and narrower than the wells. 3) Water tanks: A water tank is a container for storing water. It is made of bricks, plastic or metal. water tanks 30 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 34

The water stored in some of these storage systems may not be Water that is safe for clean enough to use for drinking or bathing directly. drinking and does not cause health problems The water we use for drinking must be clean and safe. It should is called potable be free of dirt and germs. It should be free of any smell. Water water. that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without the risk of health problems is known as potable water. I Understand Even though rainwater is pure, while coming from the clouds to the Earth it gets dirty. Dust from the air gets mixed in the rainwater. While flowing over the ground, mud and other unhealthy things also get mixed with it. So, the water from different storages might contain dirt, soil and germs. How do we get clean drinking water? The water from different storages is purified. Water purification means removing all unwanted and unhealthy substances from the water to make it clean and safe for our use. The water from different water sources is taken to water purification centres through huge pipes. Water is purified there. This water is stored in big water tanks at a height or under the ground. Then, from these tanks, water is supplied to every household. source of water water tank water purification centre water supply to homes after purification Water Storage and Quality 31 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 35 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

This is the way to purify water in large amounts. How can we remove the impurities from water at home? Let us see different ways to purify water in small quantities. 1) When we keep muddy water to stand for some time, the mud and sand get settled at the bottom. Once the sand and mud settle at the bottom, We can pour the clear water into another vessel. This water is not fit for drinking. water sand and mud sand and mud clear water separating clean water from sand and mud 2) When we slowly pass water through a sieve or mesh called a filter, the sand and mud get stuck in the sieve. The water is still not safe for drinking. A thin cloth, clay, layers of sand, gravel and charcoal are some types of filter. different types of filters The above two ways remove the impurities from water. But they do not make the water fit for drinking. Even filters cannot remove the tiny impurities. Some methods to make water fit for drinking are: 1) Boiling water for 10–15 minutes kills harmful germs in the water. It is the safest method of purification. 32 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 36

2) For larger quantity of water, boiling is not possible. So a chemical alum called chlorine is added to the water to kill the germs. It is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid. A chemical called alum is also used to purify water. Swirling some alum in water for some time and then filtering the water makes the water pure. Water purifiers we use today, can filter as well as purify the water and make it fit for drinking. Train My Brain 1) Name a chemical used to purify water. 2) What is the safest method of purification? I Apply You have learnt that the water in water bodies contains impurities. Do the water bodies contain only mud and sand? What are the other things which may get mixed with the water in the water bodies? Water bodies may become dirty because of the addition of the wastewater from households, factories and so on. This wastewater may contain many harmful substances. The addition of harmful substances to the water is called water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are as follows: 1) Waste from the factories is let out in the nearby rivers and water from a factory let out in lakes, causing pollution of water. the river 2) A lot of chemicals are used to grow plants on the farms. Some of them are used to increase the plant growth. Some are used to kill harmful insects. All these chemicals mix with the soil and then get into the underground water. This causes pollution of underground water. 3) In villages and small towns, domestic practices also pollute chemical sprayed in a farm water bodies. Water Storage and Quality 33 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 37 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

For example, washing clothes, cleaning utensils and bathing animals in the water bodies. This leaves the water body polluted with soap, dirt and waste. 4) Open defecation also bathing animals in a river contaminates our water sources. washing clothes in the river W e learnt about water pollution and its several causes. Can you list out some of the remedies to prevent the sources of water from getting polluted? Be Amazed The concept of building dams is as old as early human civilization. The Kallanai Dam, also known as the Grand Anicut, kallanai dam in Tamil Nadu is the fourth oldest dam in the world. It still serves the people of Tamil Nadu, India. The dam was built by the King Karikala Chola. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Using polluted water can have several harmful effects. They are as follows: 1) Waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid are caused by harmful germs present in the water. 2) Poisonous chemicals in water may cause damage to our internal organs. 3) Poisonous chemicals in water may also lead to the death of water (aquatic) plants and animals. 4) Soaps, detergents and some chemicals used in farms to grow plants can increase the growth of aquatic plants. They spread very fast and cover the water surface. The water does not get enough oxygen leading to the death of fishes and other water animals. dead fish floating in polluted water 34 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 38

a fish that is dead due to the water covered with plants growth of algae Connect the Dots English Fun Find five adjectives which can be used to describe water. For example, pure. Social Studies Fun Chand Baori is an old stepwell situated in Abhaneri village of Rajasthan. It is the deepest and largest stepwell in India. Chand Baori A Note to Parent Discuss with your child the importance of water filters used to purify water. Help him or her make a simple water filter at home using sand, gravel and a thin cloth. Water Storage and Quality 35 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 39 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Lesson Importance of Soil 7 I Will Learn About R soil and the living things within the soil. u the importance of soil. a taking care of soil. h the difference between soil and sand. I Think Salim was planting a flowering plant in his garden. He found some earthworms in the garden soil. He was afraid that they would harm his plant. What do you think? Are they harmful or helpful? I Remember The soil is loose material that lies on top of the land. It has rocks, soil minerals, water and air. Soil also has living things and dead things in it. Living and dead things are called organic matter. When the plant and animal matter in the soil rot (decay), a dark layer of humus is formed on the soil. Humus makes the soil nutrient rich. The soil is important for life on the Earth. Soil holds water and nutrients. So, it is the right place for plants to grow. Soil supports the roots and enables plants to stand above the ground to get light from the Sun. 36 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 40

This helps the plants to grow as they get water, nutrients and light. Soil rich in minerals and nutrients is called fertile soil. It helps in the growth of plants. Many animals dig into the soil and make the soil their home. • Large animals such as rabbits use the soil to make dens for sleeping and giving birth to young ones. • Small animals like ants and earthworms live most of their lives in den earthworms the soil. Earthworms are important for improving the soil. This is because the holes they make allow air into the soil. The holes also let water go through. • Microorganisms like the fungi and bacteria also live in the soil. They eat the dead plants and animals. This broken down material becomes food for plants (nutrients). Soil is a mixture of sand, small rocks, dead remains of plants and animals, water and air. Soil is home to a variety of living organisms. microorganisms in soil I Understand Soil plays an important role in supporting life on the Earth. There are many uses of soil. Let us discuss a few. 1) A griculture: Soil is used to grow crops. It has nutrients needed for cultivation. 2) Water storage: When there is rain, soil absorbs water. growing crops in the soil This water goes into a deeper layer of soil and is used by plants and trees to grow. This water is also available as ground water for drinking and cultivation. 3) H ome for living things: The soil provides shelter for insects, reptiles, birds and animals. It is necessary for even other activities like nesting, hatching of eggs and so on. Importance of Soil 37 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 41 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

4) Building material: Soil is used for the construction of houses, buildings, roads and so on. Soil is also used for making pots, decorative articles, toys, idols and so on. a hut with a mud wall roof tiles bricks making pots Train My Brain 1) Name a microorganism that lives in soil. 2) Name any one thing that is made up of soil. I Apply What happens to the soil when it rains heavily or winds blow strongly? The soil is swept away. This washing or blowing away of the top layer of the soil due to strong winds and rain is called soil erosion. Some human activities like cutting of trees, farming, grazing of animals and so on, also result in soil erosion. How can we prevent soil erosion? soil erosion 1) The roots of plants hold the soil tightly together. So, by planting more and more plants, we can reduce soil erosion. Grass can also be grown to hold the soil. 2) Bunds can be built across the farms to prevent rainwater from washing away the soil. Dumping of waste affects the quality of the soil. Using chemicals bunds across the farm to grow crops also affects the quality of the soil. The addition of harmful wastes to the soil is called soil pollution. It makes the soil unfit for growing plants. It can have various ill-effects on plants, animals and human beings too. How can we prevent soil pollution? waste dumped on soil 38 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 42

1) We should use products which can be broken down easily by the microbes in the soil. For example, paper breaks down easily in soil but plastic does not. So, we should use paper bags and not plastic bags. 2) Use of harmful chemicals in farming activities should be avoided. 3) Before throwing the waste from industries and houses, it should be treated to prevent soil pollution. Can you think of some other measures to prevent soil pollution? Be Amazed A small spoonful of soil may contain 5000–7000 types of bacteria. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) sand soil Have you ever observed the sand on sea shores or river beds? How is it different from the soil we find in farms and fields? Connect the Dots English Fun It is very important to protect the soil. Make a slogan to tell your friends about soil conservation. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Importance of Soil 39 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 43 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Social Studies Fun black soil red soil Based on the amount of minerals present in the soil, it may vary in colour from region to region. For example, black soil is usually found in the states of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. We find red soil in some parts of Karnataka and south- east Maharashtra. A Note to Parent Help your child collect three different soil samples. Use them to grow some garden plants. Make him or her observe the differences in the growth of the plants according to the soil type. 40 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 44

Lesson Roots and Flowers 8 I Will Learn About R roots and flowers. u functions of roots and flowers. a uses of roots and flowers. h seasonal flowers. I Think Is it easier to pull out some grass than a tree from the soil? Do you know why? I Remember Plants around us are of different shapes and sizes. Most plants have five main parts which are roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Let us discuss about the roots and flowers in detail. ROOTS Root is the part of the plant that usually grows below the ground. There are two main types of roots – tap roots and fibrous roots. underground roots 41 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 45 12/28/2017 11:58:55 AM

Tap root: This consists of a thick main root and its branches. It grows downwards. The branches grow sideways from the main root. Plants like hibiscus and carrot have tap roots. Fibrous root: This consists of many thin branched roots of almost the same size. Plants like wheat, sugarcane and onion have fibrous roots. main root Roots of plants are branches mainly divided into two types. Some plants have tap roots, while some others have fibrous roots. tap root fibrous root FLOWERS Just like roots, we also see a variety in flowers. Flowers are the most colourful and attractive part of a plant. They differ in shape, size, colour and fragrance. hibiscus sunflower zinnia jasmine lotus thunder lily bottlebrush bougainvillea petals All flowers develop from buds. The buds vary in shape and size. Young buds are covered with green, leaf-like sepals. bud and flower They protect the bud. 12/28/2017 11:58:56 AM sepals As time goes by, the bud becomes bigger. After a few days, it opens up, to show the petals. Petals may be white or coloured. As the bud opens, the sepals curl back and remain at the bottom of the flower. 42 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 46

I Understand All plant parts perform different functions which help the plant to live and grow. Now, let us learn about the functions of roots and flowers. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS radish, beetroot, carrot and turnip 1) Hold the plant in the soil: Roots hold the plant in the ground and keep it upright. 2) Absorb water, nutrients and air: Roots absorb water, nutrients and air from the soil and then supply them to the plant. If the roots get damaged, the plant will die. 3) Store food: Plants like carrot, radish and turnip store food in their roots. FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS Producing seeds is the main function of a flower. Most of the flowers grow into fruits which contain one or more seeds inside. Train My Brain 1) Name the most colourful part of a flower. 2) What type of root does a wheat plant have? I Apply We have read about functions of roots and flowers. Now let us learn how they are useful for us. USES OF ROOTS 1) Food: Roots such as the carrot, beetroot, turnip and radish store food and nutrients. They are used as food. 2) Medicines: Roots of plants such as ginger, turmeric are used to make medicines. 3) Protect the soil and help it to store water: Roots hold the soil and protect it from getting washed away by water. Moreover, they help the soil to absorb and retain rainwater. Roots and Flowers 43 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 47 12/28/2017 11:58:56 AM

USES OF FLOWERS Like roots, flowers are also useful to us. Food: Some flowers like the cauliflower are used as vegetables. Spice: Clove is a dried flower bud used as a spice. Medicine: Some flowers like the rose and hibiscus are cauliflower cloves used to make medicines. Perfumes and soaps: Flowers such as the rose, jasmine and lavender are used to make perfumes and soaps. Bouquets and decoration: Flowers are used to make perfume soap garlands and bouquets. They are also used to make floral carpets (rangoli). Colour: Saffron is used as food colour. Marigold and zinnia are used for making colours to dye clothes. saffron marigold zinnia Be Amazed Some plants have roots which grow above the ground. In Banyan trees, roots arise from the branches and grow towards the ground. These roots penetrate the soil and support the branches. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) WHEN DO FLOWERS BLOOM? Seasonal flowers: Did you know, in some plants, flowering happens only in a specific season? 44 12/28/2017 11:58:56 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 48

In summer, we see the gulmohar, jasmine, lily and so on. In winter, we see the rose, chrysanthemum, dahlia and so on. gulmohar jasmine lily chrysanthemum Day and night flowers: Flowers bloom at different times of the day. Some flowers like the jasmine open during night. The flowers which open at night are usually white in colour. They have a very pleasant fragrance. Find out the reason. Connect the Dots Maths Fun Plant world is full of symmetry. Some flowers like the Chrysanthemum look exactly the same from all sides. Name one more plant with symmetrical flowers. (Hint: Its name is a six letter word. It starts with Z and ends with A.) Social Studies Fun Kaas, near Satara in the Indian state of Maharashtra, is an amazing plateau of wild flowers. As this plateau has very rare types of flowers, it is protected by the government. People can visit this plateau but are not allowed to pick flowers. A Note to Parent Gift a potted flowering plant to your child. Ask him or her to take care of it and keep it green and healthy. Your child will learn to take responsibility of another living being and will observe how it grows and blooms. Roots and Flowers 45 NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 49 12/28/2017 11:58:56 AM

Lesson Birds 9 I Will Learn About R birds and their body parts. u beaks, claws and sounds of birds. a birds that travel. h birdwatching. I Think Aman’s teacher showed him the given pictures. She asked him to identify the bird. Aman quickly gave the correct answer. How did Aman spot the difference between a dog and a bird? I Remember What makes birds look different from other animals? Birds have wings and feathers. They have a pair of wings and a tail covered with feathers. In most kinds of birds, the feathers help them to fly. Feathers are soft hair present all over the body including the wings and tail. They are of different colour, and they form different patterns. 46 12/28/2017 11:58:56 AM NR_BGM_9789387552760-Passport-G4-Textbook-Science-FY_Text.pdf 50