202110192-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-PART2

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE (vii) Which places were conquered by Aurangzeb? (viii) What were jagirs? (ix) Why did international travellers describe India as the fabled land of wealth? (x) What was the subject matter of the book ‘Akbar Nama?’ 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) defeated Humayun forcing him to flee to Iran. (xii) Aurangzeb favoured only Muslims. (xiii) Akbar was years old when he became emperor. (xiv) In there was conflict over succession amongst Shah Jahan’s sons. (xv) succeeded in establishing an independent Maratha kingdom. (xvi) Mughals were from ruling families of Central Asian countries like and . (xvii) The Mughals developed a in which the mansabdars would not act independently. (xviii) Babur seized Kabul in . (xix) The was administered by other officials directly under the emperor. (xx) Abul Fazl wrote a book called . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Describe the role of Zamindars during Mughal period. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) ‘Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority.But as the Mughals became powerful many other rulers also joined them voluntarily.’ Explain this with an example. Were there any exceptions ? Name the exception as well. CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 49

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How is the influence of Mughal rules still present in our country long after the decline of their empire? Give one example. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on India map. i. Delh ii. Agra iii. Rajastha iv. Gujarat v. Amber vi. Jodhpur vii. Kashmir CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 50

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE (ii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. Map 1: Akbar’s Reign 1605AD Kabul Kashmir Qandahar Multan Panipat Delhi Amber Agra Ajmer Fatehpur Sikri Sindh Chittor Alahabad Malwa Bengal Berar Gondwana Odisa Ahmednagar Golconda Bijapur 1) In which place did Babur defeat Ibrahim Lodi? 2) In which state is Panipat located? 3) Whose empire is mentioned in the above map? 4) Which places of Afghanistan were captured by Akbar? 5) From which place did Mughal Empire rule? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Appreciate the idea of ‘Sulh–I–kul’ or Universal peace of Akbar. CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 51

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in CE (B) 1546 (A) 1256 (C) 1513 (D) 1526 (ii) Who was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra? (A) Jahangir (B) Shah Jahan (C) Akbar (D) Babur (iii) The Mughals used one term to describe all intermediaries. (A) Zamindar (B) Manasabdar (C) Jagirdar (D) Iqtadar (iv) The zamindar–peasant revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire from the end of the _____________century. (A) Sixteenth (B) Eighteenth (C) Seventeenth (D) Fourteenth (v) The broad features of ____________ were laid down by Akbar. (A) Law (B) Taxes (C) Religion (D) Administration (vi) Documents from the twentieth year of Shah Jahan’s reign inform us that the highest ranking Manasabdars were in _______________ number. (A) 400 (B) 450 (C) 445 (D) 500 (vii) Who conquered Assam but faced a large number of revolts all over his kingdom. (A) Shah Jahan (B) Aurangzeb (C) Babur (D) Akbar CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 52

CHAPTER 14-MUGHAL EMPIRE (viii) Who among the following was 13 years old when he became emperor ? (A) Aurangzeb (B) Babur (C) Akbar (D) Humayun (ix) _____________ was the prime minister of the Nizams between 1853 and 1883. (A) Chauhans (B) Chandela (C) Rathore (D) Sisodiyas (x) In most places, peasants paid taxes through__________ . (A) Zamindar (B) Rural elites (C) Mansabdars (D) Tax collectors CHAPTER 14. MUGHAL EMPIRE 53

15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA SESSION 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA – COMING OF EUROPEANS TO INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 1.1 Terminology 1. Royal charter : An official document granting some rights issued by the king or Queen. 2. Subedar : The ruler of a region under Mughals. 3. Sole right : complete monopoly 4. Demand : An official note asking for money, foodgrains, land etc 5. Forts : Stone compounds to protect the royal palaces, difficult to cross 6. Colonies : Temporary settlement of the people who occupy the area with specific purpose. 7. Drill : Physical exercise done by the army. 8. Parade : A procession before the public. 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why did the European trading companies maintain armies in India? What role did these armies play in the business of the companies? [Refer to TB page 141 Q1] A. 1) The British and French trading companies were in regular fights. 2) In order to assist the company, they maintained armies. 3) They later helped the company in establishing their authority over the Indian kings. 4) European traders formed their own companies to trade in India. 5) These armies acquired lands, built their own forts to wage battles against each other. 6) When the local kings fought among themselves these companies sided with either one of the parties to fulfil their own vested interests. Q2. How could the European armies defeat the Indian armies in the 1700’s and 1800’s? [Refer to TB page 141 Q2] A. 1) The European army had better knowledge of modern warfare. 2) They had advanced weaponry like guns and cannons Indian soldiers had only swords and spears. 4) Lack of regular exercises, drills, practice etc.in Indian army made them unfit. 5) There was lack of united effort on the part of the Indians and also less number of soldiers. Q3. Express your dissatisfaction towards the rule of Britishers. [Refer to TB page 141 Q11] A. The people were dissatisfied with the British rule due to following reasons: i) Passing of “Arms act” in 1878 disallowing Indians from possessing arms. SESSION 1. COMING OF EUROPEANS TO INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 54

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA ii) The British destroyed many independent empires and brought them under their control Ex. Hyderabad, Sikkim. iii) The East India company, spread use of opium. iv) British propaganda showed Indians as low intelligent begins who need reformation. v) They destroyed many Temples. vi) They forcibly converted many Hindus. vii) They levied heavy taxes on Indians. viii) They mercilessly tortured and killed thousands of people. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the sea route of Vasco–da–Gama from Portugal to India in the map. [Refer to TB page 141 Q9] A. SESSION 1. COMING OF EUROPEANS TO INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 55

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 1.3 Key Concepts i. Aurangzeb was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers. ii. By the second half of the 18th century, the British came to India. iii. The East India Company was allowed to come to India in 1600 AD, by the British ruler, Queen Elizabeth— I. iv. They had discovered a new sea–route to India, around the Cape–of–Good hope, of Africa. v. Portuguese explorer Vasco–da–Gama was the one who found the new way to Calicut in 1498. vi. They were followed by French and Dutch traders. vii. They all came to trade items like pepper, clove, cardamom, cinnamon, cloth etc. viii. They later formed their own companies — like the English East India Company, French East India Com- pany etc. ix. Slowly they began to plan ruling the regional kingdoms. They began to change their strategies x. They established wars against the kingdoms and defeated them. In these wars, they amassed huge wealth as well. xi. The British had meanwhile established their colonies in various countries, such as North & South America, Africa and Asia. Many European countries like Spain, Portugal, France, Holland and Germany. xii. Mughal Empire was very strong then. After the death of Aurangzeb, it became weak. xiii. The Indian kings were helped by the company to defeat their enemies and had to accept the supremacy of British. xiv. Thus, slowly they took control over India. SESSION 1. COMING OF EUROPEANS TO INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 56

SESSION 2 ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA – GROWING EUROPEAN INFLUENCE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY 2.1 Terminology 1. Impudence : Disrespect. 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the some similarities and differences between the way the Mughals came to power in India and the way the English came to power in India? [Refer to TB page 141 Q8] A. Similarities: 1) Both the British and Mughals were foreigners. ‘ 2) Mughals defeated the Delhi Sultanate and the British defeated the Mughals. Differences :– 1) Mughals( Babar ) came to power through a sudden attack but British came to power through slow process of trading getting Diwani right and later occupying the regions. 2) Mughals did not make conflicts among the native rulers but the English did it. They caused clashes between the local rulers. 3) Mughals did not keep any army from their native country but British maintained army(soldiers) from their native country. 4) British collected maintenance from the native rulers for keeping the standing armies but Mughals did not do the same. 5) Mughals did not face any organized revolt against them. But the British had to face revolts. SESSION 2. GROWING EUROPEAN INFLUENCE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH EAST ... 57

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Write a short note on the need of unity to avert foreign invasion. [Refer to TB page 141 Q10] A. 1) The Indian rulers and the people should unite in order to prevent foreign invasion. 2) On many occasions when foreign rulers saw two Indian rulers fighting among themselves, they would take sides and get involved in the fight. 3) They would lend their army to one side to help them defeat their rivals. But in return, the companies would demand and extract many trade concessions from the rulers. 4) The rulers also ‘gifted’ the companies large amounts of money in return for their military help. This money helped the companies increase their trade even more. 5) To prevent this kind of exploitation there was every need to stand for unity among the Indian rulers. 2.3 Key Concepts 1. The company began to misuse the power. They began to expand their influence over other European colonies as well. 2. The British has taken complete control over the kingdoms. They enhanced taxes and these troubled the people. 3. Indians were appointed in mean services, known as ‘Sipahis’ in military. 4. Sirajuddaula was the governor of Bengal. 5. Coastal district were called circar districts. SESSION 2. GROWING EUROPEAN INFLUENCE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH EAST... 58

SESSION 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA – THE REVOLT OF 1857 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 59 1. Jagir : The revenue assignment under Mughals. 2. Cantonment : The living area of standing army. 3. Maulvies : Muslim heads and scholars. SESSION 3. THE REVOLT OF 1857

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What did the people who revolted in 1857 want to achieve? [Refer to TB page 141 Q6] A. i. They hoped that the English would be driven away. ii. Mughal rule and the earlier political order would be restored. iii. Equal treatment of Indian Sipahis to that of British soldiers. iv. Right to take adoption of children by the kings who had no children. v. Pension to the families of Peshwas. vi. Honouring the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers and the religious heads. vii. Allowing Indian rulers to rule their own kingdom. viii. Non interference of British in the internal affairs of India. ix. The sharing of Indians in the government. Q2. In 1857, which soldiers felt their religious faith was being violated and why? [Refer to TB page 141 Q4] A. 1) Both Hindu and Muslim soldiers were in the British Army. 2) A new bullet was introduced. It was packed in a paper. It was smeared with fat. 3) It was believed that this fat was of cow and pig. 4) Cow is a sacred animal for Hindus. Pig was consumed by Muslims. 5) Thus both their religious feelings were hurt. Q3. What complaints of the rebels did Queen Victoria tried to adress in her 1858 declaration, try to adress? [Refer to TB page 141 Q7] A. i. The authority of British East India Company was brought to an end. ii. India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. iii. Annexation of Kingdoms was stopped. iv. In her declaration Queen Victoria tried to satisfy most of the groups of the Indian people. She said that Indian kings would rule their own kingdoms and English would not try to dethrone them. v. The Zamindars were assured that their properties would be protected. vi. The Pandits and Maulvis were assured that the British government would not interface in matters of Indian religious and let the old tradition continue. Q4. In what ways did people revolt against the British in 1857? [Refer to TB page 141 Q5] A. i. The Sipahis took to arms and weapons. ii. The peasants and landlords also took up arms. iii. They stopped paying tax. iv. They destroyed railway lines, burnt police stations, courts, post and telegraph office. The rebels looted the houses and burnt the documents of money lenders. SESSION 3. THE REVOLT OF 1857 60

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA Information Skills Q1. Collect the information of 1857 revolt and fill in the table with the particulars. [Refer to TB page 146 Q3] S.No People participated in the revolt People stayed away from the 1. revolt The Royal families, farmers, land owners, tribal people, craftsmen, Indian soldiers in British, many rulers of the Indian army etc. States, big Zamindars, money lenders A. 1) Those kings who were well supported by the British did not participate in the Revolt.. 2) The basic reason for many of them was improper taxation, ruthless treatment and asking for more and more from the produce, leaving them hungry and dissatisfied. 3.4 Key Concepts 1. All sections of the society were restless and the soldiers started the revolution. 2. This spread throughout the nation. In villages the Zamindars led the movement. 3. The initial movement was suppressed. Bahadurshah was sent to Myanmar. 4. The revolt was suppressed. In history, this became famous as the ‘The Sepoy Revolt of 1857’ or even the ‘The First War of Independence’. 5˙ In 1858, Queen Victoria made a declaration and with that, the company rule was ended. Annexation of Indian territories was also stopped. SESSION 3. THE REVOLT OF 1857 61

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A i. Vasco da Gama a. Nizam of Deccan ii. Sirajuddaula b. Portuguese explorer iii. Muzaffar Jung c. Maratha Peshwa iv. Tipu Sultan d. Nawab of Bengal v. Nana Sahib e. Ruler of Mysore 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Death of Aurangzeb b. Sea route to India was discovered i. 1498 c. Nawab of Arcot fought against the French Army ii. 1757 d. Queen Victoria made a Declaration iii. 1858 e. Battle of Plassey iv. 1707 v. 1764 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What do you mean by Mercantilism? (ii) What was the slogan given by Indian Sipahis? (iii) Who discovered the sea route to India? (iv) What were the results of 1857 revolt? (v) In1857 which soldiers feared that English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity? (vi) From which place the Revolt actually started? CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 62

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA (vii) What was the declaration of Queen Victoria of England? (viii) The revolt of 1857 is also known as . (ix) Which areas were called as ‘Northern Sarkars’? (x) Who was Dupleix? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) Sirajuddaulawas the Nawab of . (xii) was the last powerful Mughal ruler. (xiii) Bahadur Shah Zafar died in . (xiv) An English official known as the was assigned to stay in court of the kings. (xv) The fine quality of produced in India had a big market in Europe. (xvi) deported Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar to a far away location in . (xvii) It took the English more than a year to suppress the revolt of . (xviii) There were a mere English officers and soldiers in India. (xix) Sirajudduala was defeated at . (xx) was a revolutionary who fought against the British. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What efforts did British government make to satisfy people after the Revolt of 1857? (ii) Why did East India Company come to India? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How could French army manage to defeat the large army of Nawab Anwaruddin Khan? CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 63

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA (ii) What were the causes of the revolt of 1857? Name the prominent leaders who participated in it. (iii) How was the Company’s power misused? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Despite the wide spread success of there volt of 1857, the English slowly gained control over the situation. Comment on it. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. Dupleix,a governor of the French East India Company,helped Muzaffar Jang to become the Nizam of Deccan. In return,Muzzaffar Jang gave the French some territories near Pondicherry and the town of Machilipatnam. He also gave Rs. 50,000 to the company, Rs. 50,000 to the French troops,and Rs. 20,00,000 and jagir worth Rs.1,00,000 per year to Dupleix. i. Who was the governor of French East India Company? ii. Who helped Muzaffar Jang become the Nizam of Deccan? iii. Name the territory that had been given by Muzaffar Jang. iv. How much money had he given to the French troops? CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 64

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the map and answer the following questions. i. Name any three places under British rule in 1770 AD. 65 ii. Name any two places where Indian King were ruling in 1770. iii. Name the areas that were not under the British rule in 1770 AD. CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA iv. If we compare the map along with a present day political map of India what difference do you observe? (ii) Study the map and answer the following questions. i. At present Lahore is in which country? 66 ii. Name a coastal city which was under British rule. iii. What is the capital of Nepal? iv. How was Hyderabad different from other states? CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA v. What is the present name of Ceylon? (iii) Locate the following on a given map of India: i) Delhi ii) Lucknow iii) Banaras iv) Mysore v) Hyderabad CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 67

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA (iv) Locate the following on a given map of India. i) Kolkata ii) Chennai iii) Bombay iv) Goa v) Poona CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 68

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) Vasco da Game discovered the sea route to India in the year ____________. (A) 1498 (B) 1570 (C) 1947 (D) 1857 (ii) The English defeated Sirajuddaula in ____________. (A) 1857 CE (B) 1947 CE (C) 1757 CE (D) 1657 CE (iii) In 1764 CE, Nawab Anwaruddin Khan of Arcot sent his army to fight against the ____________. (A) French company (B) East India Company (C) Dutch (D) Spanish company (iv) Who helped Muzaffar Jung to become the Nizam of Deccan? (A) Sirajuddaula (B) Dupleix (C) TantiaTope (D) Shah Jahan (v) The 1857 revolt was started by Indian ____________. (A) Sipahis or soldiers (B) Peasants (C) Nawabs (D) Zamindars (vi) Vasco da Gama belongs to ____________. (B) England (A) Holland (C) Portugal (D) France (vii) Where did Bahadur Shah Zafar die? (B) Rangoon (A) Hyderabad (C) Delhi (D) Agra CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 69

CHAPTER 15-ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA (viii) Who discovered the sea route to India? (A) Vasco da Gama (B) Robert Clive (C) Queen Victoria (D) Columbus (ix) Who fought against the British in Hyderabad during the Revolt of 1857? (A) Muzaffar Jung (B) Turrebaz Khan (C) Nana Sahib (D) Bahadur Shah Zafar (x) The Portuguese established their base in ____________. (A) Delhi (B) Bengal (C) Goa (D) Hyderabad CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA 70

16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY SESSION 1 MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY – STATE LEGISLATURES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Manifesto : The description of programmes of a party underlining it’s policies and the promises to the people it intends to fulfill. SESSION 1. STATE LEGISLATURES 71

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name the few areas related to day to day lives of people on which laws should be made. [Refer to TB page 151 Q1] A. Now the governments are welfare governments. The governments are making acts on every aspect of human life. Still there are a few areas related to life of people on which laws should be made. They are 1) Agriculture 2) Transport Protective measures in the drought prone areas, electricity, public health, education etc. are the few areas related to the life of people on which laws should be made. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. There is a law that no child from the age of 6—14 should remain out of the school. What steps should be taken to implement this law? Discuss among yourselves with the help of your teacher. [Refer to TB page 151 Q3] A. 1) Child labour should be strictly prohibited. 2) The employer of child labourers should be severely punished. 3) Free and compulsory education should be provided to all children up to 18 years of age. 4) Free books, uniforms, mid day meals, hostels for the needy should be provided. 5) Parents must be given awareness drive regarding the benefits of the education. 6) The Panchayats and Municipalities should take the responsibility to see that there are no children living on streets. 7) To open new schools in areas with no formal school within one kilometer radius. 8) The government and non governmental organisation should highlight the plight of the girl child and stress the need of universalisation of elementary education. SESSION 1. STATE LEGISLATURES 72

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY Q2. Read the para the making of laws and answer the following question. Suppose you are a member of AP Legislative Assembly which issue will you raise for the making of law and why? Explain the example. [Refer to TB page 151 Q4] A. i. If I were the member of AP Legislative Assembly, I would raise ground water level issue in my con- stituency. ii. This is a very important issue as in almost all the delta area, the corn is being grown as a second crop in the rabi season which needs of a lot of water. iii. The crop needs at least 5 spells of watering, it causes the decrease in ground water level to a great extent. iv. There has been an increase in the number of bore wells. v. Because of the decrease of groundwater level, the bore wells cannot pump out the water. vi. So the people have to walk a long distance to fetch water. vii. Hence, I would like to raise the ground water level issue in the assembly and ask the government to take proper steps to increase the ground water level. viii. I would also insist on implementing the law strictly related to the cutting down of forests. 1.4 Key Concepts i. In our country laws are made by the Legislative Assemblies (in the states) and parliament(at the centre). ii. In our AP state assembly, out of 175 seats, 29 are reserved for Scheduled castes and 7 are reserved for Schedule tribes. iii. A voter of a constituency will vote to elect only one member for the assembly. iv. Each constituency comprises of a number of villages, towns and cities. v. Various political parties field their candidates, one from each party, coming out with their election mani- festos. vi. The majority party members( M.L.A ‘s) elect one member as their leader, who will be made the Chief Minister by the Governor. SESSION 1. STATE LEGISLATURES 73

SESSION 2 MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY – STATE ASSEMBLY AND PASSING OF LAWS 2.1 Mind Map 3 or 4 17 3 or 4 50 17 SESSION 2. STATE ASSEMBLY AND PASSING OF LAWS 74

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 2.2 Terminology 1. Cabinet : The C.M and the other ministers together who are responsible for implementation of laws, Development plans etc. 2. Speaker : The elected person who presides over the legislative assembly and conducts the meetings. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. At present very few states in our country has a bicameral legislature. Can you name them? [Refer to TB page 151 Q6] A. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra ,Uttar Pradesh have bicameral bicameral legislature. Q2. Write an imaginary dialogue for the following picture in the context of the chapter. [Refer to TB page 151 Q7] A. Student’s activity. Information Skills Q1. Suppose there is a state under the name of Purabgarh with, M.L.A seats of 368. After an election different political parties got following seats [Refer to TB page 151 Q5] Party A 89 Party B 91 Party C 70 Party D 84 Others 34 Total 368 Read the above table and answer the following questions. a) Of the 368 seats how many seats are needed for getting a majority to form a government in the state? b) Which is the single largest party after the election? c) Can the single largest party form the Government? d) If not, what can be the possible alternatives to form the government? e) How would a coalition government be different from a one party government? SESSION 2. STATE ASSEMBLY AND PASSING OF LAWS 75

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY A. a) 185 b) Party ‘B’ c) No d) Three or more parties came together to form the government. e) The parties have their own manifestoes. It is very difficult for the Government to implement different manifestos. Decisions will be taken on the willingness of the other parties which are the part of the coalition Government. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Your school belongs to the department of school education. Find out some laws which may be applied on your school. (students, teachers, headmaster / principal / PTA) [Refer to TB page 151 Q2] A. 1) For all the children of 6 to 14 age group free and compulsory education should be given. 2) School teachers should have adequate professional degree within five years or else will lose the job. 3) School infrastructure to be improved in three years, else the recognition of schools will be cancelled. 4) A study on teachers found out that only about half were teaching, during unannounced visits of the sample survey. So a law should be made to punish those teachers who work. 5) A study reveals that 59% of schools had no drinking water and 89% had no toilets. So a law should be made for providing drinking water and toilets to all schools. 6) A law should be made to punish those who prevent the girls from going to schools so that the woman literacy rate may be increased. 7) The Headmaster must maintain all the records as per the order of the D.E.O. e.g.: Pupils attendance register, Teacher’s attendance register, Admission register etc 2.4 Key Concepts 1. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes is declared elected. 2. The party which has more than half a number of votes is in Legislative Assembly is called to form government by the Governor. 3. The members of the majority party will elect one member among themselves as their leader. He will be made the chief minister of the state by Governor. 4. The chief minister will form his cabinet, which is called the government. The cabinet is responsible for implementing laws and development plans. 5. In case no single party gets more than half of the seats, two or more political parties come together to form a government called the coalition government. 6. If anything goes wrong with a minister, the entire cabinet is responsible for it. 7. The speaker, elected by the M.L.A’s conducts the assembly meetings. 8. The entire cabinet along with the Chief Minister are responsible to the assembly. 9. The proposed law is called a ‘Bill’. After being passed by both the chambers and approval by the Governor, it becomes a law and is called an ‘Act’ of the legislature. 10. The minister, who introduced the bill, will describe it, in detail in the assembly. 11. A small committee is set up to these suggestions. 12. After the Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad approve the bill, it will be sent to the Governor for approves. Then it will be called an Act and it is published to Gazette. SESSION 2. STATE ASSEMBLY AND PASSING OF LAWS 76

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Legislative Assembly a. Vidhan Parishad ii. Legislative Council b. 6 years iii. MLA’s tenure iv. MLC’s tenure c. 5 years v. A.P. constituencies d. 175 e. Lower house 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Chief Minister a. Head of the state ii. Governor b. Two houses iii. Speaker c. Cabinet iv. Bicameral legislature d. One house v. Unicameral legislature e. Head of the assembly 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Name the two chambers of legislature in A.P. (ii) What does MLA stand for? (iii) How many constituencies are there in A.P.? (iv) What is a coalition government? (v) What is the minimum age to have right to vote? (vi) What is a bill? CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 77

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY (vii) What is a constituency? (viii) Which is a permanent house of State Legislature? (ix) What do you mean by independent candidates? (x) What is the tenure of Legislative Council members? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The constitution of India provides for a legislative body for every . (xii) The number of Constituencies in a state will depend upon its . (xiii) The legislature consisting of house is called unicameral. (xiv) To contest elections, a person must be a citizen of . (xv) The upper house is called as Council. (xvi) has given voter identity cards to the voters. (xvii) The normal tenure of the Legislative Assembly of every state is for . (xviii) There are constituencies in Andhra Pradesh. (xix) The interval between any two sessions should not be more than . (xx) All the MLAs together elect a person as the . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the qualifications required to get elected as an MLA? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) List the differences between the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 78

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and comment on it. It has been observed that it is very difficult for weaker sections of the population, like the Dalits or Adivasis, to fight and win elections. As such, very few of them get elected to the assemblies. In order to ensure that they are adequately represented in the Assemblies, the Indian Constitution reserves certain constituencies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: Each of these 294 members is elected from a constituency. Thus there are 294 constituencies in the state. The number of constituencies in a state will depend upon its population. A constituency in Andhra Pradesh has about 1,70,000 voters. All men and women of 18 years of age or above have right to vote. They have to get their names registered as voters in the area where they live. All voters of one constituency will vote to elect one member for the assembly. (i) What is the minimum age for the Right to Vote? (ii) On what basis are the state constituencies are divided? (iii) How many voters are there in a constituency in A.P. state? (iv) Write the name of your constituency. (v) What are the constituencies? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why does the Indian constitution reserve certain constituencies for the Scheduled Castes and Sched- uled Tribes? CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 79

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the given map and answer the following questions: (i) How many constituencies are there at present in Andhra Pradesh ? (ii) Name the district that has the highest numbers of constituencies in Andhra Pradesh. (iii) Name the northern most district of Andhra Pradesh. (iv) Which are the districts located in the northern side of Andhra Pradesh? CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 80

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY (ii) Locate the following districts on a given map of Andhra Pradesh. i. Chittoor ii. Nellore iii. Guntur iv. Krishna v. Anantapur CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 81

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY (iii) Locate the following districts on a given map of Andhra Pradesh. i. Srikakulam ii. Visakhapatnam iii. Prakasam iv. East Godavar iv. West Godavari AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Appreciate the role played by the political parties in the elections. CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 82

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) The lower house of Parliament is also known as the ___________ . (A) Legislative Assembly (B) Rajya Sabha (C) Council (D) Lok Sabha (ii) The legislature consisting of two houses is called ___________ . (A) Unicameral (B) Bicameral (C) Multilateral (D) Parliament (iii) The state legislature must meet at least ___________ . (A) Once a year (B) Twice a year (C) Four times in a year (D) Once in a day (iv) A constituency in Andhra Pradesh has about ___________ voters. (A) 2,50,000 (B) 1,70,000 (C) 50,000 (D) 1,00,000 (v) Hyderabad is divided into ___________ . (B) 18 constituencies (A) 15 constituencies (C) 10 constituencies (D) 13 constituencies (vi) Elections to the state Legislative Assembly are held once in every ___________ . (A) 10 years (B) 2 years (C) 5 years (D) 7 years (vii) This is the most important body for making laws in the state. (A) Legislative Assembly (B) Legislative Council (C) Vidhan Parishad (D) District Council CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 83

CHAPTER 16-MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY (viii) The Legislative Assembly is also called___________ . (A) Lower House (B) Vidhan sabha (C) Both (D) None (ix) The majority of MLAs will elect one member among themselves as ___________ . (A) Governor (B) Chief Minister (C) Speaker (D) President (x) After more than half the members pass a bill in the Vidhan Sabha it ___________ . (A) Goes to the Vidhan Parishad (B) Is signed by the Governor (C) Is called an Act (D) Is discussed by a small committee CHAPTER 16. MAKING OF LAWS IN THE STATE ASSEMBLY 84

18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITIES SESSION 1 CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY – SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION BASED ON CASTE 1.1 Terminology 1. Untouchability : The practice of keeping some people away from main social stream, one type of racial segregation by higher castes on lower castes is the dalits. 2. Scheme : A programme for the welfare of the weaker section or women or farmers. 3. Constitution : A written set of rules and regulation. Our constitution was drafted under the chairmanship of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar. 4. Autobiography : A story of life written by himself /herself. 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the difference between being punished for a mistake and being discriminated against? Was the child Ambedkar being punished or discriminated against? [Refer to TB page 164 Q1] A. i. Being punished for a mistake is often given by elders and parents at home and teachers at school. This is given for the purpose to develop discipline good personality and to learn good moral values for their bright future. ii. Being discriminated against means to show the difference in their castes. Upper castes are consid- ered as superior and lower castes as ‘Untouchables’. iii. The child Ambedkar was not punished but he was discriminated against caste. He belongs to a caste Mahar which is considered as ‘Untouchable’. The station master and even the cart–men did not help the child even though they were ready to pay double the fare. iv. Mistake is the result of carelessness, forgetfulness or due to wrong thinking or opinion. A person who commits mistake may repent later or realize it. Everybody knows that there will be a a punishment for a mistake. Discrimination:– i) It is intentional. ii) It is with the motive of superiority/inferiority complex that discrimination takes place. iii) People feel that there should be no punishment for discrimination or are not bothered about it. Ambedkar was discriminated for no fault of his. iv) Discrimination cripples a person mentally and has a permanent effect on life. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION BASED ON CASTE 85

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the third paragraph of page 168 and comment on it.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 164 Q6] A. Student’s Activity Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you think it is possible to make friends across castes? What kind of problems will you have to overcome for this? [Refer to TB page 164 Q2] A. i. Yes, it is possible to make friends across castes. ii. Caste is not the criteria to build up friendship at school level. iii. At school level, children belong to upper or lower castes; they can exchange their culture, habitual actions and moral values. iv. So, friends can be made across castes. v. Inter–caste marriages are taking place and people are becoming more and more broad–minded. Q2. Our constitution abolished the practice of untouchability and declared it to be a crime. Do you think it has been fully abolished in practice? [Refer to TB page 164 Q3] A. 1) No, it has not been fully abolished. 2) Few people refuse to think of them as equal even though the law requires it. 3) It is difficult to change a mind set. 4) Even though persons are aware that discrimination is against the law still they continue to treat others inferior on the basis of their caste, religion, disability, economic status etc. 5) Times are however changing and positive change is taking place slowly but surely. Q3. Why do you think people want to marry within their caste? Will this help to preserve caste inequality? [Refer to TB page 164 Q4] A. 1) Many people who are casteist marry only within their own caste. 2) Caste system creates some bonds among a particular group of people and separates them from other groups of people. 3) This does help to preserve caste inequalities. 4) However, educated people are breaking these bonds and are getting married out of their castes, giving more value to education, mental and emotional compati- bility. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION BASED ON CASTE 86

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can your school help in ending caste based inequalities? [Refer to TB page 164 Q5] A. 1) All the children should come in a school uniform prescribed by the school management, so that rich and poor, upper and lower caste based inequalities can be removed. 2) Every child is allowed to sit in the class room side by side, mingled with each other so that caste based inequalities are removed. 3) Every child should come to school at the prescribed time and leave the campus at the same time. By this caste based inequalities are removed. 4) Every child is given same homework, marks are awarded and allotted to the child on their capability. 1.3 Key Concepts 1. Caste system has created one of the major forms of inequality in our country. 2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairperson of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India and the first Union Law Minister of India. 3. Dalits, women, tribals and peasants have been fighting against this discrimination and inequalities for centuries. 4. Many social reformers fought to create a new social system based on freedom, equality, brotherhood, human dignity and economic justice. They include Jyotiba Phule, Savitri Bai Phule, Periyar— E.V. Ramaswami Naickar, Sri Narayana Guru and Ayyankali. 5. The two ways in which the government has been trying to bring in equality which is guaranteed by the constitution through laws, government programmes or schemes to help disadvantaged communities. 6. “Mid-day meal” scheme refers to the programme introduced in all government elementary schools, also helps in bringing equality. 7. Tamil Nadu was the first state in India to introduce “Mid-day meal” scheme. 8. Elimination of caste discrimination has been one of the major aims of our government. 9. Untouchability has been considered as crime by Indian Judiciary. SESSION 1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION BASED ON CASTE 87

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Started a night school for agriculturists 1. Match the following. Column A i. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule ii. Periyar b. Fought for the rights of the dalits iii. Dr. Ambedkar c. Founded Satyashodhak Samaj iv. Savitri Bai Phule d. One caste, one religion, one god for all men v. Sri Narayana Guru e. Leader of the lower caste movement in South 2. Match the following. India Column A Column B i. Dalits a. B.R. Ambedkar ii. Peasants b. Lower caste people iii. Koregaon c. S.C orders to start in all the states in 2001 iv. Drafting Committee d. Farmers v. Mid–Day meal e. Maharashtra 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) ‘One Caste, One Religion, One God for all men’, whose watch words are these? (ii) How did Savitri Bai Phule die? (iii) What is the name of Autobiography written by Omprakash Valmiki ? (iv) Who was the first Union Law Minister of India? (v) Who was Narayana Guru? CHAPTER 18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY 88

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY (vi) Who was made to sweep the play ground for couple of days on account of his caste? (vii) Name two major caste groups. (viii) What did Narayana Guru fight against? (ix) What did Narayana Guru preach? (x) What is Constitution? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) is seen as a crime and has been legally abolished by law. (xii) known as a rationalist and the leader of the lower caste movement in South India. (xiii) was the Chairperson of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India. (xiv) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule founded the , in 1873. (xv) is a famous Dalit writer. (xvi) The programme provides free food to poor students. (xvii) was the first head mistress of the country’s first school for girls in Pune. (xviii) When people are treated unequally, their dignity is . (xix) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar belongs to the class of . (xx) In the and centuries, several social reformers fought to create a new social system based on freedom, equality etc. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is the caste system? CHAPTER 18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY 89

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY (ii) Do you think that the caste system had always been there? Explain. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What do you know about Periyar E.V. Ramasami? What was his contribution to the society? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) When people are treated unequally, their dignity is violated. Do you think this statement is true? Explain. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions: Jyoti Rao Govinda Rao Phule was also known as Mahatma Jotiba Phule. He was a social reformer from Maharashtra. Jotiba Phuleand his wife Savitri Bai Phule were pioneers of women’s education in India. In 1873 he founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society), which was devoted to secure human rights and social justice for low–caste people. he made lot of efforts to educate women and the lower castes as well as the masses. He, after educating his wife, opened a school for girls in Maharashtra in August 1848. i. What was the name of the Society that Jyotirao Phule founded? ii. What was Jyotirao Govindarao Phule also known as? iii. When did Jyotirao Phule open a school for girls? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Mention some of the benefits of Mid–day Meal Scheme. (ii) You have learnt about the discrimination based on caste and movements that were under taken to abolish caste system. Do you think caste system is completely abolished in the present times? CHAPTER 18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY 90

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Do you understand the seriousness of caste discrimination from this chapter? What are the problems that our country will face in the long run if caste system continues? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Write down what initiatives you would take to abolish the existing caste system. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) ______________ Was the first state in India to implement Mid–Day Meal Programme. (A) Kerala (B) Andhra Pradesh (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Maharashtra (ii) ______________ Was the first Union Law Minister of India. (A) Gandhiji (B) Jawaharlal Nehru (C) Rajendra Prasad (D) Dr. Ambedkar (iii) Sri Narayana Guru was born in ____________ . (B) Andhra Pradesh (A) Kerala (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Maharashtra (iv) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule founded Satya Shodhak Samaj in ____________ . (A) 1875 (B) 1873 (C) 1874 (D) 1872 (v) The Supreme Court asked all state governments to begin Mid–Day Meal Programme in ____________ . (A) 2001 (B) 2002 (C) 2000 (D) 2004 CHAPTER 18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY 91

CHAPTER 18-CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY (vi) When did India become a free nation? (A) In 1948 (B) In 1947 (C) In 1945 (D) In 1942 (vii) ________Started a night school for agriculturists and labourers. (A) Narayana (B) Ayyankali (C) Savitri Bai (D) Periyar (viii) Jyotirao, after educating his wife, opened a school for girls in India in ____________ . (A) August 1848 (B) August 1840 (C) August 1845 (D) August 1873 (ix) SavitriBai was born in ____________ . (B) 1835 (A) 1830 (C) 1831 (D) 1840 (x) Untouchables are also known as ____________ . (A) Brahmana (B) Kshatriya (C) Vaishya (D) Dalits CHAPTER 18. CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY 92

22. RULERS AND BUILDINGS SESSION 1 RULERS AND BUILDINGS – INDIAN ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 11TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Inscriptions : Words or symbols inscribed on a monument, in a book etc. are known as Inscriptions. 2. Monuments : Monuments are statues or structures built to commemorate a person or event. 3. Dynasty : A line of hereditary rulers. 4. Architecture : It is a style in which a building is designed and constructed. 5. Coronation ceremony : The ceremony of crowning a sovereign is coronation. SESSION 1. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 11TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 93

CHAPTER 22-RULERS AND BUILDINGS 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How is the ‘trabeate” principle of architecture different from “arcuate”? [Refer to TB page 199 Q1] A. 1) Roofs, doors and windows are still made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns, this style of architecture called “trabeate” or “corbelled’. 2) Between the 8th and 13th centuries the trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs and in buildings attached to large–stepped wells (baolis) 3) The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. 4) The roofs too used this principle and was converted into vaults and domes. This architectural form is called “Arcuate”. Q2. What is a Shikhara? [Refer to TB page 199 Q2] A. 1) The end part of the royal temples is called Shikhara. 2) The Rajarajeshwara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest Shikhara amongst temples of its time. Q3. How did the Mughal Court suggest that everyone — the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak–receive justice equally from the Emperor? [Refer to TB page 199 Q6] A. 1) Shah Jahan’s audience halls were specially constructed to resemble a mosque. 2) The construction of Shah Jahan’s audience hall aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals where all could live together in harmony. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. How did a temple communicate the importance of a king? [Refer to TB page 199 Q4] A. 1) Take an example of Rajarajeshvara temple 2) An inscription mentions that it was built by king Rajarajadeva for the worship of his God, Rajarajeshvaram. 3) The king took the God’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god. 4) Through the rituals of worship in the temple one god (Rajarajadeva) honoured another (Rajarajeshvaram) Another example: 1) The Kakatiya capital city Orugallu was so designed as to have the temple of Svayambhu Shiva at the centre. 2) This was built by the Kakatiyas to proclaim their power and status as independent kings. Q2. Read the second para of introduction part of page 197 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 199 Q5] A. Student’s Activity Information Skills Q1. Is there a statue or a memorial of a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve? [Refer to TB page 199 Q8] SESSION 1. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 11TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 94

CHAPTER 22-RULERS AND BUILDINGS A. 1) There is a statue of Mahatma Gandhi in my town. 2) He was a great freedom fighter. Because of his hard work, India got independence. 3) The main purpose of the statue is to remember him forever for his efforts to get independence. The statue also states that we should be sincere to our motherland India. Q2. Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals? [Refer to TB page 199 Q9] A. 1) The garden in my neighbourhood is different from the gardens of the Mughals. 2) Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan adapted the riverfront garden in the lay–out of the Taj–Mahal the grandest architectural accomplishment of his region. 3) Here the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its South. 4) Our garden is an ordinary garden with different flowers. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following in the India map. [Refer to TB page 199 Q10] a) Delhi b) Agra c) Amritsar d) Tanjavur e) Humpi f) River Yamuna g) Khajuraho A. Refer to the link for course of river Yamuna: http://spaenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=2284&mid=1&langid=1&linkid=550 SESSION 1. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 11TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 95

CHAPTER 22-RULERS AND BUILDINGS 1.4 Key Concepts 1.Qutub Minar is five storey’s high. The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish around 1229. 2. Between 8th and 18th centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures –Forts, palaces and tombs. 3. The second were the structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, caravan seals and bazaars. 4. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 BC by king Dhangadeva. 5. The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest Shikhara amongst temples of its time. 6. Temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because they were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the king. 7. When the kingdoms were attacked, the temples were first targeted. Chola king Rajendra— I built a Shiva temple and Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni attacked the temples to win credit as a great hero of Islam. SESSION 1. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 11TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 96

SESSION 2 RULERS AND BUILDINGS – VIJAYANAGAR AND MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. VIJAYANAGAR AND MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE 97

CHAPTER 22-RULERS AND BUILDINGS 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden? [Refer to TB page 199 Q3] A. 1) Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. 2) These gardens were called Chahar bagh, four gardens, because of their symmetrical division into quar- ters. 3) Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan constructed Chahar baghs in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi. 4) The central towering dome and the tall gateway (Pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architec- ture, first visible in Humayun’s tomb. 5) It was placed in the centre of a huge formal chahar bagh and built in the tradition known as “eight par- adises” or hasht–Bihisht –a central hall surrounded by eight rooms. 6) The building was constructed with red sandstone edged with white marble. Q2. The rich and powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their courtiers different from them? [Refer to TB page 199 Q7] A. 1) In the past temples and mosques were beautifully constructed because they were places of worship. 2) They were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the king. 3) The term pie was a miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies. 4) In the past, the king, to show his power and wealth constructed the temple . The construction carried out on uplands and surrounded by water bodies.The past constructions were constructed with Sculptures of rock stones.The present day constructions are more or less blend of iron and cement. SESSION 2. VIJAYANAGAR AND MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE 98